1
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Kitano E, Nisbet G, Demyanenko Y, Kowalczyk KM, Iselin L, Cross S, Castello A, Mohammed S. Repurposed 3D Printer Allows Economical and Programmable Fraction Collection for Proteomics of Nanogram Scale Samples. Anal Chem 2024; 96:11439-11447. [PMID: 38968027 PMCID: PMC11256012 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
In this work, we describe the construction and application of a repurposed 3D-printer as a fraction collector. We utilize a nano-LC to ensure minimal volumes and surfaces although any LC can be coupled. The setup operates as a high-pH fractionation system capable of effectively working with nanogram scales of lysate digests. The 2D RP-RP system demonstrated superior proteome coverage over single-shot data-dependent acquisition (DDA) analysis using only 5 ng of human cell lysate digest with performance increasing with increasing amounts of material. We found that the fractionation system allowed over 60% signal recovery at the peptide level and, more importantly, we observed improved protein level intensity coverage, which indicates the complexity reduction afforded by the system outweighs the sample losses endured. The application of data-independent acquisition (DIA) and wide window acquisition (WWA) to fractionated samples allowed nearly 8000 proteins to be identified from 50 ng of the material. The utility of the 2D system was further investigated for phosphoproteomics (>21 000 phosphosites from 50 μg starting material) and pull-down type experiments and showed substantial improvements over single-shot experiments. We show that the 2D RP-RP system is a highly versatile and powerful tool for many proteomics workflows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo
S. Kitano
- Rosalind
Franklin Institute, Harwell
Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth Nisbet
- Diamond
Light Source, Harwell
Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Yana Demyanenko
- Rosalind
Franklin Institute, Harwell
Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
| | - Katarzyna M Kowalczyk
- Rosalind
Franklin Institute, Harwell
Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
| | - Louisa Iselin
- MRC-University
of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
- Nuffield
Department of Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, United
Kingdom
| | - Stephen Cross
- Rosalind
Franklin Institute, Harwell
Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Alfredo Castello
- MRC-University
of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Shabaz Mohammed
- Rosalind
Franklin Institute, Harwell
Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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2
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Isokawa M, Nakanishi K, Kanamori T, Sekiguchi T, Funatsu T, Shoji S, Tsunoda M. Pillar Array Mixer for Postcolumn Derivatization Integrated into Liquid Chromatography-Based Microfluidic Device. Anal Chem 2024; 96:11002-11008. [PMID: 38870183 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
The chemical derivatization of target analytes can enhance the sensitivity and selectivity of separation-based methods for metabolite analysis using microfluidic devices. However, the development of chromatography-based microfluidic devices with integrated derivatization units is challenging. In this study, a novel derivatization unit with a pillar array (PA)-based mixing channel was developed for postcolumn derivatization during on-chip liquid chromatography (LC). The PA mixer enhanced mixing between the derivatization reagents and analytes in the transverse direction, while preventing analyte dispersion in the flow direction. After the concept was confirmed using computational fluid dynamics analysis, microfluidic devices with a LC column and PA mixer were fabricated on a 20 × 20 mm silicon plate. Fluid experiments were performed using a PA mixer with a pillar size of 5 or 10 μm or a hollow-channel mixer, which revealed that the PA mixer enhanced transverse mixing without increasing the width of the analyte peak. Moreover, the developed device enabled the analysis of three amino acids within 40 s by separation via hydrophilic interaction chromatography followed by postcolumn fluorogenic derivatization with naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde and fluorescence detection. Our results demonstrate the potential of integrated derivatization units for the development of micrototal analysis systems for use in bioanalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneki Isokawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kanki Nakanishi
- Department of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kanamori
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Sekiguchi
- Department of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Takashi Funatsu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shuichi Shoji
- Department of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Makoto Tsunoda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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3
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Warren CG, Dasgupta PK. Liquid phase detection in the miniature scale. Microfluidic and capillary scale measurement and separation systems. A tutorial review. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1305:342507. [PMID: 38677834 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Microfluidic and capillary devices are increasingly being used in analytical applications while their overall size keeps decreasing. Detection sensitivity for these microdevices gains more importance as device sizes and consequently, sample volumes, decrease. This paper reviews optical, electrochemical, electrical, and mass spectrometric detection methods that are applicable to capillary scale and microfluidic devices, with brief introduction to the principles in each case. Much of this is considered in the context of separations. We do consider theoretical aspects of separations by open tubular liquid chromatography, arguably the most potentially fertile area of separations that has been left fallow largely because of lack of scale-appropriate detection methods. We also examine the theoretical basis of zone electrophoretic separations. Optical detection methods discussed include UV/Vis absorbance, fluorescence, chemiluminescence and refractometry. Amperometry is essentially the only electrochemical detection method used in microsystems. Suppressed conductance and especially contactless conductivity (admittance) detection are in wide use for the detection of ionic analytes. Microfluidic devices, integrated to various mass spectrometers, including ESI-MS, APCI-MS, and MALDI-MS are discussed. We consider the advantages and disadvantages of each detection method and compare the best reported limits of detection in as uniform a format as the available information allows. While this review pays more attention to recent developments, our primary focus has been on the novelty and ingenuity of the approach, regardless of when it was first proposed, as long as it can be potentially relevant to miniature platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cable G Warren
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, 76019-0065, United States
| | - Purnendu K Dasgupta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, 76019-0065, United States.
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4
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Blumberg LM. The best structures of LC columns-A theoretical perspective. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1721:464848. [PMID: 38569299 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The largest peak capacity (n) that LC analysis can generate in isocratic or gradient elution analysis of a given sample in a given time at a given pressure is proportional to the quality factor (qmax) of its column structure. In this study, the multi-channel structures with open pseudo-planar channels (OPPC) and open circular channels (OCC) where compared with PC2 - a typical core-shell column packed with 2 μm particles. These columns have qmax of 1.27, 1.17 and 0.41, respectively. The former two qmax are the highest among all known column structures - about 3 times higher than qmax of PC2. This means that the OPPC and OCC can generate about 3 times higher n compared to what a PC2 can in the same analysis time (tanal) at the same pressure, or they require about 81 times shorter tanal (81 is the 4th power of 3) to generate the same n as a PC2 can at the same pressure. However, while PC2 is a commercially available column, there are substantial challenges in manufacturing the OPPC and OCC that can compete with PC2 in practical applications. In order to be competitive with PC2, the OPPC and OCC should have sub-1μm characteristic dimensions (e.g., the inter-pillar distance, g, in OPPC-based pillar array columns, internal diameters of OCC). Thus, in order to compete with PC2 in one scenario, an OPPC requires g ≤ 0.14 μm. Additionally, to be competitive with PC2, OPPC and OCC should be able to sustain the same high pressure. Highlighting the challenges of their design and manufacturing might help to develop the manufacturable columns substantially superior to the packed ones.
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5
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Moussa A, Huygens B, Venditti C, Adrover A, Desmet G. On the contribution of the top and bottom walls in micro-pillar array columns and related high-aspect ratio chromatography systems. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1720:464825. [PMID: 38507870 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
We report on a steady-state based, and hence highly accurate numerical modelling study of the effect of the top and bottom wall in the current generation of micro-pillar array columns. These have a mesoporous retention layer that not only covers the pillar walls but also the bottom wall. Our results show that the performance of these columns can in general not be improved by also covering the top wall with the same layer, despite the increased column symmetry this approach would offer. The reason for this is that the local species retardation caused by a retentive layer is much stronger than the pure flow arresting effect of an uncovered wall. At least, this has a crucial impact in high aspect-ratio systems such as micro-pillar array columns because these require a small inter-pillar distance to promote mass transfer together with a large channel depth to enable a sufficiently high flow rate. On the other hand, a notable improvement could be made if micro-pillar array would be produced without having a retentive layer at the bottom. At Péclet number Pe = 50 and aspect ratio AR = 5 for flow-channels, this gain amounts up to about 4.5 h-units at a zone retention factor k'' = 2 and 1.75 h-units at k'' = 16 (gain scales almost linearly with Pe). To verify these results, we also considered another high aspect-ratio system with a simplified geometry: the open-tubular channel with a flat-rectangular cross-section. This led to very similar observations, thus confirming the findings for the micro-pillar array. The results produced in the present study also allow us to conclude that the classic modelling paradigm adopted in chromatography, which is based on the independency and hence additivity of the hCm- and hCs-contributions, can lead to large modelling errors in chromatographic systems with a high aspect-ratio, even when their geometry is so simple as that of a straight open-tubular channel with constant cross-section. Indeed, when both zones are treated independently, the analysis misses how the vertical diffusion through the retentive layer helps suppressing the vertical gradients in the mobile zone. The diffusion through this layer occurs in a ratio of k''Ds/Dm (Dm being the diffusion coefficient in mobile phase zone and Ds being the diffusion coefficient in stationary phase zone), such that at high retention factors this diffusion contribution even becomes the dominant one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Moussa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bram Huygens
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Claudia Venditti
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica Materiali Ambiente, Sapienza Università di Roma, Italy
| | - Alessandra Adrover
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica Materiali Ambiente, Sapienza Università di Roma, Italy
| | - Gert Desmet
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
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6
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Vankeerberghen B, Op de Beeck J, Desmet G. Column-Only Band Broadening in a Porous Shell Radially Elongated Pillar Array Column. Anal Chem 2024; 96:3618-3626. [PMID: 38350649 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
In the quest for better performing separation media for liquid chromatography, micropillar array columns have received great interest over the past years. While previous research was mainly focused around micropillar array columns (μPACs) filled with cylindrical pillars, this contribution discusses μPACs with rectangular pillars, which, for the first time, have been anodized and hence carry a mesoporous shell. We report on a series of on-chip measurements of the band broadening and flow permeability in a μPAC with very wide radially elongated pillars (3·75 μm) and with an interpillar distance (2 μm) between that of the first (2.5 μm) and second generation (1.25 μm) of cylindrical μPACs. Because of the extreme flow path tortuosity, this type of μPAC can produce very large plate numbers over a short distance. Despite the relatively large interpillar distance, we obtain Hmin = 0.26 μm for a nearly unretained component (phase retention factor, k' ≈ 0.24) and Hmin = 0.79 μm for a retained component with k' ≈ 3. The kinetic performance in terms of separation impedance (Ei = 19) is considerably improved compared to cylindrical pillar μPACs (Ei in range 40-50) and is in excellent agreement with the theoretical value for an open tubular channel with a rectangular cross-section (Ei = 18). This shows that rectangular μPACs can be represented as a parallel bundle of interconnected open-tubular channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert Vankeerberghen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jeff Op de Beeck
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 82, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Gert Desmet
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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7
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Moussa A, Huygens B, Venditti C, Adrover A, Desmet G. Theoretical computation of the band broadening in micro-pillar array columns. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1715:464607. [PMID: 38154258 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the possibility to establish a theoretical plate height expression for the band broadening in the most widely used micro-pillar array column format, i.e., a cylindrical pillar array wherein the pillar walls and the channel bottom are coated with a thin layer of meso‑porous material. Assuming isotropic diffusion in the shell-layer, it was found that the vertical diffusive transport along the porous shell-layer covering the pillar walls significantly suppresses the band broadening originating from the vertical migration velocity gradients. As the vertical transport in the shell-layer increases linearly with the retention equilibrium constant K, this leads to an anomalous dependency on the retention factor. Indeed, instead of increasing with k'' and following the classic (1+ak''+bk''2)/(1 + k'')2-dependency governing a classic Taylor-Aris system, the variation of the mobile zone mass transfer resistance term hCm in a 3D pillar array with bottom-wall retention goes through a maximum (resp. factor 1.5 (k''=4) and 2 (k''=16) difference between observed and classic Taylor-Aris behaviour). This effect increases with increasing pillar heights and increasing reduced velocities. Because of this complex k''-dependency, it proves very cumbersome to establish a general plate height equation covering all conditions. Instead, a plate height expression was established that is limited up to k''=4, but remains accurate for higher k''-values for cases where the ratio of pillar height over inter-pillar distance remains below 5. It can however be anticipated the proposed analytical model is only valid in a rather limited range around the presently considered external porosity of ε=0.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Moussa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bram Huygens
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Claudia Venditti
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica Materiali Ambiente, Sapienza Università di Roma, Italy
| | - Alessandra Adrover
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica Materiali Ambiente, Sapienza Università di Roma, Italy
| | - Gert Desmet
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
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8
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Ampe A, Bandini E, Broeckhoven K, Lynen F. On-column modification for the creation of temperature-responsive stationary phases. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1283:341961. [PMID: 37977785 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Temperature-responsive liquid chromatography (TRLC) offers an alternative for retention and selectivity optimisation in HPLC. This approach thereby exploits temperature gradients on stimuli-responsive stationary phases and forfeits the necessity for solvent gradients, allowing analyses to be performed using aqueous mobile phases. Consequently, it can be employed as a green alternative to reversed-phase separations. However, current production to obtain temperature-responsive columns inherently require dedicated column packing processes with polymer-modified particles. To facilitate the development of temperature-responsive phases, a flow-through modification procedure was developed allowing on-column modification of aminopropyl silica columns. Three columns were manufactured using this novel flow-through approach, which achieved identical column efficiencies compared to existing TRLC column. Demonstrating the possibility of bypassing the dedicated packing processes without losing efficiency. Additionally, it was observed that flow-through produced columns yielded higher retention at elevated temperatures despite their reduced carbon load. Further investigation of the carbon load revealed the presence of stationary phase gradients, whose influence was studied via novel developed retention experiments, which revealed a negligible change reduction in retention upon a change of polymer modification from 19.8% to 14.5%. However, further decrease from 14.5% to 12.3% resulted in a larger change. Interestingly, a further enhancement in apparent plate numbers was observed when operating the column under a reversed flow, yielding an increasing stationary phase gradient. This on-column modification procedure demonstrates the potential for modification of existing (commercial) packed columns to achieve temperature-responsive phases without loss of efficiency or retention. Thus, not only facilitating accessibility to temperature-responsive phases, but also aiding with development of further generations of temperature-responsive phases by removing the need for packing optimisation. Additionally, a novel experiment was set up to easily investigate the effect of inhomogeneous stationary phases retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriaan Ampe
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Krijgslaan 281, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elena Bandini
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Krijgslaan 281, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ken Broeckhoven
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, Brussel, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Lynen
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Krijgslaan 281, Ghent, Belgium.
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9
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Vankeerberghen B, Op de Beeck J, Desmet G. On-Chip Comparison of the Performance of First- and Second-Generation Micropillar Array Columns. Anal Chem 2023; 95:13822-13828. [PMID: 37677150 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Because of its dimensions, the recently introduced micropillar array columns are most suited for high-efficiency liquid chromatography separations in proteomics. Unlike the packed bed columns and capillary-based column formats, the micropillar array concept still has significant room to progress in terms of the reduction of its characteristic size (i.e., pillar diameter and interpillar distance) to open the road to even higher-efficiency separations and their applications. We report here on the on-chip comparison between first-generation (Gen 1) and second-generation (Gen 2) micropillar array columns wherein the pillar and interpillar size have been halved. Because of the on-chip measurements, the observed plate heights H represent the fundamental band broadening, devoid of any extra-column band-broadening effects. The observed reduction of H with a factor of 2 around the uopt-velocity and with a factor of 4 in the C-term dominated regime of the van Deemter-curve is in full agreement with the theoretically expected gain. This shows the pillar and interpillar size reduction could be effectuated without affecting the theoretical separation potential of the micropillar arrays. Compared to Gen 1, Gen 2 offers a 4-fold reduction of the required analysis time around the optimal velocity and about a 16-fold reduction in the C-term-dominated range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert Vankeerberghen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jeff Op de Beeck
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 82, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Gert Desmet
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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10
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Kubo T, Ichikawa M, Adachi T, Watabe Y, Naito T, Otuka K. Development of a particle packed bed model for homogeneity evaluation of liquid chromatography column. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1705:464171. [PMID: 37385150 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Particle packed columns used for liquid chromatography (LC) can suppress a column internal band broadening (hereinafter referred to as band broadening) by packing monodisperse particles homogenously. However, a quantitative evaluation for the effects of particle shape and packed state on band broadening needs to be more investigated. In this study, we fabricated a model of particle packed bed using microfluid LC columns that have pillar array structure prepared by microfabrication technology, evaluating how structural factors inside of a column affect its band broadening. At first, microfluid LC columns was prepared using Si-quartz glass (Si-Q column) for the optimization of LC measurement system. Through the evaluation, it showed 11.6 times higher pressure tolerance compared to that of PDMS-soda lime glass (PDMS-g column). Then, an optimized LC measurement system was constructed using a microfluidic LC column made of Si-Q column, and it was confirmed that the measurement error was small enough and the LC measurement could be performed with high repeatability. Additionally, the effect of a distribution of structural size on band broadening was evaluated. It was confirmed that wide distribution of the structural size provided large band broadening in actual measurements. Comparing two columns having different structural log-normal distributions of 0 and 0.22 showed approximately 1.8 times difference in both real LC measurement. Lastly, the relationship between packed state and band broadening was evaluated. As packed state, we employed void arrangement and structural arrangement in the columns. Different location arrangements of 50 and 100 µm pillar sizes afforded different band broadening. Well-homogenized array showed approximately two times worse band broadening compared to that of delocalized array. Based on these results, the developed packed bed of particles model was able to evaluate the relation between structural factors and band broadening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Kubo
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
| | - Motonobu Ichikawa
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Tenki Adachi
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Watabe
- Research Center, Shimadzu General Service, Inc, 1, Nishinokyo, Kuwabara-cho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8511, Japan
| | - Toyohiro Naito
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan; RIKEN Innovation, COREDO Nihonbashi, 1-4-1 Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0027 Japan
| | - Koji Otuka
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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11
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Venditti C, Huygens B, Desmet G, Adrover A. Moment analysis for predicting effective transport properties in hierarchical retentive porous media. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1703:464099. [PMID: 37271084 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report on a new homogenization approach to solve, with drastically improved speed and accuracy, the general advection-diffusion equation in hierarchical porous media with localized diffusion and adsorption/desorption processes, thus opening the way to a much deeper understanding of the band broadening process in chromatographic systems. The proposed robust and efficient moment-based approach allows us to compute the exact local and integral concentration moments and hence provides exact solutions for the effective velocity and dispersion coefficients of migrating solute particles. Innovative to the proposed method is also that it not only produces the exact effective transport parameters of the long-time asymptotic solution, but also their entire transient. The analysis of the transient behaviour can be used, for example, to properly identify the time and length scales needed to achieve the macro-transport conditions. If the hierarchical porous media can be represented as the periodic repetition of a unit lattice cell, the method only requires the solution of the time-dependent advection-diffusion equations for the zeroth order and first-order exact local moments, exclusively on the unit cell. This implies an enormous reduction of the computational efforts and a significant improvement of the accuracy of the results when compared to the direct numerical simulation (DNS) approaches which require flow domains that are long enough to achieve steady-state conditions, and hence often cover tens to hundreds of unit cells. The reliability of the proposed method is verified by comparing its predictions with DNS results, in one, two and three dimensions, in both transient and asymptotic conditions. The influence of top and bottom no-slip walls on the separation performance of chromatographic columns with micromachined porous and nonporous pillars is discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Venditti
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica Materiali Ambiente, Sapienza Università di Roma, Italy
| | - Bram Huygens
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gert Desmet
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alessandra Adrover
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica Materiali Ambiente, Sapienza Università di Roma, Italy.
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12
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Gebreyesus ST, Muneer G, Huang CC, Siyal AA, Anand M, Chen YJ, Tu HL. Recent advances in microfluidics for single-cell functional proteomics. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:1726-1751. [PMID: 36811978 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc01096h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Single-cell proteomics (SCP) reveals phenotypic heterogeneity by profiling individual cells, their biological states and functional outcomes upon signaling activation that can hardly be probed via other omics characterizations. This has become appealing to researchers as it enables an overall more holistic view of biological details underlying cellular processes, disease onset and progression, as well as facilitates unique biomarker identification from individual cells. Microfluidic-based strategies have become methods of choice for single-cell analysis because they allow facile assay integrations, such as cell sorting, manipulation, and content analysis. Notably, they have been serving as an enabling technology to improve the sensitivity, robustness, and reproducibility of recently developed SCP methods. Critical roles of microfluidics technologies are expected to further expand rapidly in advancing the next phase of SCP analysis to reveal more biological and clinical insights. In this review, we will capture the excitement of the recent achievements of microfluidics methods for both targeted and global SCP, including efforts to enhance the proteomic coverage, minimize sample loss, and increase multiplexity and throughput. Furthermore, we will discuss the advantages, challenges, applications, and future prospects of SCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofani Tafesse Gebreyesus
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
- Nano Science and Technology Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Gul Muneer
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | | | - Asad Ali Siyal
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Mihir Anand
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ju Chen
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, Academia Sinica and National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hsiung-Lin Tu
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
- Nano Science and Technology Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, Academia Sinica and National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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13
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Westerbeek E, Gelin P, Olthuis W, Eijkel J, De Malsche W. C-Term Reduction in 3 μm Open-Tubular High-Aspect-Ratio Channels in AC-EOF Vortex Chromatography Operation. Anal Chem 2023; 95:4889-4895. [PMID: 36881563 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
The performance of liquid chromatography operation in open-tubular channels, the ideal chromatographic column format, is limited by slow mass transport between the mobile and stationary phase. We recently introduced a lateral mixing methodology ("vortex chromatography") to reduce Taylor-Aris dispersion by employing (small) AC-EOF (alternating current electroosmotic flow) fields oriented perpendicular to the conventionally applied, axially oriented pressure gradient, resulting in the reduction of the C-term by a factor of 3, studied in 40 × 20 μm2 (aspect ratio (AR) = 2) channels under unretained conditions. In the present contribution, a further increased performance gain for channel dimensions relevant for chromatographic applications is demonstrated. The impact of the applied voltage and salt concentration is studied for 3 × 20 and 5 × 20 μm2 channels in ARs of up to 6.7, revealing a C-term reduction potential of a factor of up to 5 for large molecules (dextran) under unretained conditions. The decrease in κaris in a 5 μm channel (reduction of 80%) was larger than the decrease in a 3 μm channel (reduction of 44%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiko Westerbeek
- μFlow group, Chemical Engineering Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Bios Group, Twente University, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Pierre Gelin
- μFlow group, Chemical Engineering Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Wouter Olthuis
- Bios Group, Twente University, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Eijkel
- Bios Group, Twente University, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Wim De Malsche
- μFlow group, Chemical Engineering Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Improvement of an Automated Sample Injection System for Pillar Array Columns to Increase Analytical Reproducibility. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27154715. [PMID: 35897891 PMCID: PMC9332314 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In our previous study, we developed an automatic sample injection system for pillar array columns for quantitative analysis. An autosampler was used to maintain a constant sample injection volume. However, the sample was diluted during injection using the autosampler, thus deteriorating the analytical reproducibility. In this study, we have substituted the autosampler with a syringe pump to overcome the abovementioned problem and improve the system. Sample dilution was avoided by filling the entire capillary with the sample at a constant rate. This improved system also increased the analytical reproducibility. In the previous system, the relative standard deviation (RSD) exceeded 17% of the peak height for coumarin dyes. In contrast, the improved system decreased the RSD to the range 1.2–1.8%. The analytical reproducibility was evaluated by using five types of amino acids. The RSD of each peak height was within 3.0%, confirming good reproducibility. These results indicate that the sample injection method developed in this study can be applied to biological sample analyses as a simple quantitative analysis method for pillar array columns.
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16
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Development of an In-Line Enzyme Reactor Integrated into a Capillary Electrophoresis System. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26195902. [PMID: 34641446 PMCID: PMC8513095 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this paper was to develop an in-line immobilized enzyme reactor (IMER) integrated into a capillary electrophoresis platform. In our research, we created the IMER by adsorbing trypsin onto the inner surface of a capillary in a short section. Enzyme immobilization was possible due to the electrostatic attraction between the oppositely charged fused silica capillary surface and trypsin. The reactor was formed by simply injecting and removing trypsin solution from the capillary inlet (~1–2 cms). We investigated the factors affecting the efficiency of the reactor. The main advantages of the proposed method are the fast, cheap, and easy formation of an IMER with in-line protein digestion capability. Human tear samples were used to test the efficiency of the digestion in the microreactor.
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Nagy C, Huszank R, Gaspar A. Study of the geometry of open channels in a layer-bed-type microfluidic immobilized enzyme reactor. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:6321-6332. [PMID: 34378068 PMCID: PMC8487885 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03588-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper aims at studying open channel geometries in a layer-bed-type immobilized enzyme reactor with computer-aided simulations. The main properties of these reactors are their simple channel pattern, simple immobilization procedure, regenerability, and disposability; all these features make these devices one of the simplest yet efficient enzymatic microreactors. The high surface-to-volume ratio of the reactor was achieved using narrow (25–75 μm wide) channels. The simulation demonstrated that curves support the mixing of solutions in the channel even in strong laminar flow conditions; thus, it is worth including several curves in the channel system. In the three different designs of microreactor proposed, the lengths of the channels were identical, but in two reactors, the liquid flow was split to 8 or 32 parallel streams at the inlet of the reactor. Despite their overall higher volumetric flow rate, the split-flow structures are advantageous due to the increased contact time. Saliva samples were used to test the efficiencies of the digestions in the microreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Nagy
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Robert Huszank
- Institute for Nuclear Research (Atomki), P.O. Box 51, Debrecen, 4001, Hungary
| | - Attila Gaspar
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
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19
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Abstract
Miniaturization is an important trend in modern analytical instrument development, including miniaturized gas chromatography and liquid chromatography, as well as micro bore columns and capillary-to-microfluidics-based platforms. Apart from the miniaturization of the separation column, which is the core part of a chromatographic system, other parts of the system, including the sampler, pumping system, gradient generation, and detection systems, have been miniaturized. Miniaturized liquid chromatography significantly reduces solvent and sample consumption while providing comparable or even better separation efficiency. When liquid chromatography is coupled with mass spectroscopy, a low flow rate can increase the ionization efficiency, leading to enhanced sensitivity of the mass spectrometer. In contrast, normal-scale liquid chromatography suffers from its relatively high volumetric flow rate, which challenges the scanning frequency of the mass spectrometer. On the other hand because of the small sample size, other detection strategies such as spectrometric methods cannot provide sufficient sensitivity and limits of detection. In this sense, mass spectrometry has become the detection method of choice for micro-scale liquid-phase chromatography. Miniaturized liquid chromatography can diminish sample dilution efficiently when extremely small amounts of samples are used. The main driving force for this miniaturization trend, especially in liquid-phase separations, is the desperate need for microscale analyses of biological and clinical samples, given these samples are precious and the sample size is usually very small. At present, microscale liquid-phase chromatography is the only method of choice for such small, precious, and highly informative samples. The miniaturization of liquid chromatography systems, especially chromatographic columns, would be advantageous to the modularization and integration of liquid chromatography instrumental systems. Chip liquid chromatography is an integration of chromatography columns, liquid control systems, and detection methods on a single microfluidic chip. Chip liquid chromatography is an excellent format for the miniaturization of liquid chromatography systems, and it has already attracted significant attention from academia and industry. However, this attempt is challenging, and great effort is required on fundamental techniques, such as the substrate material of the microfluidic chip, structure of the micro-chromatography column, fluid control method, and detection methods, in order to make the chips suitable for liquid chromatography. Currently, the major problem in chip liquid chromatography is that the properties of the chip substrate materials cannot meet the requirements for further miniaturization and integration of chip liquid chromatography. The strength of the existing chip substrate materials is generally below 60 MPa, and the material properties limit further advances in the miniaturization and integration of chromatographic chips. Therefore, new chip substrate materials and the standard of chip channel design such as channel size and channel structure should be the key for further development of chip liquid chromatography. Mainstream instrumentation companies as well as new start-up innovation companies are now undertaking efforts toward the development of microchip liquid chromatographic products. Agilent, the first instrumentation company that introduced commercial microchip liquid chromatographic columns to the market, has led this field. Apart from microchip-based columns, Agilent introduced trap columns for different kinds of biological molecules as well as gradient generation systems for microchip-based liquid phase chromatography. Recently, another start-up company introduced microchip columns based on the in situ microfabrication of the column bed rather than packing the column with a particulate material. Such developments in microfabrication may further propel the advancement of micro-scale liquid-phase chromatography to an unprecedented level, which is beyond the conventional components and materials employed in normal-scale liquid chromatography. This review introduces the recent research progress in microchip liquid chromatography technologies, and briefly discusses the current state of commercialization of microchips for liquid chromatography by major instrumentation companies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanrong WEN
- 厦门大学化学化工学院, 福建 厦门 361005
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jue ZHU
- 厦门大学化学化工学院, 福建 厦门 361005
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Bo ZHANG
- 厦门大学化学化工学院, 福建 厦门 361005
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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20
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Ctortecka C, Mechtler K. The rise of single‐cell proteomics. ANALYTICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 2:84-94. [PMID: 38716457 PMCID: PMC10989620 DOI: 10.1002/ansa.202000152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/19/2024]
Abstract
AbstractMass spectrometry‐based proteomics comprehensively defines proteome expression patterns in thousands of cells majorly contributing to our current understanding of many biological processes. More recently, single‐cell transcriptome and genome studies, however, have demonstrated overwhelming heterogeneity of tissues and cellular subpopulations. These studies have indicated different cellular functionality and identity, which are mainly driven by proteins and their posttranscriptional modifications. The rapidly emerging field of single‐cell proteomics aims at complementing transcriptome and genome data by generating comparative protein expression profiles from individual cells. Recent developments demonstrated tremendous improvements in sample preparation workflows and MS instrumentation, quantifying over 1000 proteins from a single cell. Efficient and reproducible sample processing in conjunction with sensitive MS acquisition strategies will allow to further increase the proteome coverage of tissues with single‐cell resolution. The required throughput and data reliability of such studies are still subject to further developments. Therefore, we herein discuss recent progress on specialized workflows and instrumentation next to advancements outside the field, which we expect to contribute to the development of comprehensive single‐cell proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Ctortecka
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC) Campus‐Vienna‐Biocenter 1 Vienna 1030 Austria
| | - Karl Mechtler
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC) Campus‐Vienna‐Biocenter 1 Vienna 1030 Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter (VBC) Dr. Bohr‐Gasse 3 Vienna 1030 Austria
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter (VBC) Dr. Bohr‐Gasse 3 Vienna 1030 Austria
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21
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Fujiwara T, Funatsu T, Tsunoda M. Fast analysis using pillar array columns: Quantification of branched-chain α-keto acids in human plasma samples. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 198:114019. [PMID: 33725587 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Branched-chain α-keto acids (BCKAs, namely, α-ketoisovaleric acid (KIV), α-ketoisocaproic acid (KIC), and α-keto-β-methylvaleric acid (KMV)) are related to many diseases such as myeloid leukemia, liver cancer, and diabetes mellitus. A rapid quantitative analytical method for BCKAs using pillar array columns was developed. α-Keto acids were labeled with 1,2-diamino-4,5-methylenedioxybenzene (DMB), followed by their separation on octadecylsilane-treated pillar array columns with MeOH/H2O as the mobile phase. Five DMB-labelled α-keto acids including the internal standard were separated in 160 s. The lower limits of quantification for DMB-α-keto acids were 2-5 μM. The intra- and interday precisions were 2.9-6.6 % and 5.2-10.7 %, respectively. The developed method was applied to BCKA quantification in human plasma samples; KIV, KIC, and KMV concentrations were determined to be 13.8, 24.2, and 15.2 μM, respectively. The method realized rapid, sensitive, and precise analysis of BCKAs and can be applied for clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Fujiwara
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 1130033, Japan
| | - Takashi Funatsu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 1130033, Japan
| | - Makoto Tsunoda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
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22
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Development of a Mobile Analytical Chemistry Workstation Using a Silicon Electrochromatography Microchip and Capacitively Coupled Contactless Conductivity Detector. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12030239. [PMID: 33673410 PMCID: PMC7996726 DOI: 10.3390/mi12030239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrochromatography (CEC) is a separation technique that hybridizes liquid chromatography (LC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE). The selectivity offered by LC stationary phase results in rapid separations, high efficiency, high selectivity, minimal analyte and buffer consumption. Chip-based CE and CEC separation techniques are also gaining interest, as the microchip can provide precise on-chip control over the experiment. Capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C4D) offers the contactless electrode configuration, and thus is not in contact with the solutions under investigation. This prevents contamination, so it can be easy to use as well as maintain. This study investigated a chip-based CE/CEC with C4D technique, including silicon-based microfluidic device fabrication processes with packaging, design and optimization. It also examined the compatibility of the silicon-based CEC microchip interfaced with C4D. In this paper, the authors demonstrated a nanofabrication technique for a novel microchip electrochromatography (MEC) device, whose capability is to be used as a mobile analytical equipment. This research investigated using samples of potassium ions, sodium ions and aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid).
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Abstract
Microfluidics-based liquid chromatography is based on the miniaturization of the different types of liquid chromatography (LC) systems (e.g., affinity, adsorption, size exclusion, ion exchange) on a microchip to perform on-chip separation of different types of analytes. On-chip chromatography finds applications in genomics, proteomics, biomarker discovery, and environmental analysis. Microfluidics-based chromatography has good reproducibility and small sample consumption. However, the on-chip chromatography fabrication techniques are often more challenging to perform than conventional LC column preparation. Different research groups have attempted to develop different techniques to fabricate microfluidics-based LC systems. In this review, we will summarize the recent advances in microfluidics-based chromatography.
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Broeckhoven K, Desmet G. Advances and Innovations in Liquid Chromatography Stationary Phase Supports. Anal Chem 2020; 93:257-272. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Broeckhoven
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering (CHIS), Faculty of Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - G. Desmet
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering (CHIS), Faculty of Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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25
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Westerbeek EY, Bomer JG, Olthuis W, Eijkel JCT, De Malsche W. Reduction of Taylor-Aris dispersion by lateral mixing for chromatographic applications. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:3938-3947. [PMID: 32975255 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00773k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chromatographic columns are suffering from Taylor-Aris dispersion, especially for slowly diffusing molecules such as proteins. Since downscaling the channel size to reduce Taylor-Aris dispersion meets fundamental pressure limitations, new strategies are needed to further improve chromatography beyond its current limits. In this work we demonstrate a method to reduce Taylor-Aris dispersion by lateral mixing in a newly designed silicon AC-electroosmotic flow mixer. We obtained a reduction in κaris by a factor of three in a 40 μm × 20 μm microchannel, corresponding to a plate height gain of 2 to 3 under unretained conditions at low to high Pe values. We also demonstrate an improvement of a reverse-phase chromatographic separation of coumarins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiko Y Westerbeek
- μFlow Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.
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26
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Kelly RT. Single-cell Proteomics: Progress and Prospects. Mol Cell Proteomics 2020; 19:1739-1748. [PMID: 32847821 PMCID: PMC7664119 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.r120.002234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
MS-based proteome profiling has become increasingly comprehensive and quantitative, yet a persistent shortcoming has been the relatively large samples required to achieve an in-depth measurement. Such bulk samples, typically comprising thousands of cells or more, provide a population average and obscure important cellular heterogeneity. Single-cell proteomics capabilities have the potential to transform biomedical research and enable understanding of biological systems with a new level of granularity. Recent advances in sample processing, separations and MS instrumentation now make it possible to quantify >1000 proteins from individual mammalian cells, a level of coverage that required an input of thousands of cells just a few years ago. This review discusses important factors and parameters that should be optimized across the workflow for single-cell and other low-input measurements. It also highlights recent developments that have advanced the field and opportunities for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan T Kelly
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA.
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27
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Broeckhoven K, Desmet G. Methods to determine the kinetic performance limit of contemporary chromatographic techniques. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:323-339. [PMID: 32902146 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
By combining separation efficiency data as a function of flow rate with the column permeability, the kinetic plot method allows to determine the limits of separation power (time vs. efficiency) of different chromatographic techniques and methods. The technique can be applied for all different types of chromatography (liquid, gas, or supercritical fluid), for different types of column morphologies (packed beds, monoliths, open tubular, micromachined columns), for pressure and electro-driven separations and in both isocratic and gradient elution mode. The present contribution gives an overview of the methods and calculations required to correctly determine these kinetic performance limits and their underlying limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Broeckhoven
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gert Desmet
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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28
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Li X, Chang H. Chip-based ion chromatography (chip-IC) with a sensitive five-electrode conductivity detector for the simultaneous detection of multiple ions in drinking water. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2020; 6:66. [PMID: 34567677 PMCID: PMC8433475 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-020-0175-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The emerging need for accurate, efficient, inexpensive, and multiparameter monitoring of water quality has led to interest in the miniaturization of benchtop chromatography systems. This paper reports a chip-based ion chromatography (chip-IC) system in which the microvalves, sample channel, packed column, and conductivity detector are all integrated on a polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) chip. A laser-based bonding technique was developed to guarantee simultaneous robust sealing between the homogeneous and heterogeneous interfaces. A five-electrode-based conductivity detector was presented to improve the sensitivity for nonsuppressed anion detection. Common anions (F-, Cl-, NO3 -, and SO4 2-) were separated in less than 8 min, and a detection limit (LOD) of 0.6 mg L-1 was achieved for SO4 2-. Tap water was also analyzed using the proposed chip-IC system, and the relative deviations of the quantified concentration were less than 10% when compared with that a commercial IC system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 710072 Xi’an, P. R. China
| | - Honglong Chang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 710072 Xi’an, P. R. China
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29
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The checkerboard model for the Eddy-dispersion in Laminar flows through porous media. Part II: Application to ordered and disordered 2-D flow systems. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1624:461196. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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30
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Desmet G, de Beeck JO, Van Raemdonck G, Van Mol K, Claerebout B, Van Landuyt N, Jacobs P. Separation efficiency kinetics of capillary flow micro-pillar array columns for liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1626:461279. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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31
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Baca M, Kryj A, Naghdi E, Gelin P, Sukas S, Laha P, Terryn H, Ottevaere H, De Malsche W. Performance of laterally elongated pillar array columns in capillary electrochromatography mode. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:1287-1295. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Baca
- μFlow groupDepartment of Chemical EngineeringVrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium
| | - Agata Kryj
- μFlow groupDepartment of Chemical EngineeringVrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium
| | - Elahe Naghdi
- Faculty of ChemistryShahid Beheshti University, G.C. Tehran Iran
| | - Pierre Gelin
- μFlow groupDepartment of Chemical EngineeringVrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium
| | - Sertan Sukas
- μFlow groupDepartment of Chemical EngineeringVrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium
| | - Priya Laha
- Research Group Electrochemical and Surface Engineering (SURF)Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium
| | - Herman Terryn
- Research Group Electrochemical and Surface Engineering (SURF)Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium
| | - Heidi Ottevaere
- Department of Applied Physics and PhotonicsVrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium
| | - Wim De Malsche
- μFlow groupDepartment of Chemical EngineeringVrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium
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32
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Nagy C, Kecskemeti A, Gaspar A. Fabrication of immobilized enzyme reactors with pillar arrays into polydimethylsiloxane microchip. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1108:70-78. [PMID: 32222246 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This paper demonstrates the design, efficiency and applicability of a simple and inexpensive microfluidic immobilized enzymatic reactor (IMER) for rapid protein digestion. The high surface-to-volume ratio (S/V) of the reactor was achieved by forming pillars in the channel. It was found that pillar arrays including dimensions of 40 μm × 40 μm as pillar diameter and interpillar distance can provide both relatively high S/V and flow rate in the PDMS chip, the fabrication of which was performed by means of soft lithography using average research laboratory infrastructure. CZE peptide maps of IMER-based digestions were compared to peptide maps obtained from standard in-solution digestion of proteins. The peak patterns of the electropherograms and the identified proteins were similar, however, digestion with the IMER requires less than 10 min, while in-solution digestion takes 16 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Nagy
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Adam Kecskemeti
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Attila Gaspar
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
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33
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KUROKI H, KOYAMA H, NAKATANI Y, FUNATSU T, HORIIKE S, TSUNODA M. Development of an Automated Sample Injection System for Pillar Array Columns. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2020. [DOI: 10.15583/jpchrom.2019.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi KUROKI
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo
| | | | | | - Takashi FUNATSU
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo
| | | | - Makoto TSUNODA
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo
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34
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Mejía-Carmona K, Soares da Silva Burato J, Borsatto JVB, de Toffoli AL, Lanças FM. Miniaturization of liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.115735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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35
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Nys G, Cobraiville G, Fillet M. Multidimensional performance assessment of micro pillar array column chromatography combined to ion mobility-mass spectrometry for proteome research. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1086:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.08.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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36
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Stadlmann J, Hudecz O, Krššáková G, Ctortecka C, Van Raemdonck G, Op De Beeck J, Desmet G, Penninger JM, Jacobs P, Mechtler K. Improved Sensitivity in Low-Input Proteomics Using Micropillar Array-Based Chromatography. Anal Chem 2019; 91:14203-14207. [PMID: 31612716 PMCID: PMC6873107 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Capitalizing on the
massive increase in sample concentrations which
are produced by extremely low elution volumes, nanoliquid chromatography–electrospray
ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (nano-LC–ESI-MS/MS) is
currently one of the most sensitive analytical technologies for the
comprehensive characterization of complex protein samples. However,
despite tremendous technological improvements made in the production
and the packing of monodisperse spherical particles for nanoflow high-pressure
liquid chromatography (HPLC), current state-of-the-art systems still
suffer from limits in operation at the maximum potential of the technology.
With the recent introduction of the μPAC system, which provides
perfectly ordered micropillar array based chromatographic support
materials, completely new chromatographic concepts for optimization
toward the needs of ultrasensitive proteomics become available. Here
we report on a series of benchmarking experiments comparing the performance
of a commercially available 50 cm micropillar array column to a widely
used nanoflow HPLC column for the proteomics analysis of 10 ng of
tryptic HeLa cell digest. Comparative analysis of LC–MS/MS-data
corroborated that micropillar array cartridges provide outstanding
chromatographic performance, excellent retention time stability, and
increased sensitivity in the analysis of low-input proteomics samples
and thus repeatedly yielded almost twice as many unique peptide and
unique protein group identifications when compared to conventional
nanoflow HPLC columns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Stadlmann
- IMBA-Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences , Dr. Bohr Gasse 3 , A-1030 Vienna , Austria
| | - Otto Hudecz
- IMBA-Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences , Dr. Bohr Gasse 3 , A-1030 Vienna , Austria
| | - Gabriela Krššáková
- IMP-Institute of Molecular Pathology , Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1 , A-1030 Vienna , Austria
| | - Claudia Ctortecka
- IMP-Institute of Molecular Pathology , Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1 , A-1030 Vienna , Austria
| | | | - Jeff Op De Beeck
- PharmaFluidics , Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 82 , B-9052 Gent , Belgium
| | - Gert Desmet
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Department of Chemical Engineering , Pleinlaan 2 , B-1050 Brussels , Belgium
| | - Josef M Penninger
- IMBA-Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences , Dr. Bohr Gasse 3 , A-1030 Vienna , Austria.,Department of Medical Genetics, Life Sciences Institute , University of British Columbia , Vancouver Campus, 2350 Health Sciences Mall , Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada , V6T 1Z3
| | - Paul Jacobs
- PharmaFluidics , Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 82 , B-9052 Gent , Belgium
| | - Karl Mechtler
- IMBA-Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences , Dr. Bohr Gasse 3 , A-1030 Vienna , Austria.,IMP-Institute of Molecular Pathology , Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1 , A-1030 Vienna , Austria
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37
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Bults P, Spanov B, Olaleye O, van de Merbel NC, Bischoff R. Intact protein bioanalysis by liquid chromatography – High-resolution mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1110-1111:155-167. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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38
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Salmean C, Dimartino S. 3D-Printed Stationary Phases with Ordered Morphology: State of the Art and Future Development in Liquid Chromatography. Chromatographia 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3671-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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39
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Regmi BP, Agah M. Micro Gas Chromatography: An Overview of Critical Components and Their Integration. Anal Chem 2018; 90:13133-13150. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bishnu P. Regmi
- VT MEMS Lab, Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Masoud Agah
- VT MEMS Lab, Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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40
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LI X, KUROKI H, FUNATSU T, TSUNODA M. Retention of Fluorescent Amino Acid Derivatives in Ion-pairing Reversed-phase Liquid Chromatography. ANAL SCI 2018; 34:1209-1212. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.18n008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin LI
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Hiroshi KUROKI
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Takashi FUNATSU
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Makoto TSUNODA
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo
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41
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Yang Y, Chen H, Beckner MA, Xiang P, Lu JJ, Cao C, Liu S. Narrow, Open, Tubular Column for Ultrahigh-Efficiency Liquid-Chromatographic Separation under Elution Pressure of Less than 50 bar. Anal Chem 2018; 90:10676-10680. [PMID: 30139252 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report that we can achieve extremely high separation efficiencies using a narrow, open, tubular (NOT) column for liquid-chromatographic separations, and we can carry out these separations under an elution pressure of no more than 50 bar. To improve the separation efficiency in packed-column liquid chromatography, one of the most effective approaches is to reduce the monodispersed-particle sizes. A direct consequence of reduced particle size is an increased elution pressure. High efficiencies have been obtained in ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) using 1-2 μm or even submicron particles, and high elution pressures (greater than 1000 bar) are commonly used to carry out these separations. Open, tubular (OT) columns have been predicted to be the most efficient columns for high-efficiency liquid-chromatographic separations, as long as the column diameter is sufficiently small (1-2 μm). However, high efficiencies have not yet been publically reported, possibly because of the challenges (such as picoliter-volume detection, nanocapillary-column preparation, low sample loadability, etc.) of utilizing 1-2 μm diameter capillaries. In this paper, we show how we overcame these problems and achieved extremely high separation efficiencies using a 2 μm inner diameter capillary. We see 200+ apparent peaks with a peak capacity of 810 within 54 min when separating a sample from trypsin-digested cytochrome C, and we count 440 apparent peaks with a peak capacity of 1640 within 172 min when separating a sample from pepsin/trypsin-digested Escherichia coli cell lysate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Oklahoma , Norman , Oklahoma 73019 , United States
| | - Huang Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Oklahoma , Norman , Oklahoma 73019 , United States
| | - Matthew A Beckner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Oklahoma , Norman , Oklahoma 73019 , United States
| | - Piliang Xiang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Oklahoma , Norman , Oklahoma 73019 , United States
| | - Joann Juan Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Oklahoma , Norman , Oklahoma 73019 , United States
| | - Chengxi Cao
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry and Bio-separation, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Science and Biotechnology , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , People's Republic of China
| | - Shaorong Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Oklahoma , Norman , Oklahoma 73019 , United States
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42
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Haghighi F, Talebpour Z, Nezhad AS. Towards fully integrated liquid chromatography on a chip: Evolution and evaluation. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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43
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On the relationship between radial structure heterogeneities and efficiency of chromatographic columns. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1533:112-126. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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44
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Jespers S, Lynen F, Desmet G. Numerical study and theoretical performance limit of interconnected multi-capillary gas chromatography columns with perfectly ordered pillar patterns. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1524:215-221. [PMID: 28987531 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We present the results of a theoretical and numerical study of the chromatographic performance of a novel type of microfabricated GC column. The column consists of an array of rectangular flow diverters (pillars), creating a network of perfectly ordered, interconnected and tortuous flow-through paths. Using van Deemter and kinetic plots of simulated band broadening data, we could demonstrate that the proposed column structure performs as a bundle of parallel open-tubular capillaries with rectangular cross-section, connected by a regular pattern of channel-intermixing points that allow compensating for inevitable channel-to-channel differences in migration velocity without adding any significant dispersion themselves. The established kinetic plots also allowed to propose design rules for the optimal distance between the pillars as a function of the desired separation efficiency and the available column pressure. The simulations also allowed establishing an expression for the plate height as a function of the velocity of the carrier gas. Results are also compared to the results of a recent experimental study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander Jespers
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frederic Lynen
- Universiteit Gent, Separation Science Group, Krijgslaan 281, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Gert Desmet
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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45
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Affiliation(s)
- Xilong Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University , Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Richard D Oleschuk
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University , Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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46
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Futagami S, Hara T, Ottevaere H, Baron GV, Desmet G, De Malsche W. Preparation and evaluation of mesoporous silica layers on radially elongated pillars. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1523:234-241. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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47
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Jespers S, Schlautmann S, Gardeniers H, De Malsche W, Lynen F, Desmet G. Chip-Based Multicapillary Column with Maximal Interconnectivity to Combine Maximum Efficiency and Maximum Loadability. Anal Chem 2017; 89:11605-11613. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sander Jespers
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical
Engineering, Pleinlaan
2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefan Schlautmann
- Mesoscale
Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, 7522
NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Han Gardeniers
- Mesoscale
Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, 7522
NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Wim De Malsche
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical
Engineering, Pleinlaan
2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frederic Lynen
- Universiteit Gent, Separation Science Group, Krijgslaan 281, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Gert Desmet
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical
Engineering, Pleinlaan
2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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48
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Wahab MF, Patel DC, Wimalasinghe RM, Armstrong DW. Fundamental and Practical Insights on the Packing of Modern High-Efficiency Analytical and Capillary Columns. Anal Chem 2017; 89:8177-8191. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Farooq Wahab
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Darshan C. Patel
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Rasangi M. Wimalasinghe
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Daniel W. Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
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49
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Shimizu H, Smirnova A, Mawatari K, Kitamori T. Extended-nano chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1490:11-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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50
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Wallace RA, Lavrik NV, Sepaniak MJ. Ultra‐thin layer chromatography with integrated silver colloid‐based SERS detection. Electrophoresis 2016; 38:361-367. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A. Wallace
- Department of Chemistry University of Tennessee Knoxville TN USA
| | - Nickolay V. Lavrik
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN USA
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