1
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Li Y, Li W, Zheng Y, Wang T, Pu R, Zhang Z. Desalting strategies for native mass spectrometry. Talanta 2024; 281:126824. [PMID: 39250868 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2024] [Revised: 09/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
In native mass spectrometry (MS) salts are indispensable for preserving the native structures of biomolecules, but detrimental to mass sensitivity, resolution, and accuracy. Such a conflict makes desalting in native MS more challenging, distinctive, and sample-dependent than in peptide-centric MS. This review first briefly introduces the charged residue mechanism whereby native-like gaseous protein ions are released from electrospray droplets, revealing a higher degree of salt adduction than denatured proteins. Subsequently, this review summarizes and explores the existing strategies, underlying mechanisms and future perspectives of desalting in native MS. These strategies mainly focus on buffer exchange into volatile salts (offline and online approaches), addition of solution additives (e.g., anion, supercharging reagent, solution phase chelator and amino acid), use of submicron electrospray emitters (down to 60 nm), and other potential approaches (e.g., induced and electrophoretic nanoelectrospray ionization). The strategies of online buffer exchange and using nanoscale electrospray emitters are highlighted. This review would not only be a valuable addition to the field of sample preparation in MS, but would also serve as a beginner's guide to desalting in native MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, 710065, China
| | - Weijie Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, 710065, China
| | - Yajun Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, 710065, China.
| | - Tong Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, 710065, China
| | - Ruijin Pu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, 710065, China
| | - Zhiping Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, 710065, China.
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2
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Shelor CP, Donegan M. Molecular Size-Selective Electrodialytic Desalters for Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2022; 94:11873-11880. [PMID: 35969668 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A membrane-based electrodialytic desalter has been developed for the selective removal of buffer/salt constituents from a fluid stream while retaining larger charged molecules such as proteins prior to mass spectrometric (MS) detection. The salts are deleterious to MS causing signal suppression, formation of adducts, and eventual contamination of the inlet. The new device uses dialysis membranes (DMs) paired with ion exchange membranes (IEMs) flanking the carrier flow channel in a planar configuration. The DMs contact the carrier channel preventing adsorptive losses of large, charged molecules to the IEMs. Ions are removed under an applied electric field using four pairs of electrodes along the flow channel. Removal of both anions and cations is more energy intensive than conversion of a suitable MS friendly salt into its respective acid or base, for example, ammonium acetate into acetic acid. The energetics and optimal voltage profiles for both scenarios have been thoroughly investigated. The DMs resulted in nonlinear increases in energy required for desalting over standard IEM devices due to electroosmotic flow of water into the interstitial space between the membranes. For a device channel with nominal volume of 15.2 μL, a maximum concentration of 200 mM ammonium acetate flowing at 0.25 mL/min was converted into acetic acid. Recovery of bovine serum albumin measured at 280 nm was 67%-96% at tested salt concentrations, and dispersion volumes were less than 200 μL2 and may be suitable for coupling to liquid chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Phillip Shelor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, United States
| | - Michael Donegan
- Waters Corporation, 34 Maple St., Milford, Massachusetts 01757, United States
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3
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Arter WE, Xu CK, Castellana-Cruz M, Herling TW, Krainer G, Saar KL, Kumita JR, Dobson CM, Knowles TPJ. Rapid Structural, Kinetic, and Immunochemical Analysis of Alpha-Synuclein Oligomers in Solution. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:8163-8169. [PMID: 33079553 PMCID: PMC7116857 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c03260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Oligomers comprised of misfolded proteins are implicated as neurotoxins in the pathogenesis of protein misfolding conditions such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. Structural, biophysical, and biochemical characterization of these nanoscale protein assemblies is key to understanding their pathology and the design of therapeutic interventions, yet it is challenging due to their heterogeneous, transient nature and low relative abundance in complex mixtures. Here, we demonstrate separation of heterogeneous populations of oligomeric α-synuclein, a protein central to the pathology of Parkinson's disease, in solution using microfluidic free-flow electrophoresis. We characterize nanoscale structural heterogeneity of transient oligomers on a time scale of seconds, at least 2 orders of magnitude faster than conventional techniques. Furthermore, we utilize our platform to analyze oligomer ζ-potential and probe the immunochemistry of wild-type α-synuclein oligomers. Our findings contribute to an improved characterization of α-synuclein oligomers and demonstrate the application of microchip electrophoresis for the free-solution analysis of biological nanoparticle analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E. Arter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Catherine K. Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Marta Castellana-Cruz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Therese W. Herling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Georg Krainer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Kadi L. Saar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Janet R. Kumita
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Christopher M. Dobson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Tuomas P. J. Knowles
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
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4
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VanAernum ZL, Busch F, Jones BJ, Jia M, Chen Z, Boyken SE, Sahasrabuddhe A, Baker D, Wysocki VH. Rapid online buffer exchange for screening of proteins, protein complexes and cell lysates by native mass spectrometry. Nat Protoc 2020; 15:1132-1157. [PMID: 32005983 PMCID: PMC7203678 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-019-0281-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
It is important to assess the identity and purity of proteins and protein complexes during and after protein purification to ensure that samples are of sufficient quality for further biochemical and structural characterization, as well as for use in consumer products, chemical processes and therapeutics. Native mass spectrometry (nMS) has become an important tool in protein analysis due to its ability to retain non-covalent interactions during measurements, making it possible to obtain protein structural information with high sensitivity and at high speed. Interferences from the presence of non-volatiles are typically alleviated by offline buffer exchange, which is time-consuming and difficult to automate. We provide a protocol for rapid online buffer exchange (OBE) nMS to directly screen structural features of pre-purified proteins, protein complexes or clarified cell lysates. In the liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) approach described in this protocol, samples in MS-incompatible conditions are injected onto a short size-exclusion chromatography column. Proteins and protein complexes are separated from small molecule non-volatile buffer components using an aqueous, non-denaturing mobile phase. Eluted proteins and protein complexes are detected by the mass spectrometer after electrospray ionization. Mass spectra can inform regarding protein sample purity and oligomerization, and additional tandem mass spectra can help to further obtain information on protein complex subunits. Information obtained by OBE nMS can be used for fast (<5 min) quality control and can further guide protein expression and purification optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary L VanAernum
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Resource for Native Mass Spectrometry Guided Structural Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Florian Busch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Resource for Native Mass Spectrometry Guided Structural Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Benjamin J Jones
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Resource for Native Mass Spectrometry Guided Structural Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Mengxuan Jia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Resource for Native Mass Spectrometry Guided Structural Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Zibo Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Scott E Boyken
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Lyell Immunopharma, Inc., Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Aniruddha Sahasrabuddhe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - David Baker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Vicki H Wysocki
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Resource for Native Mass Spectrometry Guided Structural Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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5
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Stiving AQ, VanAernum ZL, Busch F, Harvey SR, Sarni SH, Wysocki VH. Surface-Induced Dissociation: An Effective Method for Characterization of Protein Quaternary Structure. Anal Chem 2019; 91:190-209. [PMID: 30412666 PMCID: PMC6571034 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Q. Stiving
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Resource for Native Mass Spectrometry Guided Structural Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Zachary L. VanAernum
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Resource for Native Mass Spectrometry Guided Structural Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Florian Busch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Resource for Native Mass Spectrometry Guided Structural Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Campus Chemical Instrument Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Sophie R. Harvey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Resource for Native Mass Spectrometry Guided Structural Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Campus Chemical Instrument Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Samantha H. Sarni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Resource for Native Mass Spectrometry Guided Structural Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- The Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Vicki H. Wysocki
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Resource for Native Mass Spectrometry Guided Structural Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Campus Chemical Instrument Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- The Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
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6
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Chen X, Lee J, Wu H, Tsang AW, Furdui CM. Mass Spectrometry in Advancement of Redox Precision Medicine. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1140:327-358. [PMID: 31347057 PMCID: PMC9236553 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-15950-4_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Redox (portmanteau of reduction-oxidation) reactions involve the transfer of electrons between chemical species in biological processes fundamental to life. It is of outmost importance that cells maintain a healthy redox state by balancing the action of oxidants and antioxidants; failure to do so leads to a multitude of diseases including cancer, diabetes, fibrosis, autoimmune diseases, and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. From the perspective of precision medicine, it is therefore beneficial to interrogate the redox phenotype of the individual-similar to the use of genomic sequencing-in order to design tailored strategies for disease prevention and treatment. This chapter provides an overview of redox metabolism and focuses on how mass spectrometry (MS) can be applied to advance our knowledge in redox biology and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Jingyun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Hanzhi Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Allen W Tsang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Center for Redox Biology and Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Cristina M Furdui
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
- Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
- Center for Redox Biology and Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
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7
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Wu W, Zhang D, Chen K, Zhou P, Zhao M, Qiao L, Su B. Highly Efficient Desalting by Silica Isoporous Membrane-Based Microfluidic Chip for Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2018; 90:14395-14401. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wanhao Wu
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Dongxue Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Kexin Chen
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Meijiao Zhao
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Liang Qiao
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Bin Su
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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8
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Zhang Z, Pulliam CJ, Flick T, Cooks RG. Electrophoretic Desalting To Improve Performance in Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2018; 90:3856-3862. [PMID: 29436814 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zezhen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Christopher J. Pulliam
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Tawnya Flick
- Department of Analytical Research & Development, Amgen Inc., 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - R. Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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9
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Baez NOD, Reisz JA, Furdui CM. Mass spectrometry in studies of protein thiol chemistry and signaling: opportunities and caveats. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 80:191-211. [PMID: 25261734 PMCID: PMC4355329 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) has become a powerful and widely utilized tool in the investigation of protein thiol chemistry, biochemistry, and biology. Very early biochemical studies of metabolic enzymes have brought to light the broad spectrum of reactivity profiles that distinguish cysteine thiols with functions in catalysis and protein stability from other cysteine residues in proteins. The development of MS methods for the analysis of proteins using electrospray ionization (ESI) or matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) coupled with the emergence of high-resolution mass analyzers has been instrumental in advancing studies of thiol modifications, both in single proteins and within the cellular context. This article reviews MS instrumentation and methods of analysis employed in investigations of thiols and their reactivity toward a range of small biomolecules. A selected number of studies are detailed to highlight the advantages brought about by the MS technologies along with the caveats associated with these analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelmi O Devarie Baez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Julie A Reisz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Cristina M Furdui
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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10
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Tibavinsky IA, Kottke PA, Fedorov AG. Microfabricated ultrarapid desalting device for nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2015; 87:351-6. [PMID: 25490085 PMCID: PMC4287832 DOI: 10.1021/ac5040083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Salt removal is a prerequisite for electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) analysis of biological samples. Rapid desalting and a low volume connection to an electrospray tip are required for time-resolved measurements. We have developed a microfabricated desalting device that meets both requirements, thus providing the foundational technology piece for transient ESI-MS measurements of complex biological liquid specimens. In the microfabricated device, the sample flows in a channel separated from a higher flow rate, salt-free counter solution by a monolithically integrated nanoporous alumina membrane, which can support pressure differences between the flow channels of over 600 kPa. Salt is removed by exploiting the large difference in diffusivities between salts and the typical ESI-MS target bioanalytes, e.g., peptides and proteins. We demonstrate the capability to remove 95% of salt from a sample solution in ∼1 s while retaining sufficiently high concentration of a relatively low molecular weight protein, cytochrome-c, for ESI-MS detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan A. Tibavinsky
- George
W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering
& Biosciences, Georgia Institute of
Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United
States
| | - Peter A. Kottke
- George
W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering
& Biosciences, Georgia Institute of
Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United
States
| | - Andrei G. Fedorov
- George
W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering
& Biosciences, Georgia Institute of
Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United
States
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11
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Wei Z, Han S, Gong X, Zhao Y, Yang C, Zhang S, Zhang X. Rapid Removal of Matrices from Small-Volume Samples by Step-Voltage Nanoelectrospray. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201302870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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12
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Wei Z, Han S, Gong X, Zhao Y, Yang C, Zhang S, Zhang X. Rapid Removal of Matrices from Small-Volume Samples by Step-Voltage Nanoelectrospray. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:11025-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201302870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Revised: 06/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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13
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Burdette CQ, Marcus RK. In-line desalting of proteins from buffer and synthetic urine solution prior to ESI-MS analysis via a capillary-channeled polymer fiber microcolumn. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2013; 24:975-978. [PMID: 23463546 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-013-0593-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Presented here is a novel in-line solid phase extraction (SPE) method utilizing a capillary-channeled polymer (C-CP) fiber microcolumn prior to introduction to an electrospray ionization (ESI) source. The high permeability of the microcolumn allows for operation under syringe pump or HPLC driven flow, ultimately providing greater mass spectral clarity and accurate molecular weight determinations for different protein/buffer combinations. Studies presented here focus on the desalting of several target proteins from a standard phosphate buffered saline (PBS) matrix and a synthetic urine solution prior to ESI-MS determinations. In every case, responses for μM-level proteins in PBS improve from the situation of not permitting molecular weight determinations to values that are precise to better than ±10 Da, without internal standards, with relative improvements in the signal-to-background ratios (S/B) on the order of 3,000×. De-salting of a myoglobin-spiked (12 μM) synthetic urine results in equally-improved spectral quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Q Burdette
- Biosystems Research Complex, Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
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14
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Olivero D, LaPlaca M, Kottke PA. Ambient nanoelectrospray ionization with in-line microdialysis for spatially resolved transient biochemical monitoring within cell culture environments. Anal Chem 2012; 84:2072-5. [PMID: 22263997 DOI: 10.1021/ac203009s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a new mass spectrometry (MS) based approach for continuous, spatially resolved in vitro biochemical detection and demonstrated its utility in a 3-D cell culture system. Extracellular liquid is passively extracted at a low flow rate (~10 nL/s) through a small bore silica capillary (ID 50 μm); inline microdialysis (MD) removes ions that would interfere with mass spectrometric analysis, and the sample is ionized by nanoelectrospray ionization (nano-ESI) and mass analyzed in a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The system successfully detects low-volume, low-concentration releases of a small protein (8 μL of 5 μM cytochrome-c, molecular mass ~12 kDa) and exhibits ~1 min temporal resolution. The system also displays sensitivity to probe proximity to the sample release point. Due to the sensitivity of ESI-MS and its ability to simultaneously detect and identify multiple unanticipated biochemicals, this approach shows considerable potential as a biomarker discovery tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Olivero
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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15
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Rob T, Wilson DJ. Time-resolved mass spectrometry for monitoring millisecond time-scale solution-phase processes. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2012; 18:205-214. [PMID: 22641726 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Many chemical and biochemical reactions equilibrate within a few seconds of initiation under "native" conditions. To understand the microscopic processes underlying these reactions, the most direct approach is to monitor the reaction as equilibrium is established (i.e. the reaction kinetics). However, this requires the ability to characterize the reaction mixture on the millisecond time-scale. In this review, we survey the contributions of time-resolved mass spectrometry (TR-MS) to the characterization of millisecond time-scale (bio)chemical processes, with a focus on biochemical applications. Compared to conventional time-resolved techniques, which use optical detection, the primary advantage of TR-MS is the ability to detect virtually all reactive species simultaneously. This provides a singularly high detail account of the reaction without the need for a chromophoric change on turnover or artificial chromophoric probes. To provide millisecond time-resolution, TR-MS set-ups usually employ continuous-flow rapid mixers, corresponding either to a fixed "tee" that provides a single reaction time-point or an adjustable position mixer that allows continuous reaction monitoring. TR-MS has been used to monitor processes with rates up to 500 s(-1) and to provide a detailed account of complex reactions involving 10 co- populated species. This corresponds to significantly lower time-resolution than optical methods, which can measure rates in excess of 900 s(-1) under ideal conditions, but substantially more detail (optical studies are typically limited to one or two analytes). TR-MS has been implemented on a number of platforms, including capillary and microfluidic set-ups. Capillary-based implementations are straightforward to fabricate and provide the most efficient rapid mixing. Microfluidic implementations have also been devised to enable multi-step experimental workflows that incorporate TR-MS. As a general method for time-resolved measurements, the applications for TR-MS are wide ranging. TR-MS has been used to identify intermediates in organic reactions, reveal protein (un)folding mechanisms, monitor enzyme catalysis in the pre-steady-state and, in conjunction with hydrogen-deuterium exchange, characterize protein conformational dynamics. While not without limitations, TR-MS represents a powerful alternative for measuring solution phase processes on the millisecond time-scale and a new, promising approach for revealing mechanistic details in (bio)chemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamanna Rob
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele St, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3 Canada
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16
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Chen Y, Mori M, Pastusek AC, Schug KA, Dasgupta PK. On-Line Electrodialytic Salt Removal in Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry of Proteins. Anal Chem 2010; 83:1015-21. [DOI: 10.1021/ac102809c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongjing Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, United States
| | - Masanobu Mori
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, United States
| | - Amanda C. Pastusek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, United States
| | - Kevin A. Schug
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, United States
| | - Purnendu K. Dasgupta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, United States
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Daghestani HN, Day BW. Theory and applications of surface plasmon resonance, resonant mirror, resonant waveguide grating, and dual polarization interferometry biosensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2010; 10:9630-46. [PMID: 22163431 PMCID: PMC3230998 DOI: 10.3390/s101109630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Revised: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Biosensors have been used extensively in the scientific community for several purposes, most notably to determine association and dissociation kinetics, protein-ligand, protein-protein, or nucleic acid hybridization interactions. A number of different types of biosensors are available in the field, each with real or perceived benefits over the others. This review discusses the basic theory and operational arrangements of four commercially available types of optical biosensors: surface plasmon resonance, resonant mirror, resonance waveguide grating, and dual polarization interferometry. The different applications these techniques offer are discussed from experiments and results reported in recently published literature. Additionally, recent advancements or modifications to the current techniques are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikmat N. Daghestani
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh, BST3 10017, 3501 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh PA, 15213, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Billy W. Day
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, BST3 10017, 3501 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh PA, 15213, USA
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19
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Rob T, Wilson DJ. A versatile microfluidic chip for millisecond time-scale kinetic studies by electrospray mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2009; 20:124-130. [PMID: 18845447 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2008.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2008] [Revised: 09/01/2008] [Accepted: 09/01/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
An electrospray coupled microfluidic reactor for the measurement of millisecond time-scale, solution phase kinetics is introduced. The device incorporates a simple two-channel design that is etched into polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) by laser ablation. The outlet of the device is laser cut to a sharp tip, facilitating low dead volume 'on chip' electrospray. Fabrication is fast, straightforward and highly reproducible, supporting rapid prototyping and large-scale reproduction. Device performance is characterized using a cytochrome c unfolding reaction. Unfolding processes with rates in excess of 30 s(-1) are easily measured, including the appearance of a 'native-like' intermediate that is maximally populated 180 ms post reaction initiation. To extract reliable rates from the data, a theoretical framework for the analysis of kinetics acquired under square-channel laminar flow is introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamanna Rob
- Center for Research in Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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20
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Sun L, Duan J, Tao D, Liang Z, Zhang W, Zhang L, Zhang Y. A facile microdialysis interface for on-line desalting and identification of proteins by nano-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2008; 22:2391-2397. [PMID: 18613004 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The adverse effect of salts, especially inorganic salts, on electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) is one of the most serious obstacles that might limit its application. Among the numerous desalting approaches, the microdialysis technique is favorable for large molecules, such as proteins. In this work, employing a hollow fiber membrane of cellulose acetate (MWCO 3000 Da), a simple, facile and efficient microdialysis interface with the dead volume of less than 1 microL was constructed for the on-line desalting and identification of proteins dissolved in high salt concentration buffer by nano-ESI-MS. Furthermore, with counterflow added, the desalting procedure was accelerated, and could be finished within 1 min. This system was successfully applied to the analysis of myoglobin dissolved in either high concentration ammonium acetate or sodium chloride buffer. The experimental results showed that, by using such a microdialysis interface, the salt concentration, even as high as 1 M, could be decreased by at least 2 orders of magnitude, while sample loss was less than 10%, demonstrating the potential of such an interface in broadening the application of nano-ESI-MS in the analysis of large molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Sun
- National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
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21
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Ali I, Gupta V, Aboul‐Enein HY, Hussain A. Hyphenation in sample preparation: Advancement from the micro to the nano world. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:2040-53. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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22
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Waitt GM, Xu R, Wisely GB, Williams JD. Automated in-line gel filtration for native state mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2008; 19:239-45. [PMID: 17596960 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2007.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2007] [Revised: 05/11/2007] [Accepted: 05/16/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of protein-ligand complexes by nondenaturing mass spectrometry provides direct evidence of drug-like molecules binding with potential therapeutic targets. Typically, protein-ligand complexes to be analyzed contain buffer salts, detergents, and other additives to enhance protein solubility, all of which make the sample unable to be analyzed directly by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. This work describes an in-line gel-filtration method that has been automated and optimized. Automation was achieved using commercial HPLC equipment. Gel column parameters that were optimized include: column dimensions, flow rate, packing material type, particle size, and molecular weight cut-off. Under optimal conditions, desalted protein ions are detected 4 min after injection and the analysis is completed in 20 min. The gel column retains good performance even after >200 injections. A demonstration for using the in-line gel-filtration system is shown for monitoring the exchange of fatty acids from the pocket of a nuclear hormone receptor, peroxisome proliferator activator-delta (PPARdelta) with a tool compound. Additional utilities of in-line gel-filtration mass spectrometry system will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg M Waitt
- Molecular Discovery Research, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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23
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Konermann L, Messinger J, Hillier W. Mass Spectrometry-Based Methods for Studying Kinetics and Dynamics in Biological Systems. BIOPHYSICAL TECHNIQUES IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-8250-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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24
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Koster S, Verpoorte E. A decade of microfluidic analysis coupled with electrospray mass spectrometry: an overview. LAB ON A CHIP 2007; 7:1394-1412. [PMID: 17960264 DOI: 10.1039/b709706a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This review presents a thorough overview covering the period 1997-2006 of microfluidic chips coupled to mass spectrometry through an electrospray interface. The different types of fabrication processes and materials used to fabricate these chips throughout this period are discussed. Three 'eras' of interfaces are clearly distinguished. The earliest approach involves spraying from the edge of a chip, while later devices either incorporate a standard fused-silica emitter inserted into the device or fully integrated emitters formed during chip fabrication. A summary of microfluidic-electrospray devices for performing separations and sample pretreatment steps before sample introduction into the mass spectrometer is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander Koster
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
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25
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Chen Y, Guo Z, Wang X, Qiu C. Sample preparation. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1184:191-219. [PMID: 17991475 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2007] [Revised: 10/08/2007] [Accepted: 10/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A panorama of sample preparation methods has been composed from 481 references, with a highlight of some promising methods fast developed during recent years and a somewhat brief introduction on most of the well-developed methods. All the samples were commonly referred to molecular composition, being extendable to particles including cells but not to organs, tissues and larger bodies. Some criteria to evaluate or validate a sample preparation method were proposed for reference. Strategy for integration of several methods to prepare complicated protein samples for proteomic studies was illustrated and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Science, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China.
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26
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Bodzon-Kulakowska A, Bierczynska-Krzysik A, Dylag T, Drabik A, Suder P, Noga M, Jarzebinska J, Silberring J. Methods for samples preparation in proteomic research. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 849:1-31. [PMID: 17113834 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2006] [Accepted: 10/23/2006] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Sample preparation is one of the most crucial processes in proteomics research. The results of the experiment depend on the condition of the starting material. Therefore, the proper experimental model and careful sample preparation is vital to obtain significant and trustworthy results, particularly in comparative proteomics, where we are usually looking for minor differences between experimental-, and control samples. In this review we discuss problems associated with general strategies of samples preparation, and experimental demands for these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bodzon-Kulakowska
- Department of Neurobiochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena St. 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
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Myasein KT, Pulido JS, Hatfield RM, McCannel CA, Dundervill RF, Shippy SA. Sub-microlitre dialysis system to enable trace level peptide detection from volume-limited biological samples using MALDI-TOF-MS. Analyst 2007; 132:1046-52. [PMID: 17893809 DOI: 10.1039/b707783a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The detection of peptides with mass spectrometry from volume-limited biological samples is a challenging task due to low sample volume, a broad range of peptide concentrations down to trace levels, endogenous high proteins and salt levels. Previously, a microspotting method was presented for trace-level peptide detection with MALDI-MS from sub-microlitre samples with biological salt levels. However, in the presence of proteins, peptide signals are significantly reduced. This paper presents a novel dialysis device for removal of proteins from sub-microlitre samples using a semipermeable hollow fiber membrane to enhance peptide detection. A dialysis device was constructed to perform sub-microlitre dialysis to remove proteins from complex samples. Angiotensin I was used as a model peptide in the presence of 350 mg L(-1) BSA prepared in physiological saline to mimic biological samples. In the absence of BSA, clear angiotensin I peaks were seen at 250 pM, yet in the presence of the BSA, 10 nM angiotensin I was barely detected. After dialysis, peak detection was improved to a 500 pM level. Protein removal and peptide recovery (approximately 66%) were determined using CE-LIF. Clinical vitreous samples as low as 200 nL were successfully dialyzed in 30 min and a 3-fold increase in peptide peaks were detected with greatly improved signals. This method is simple and can be a useful technique for trace level peptide detection from volume-limited biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyaw ThetMaw Myasein
- Department of Chemistry (M/C 111), University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), 845 W Taylor ST, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
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28
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Silvertand LHH, Machtejevas E, Hendriks R, Unger KK, van Bennekom WP, de Jong GJ. Selective protein removal and desalting using microchip CE. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2006; 839:68-73. [PMID: 16600700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2005] [Revised: 03/03/2006] [Accepted: 03/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the on-line sample pretreatment and analysis of proteins and peptides with a poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) microfluidic device (IonChip). This chip consists of two hyphenated electrophoresis channels with integrated conductivity detectors. The first channel can be used for sample preconcentration and sample clean-up, while in the second channel the selected compounds are separated. Isotachophoresis (ITP) combined with zone electrophoresis (CZE) was used to preconcentrate a myoglobin sample by a factor of about 65 before injection into the second dimension and to desalt a mixture of six proteins with 100 mM NaCl. However, ITP-CZE could not be used for the removal of two proteins from a protein/peptide sample since the protein zone in the ITP step was too small to remove certain compounds. Therefore, we used CZE-CZE for the removal of proteins from a protein/peptide mixture, thereby injecting only the peptides into the second CZE separation channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H H Silvertand
- Department of Biomedical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Konermann L, Pan J, Wilson DJ. Protein Folding Mechanisms Studied by Time-Resolved Electrospray Mass Spectrometry. Biotechniques 2006; 40:135, 137, 139 passim. [PMID: 16526400 DOI: 10.2144/06402te01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lars Konermann
- Department of Chemistry, The University of WesternOntario, London, ON, Canada
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TAKAHASHI Y, SAKAI R, SAKAMOTO K, YOSHIDA Y, KITAOKA M, KITAMORI T. On-Line High-throughput ESIMS Detection of a Reaction Product Using Synthesis and Extraction Microchips. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.5702/massspec.54.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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