1
|
Alyamni N, Abot JL, Zestos AG. Voltammetric detection of Neuropeptide Y using a modified sawhorse waveform. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:4807-4818. [PMID: 38914733 PMCID: PMC11315718 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05373-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
The hormone Neuropeptide Y (NPY) plays critical roles in feeding, satiety, obesity, and weight control. However, its complex peptide structure has hindered the development of fast and biocompatible detection methods. Previous studies utilizing electrochemical techniques with carbon fiber microelectrodes (CFMEs) have targeted the oxidation of amino acid residues like tyrosine to measure peptides. Here, we employ the modified sawhorse waveform (MSW) to enable voltammetric identification of NPY through tyrosine oxidation. Use of MSW improves NPY detection sensitivity and selectivity by reducing interference from catecholamines like dopamine, serotonin, and others compared to the traditional triangle waveform. The technique utilizes a holding potential of -0.2 V and a switching potential of 1.2 V that effectively etches and renews the CFME surface to simultaneously detect NPY and other monoamines with a sensitivity of 5.8 ± 0.94 nA/µM (n = 5). Furthermore, we observed adsorption-controlled, subsecond NPY measurements with CFMEs and MSW. The effective identification of exogenously applied NPY in biological fluids demonstrates the feasibility of this methodology for in vivo and ex vivo studies. These results highlight the potential of MSW voltammetry to enable fast, biocompatible NPY quantification to further elucidate its physiological roles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadiah Alyamni
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Catholic University of America, Washington, D.C., 20064, USA
- Department of Chemistry, American University, Washington, D.C., 20016, USA
| | - Jandro L Abot
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Catholic University of America, Washington, D.C., 20064, USA
| | - Alexander G Zestos
- Department of Chemistry, American University, Washington, D.C., 20016, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Movassaghi CS, Alcañiz Fillol M, Kishida KT, McCarty G, Sombers LA, Wassum KM, Andrews AM. Maximizing Electrochemical Information: A Perspective on Background-Inclusive Fast Voltammetry. Anal Chem 2024; 96:6097-6105. [PMID: 38597398 PMCID: PMC11044109 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
This perspective encompasses a focused review of the literature leading to a tipping point in electroanalytical chemistry. We tie together the threads of a "revolution" quietly in the making for years through the work of many authors. Long-held misconceptions about the use of background subtraction in fast voltammetry are addressed. We lay out future advantages that accompany background-inclusive voltammetry, particularly when paired with modern machine-learning algorithms for data analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cameron S. Movassaghi
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Miguel Alcañiz Fillol
- Interuniversity
Research Institute for Molecular Recognition and Technological Development, Universitat Politècnica de València-Universitat
de València, Camino de Vera s/n, Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Kenneth T. Kishida
- Department
of Translational Neuroscience, Wake Forest
School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27101, United States
- Department
of Neurosurgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27101, United States
| | - Gregory McCarty
- Department
of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Leslie A. Sombers
- Department
of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- Comparative
Medicine Institute, North Carolina State
University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Kate M. Wassum
- Department
of Psychology, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Brain Research
Institute, University of California, Los
Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Integrative
Center for Learning and Memory, University
of California, Los Angeles, Los
Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Integrative
Center for Addictive Disorders, University
of California, Los Angeles, Los
Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Anne Milasincic Andrews
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Brain Research
Institute, University of California, Los
Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department
of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Hatos Center
for Neuropharmacology, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Park G, Ge Q, Jin Z, Du J. Acid-Sensing Ion Channel 1a Contributes to the Prefrontal Cortex Ischemia-Enhanced Neuronal Activities in the Amygdala. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1684. [PMID: 38137132 PMCID: PMC10741891 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13121684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Following a stroke, the emergence of amygdala-related disorders poses a significant challenge, with severe implications for post-stroke mental health, including conditions such as anxiety and depression. These disorders not only hinder post-stroke recovery but also elevate mortality rates. Despite their profound impact, the precise origins of aberrant amygdala function after a stroke remain elusive. As a target of reduced brain pH in ischemia, acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) have been implicated in synaptic transmission after ischemia, hinting at their potential role in reshaping neural circuits following a stroke. This study delves into the intriguing relationship between post-stroke alterations and ASICs, specifically focusing on postsynaptic ASIC1a enhancement in the amygdala following prefrontal cortex (PFC) ischemia induced by endothelin-1 (ET-1) injection. Our findings intriguingly illustrate that mPFC ischemia not only accentuates the PFC to the amygdala circuit but also implicates ASIC1a in fostering augmented synaptic plasticity after ischemia. In contrast, the absence of ASIC1a impairs the heightened induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) in the amygdala induced by ischemia. This pivotal research introduces a novel concept with the potential to inaugurate an entirely new avenue of inquiry, thereby significantly enhancing our comprehension of the intricate mechanisms underlying post-stroke neural circuit reconfiguration. Importantly, these revelations hold the promise of paving the way for groundbreaking therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gyeongah Park
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Qian Ge
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Zhen Jin
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Jianyang Du
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jang M, Han MS. A pH-responsive sensor based on intramolecular internal standard for reproducible detection of strong acids and bases via 19F NMR spectroscopy. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1274:341558. [PMID: 37455077 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Numerous methods, including pH meters and optical sensors, have been developed for the detection of pH, which is an important indicator in various fields. However, those methods are susceptible to errors in strongly acidic and basic ranges and inaccurate pH measurement due to sample turbidity, hindering their application such as photographic industries and wastewater treatment facilities. Eco-friendly and non-invasive 19F NMR spectroscopy is a promising technique for measurement of strong acids and bases owing to its high sensitivity and little interference; nevertheless, inconsistencies in reproducibility impede its widespread adoption. Herein, we developed a19F NMR-based pH sensor by introducing an intramolecular internal standard strategy into a pH-responsive fluorinated material. Based on the acceptable deviation (ΔδF = 17-19 ppb) in the evaluation of the internal standard signal, this pH-sensing platform enabled reproducible pH measurements in strongly acidic and basic environments. Moreover, its 19F NMR response showed reversibility and high stability to potential interfering factors, and the low absolute difference (0.026-0.086 in pH) for real samples such as diet Coke suggests its potential suitability for various acidic beverages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mincheol Jang
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Su Han
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Park G, Ge Q, Jin Z, Du J. Acid-sensing ion channel 1a contributes to the prefrontal cortex ischemia-enhanced neuronal activities in the amygdala. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.30.555556. [PMID: 37693395 PMCID: PMC10491201 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.30.555556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Following a stroke, the emergence of amygdala-related disorders poses a significant challenge, with severe implications for post-stroke mental health, including conditions such as anxiety and depression. These disorders not only hinder post-stroke recovery but also elevate mortality rates. Despite their profound impact, the precise origins of aberrant amygdala function after stroke remain elusive. As a target of reduced brain pH in ischemia, acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) have been implicated in synaptic transmission after ischemia, hinting at their potential role in reshaping neural circuits following a stroke. This study delves into the intriguing relationship between post-stroke alterations and ASICs, specifically focusing on postsynaptic ASIC1a enhancement in the amygdala following prefrontal cortex (PFC) ischemia induced by endothelin-1 (ET-1) injection. Our findings intriguingly illustrate that mPFC ischemia not only accentuates the PFC to amygdala circuit but also implicates ASIC1a in fostering augmented synaptic plasticity after ischemia. In contrast, the absence of ASIC1a impairs the heightened induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) in the amygdala induced by ischemia. This pivotal research introduces a novel concept with the potential to inaugurate an entirely new avenue of inquiry, thereby significantly enhancing our comprehension of the intricate mechanisms underlying post-stroke neural circuit reconfiguration. Importantly, these revelations hold the promise of paving the way for groundbreaking therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
|
6
|
Pan Y, Zhang K, Wei H, Xiong T, Liu Y, Mao L, Yu P. Double-Barreled Micropipette Enables Neuron-Compatible In Vivo Analysis. Anal Chem 2022; 94:15671-15677. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Pan
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing100190, China
- School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing100190, China
| | - Kailin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing100190, China
- School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing100190, China
| | - Huan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing100190, China
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing100875, China
| | - Tianyi Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing100190, China
- School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing100190, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing100190, China
- School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing100190, China
| | - Lanqun Mao
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing100875, China
| | - Ping Yu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing100190, China
- School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing100190, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shao Z, Wilson L, Chang Y, Venton BJ. MPCVD-Grown Nanodiamond Microelectrodes with Oxygen Plasma Activation for Neurochemical Applications. ACS Sens 2022; 7:3192-3200. [PMID: 36223478 PMCID: PMC9855027 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c01803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Nanodiamonds (NDs) are a carbon nanomaterial that has a diamond core with heteroatoms and defects at the surface. The large surface area, defect sites, and functional groups on NDs make them a promising material for electrochemical sensing. Previously, we dip-coated ND onto carbon-fiber microelectrodes (CFMEs) and found increases in sensitivity, but the coating was sparse. Here, we directly grew thin films of ND on niobium wires using microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (MP-CVD) to provide full surface coverage. ND microelectrodes show a reliable performance in neurotransmitter detection with good antifouling properties. To improve sensitivity, we oxygen plasma etched ND films to activate the surface and intentionally add defects and oxygen surface functional groups. For fast-scan cyclic voltammetry detection of dopamine, oxygen plasma-etching increases the sensitivity from 21 nA/μM to 90 nA/μM after treatment. Fouling was tested by repeated injections of serotonin or tyramine, and both ND and plasma oxidized nanodiamond (NDO) microelectrodes maintain their currents better compared to CFMEs and therefore are more antifouling. A biofouling test in brain slices shows that ND microelectrodes barely have any current drop, while the more hydrophilic NDO microelectrodes decrease more, but still not as much as CFMEs. Overall, grown ND microelectrodes are promising in neurotransmitter detection with excellent fouling resistance, whereas oxygen plasma etching slightly lowers the fouling resistance but dramatically increases sensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zijun Shao
- Dept. of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4319
| | - Leslie Wilson
- Center for Nanophase Material Science, Oak Ridge National Lab, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Yuanyu Chang
- Dept. of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4319
| | - B. Jill Venton
- Dept. of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4319
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pannexin1 channels regulate mechanically stimulated but not spontaneous adenosine release. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:3781-3789. [PMID: 35381855 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04047-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) is a rapid technique to measure neuromodulators, and using FSCV, two modes of rapid adenosine have been discovered. Spontaneous transients occur randomly in the brain, while mechanical stimulation also causes a rapid adenosine event. Pannexin1 channels are membrane channels that transport ions, including ATP, out of the cell where it is rapidly broken down into adenosine. Pannexin 1 channels (Panx1) have a flickering mode of rapid opening and are also mechanically stimulated. Here, we test the extent to which pannexin channels, specifically pannexin1 (Panx1) channels, are responsible for rapid adenosine events. Spontaneous adenosine release or mechanosensitive adenosine release were measured using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry in hippocampal (CA1) brain slices. In global Panx1KO mice, there is no significant difference in the frequency or concentration of spontaneous adenosine release, indicating Panx1 is not a release mechanism for spontaneous adenosine. Spontaneous adenosine frequency decreased slightly after administration of a large (100 µM) dose of carbenoxolone, a nonspecific inhibitor of many pannexin and connexin channels, suggesting other hemichannels only play a small role at most. For mechanically stimulated adenosine release, the concentration of each adenosine event significantly decreased 30% in Panx1KO mice and the frequency of stimulations that evoked adenosine also decreased. The response was similar in WT mice with carbenoxolone. Thus, Panx1 is a release mechanism for mechanically stimulated adenosine release, but not the only mechanism. These results demonstrate that pannexin channels differentially regulate rapid adenosine release and could be targeted to differentially affect mechanically stimulated adenosine due to brain damage.
Collapse
|
9
|
Cao Q, Shao Z, Hensley D, Venton BJ. Carbon nanospike coated nanoelectrodes for measurements of neurotransmitters. Faraday Discuss 2022; 233:303-314. [PMID: 34889344 PMCID: PMC8983598 DOI: 10.1039/d1fd00053e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanoelectrodes enable the detection of neurotransmitters at the level of single cells, vesicles, synapses and small brain structures. Previously, the etching of carbon fibers and 3D printing based on direct laser writing have been used to fabricate carbon nanoelectrodes, but these methods lack the ability of mass manufacturing. In this paper, we mass fabricate carbon nanoelectrodes by growing carbon nanospikes (CNSs) on metal wires. CNSs have a short, dense and defect-rich surface that produces remarkable electrochemical properties, and they can be mass fabricated on almost any substrate without using catalysts. Tungsten wires and niobium wires were electrochemically etched in batch to form sub micrometer sized tips, and a layer of CNSs was grown on the metal wires using plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PE-CVD). The thickness of the CNS layer was controlled by the deposition time, and a thin layer of CNSs can effectively cover the entire metal surface while maintaining the tip size within the sub micrometer scale. The etched tungsten wires produced tapered conical nanotips, while the etched niobium wires were long and thin. Both showed excellent sensitivity for the detection of outer sphere ruthenium hexamine and the inner sphere test compound ferricyanide. The CNS nanosensors were used for the measurement of dopamine, serotonin, ascorbic acid and DOPAC with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry. The CNS nanoelectrodes had a large surface area and numerous defect sites, which improved the sensitivity, electron transfer kinetics and adsorption. Finally, the CNS nanoelectrodes were compared with other nanoelectrode fabrication methods, including flame etching, 3D printing, and nanopipettes, which are slower to make and more difficult for mass fabrication. Thus, CNS nanoelectrodes are a promising strategy for the mass fabrication of nanoelectrode sensors for neurotransmitters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qun Cao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22904, USA.
| | - Zijun Shao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22904, USA.
| | - Dale Hensley
- Center for Nanophase Material Science, Oak Ridge National Lab, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 37831, USA
| | - B Jill Venton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22904, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Stucky C, Johnson MA. Improved Serotonin Measurement with Fast-Scan Cyclic Voltammetry: Mitigating Fouling by SSRIs. JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY 2022; 169:045501. [PMID: 36157165 PMCID: PMC9491377 DOI: 10.1149/1945-7111/ac5ec3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have been used for decades to treat disorders linked to serotonin dysregulation in the brain. Moreover, SSRIs are often used in studies aimed at measuring serotonin with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) in living tissues. Here, we show that three different SSRIs - fluoxetine, escitalopram, and sertraline - significantly diminish the faradaic oxidation current of serotonin when employing the commonly used Jackson waveform. Coating carbon-fiber microelectrodes (CFMs) with Nafion resulted in further degradation of peak current, increased response times, and decreased background charging currents compared to bare CFMs. To decrease fouling, we employed a recently published extended serotonin waveform, which scans to a maximum positive potential of +1.3 V, rather than +1.0 V used in the Jackson waveform. Use of this waveform with bare CFMs alleviated the decrease in faradaic current, indicating decreased electrode fouling. Collectively, our results suggest that fouling considerations are important when designing FSCV experiments that employ SSRIs and that they can be overcome by using the appropriate waveform.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael A. Johnson
- Corresponding author: Michael A. Johnson, 2030 Becker Drive, Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047 USA,
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chang Y, Venton BJ. Dual-Channel Electrochemical Measurements Reveal Rapid Adenosine is Localized in Brain Slices. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:477-485. [PMID: 35077156 PMCID: PMC8867919 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid adenosine signaling has been detected spontaneously or after mechanical stimulation in the brain, providing rapid neuromodulation in a local area. To measure rapid adenosine signaling, a single carbon-fiber microelectrode has traditionally been used, which limits spatial resolution and an understanding of regional coordination. In this study, we utilized dual-channel fast-scan cyclic voltammetry to measure the spontaneous or mechanically stimulated adenosine release at two electrodes placed at different spacings in hippocampal CA1 mouse brain slices. For mechanically stimulated adenosine release, adenosine can be detected up to 150 μm away from where it was stimulated, although the signal is smaller and delayed. While spontaneous adenosine transients were detected at both electrodes, only 10 percent of the events were detected concurrently, and that number was similar at 50 and 200 μm electrode spacings. Thus, most adenosine transients were not caused by the widespread coordination of release. There was no evidence of diffusion of spontaneous transients to a second electrode 50-200 μm away. This study shows that spontaneous adenosine events are very localized and thus provide only local neuromodulation. Injury, such as mechanical stimulation, allows adenosine to diffuse farther, but the neuroprotective effects are still regional. These results provide a better understanding of the spatial and temporal profiles of adenosine available to act at receptors, which is crucial for future studies that design neuroprotective treatments based on rapid adenosine signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyu Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22901, USA
| | - B. Jill Venton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22901, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhang Z, Li M, Zuo Y, Chen S, Zhuo Y, Lu M, Shi G, Gu H. In Vivo Monitoring of pH in Subacute PD Mouse Brains with a Ratiometric Electrochemical Microsensor Based on Poly(melamine) Films. ACS Sens 2022; 7:235-244. [PMID: 34936337 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c02051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In vivo monitoring of cerebral pH is of great significance because its disturbance is related to some pathological processes such as neurodegenerative diseases, for example, Parkinson's disease (PD). In this study, we developed an electrochemical microsensor based on poly(melamine) (PMel) films for ratiometric monitoring of pH in subacute PD mouse brains. In this microsensor, PMel films were prepared from a simple electropolymerization approach in a melamine-containing solution, serving as the selective pH recognition membrane undergoing a 2H+/2e- process. Meanwhile, electrochemically oxidized graphene oxide (EOGO) produced a built-in correction signal which helped avoid the environmental interference of the complicated brain systems. The potential difference between the peaks generated from EOGO and PMel gradually decreased with the aqueous pH increasing from 4.0 to 9.0, constituting the detection foundation of the ratiometric electrochemical microsensor (REM). The in vitro studies demonstrated that this proposed method exhibited a high sensitivity (a Nernstian response of -61.35 mV/pH) and remarkable selectivity against amino acids, anions, cations, and biochemical and reactive oxygen species coexisting in the brain. Coupled with its excellent stability and reproducibility and good antibiofouling based on short-term detection, the developed REM could serve as a disposable sensor for the determination of cerebral pH in vivo. Its following successful application in the real-time measurement of pH in the striatum, hippocampus, and cortex of rat brains in the events of global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion verified the reliability of this method. Finally, we adopted this robust REM to systematically analyze and compare the average pH in different regions of normal and subacute PD mouse brains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Zhang
- A Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan 411201, P. R. China
| | - Mengyin Li
- A Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan 411201, P. R. China
| | - Yimei Zuo
- A Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan 411201, P. R. China
| | - Shu Chen
- A Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan 411201, P. R. China
| | - Yi Zhuo
- The National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurorestoratology, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410006, P.R. China
| | - Ming Lu
- The National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurorestoratology, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410006, P.R. China
| | - Guoyue Shi
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, P. R. China
| | - Hui Gu
- A Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan 411201, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bhimani RV, Yates R, Bass CE, Park J. Distinct limbic dopamine regulation across olfactory‐tubercle subregions through integration of
in vivo
fast‐scan cyclic voltammetry and optogenetics. J Neurochem 2022; 161:53-68. [PMID: 35061915 PMCID: PMC8930533 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The olfactory tubercle (OT), an important component of the ventral striatum and limbic system, is involved in multi-sensory integration of reward-related information in the brain. However, its functional roles are often overshadowed by the neighboring nucleus accumbens. Increasing evidence has highlighted that dense dopamine (DA) innervation of the OT from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) is implicated in encoding reward, natural reinforcers, and motivated behaviors. Recent studies have further suggested that OT subregions may have distinct roles in these processes due to their heterogeneous DA transmission. Currently, very little is known about regulation (release and clearance) of extracellular DA across OT subregions due to its limited anatomical accessibility and proximity to other DA-rich brain regions, making it difficult to isolate VTA-DA signaling in the OT with conventional methods. Herein, we characterized heterogeneous VTA-DA regulation in the medial (m) and lateral (l) OT in "wild-type," urethane-anesthetized rats by integrating in vivo fast-scan cyclic voltammetry with cell-type specific optogenetics to stimulate VTA-DA neurons. Channelrhodopsin-2 was selectively expressed in the VTA-DA neurons of wild-type rats and optical stimulating parameters were optimized to determine VTA-DA transmission across the OT. Our anatomical, neurochemical, and pharmacological results show that VTA-DA regulation in the mOT is less dependent on DA transporters and has greater DA transmission than the lOT. These findings establish the OT as a unique, compartmentalized structure and will aid in future behavioral characterization of the roles of VTA-DA signaling in the OT subregions in reward, drug addiction, and encoding behavioral outputs necessary for survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rohan V. Bhimani
- Neuroscience Program University at Buffalo State University of New York Buffalo New York 14214‐3005 USA
- Department of Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences University at Buffalo State University of New York Buffalo New York 14214‐3005 USA
| | - Ryan Yates
- Department of Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences University at Buffalo State University of New York Buffalo New York 14214‐3005 USA
| | - Caroline E. Bass
- Neuroscience Program University at Buffalo State University of New York Buffalo New York 14214‐3005 USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University at Buffalo State University of New York Buffalo New York 14214‐3005 USA
| | - Jinwoo Park
- Neuroscience Program University at Buffalo State University of New York Buffalo New York 14214‐3005 USA
- Department of Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences University at Buffalo State University of New York Buffalo New York 14214‐3005 USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University at Buffalo State University of New York Buffalo New York 14214‐3005 USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cho W, Rafi H, Cho S, Balijepalli A, Zestos AG. High resolution voltammetric and field-effect transistor readout of carbon fiber microelectrode biosensors. SENSORS & DIAGNOSTICS 2022; 1:460-464. [PMID: 35647552 PMCID: PMC9119317 DOI: 10.1039/d2sd00023g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rapid and sensitive pH measurements with increased spatiotemporal resolution are imperative to probe neurochemical signals and illuminate brain function. We interfaced carbon fiber microelectrode (CFME) sensors with both fast scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) and field-effect transistor (FET) transducers for dynamic pH measurements. The electrochemical oxidation and reduction of functional groups on the surface of CFMEs affect their response over a physiologically relevant pH range. When measured with FET transducers, the sensitivity of the measurements over the measured pH range was found to be (101 ± 18) mV, which exceeded the Nernstian value of 59 mV by approximately 70%. Finally, we validated the functionality of CFMEs as pH sensors with FSCV ex vivo in rat brain coronal slices with exogenously applied solutions of varying pH values indicating that potential in vivo study is feasible. Highly sensitive CFMEs as a pH sensor in tandem with both FET and FSCV methods having ex vivo sensing capability is demonstrated.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Whirang Cho
- Department of Chemistry, American University, Washington, D.C. 20016, USA
- Biophysical and Biomedical Measurement Group, Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg 20899, USA
| | - Harmain Rafi
- Department of Chemistry, American University, Washington, D.C. 20016, USA
| | - Seulki Cho
- Biophysical and Biomedical Measurement Group, Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg 20899, USA
| | - Arvind Balijepalli
- Biophysical and Biomedical Measurement Group, Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg 20899, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Movassaghi CS, Perrotta KA, Yang H, Iyer R, Cheng X, Dagher M, Fillol MA, Andrews AM. Simultaneous serotonin and dopamine monitoring across timescales by rapid pulse voltammetry with partial least squares regression. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:6747-6767. [PMID: 34686897 PMCID: PMC8551120 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03665-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Many voltammetry methods have been developed to monitor brain extracellular dopamine levels. Fewer approaches have been successful in detecting serotonin in vivo. No voltammetric techniques are currently available to monitor both neurotransmitters simultaneously across timescales, even though they play integrated roles in modulating behavior. We provide proof-of-concept for rapid pulse voltammetry coupled with partial least squares regression (RPV-PLSR), an approach adapted from multi-electrode systems (i.e., electronic tongues) used to identify multiple components in complex environments. We exploited small differences in analyte redox profiles to select pulse steps for RPV waveforms. Using an intentionally designed pulse strategy combined with custom instrumentation and analysis software, we monitored basal and stimulated levels of dopamine and serotonin. In addition to faradaic currents, capacitive currents were important factors in analyte identification arguing against background subtraction. Compared to fast-scan cyclic voltammetry-principal components regression (FSCV-PCR), RPV-PLSR better differentiated and quantified basal and stimulated dopamine and serotonin associated with striatal recording electrode position, optical stimulation frequency, and serotonin reuptake inhibition. The RPV-PLSR approach can be generalized to other electrochemically active neurotransmitters and provides a feedback pipeline for future optimization of multi-analyte, fit-for-purpose waveforms and machine learning approaches to data analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cameron S Movassaghi
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Katie A Perrotta
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Hongyan Yang
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, and Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Rahul Iyer
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Xinyi Cheng
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Merel Dagher
- Molecular Toxicology Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Miguel Alcañiz Fillol
- Interuniversity Research Institute for Molecular Recognition and Technological Development, Universitat Politècnica de València - Universitat de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Anne M Andrews
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, and Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Molecular Toxicology Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Dong H, Zhao L, Zhou Y, Wei X, Xu C, Zhang Y, Xu M. Novel Self-Calibrating Amperometric and Ratiometric Electrochemical Nanotip Microsensor for pH Measurement in Rat Brain. Anal Chem 2021; 93:13815-13822. [PMID: 34609844 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Brain pH has been proven to be a key factor in maintaining normal brain function. The relationship between local pH fluctuation and brain disease has not been extensively studied due to lack of the accurate in situ analysis technology. Herein, we have for the first time proposed a voltammetric pH sensor by measuring the ratio of current signals instead of the previously reported potential based on the Nernst equation. Single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNT) were first self-assembled on the electrode surface of a carbon-fiber nanotip electrode (CFNE). Then, poly-o-phenylenediamine (PoPD) molecules were deposited as pH-responsive molecules through in situ electrochemical polymerization. The compact CFNE/CNT/PoPD exhibited a good redox process with the on-off-on ratiometric electrochemical response to pH ranging from 4.5 to 8.2, providing self-correction for in situ pH detection. Thus, the proposed sensor enabled the accurate measurement of pH with excellent selectivity even in the presence of proteins or electroactive species. In addition, the sensor showed high repeatability, reproducibility, and reversibility in measuring pH and even demonstrated good stability when it was exposed to air for 5 months. Finally, we successfully detected the fluctuation of pH in rat brains with cerebral ischemia and rat whole blood. Overall, this research not only provides a good tool for the detection of rat brain pH but also provides a new strategy for further designing nanosensors for intracellular or subcellular pH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Dong
- Henan Key Laboratory of Biomolecular Recognition and Sensing, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Early Diagnosis of Major Diseases, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, Henan, P. R. China.,College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Le Zhao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Biomolecular Recognition and Sensing, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Early Diagnosis of Major Diseases, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Yanli Zhou
- Henan Key Laboratory of Biomolecular Recognition and Sensing, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Early Diagnosis of Major Diseases, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Xiuhua Wei
- Henan Key Laboratory of Biomolecular Recognition and Sensing, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Early Diagnosis of Major Diseases, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Cuicui Xu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Biomolecular Recognition and Sensing, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Early Diagnosis of Major Diseases, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Yintang Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Biomolecular Recognition and Sensing, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Early Diagnosis of Major Diseases, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Maotian Xu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Biomolecular Recognition and Sensing, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Early Diagnosis of Major Diseases, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, Henan, P. R. China.,College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bhimani RV, Vik M, Wakabayashi KT, Szalkowski C, Bass CE, Park J. Distinct dose-dependent effects of methamphetamine on real-time dopamine transmission in the rat nucleus accumbens and behaviors. J Neurochem 2021; 158:865-879. [PMID: 34265079 PMCID: PMC8376794 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is a potent psychostimulant that exerts many of its physiological and psychomotor effects by increasing extracellular dopamine (DA) concentrations in limbic brain regions. While several studies have focused on how potent, neurotoxic doses of METH augment or attenuate DA transmission, the acute effects of lower and behaviorally activating doses of METH on modulating DA regulation (release and clearance) through DA D2 autoreceptors and transporters remain to be elucidated. In this study, we investigated how systemic administration of escalating, subneurotoxic doses of METH (0.5-5 mg/kg, IP) alter extracellular DA regulation in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), in both anesthetized and awake-behaving rats through the use of in vivo fast-scan cyclic voltammetry. Pharmacological, electrochemical, and behavioral evidence show that lower doses (≤2.0 mg/kg, IP) of METH enhance extracellular phasic DA concentrations and locomotion as well as stereotypies. In contrast, higher doses (≥5.0 mg/kg) further increase both phasic and baseline DA concentrations and stereotypies but decrease horizontal locomotion. Importantly, our results suggest that acute METH-induced enhancement of extracellular DA concentrations dose dependently activates D2 autoreceptors. Therefore, these different METH dose-dependent effects on mesolimbic DA transmission may distinctly impact METH-induced behavioral changes. This study provides valuable insights regarding how low METH doses alter DA transmission and paves the way for future clinical studies on the reinforcing effects of METH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rohan V. Bhimani
- Neuroscience Program, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214-3005, USA
| | - Megan Vik
- Department of Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214-3005, USA
| | - Ken T. Wakabayashi
- Department of Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214-3005, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214-3005, USA
| | - Caitlin Szalkowski
- Department of Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214-3005, USA
| | - Caroline E. Bass
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214-3005, USA
| | - Jinwoo Park
- Neuroscience Program, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214-3005, USA
- Department of Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214-3005, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214-3005, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Emerging Applications of Optical Fiber-Based Devices for Brain Research. ADVANCED FIBER MATERIALS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42765-021-00092-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
19
|
Espín LX, Asp AJ, Trevathan JK, Ludwig KA, Lujan JL. Integral methods for automatic quantification of fast-scan-cyclic-voltammetry detected neurotransmitters. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254594. [PMID: 34310610 PMCID: PMC8312965 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern techniques for estimating basal levels of electroactive neurotransmitters rely on the measurement of oxidative charges. This requires time integration of oxidation currents at certain intervals. Unfortunately, the selection of integration intervals relies on ad-hoc visual identification of peaks on the oxidation currents, which introduces sources of error and precludes the development of automated procedures necessary for analysis and quantification of neurotransmitter levels in large data sets. In an effort to improve charge quantification techniques, here we present novel methods for automatic selection of integration boundaries. Our results show that these methods allow quantification of oxidation reactions both in vitro and in vivo and of multiple analytes in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo X. Espín
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Anders J. Asp
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - James K. Trevathan
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Kip A. Ludwig
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - J. Luis Lujan
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Huang S, Zhang L, Dai L, Wang Y, Tian Y. Nonenzymatic Electrochemical Sensor with Ratiometric Signal Output for Selective Determination of Superoxide Anion in Rat Brain. Anal Chem 2021; 93:5570-5576. [PMID: 33757286 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
There is still an urgent need to develop reliable analytical methods of O2•- in vivo for deeply elucidating the roles of O2•- playing in the brain. Herein, a nonenzymatic electrochemical sensor with ratiometric signal output was developed for an in vivo analysis of O2•- in the rat brain. Diphenylphosphonate-2-naphthol ester (ND) was designed and synthesized as a specific recognition molecule for the selective determination of O2•-. An anodic peak ascribed to the oxidation of 2-naphthol was generated via the nucleophilic substitution between ND and O2•- and was increased with the increasing concentration of O2•-. Meanwhile, the inner reference of methylene blue (MB) was co-assembled at the electrode surface to enhance the determination accuracy of O2•-. The anodic peak current ratio between 2-naphthol and MB exhibited a good linear relationship with the concentration of O2•- from 2 to 200 μM. Because of the stable molecule character of ND and its specific reaction with O2•-, the developed electrochemical sensor demonstrated excellent selectivity toward various potential interferences in the brain and good stability even after storage for 7 days. Accordingly, the present electrochemical sensor with high selectivity, high stability, and high accuracy was successfully exploited in monitoring the levels of O2•- in the rat brain and that of the diabetic model followed by cerebral ischemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Huang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Shanghai 200241, P. R. China
| | - Limin Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Shanghai 200241, P. R. China
| | - Liyi Dai
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Shanghai 200241, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Shanghai 200241, P. R. China
| | - Yang Tian
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Shanghai 200241, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Cuniberto E, Alharbi A, Huang Z, Wu T, Kiani R, Shahrjerdi D. Anomalous sensitivity enhancement of nano-graphitic electrochemical micro-sensors with reducing the operating voltage. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 177:112966. [PMID: 33450612 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.112966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Microscopic interactions between electrochemical sensors and biomolecules critically influence the sensitivity. Here, we report an unexpected dependence of the sensitivity on the upper potential limit (UPL) in voltammetry experiments. In particular, we find that the sensitivity of substrate-supported nano-graphitic micro-sensors in response to dopamine increases almost linearly with the inverse of UPL in voltammetry experiments with rapid potential sweeps. Our experiments and multi-physics simulations reveal that the main cause behind this phenomenon is the UPL-induced electrostatic force that influences the steady-state number of dopamine molecules on the sensor surface. Our findings illustrate a new strategy for enhancing the performance of planar electrochemical micro-sensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Cuniberto
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA
| | - Abdullah Alharbi
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA; National Center for Nanotechnology and Semiconductors, KACST, Riyadh, 12354, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zhujun Huang
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA
| | - Ting Wu
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Roozbeh Kiani
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, 10003, USA; Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Davood Shahrjerdi
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA; Center for Quantum Phenomena, Physics Department, New York University, New York, NY, 10003, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Asrat T, Cho W, Liu FA, Shapiro SM, Bracht JR, Zestos AG. Direct Detection of DNA and RNA on Carbon Fiber Microelectrodes Using Fast-Scan Cyclic Voltammetry. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:6571-6581. [PMID: 33748569 PMCID: PMC7970473 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
DNA and RNA have been measured with many techniques but often with relatively long analysis times. In this study, we utilize fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) for the subsecond codetection of adenine, guanine, and cytosine, first as free nucleosides, and then within custom synthesized oligos, plasmid DNA, and RNA from the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Previous studies have shown the detection of adenosine and guanosine with FSCV with high spatiotemporal resolution, while we have extended the assay to include cytidine and adenine, guanine, and cytosine in RNA and single- and double-stranded DNA (ssDNA and dSDNA). We find that FSCV testing has a higher sensitivity and yields higher peak oxidative currents when detecting shorter oligonucleotides and ssDNA samples at equivalent nucleobase concentrations. This is consistent with an electrostatic repulsion from negatively charged oxide groups on the surface of the carbon fiber microelectrode (CFME), the negative holding potential, and the negatively charged phosphate backbone. Moreover, as opposed to dsDNA, ssDNA nucleobases are not hydrogen-bonded to one another and thus are free to adsorb onto the surface of the carbon electrode. We also demonstrate that the simultaneous determination of nucleobases is not masked even in biologically complex serum samples. This is the first report demonstrating that FSCV, when used with CFMEs, is able to codetect nucleobases when polymerized into DNA or RNA and could potentially pave the way for future uses in clinical, diagnostic, or research applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas
M. Asrat
- Department
of Chemistry, American University, Washington, D.C. 20016, United States
| | - Whirang Cho
- Department
of Chemistry, American University, Washington, D.C. 20016, United States
| | - Favian A. Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, American University, Washington, D.C. 20016, United States
| | - Sarah M. Shapiro
- Department
of Biology, American University, Washington, D.C. 20016, United States
| | - John R. Bracht
- Department
of Biology, American University, Washington, D.C. 20016, United States
| | - Alexander G. Zestos
- Department
of Chemistry, American University, Washington, D.C. 20016, United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Guo Y, Werner CF, Handa S, Wang M, Ohshiro T, Mushiake H, Yoshinobu T. Miniature multiplexed label-free pH probe in vivo. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 174:112870. [PMID: 33334636 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Correlating in-brain pH fluctuations with the pathophysiology has been impeded by the lack of in vivo techniques to precisely determine local pH changes. Here, we developed an all-in-one pH probe for spatially-resolved and label-free pH sensing in vivo, based on a field-effect pH sensor, i.e., a light-addressable potentiometric sensor (LAPS), coupled to a flexible multimodal fiber. A readout photocurrent from the LAPS, elicited from a modulated light source, registers the localized surface potential change, proportional to the pH change. Upon simultaneous illuminations at multi-spot by a plurality of light sources with different modulation frequencies, pH changes at multiple designated spots are obtained via demultiplexing this photocurrent. To enable its in vivo applications, we combined the LAPS with a multimodal fiber fabricated by the convergence thermal drawing. Such fiber seamlessly integrates a multicore optical waveguide in the center for the light delivery, surrounded by electrodes for leading out photocurrent and serving as a pseudo-reference electrode, respectively. Such hybrid all-in-one pH probes can measure pH changes at 14 pixels simultaneously with a spatial resolution of 250 μm and a temporal resolution of 30 Hz. The pH sensitivity was characterized as 57.5 ± 2.2 mV/pH homogeneously across all measurable pixels. Such probes have been implanted into the hippocampal formation of rats and their capabilities to capture pH changes at multiple pixels were evaluated at both physiological and pathological conditions. Technologies developed here represents a new class of in vivo chemical sensing technologies enabling the spatially-resolved investigation of intrinsic chemical signals in deep brain structures with high spatial and temporal resolutions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Guo
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences (FRIS), Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 9800845, Japan; Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 9808575, Japan; Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 9808579, Japan.
| | - Carl Frederik Werner
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 9808579, Japan
| | - Shoma Handa
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 9808579, Japan
| | - Mengyun Wang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 9808579, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Ohshiro
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 9808575, Japan
| | - Hajime Mushiake
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 9808575, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Yoshinobu
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 9808579, Japan; Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 9808579, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Purcell EK, Becker MF, Guo Y, Hara SA, Ludwig KA, McKinney CJ, Monroe EM, Rechenberg R, Rusinek CA, Saxena A, Siegenthaler JR, Sortwell CE, Thompson CH, Trevathan JK, Witt S, Li W. Next-Generation Diamond Electrodes for Neurochemical Sensing: Challenges and Opportunities. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:128. [PMID: 33530395 PMCID: PMC7911340 DOI: 10.3390/mi12020128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Carbon-based electrodes combined with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) enable neurochemical sensing with high spatiotemporal resolution and sensitivity. While their attractive electrochemical and conductive properties have established a long history of use in the detection of neurotransmitters both in vitro and in vivo, carbon fiber microelectrodes (CFMEs) also have limitations in their fabrication, flexibility, and chronic stability. Diamond is a form of carbon with a more rigid bonding structure (sp3-hybridized) which can become conductive when boron-doped. Boron-doped diamond (BDD) is characterized by an extremely wide potential window, low background current, and good biocompatibility. Additionally, methods for processing and patterning diamond allow for high-throughput batch fabrication and customization of electrode arrays with unique architectures. While tradeoffs in sensitivity can undermine the advantages of BDD as a neurochemical sensor, there are numerous untapped opportunities to further improve performance, including anodic pretreatment, or optimization of the FSCV waveform, instrumentation, sp2/sp3 character, doping, surface characteristics, and signal processing. Here, we review the state-of-the-art in diamond electrodes for neurochemical sensing and discuss potential opportunities for future advancements of the technology. We highlight our team's progress with the development of an all-diamond fiber ultramicroelectrode as a novel approach to advance the performance and applications of diamond-based neurochemical sensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin K. Purcell
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (Y.G.); (A.S.); (W.L.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Michael F. Becker
- Fraunhofer USA Center Midwest, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (M.F.B.); (R.R.); (J.R.S.); (S.W.)
| | - Yue Guo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (Y.G.); (A.S.); (W.L.)
| | - Seth A. Hara
- Division of Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
| | - Kip A. Ludwig
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (K.A.L.); (J.K.T.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Collin J. McKinney
- Department of Chemistry, Electronics Core Facility, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA;
| | - Elizabeth M. Monroe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA; (E.M.M.); (C.A.R.)
| | - Robert Rechenberg
- Fraunhofer USA Center Midwest, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (M.F.B.); (R.R.); (J.R.S.); (S.W.)
| | - Cory A. Rusinek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA; (E.M.M.); (C.A.R.)
| | - Akash Saxena
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (Y.G.); (A.S.); (W.L.)
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - James R. Siegenthaler
- Fraunhofer USA Center Midwest, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (M.F.B.); (R.R.); (J.R.S.); (S.W.)
| | - Caryl E. Sortwell
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Cort H. Thompson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - James K. Trevathan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (K.A.L.); (J.K.T.)
- Grainger Institute for Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Suzanne Witt
- Fraunhofer USA Center Midwest, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (M.F.B.); (R.R.); (J.R.S.); (S.W.)
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (Y.G.); (A.S.); (W.L.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Castagnola E, Thongpang S, Hirabayashi M, Nava G, Nimbalkar S, Nguyen T, Lara S, Oyawale A, Bunnell J, Moritz C, Kassegne S. Glassy carbon microelectrode arrays enable voltage-peak separated simultaneous detection of dopamine and serotonin using fast scan cyclic voltammetry. Analyst 2021; 146:3955-3970. [DOI: 10.1039/d1an00425e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Glassy carbon (GC) microelectrode arrays can simultaneously discriminate the reduction and oxidation peaks of dopamine and serotonin at low concentrations (10–200 nM). They demonstrated fast electron transfer kinetics and good fouling properties.
Collapse
|
26
|
Herrmann M, Abdalla A, Patel BA. Potassium Concentration Alters Calibration Sensitivities of Dopamine but not Serotonin. ELECTROANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202060235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Herrmann
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences Brighton UK BN2 4GJ
- Centre for Stress and Age-Related Disease Brighton UK BN2 4GJ
| | - Aya Abdalla
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences Brighton UK BN2 4GJ
- Centre for Stress and Age-Related Disease Brighton UK BN2 4GJ
| | - Bhavik Anil Patel
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences Brighton UK BN2 4GJ
- Centre for Stress and Age-Related Disease Brighton UK BN2 4GJ
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
You KD, Cuniberto E, Hsu SC, Wu B, Huang Z, Pei X, Shahrjerdi D. An Electrochemical Biochip for Measuring Low Concentrations of Analytes With Adjustable Temporal Resolutions. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2020; 14:903-917. [PMID: 32746358 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2020.3009303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical micro-sensors made of nano-graphitic (NG) carbon materials could offer high sensitivity and support voltammetry measurements at vastly different temporal resolutions. Here, we implement a configurable CMOS biochip for measuring low concentrations of bio-analytes by leveraging these advantageous features of NG micro-sensors. In particular, the core of the biochip is a discrete-time ∆Σ modulator, which can be configured for optimal power consumption according to the temporal resolution requirements of the sensing experiments while providing a required precision of ≈ 13 effective number of bits. We achieve this new functionality by developing a design methodology using the physical models of transistors, which allows the operating region of the modulator to be switched on-demand between weak and strong inversion. We show the application of this configurable biochip through in-vitro measurements of dopamine with concentrations as low as 50 nM and 200 nM at temporal resolutions of 100 ms and 10 s, respectively.
Collapse
|
28
|
Siegenthaler JR, Gushiken BC, Hill DF, Cowen SL, Heien ML. Moving Fast-Scan Cyclic Voltammetry toward FDA Compliance with Capacitive Decoupling Patient Protection. ACS Sens 2020; 5:1890-1899. [PMID: 32580544 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b02249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-fiber microelectrodes allow for high spatial and temporal measurements of electroactive neurotransmitter measurements in vivo using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV). However, common instrumentation for such measurements systems lack patient safety precautions. To add safety precautions as well as to overcome chemical and electrical noise, a two-electrode FSCV headstage was modified to introduce an active bandpass filter on the electrode side of the measurement amplifier. This modification reduced the measured noise and ac-coupled the voltammetric measurement and moved it from a classical direct current response measurement. ac-coupling not only reduces the measured noise, but also moves FSCV toward compliance with IEC-60601-1, enabling future human trials. Here, we develop a novel ac-coupled voltammetric measurement method of electroactive neurotransmitters. Our method allows for the modeling of a system to then calculate a waveform to compensate for added impedance and capacitance for the system. We describe how first by measuring the frequency response of the system and modeling the analogue response as a digital filter we can then calculate a predicted waveform. The predicted waveform, when applied to the bandpass filter, is modulated to create a desired voltage sweep at the electrode interface. Further, we describe how this modified FSCV waveform is stable, allowing for the measurement of electroactive neurotransmitters. We later describe a 32.7% sensitivity enhancement for dopamine with this new measurement as well as maintaining a calibration curve for dopamine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, ascorbic acid, and serotonin in vitro. We then validate dopamine in vivo with stimulated release. Our developed measurement method overcame the added capacitance that would traditionally make a voltammetric measurement impossible, and it has wider applications in electrode sensor development, allowing for measurement with capacitive systems, which previously would not have been possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James R. Siegenthaler
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Breanna C. Gushiken
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Daniel F. Hill
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Stephen L. Cowen
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Michael L. Heien
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Meunier CJ, Denison JD, McCarty GS, Sombers LA. Interpreting Dynamic Interfacial Changes at Carbon Fiber Microelectrodes Using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:4214-4223. [PMID: 32216254 PMCID: PMC7336537 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-fiber microelectrodes are instrumental tools in neuroscience used for the electroanalysis of neurochemical dynamics and recordings of neural activity. However, performance is variable and dependent on fabrication strategies, the biological response to implantation, and the physical and chemical composition of the recording environment. This presents an analytical challenge, as electrode performance is difficult to quantitatively assess in situ, especially when electrodes are permanently implanted or cemented in place. We previously reported that electrode impedance directly impacts electrochemical performance for molecular sensing. In this work, we investigate the impacts of individual components of the electrochemical system on impedance. Equivalent circuit models for glass- and silica-insulated carbon-fiber microelectrodes were determined using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The models were validated based on the ability to assign individual circuit elements to physical properties of the electrochemical system. Investigations were performed to evaluate the utility of the models in providing feedback on how changes in ionic strength and carbon fiber material alter impedance properties. Finally, EIS measurements were used to investigate the electrode/solution interface prior to, during, and following implantation in live brain tissue. A significant increase in impedance and decrease in capacitance occur during tissue exposure and persist following implantation. Electrochemical conditioning, which occurs continually during fast-scan cyclic voltammetry recordings, etches and renews the carbon surface, mitigating these effects. Overall, the results establish EIS as a powerful method for characterization of carbon-fiber microelectrodes, providing unprecedented insight into how real-world factors affect the electrode/solution interface.
Collapse
|
30
|
Zhao F, Liu Y, Dong H, Feng S, Shi G, Lin L, Tian Y. An Electrochemophysiological Microarray for Real‐Time Monitoring and Quantification of Multiple Ions in the Brain of a Freely Moving Rat. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:10426-10430. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202002417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes East China Normal University Dongchuan Road 500 Shanghai 200092 China
| | - Yuandong Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes East China Normal University Dongchuan Road 500 Shanghai 200092 China
| | - Hui Dong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes East China Normal University Dongchuan Road 500 Shanghai 200092 China
| | - Shiqing Feng
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics-Ministry of Education School of Life Science Department East China Normal University North Zhongshan Road Shanghai 200241 China
| | - Guoyue Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes East China Normal University Dongchuan Road 500 Shanghai 200092 China
| | - Longnian Lin
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics-Ministry of Education School of Life Science Department East China Normal University North Zhongshan Road Shanghai 200241 China
| | - Yang Tian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes East China Normal University Dongchuan Road 500 Shanghai 200092 China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Zhao F, Liu Y, Dong H, Feng S, Shi G, Lin L, Tian Y. An Electrochemophysiological Microarray for Real‐Time Monitoring and Quantification of Multiple Ions in the Brain of a Freely Moving Rat. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202002417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes East China Normal University Dongchuan Road 500 Shanghai 200092 China
| | - Yuandong Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes East China Normal University Dongchuan Road 500 Shanghai 200092 China
| | - Hui Dong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes East China Normal University Dongchuan Road 500 Shanghai 200092 China
| | - Shiqing Feng
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics-Ministry of Education School of Life Science Department East China Normal University North Zhongshan Road Shanghai 200241 China
| | - Guoyue Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes East China Normal University Dongchuan Road 500 Shanghai 200092 China
| | - Longnian Lin
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics-Ministry of Education School of Life Science Department East China Normal University North Zhongshan Road Shanghai 200241 China
| | - Yang Tian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes East China Normal University Dongchuan Road 500 Shanghai 200092 China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Castagnola E, Woeppel K, Golabchi A, McGuier M, Chodapaneedi N, Metro J, Taylor IM, Cui XT. Electrochemical detection of exogenously administered melatonin in the brain. Analyst 2020; 145:2612-2620. [PMID: 32073100 PMCID: PMC7236429 DOI: 10.1039/d0an00051e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin (MT) is an important electroactive hormone that regulates different physiological actions in the brain, ranging from circadian clock to neurodegeneration. An impressive number of publications have highlighted the effectiveness of MT treatments in different types of sleep and neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. The ability to detect MT in different regions of the brain would provide further insights into the physiological roles and therapeutic effects of MT. While multiple electrochemical methods have been used to detect MT in biological samples, monitoring MT in the brain of live animals has not been demonstrated. Here, we optimized a square wave voltammetry (SWV) electroanalytical method to evaluate the MT detection performance at CFEs in vitro and in vivo. SWV was able to sensitively detect the MT oxidation peak at 0.7 V, and discriminate MT from most common interferents in vitro. More importantly, using the optimized SWV, CFEs successfully detected and reliably quantified MT concentrations in the visual cortex of anesthetized mice after intraperitoneal injections of different MT doses, offering stable MT signals for up to 40 minutes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first electrochemical measurement of exogenously administered MT in vivo. This electrochemical MT sensing technique will provide a powerful tool for further understanding MT's action in the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Castagnola
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Burmeister JJ, Price DA, Pomerleau F, Huettl P, Quintero JE, Gerhardt GA. Challenges of simultaneous measurements of brain extracellular GABA and glutamate in vivo using enzyme-coated microelectrode arrays. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 329:108435. [PMID: 31600528 PMCID: PMC6924626 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.108435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although GABA is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS, quantifying in vivo GABA levels has been challenging. The ability to co-monitor both GABA and the major excitatory neurotransmitter, glutamate, would be a powerful tool in both research and clinical settings. NEW METHOD Ceramic-based microelectrode arrays (MEAs) were used to quantify gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) by employing a dual-enzyme reaction scheme including GABase and glutamate oxidase (GluOx). Glutamate was simultaneously quantified on adjacent recording sites coated with GluOx alone. Endogenous glutamate was subtracted from the combined GABA and glutamate signal to yield a pure GABA concentration. RESULTS Electrode sensitivity to GABA in conventional, stirred in vitro calibrations at pH 7.4 did not match the in vivo sensitivity due to diffusional losses. Non-stirred calibrations in agarose or stirred calibrations at pH 8.6 were used to match the in vivo GABA sensitivity. In vivo data collected in the rat brain demonstrated feasibility of the GABA/glutamate MEA including uptake of locally applied GABA, KCl-evoked GABA release and modulation of endogenous GABA with vigabatrin. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Implantable enzyme-coated microelectrode arrays have better temporal and spatial resolution than existing off-line methods. However, interpretation of results can be complicated due to the multiple recording site and dual enzyme approach. CONCLUSIONS The initial in vitro and in vivo studies supported that the new MEA configuration may be a viable platform for combined GABA and glutamate measures in the CNS extending the previous reports to in vivo GABA detection. The challenges of this approach are emphasized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Burmeister
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Microelectrode Technology, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - David A Price
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Microelectrode Technology, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - François Pomerleau
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Microelectrode Technology, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Peter Huettl
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Microelectrode Technology, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jorge E Quintero
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Microelectrode Technology, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Greg A Gerhardt
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Microelectrode Technology, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Hosford PS, Wells JA, Christie IN, Lythgoe MF, Millar J, Gourine AV. Electrochemical carbon fiber-based technique for simultaneous recordings of brain tissue PO 2, pH, and extracellular field potentials. BIOSENSORS & BIOELECTRONICS: X 2019; 3:100034. [PMID: 32685919 PMCID: PMC7357830 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosx.2020.100034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
A method for simultaneous electrochemical detection of brain tissue PO2 (PtO2) and pH changes together with neuronal activity using a modified form of fast cyclic voltammetry with carbon fiber electrodes is described. This technique has been developed for in vivo applications and recordings from discrete brain nuclei in experimental animals. The small size of the carbon fiber electrode (⌀7 μm, length <100 μm) ensures minimal disruption of the brain tissue and allows recordings from small brain areas. Sample rate (up to 4 Hz) is sufficient to resolve rapid changes in PtO2 and pH that follow changes in neuronal activity and metabolism. Rapid switching between current and voltage recordings allows combined electrochemical detection and monitoring of extracellular action potentials. For simultaneous electrochemical detection of PtO2 and pH, two consecutive trapezoidal voltage ramps are applied with double differential-subtraction of the background current. This enables changes in current caused by protons and oxygen to be detected separately with minimal interference between the two. The profile of PtO2 changes evoked by increases in local neuronal activity recorded using the described technique was very similar to that of blood-oxygen-level-dependent responses recorded using fMRI. This voltammetric technique can be combined with fMRI and brain vessel imaging to study the metabolic mechanisms underlying neurovascular coupling response with much greater spatial and temporal resolution than is currently possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick S. Hosford
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Corresponding author. William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| | - Jack A. Wells
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Department of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Isabel N. Christie
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mark F. Lythgoe
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Department of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Julian Millar
- Department of Medical Education, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Alexander V. Gourine
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
- Corresponding author. Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Adams SD, Doeven EH, Tye SJ, Bennet KE, Berk M, Kouzani AZ. TinyFSCV: FSCV for the Masses. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2019; 28:133-142. [PMID: 31794399 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2019.2956479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The ability to monitor neurochemical dynamics in target brain regions with a high degree of temporal resolution has assisted researchers in investigating the pathogenesis, and pathophysiology of a variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Current systems for neurochemical monitoring are bulky or expensive, limiting widespread exploration of this research field and preventing large-scale parallel experimentation. In this paper, we present a new miniaturized research platform, the TinyFSCV system, which can be used to monitor dynamic changes in neurochemicals through Fast-Scan Cyclic Voltammetry (FSCV). This system contains a precision voltage output circuit that can accurately output potentials between -0.55 to 2 V and scan a connected electrochemical cell at up to 400 V/s, the required speed to sense most neurochemicals with FSCV. In addition, the device includes precision current measurement circuity with a measurement range of -115 to [Formula: see text] capable of taking measurements at up to 56 KS/s. Four experiments are conducted to demonstrate the capability of the system. These consisted of: static bench tests, static ferrocene tests, and static and dynamic dopamine tests. These experiments demonstrate the ability of the miniaturized platform to accurately sense and measure neurochemicals. Ultimately, the TinyFSCV system is a platform that can enable large-scale, low-cost parallel experimentation to take place in the field of neurochemical monitoring. In addition, this device will increase the accessibility of neurochemical sensing, providing advanced tools and techniques to more researchers, and facilitating widespread exploration of the field of neurodynamics.
Collapse
|
36
|
Scida K, Plaxco KW, Jamieson BG. High frequency, real-time neurochemical and neuropharmacological measurements in situ in the living body. Transl Res 2019; 213:50-66. [PMID: 31361988 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The beautiful and complex brain machinery is perfectly synchronized, and our bodies have evolved to protect it against a myriad of potential threats. Shielded physically by the skull and chemically by the blood brain barrier, the brain processes internal and external information so that we can efficiently relate to the world that surrounds us while simultaneously and unconsciously controlling our vital functions. When coupled with the brittle nature of its internal chemical and electric signals, the brain's "armor" render accessing it a challenging and delicate endeavor that has historically limited our understanding of its structural and neurochemical intricacies. In this review, we briefly summarize the advancements made over the past 10 years to decode the brain's neurochemistry and neuropharmacology in situ, at the site of interest in the brain, with special focus on what we consider game-changing emerging technologies (eg, genetically encoded indicators and electrochemical aptamer-based sensors) and the challenges these must overcome before chronic, in situ chemosensing measurements become routine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Scida
- Diagnostic Biochips, Inc., Glen Burnie, Maryland
| | - Kevin W Plaxco
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Elsherif M, Moreddu R, Hassan MU, Yetisen AK, Butt H. Real-time optical fiber sensors based on light diffusing microlens arrays. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:2060-2070. [PMID: 31114826 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00242a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The applications of optical fibers are impeded in implantable medical diagnostics due to incompatibility with biological tissues, and immune reaction in vivo. The utilization of biocompatible materials to construct a photonic sensing platform can reduce the immune response in in vivo medical diagnostics. Here, we developed real-time optical fiber sensors to determine the volumetric modulation of stimuli-responsive polymers. Asymmetric microlens structures were replicated on stimuli-sensitive hydrogels as stand-alone sensors and were chemically attached to the tips of silica and biocompatible optical fibers. Quantitative measurements were carried out using a smartphone to demonstrate the ease, simplicity, and practicality of the readout methodology. To demonstrate the utility in real-time sensing, the fiber probe was investigated in various concentrations of ethanol, propan-2-ol, and dimethyl sulfoxide. Also, the fiber probe showed a rapid response to pH in the acidic region with a sensitivity of 40 nW pH-1. To develop biocompatible probes for physiological applications, a microlens array-imprinted polymer was attached to the tip of a hydrogel optical fiber. The optical fiber probe in the refection configuration showed a sensitivity of 7 nW pH-1. The developed hydrogel fiber probes may have application in point-of-care diagnostics, continuous biomarker monitoring, and critical care sensing devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Elsherif
- School of Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Meunier CJ, McCarty GS, Sombers LA. Drift Subtraction for Fast-Scan Cyclic Voltammetry Using Double-Waveform Partial-Least-Squares Regression. Anal Chem 2019; 91:7319-7327. [PMID: 31081629 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background-subtracted fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) provides a method for detecting molecular fluctuations with high spatiotemporal resolution in the brain of awake and behaving animals. The rapid scan rates generate large background currents that are subtracted to reveal changes in analyte concentration. Although these background currents are relatively stable, small changes do occur over time. These changes, referred to as electrochemical drift, result in background-subtraction artifacts that constrain the utility of FSCV, particularly when quantifying chemical changes that gradually occur over long measurement times (minutes). The voltammetric features of electrochemical drift are varied and can span the entire potential window, potentially obscuring the signal from any targeted analyte. We present a straightforward method for extending the duration of a single FSCV recording window. First, we have implemented voltammetric waveforms in pairs that consist of a smaller triangular sweep followed by a conventional voltammetric scan. The initial, abbreviated waveform is used to capture drift information that can serve as a predictor for the contribution of electrochemical drift to the subsequent full voltammetric scan using partial-least-squares regression (PLSR). This double-waveform partial-least-squares regression (DW-PLSR) paradigm permits reliable subtraction of the drift component to the voltammetric data. Here, DW-PLSR is used to improve quantification of adenosine, dopamine, and hydrogen peroxide fluctuations occurring >10 min from the initial background position, both in vitro and in vivo. The results demonstrate that DW-PLSR is a powerful tool for evaluating and interpreting both rapid (seconds) and gradual (minutes) chemical changes captured in FSCV recordings over extended durations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carl J Meunier
- Department of Chemistry , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695-8204 , United States
| | - Gregory S McCarty
- Department of Chemistry , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695-8204 , United States
| | - Leslie A Sombers
- Department of Chemistry , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695-8204 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Su CK, Ho CC. Online profiling of living rat brain extracellular pH using a pH-Dependent solid phase extraction scheme coupled with microdialysis sampling and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1055:36-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
40
|
Robke R, Hashemi P, Ramsson E. A simplified LED-driven switch for fast-scan controlled-adsorption voltammetry instrumentation. HARDWAREX 2019; 5:e00051. [PMID: 34113744 PMCID: PMC8189313 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2018.e00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) is an analytical tool used to probe neurochemical processes in real-time. A major drawback for specialized applications of FSCV is that instrumentation must be constructed or modified in-house by those with expertise in electronics. One such specialized application is the newly developed fast-scan controlled-adsorption voltammetry (FSCAV) that measures basal (tonic) in vivo dopamine and serotonin concentrations. FSCAV requires additional software and equipment (an operational amplifier coupled to a transistor-transistor logic) allowing the system to switch between applying a FSCV waveform and a constant potential to the working electrode. Herein we describe a novel, simplified switching component to facilitate the integration of FSCAV into existing FSCV instruments, thereby making this method more accessible to the community. Specifically, we employ two light emitting diodes (LEDs) to generate the voltage needed to drive a NPN bipolar junction transistor, substantially streamlining the circuitry and fabrication of the switching component. We performed in vitro and in vivo analyses to compare the new LED circuit vs. the original switch. Our data shows that the novel simplified switching component performs equally well when compared to traditional instrumentation. Thus, we present a new, simplified scheme to perform FSCAV that is cheap, simple, and easy to construct by individuals without a background in engineering and electronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon Robke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Parastoo Hashemi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Eric Ramsson
- Department of Biomedical Science, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI, USA
- Corresponding author. (E. Ramsson)
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Raju D, Mendoza A, Wonnenberg P, Mohanaraj S, Sarbanes M, Truong C, Zestos AG. Polymer Modified Carbon Fiber-Microelectrodes and Waveform Modifications Enhance Neurotransmitter Metabolite Detection. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2019; 11:1620-1630. [PMID: 34079589 PMCID: PMC8168831 DOI: 10.1039/c8ay02737d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-fiber microelectrodes (CFMEs) have been used for several years for the detection of neurotransmitters such as dopamine. Dopamine is a fundamentally important neurotransmitter and is also metabolized at a subsecond timescale. Recently, several metabolites of dopamine have been shown to be physiologically important such as 3-methoxytyramine (3-MT), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), and homovanillic acid (HVA). Many of these neurotransmitter metabolites are currently only detected with microdialysis coupled with liquid chromatography with relatively low temporal and spatial resolution. Current electrochemical methods such as the dopamine waveform (scanning from -0.4 to 1.3 V at 400 V/sec) are utilized to electrostatically repel anions such as DOPAC and promote dopamine adsorption to the surface of the electrode. Moreover, polymer coatings such as Nafion have been shown to electrostatically repel anions such as 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). In this study, we develop novel polymer and waveform modifications for enhanced DOPAC detection. Applying the DOPAC waveform (scanning from 0 to 1.3 V at 400 V/sec) enhances DOPAC detection significantly because it does not include the negative holding potential of the dopamine waveform. Moreover, positively charged cationic polymers such as polyethyleneimine (PEI) allow for the preconcentration of DOPAC to the surface of the carbon fiber through an electrostatic attraction. The limit of detection for DOPAC for PEI coated CFMEs with the DOPAC waveform applied is 58.2 ± 2 nM as opposed to 291 ± 10 nM for unmodified electrodes applying the dopamine waveform (n = 4). This work offers promise for the development of novel electrode materials and waveforms for the specific detection of several important biomolecules such as dopamine metabolite neurotransmitters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dilpreet Raju
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, American University, Washington, D.C. 20016
| | - Alexander Mendoza
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, American University, Washington, D.C. 20016
| | - Pauline Wonnenberg
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, American University, Washington, D.C. 20016
| | - Sanuja Mohanaraj
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, American University, Washington, D.C. 20016
| | - Mulugeta Sarbanes
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, American University, Washington, D.C. 20016
| | - Carly Truong
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, American University, Washington, D.C. 20016
| | - Alexander G Zestos
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, American University, Washington, D.C. 20016
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Hobbs CN, Johnson JA, Verber MD, Mark Wightman R. An implantable multimodal sensor for oxygen, neurotransmitters, and electrophysiology during spreading depolarization in the deep brain. Analyst 2018; 142:2912-2920. [PMID: 28715004 DOI: 10.1039/c7an00508c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Brain tissue injury is often accompanied by spreading depolarization (SD) events, marked by widespread cellular depolarization and cessation of neuronal firing. SD recruits viable tissue into the lesion, making it a focus for intervention. During SD, drastic fluctuations occur in ion gradients, extracellular neurotransmitter concentrations, cellular metabolism, and cerebral blood flow. Measuring SD requires a multimodal approach to capture the array of changes. However, the use of multiple sensors can inflict tissue damage. Here, we use carbon-fiber microelectrodes to characterize several aspects of SD with a single, minimally invasive sensor in the deep brain region of the nucleus accumbens. Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry detects large changes in oxygen, which reflect the balance between cerebral blood flow and energy consumption, and also supraphysiological release of electroactive neurotransmitters (i.e., dopamine). We verify waves of SD with concurrent single-unit or DC potential electrophysiological recordings. The single-unit recordings reveal bursts of action potentials followed by inactivity. The DC potentials exhibit a slow negative voltage shift in the extracellular space indicative of wide-spread cellular depolarization. Here, we characterize the multiple modalities of our sensor and demonstrate its utility for improved SD recordings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caddy N Hobbs
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Wencel D, Kaworek A, Abel T, Efremov V, Bradford A, Carthy D, Coady G, McMorrow RCN, McDonagh C. Optical Sensor for Real-Time pH Monitoring in Human Tissue. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1803627. [PMID: 30427575 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201803627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This article reports on a fiber-based ratiometric optical pH sensor for use in real-time and continuous in vivo pH monitoring in human tissue. Stable hybrid sol-gel-based pH sensing material is deposited on a highly flexible plastic optical fiber tip and integrated with excitation and detection electronics. The sensor is extensively tested in a laboratory environment before it is applied in vivo in a human model. The pH sensor performance in the laboratory environment outperforms the state-of-the-art reported in the current literature. It exhibits the highest sensitivity in the physiological pH range, resolution of 0.0013 pH units, excellent sensor to sensor reproducibility, long-term stability, short response time of <2 min, and drift of 0.003 pH units per 22 h. The sensor also exhibits promising performance in in vitro whole blood samples. In addition, human evaluations conducted under this project demonstrate successful short-term deployment of this sensor in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Wencel
- School of Physical Science, Biomedical Diagnostic Institute, Dublin City University (DCU), Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Alicja Kaworek
- BlueBridge Technologies, 3015 Lake Drive, Citywest Campus, Citywest, Dublin 24, Ireland
| | - Tobias Abel
- Roche Diagnostics International, Rotkreuz, Switzerland
| | - Vitaly Efremov
- Biomedical Diagnostic Institute, DCU, Dublin 9, 6343, Ireland
| | - Aidan Bradford
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Denise Carthy
- Biomedical Diagnostic Institute, DCU, Dublin 9, 6343, Ireland
| | - Garret Coady
- BlueBridge Technologies, 3015 Lake Drive, Citywest Campus, Citywest, Dublin 24, Ireland
| | | | - Colette McDonagh
- School of Physical Science, Biomedical Diagnostic Institute, Dublin City University (DCU), Dublin 9, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Park C, Oh Y, Shin H, Kim J, Kang Y, Sim J, Cho HU, Lee HK, Jung SJ, Blaha CD, Bennet KE, Heien ML, Lee KH, Kim IY, Jang DP. Fast Cyclic Square-Wave Voltammetry To Enhance Neurotransmitter Selectivity and Sensitivity. Anal Chem 2018; 90:13348-13355. [PMID: 30358389 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Although fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) has been widely used for in vivo neurochemical detection, the sensitivity and selectivity of the technique can be further improved. In this study, we develop fast cyclic square-wave voltammetry (FCSWV) as a novel voltammetric technique that combines large-amplitude cyclic square-wave voltammetry (CSWV) with background subtraction. A large-amplitude, square-shaped potential was applied to induce cycling through multiple redox reactions within a square pulse to increase sensitivity and selectivity when combined with a two-dimensional voltammogram. As a result, FCSWV was significantly more sensitive than FSCV ( n = 5 electrodes, two-way ANOVA, p = 0.0002). In addition, FCSWV could differentiate dopamine from other catecholamines (e.g., epinephrine and norepinephrine) and serotonin better than conventional FSCV. With the confirmation that FCSWV did not influence local neuronal activity, despite the large amplitude of the square waveform, it could monitor electrically induced phasic changes in dopamine release in rat striatum before and after injecting nomifensine, a dopamine reuptake inhibitor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheonho Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Hanyang University , Seoul 133-791 , Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonbae Oh
- Department of Neurologic Surgery , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , Minnesota 55905 , United States
| | - Hojin Shin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Hanyang University , Seoul 133-791 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jaekyung Kim
- Department of Neurology , University of California-San Francisco , San Francisco , California 94158 , United States
| | - Yumin Kang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Hanyang University , Seoul 133-791 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongeun Sim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Hanyang University , Seoul 133-791 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun U Cho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Hanyang University , Seoul 133-791 , Republic of Korea
| | - Han Kyu Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science , Hanyang University , Seoul 133-791 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jun Jung
- Department of Biomedical Science , Hanyang University , Seoul 133-791 , Republic of Korea
| | - Charles D Blaha
- Department of Neurologic Surgery , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , Minnesota 55905 , United States
| | - Kevin E Bennet
- Department of Neurologic Surgery , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , Minnesota 55905 , United States.,Division of Engineering , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , Minnesota 55901 , United States
| | - Michael L Heien
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Arizona , Tucson , Arizona 85721 , United States
| | - Kendall H Lee
- Department of Neurologic Surgery , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , Minnesota 55905 , United States
| | - In Young Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Hanyang University , Seoul 133-791 , Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Pyo Jang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Hanyang University , Seoul 133-791 , Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
The aqueous deposition of a pH sensitive quinone on carbon paste electrodes using linear sweep voltammetry. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2018.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
46
|
Schwerdt HN, Zhang E, Kim MJ, Yoshida T, Stanwicks L, Amemori S, Dagdeviren HE, Langer R, Cima MJ, Graybiel AM. Cellular-scale probes enable stable chronic subsecond monitoring of dopamine neurochemicals in a rodent model. Commun Biol 2018; 1:144. [PMID: 30272020 PMCID: PMC6135761 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0147-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical signaling underlies both temporally phasic and extended activity in the brain. Phasic activity can be monitored by implanted sensors, but chronic recording of such chemical signals has been difficult because the capacity to measure them degrades over time. This degradation has been attributed to tissue damage progressively produced by the sensors and failure of the sensors themselves. We report methods that surmount these problems through the development of sensors having diameters as small as individual neuronal cell bodies (<10 µm). These micro-invasive probes (µIPs) markedly reduced expression of detectable markers of inflammation and tissue damage in a rodent test model. The chronically implanted µIPs provided stable operation in monitoring sub-second fluctuations in stimulation-evoked dopamine in anesthetized rats for over a year. These findings demonstrate that monitoring of chemical activity patterns in the brain over at least year-long periods, long a goal of both basic and clinical neuroscience, is achievable. Helen Schwerdt et al. report micro-invasive probes capable of monitoring chemical signaling in the rat brain for over a year. The probes have diameters as small as single neuronal cell bodies and can monitor sub-second fluctuations in chemical signaling without significant induction of inflammation or tissue damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen N Schwerdt
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA. .,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Zhang
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Min Jung Kim
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Tomoko Yoshida
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Lauren Stanwicks
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Satoko Amemori
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Huseyin E Dagdeviren
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Robert Langer
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Michael J Cima
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA. .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Ann M Graybiel
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
Proton transfer plays a crucial role in a variety of biological phenomena. The transformation of nanomaterials in the environment and biology makes probing the potential proton transfer between nanomaterials and biomolecules a crucial issue, but it still remains a significant challenge. Here, we report proton transfer at the interface of graphene oxide (GO) by studying the GO-induced vibrational changes of interfacial water and carboxyl-terminated self-assembled monolayer (SAM) with surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy. In addition to simply acting as a macromolecular buffer in solution, the GO sheet behaves as a two-dimensional hydrogen-bonded exchangeable proton pool to dissociate and transfer protons at the interface with a suitable Brønsted base pair, which may bear a significant potential toxic origin for biological systems with proton-coupled reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lie Wu
- State Key Lab of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun , 130022 Jilin , China
| | - Xiue Jiang
- State Key Lab of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun , 130022 Jilin , China.,University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , 230026 Anhui , China
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Kirkpatrick DC, McKinney CJ, Manis PB, Wightman RM. Expanding neurochemical investigations with multi-modal recording: simultaneous fast-scan cyclic voltammetry, iontophoresis, and patch clamp measurements. Analyst 2018; 141:4902-11. [PMID: 27314130 DOI: 10.1039/c6an00933f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Multi-modal recording describes the simultaneous collection of information across distinct domains. Compared to isolated measurements, such studies can more easily determine relationships between varieties of phenomena. This is useful for neurochemical investigations which examine cellular activity in response to changes in the local chemical environment. In this study, we demonstrate a method to perform simultaneous patch clamp measurements with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) using optically isolated instrumentation. A model circuit simulating concurrent measurements was used to predict the electrical interference between instruments. No significant impact was anticipated between methods, and predictions were largely confirmed experimentally. One exception was due to capacitive coupling of the FSCV potential waveform into the patch clamp amplifier. However, capacitive transients measured in whole-cell current clamp recordings were well below the level of biological signals, which allowed the activity of cells to be easily determined. Next, the activity of medium spiny neurons (MSNs) was examined in the presence of an FSCV electrode to determine how the exogenous potential impacted nearby cells. The activities of both resting and active MSNs were unaffected by the FSCV waveform. Additionally, application of an iontophoretic current, used to locally deliver drugs and other neurochemicals, did not affect neighboring cells. Finally, MSN activity was monitored during iontophoretic delivery of glutamate, an excitatory neurotransmitter. Membrane depolarization and cell firing were observed concurrently with chemical changes around the cell resulting from delivery. In all, we show how combined electrophysiological and electrochemical measurements can relate information between domains and increase the power of neurochemical investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D C Kirkpatrick
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA.
| | - C J McKinney
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA.
| | - P B Manis
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA and The Curriculum of Neurobiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA and Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - R M Wightman
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA. and Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Johnson JA, Rodeberg NT, Wightman RM. Measurement of Basal Neurotransmitter Levels Using Convolution-Based Nonfaradaic Current Removal. Anal Chem 2018; 90:7181-7189. [PMID: 29806450 PMCID: PMC6011837 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Fast-scan
cyclic voltammetry permits robust subsecond measurements
of in vivo neurotransmitter dynamics, resulting in
its established use in elucidating these species’ roles in
the actions of behaving animals. However, the technique’s limitations,
namely the need for digital background subtraction for analytical
signal resolution, have restricted the information obtainable largely
to that about phasic neurotransmitter release on the second-to-minute
time scale. The study of basal levels of neurotransmitters and their
dynamics requires a means of isolating the portion of the background
current arising from neurotransmitter redox reactions. Previously,
we reported on the use of a convolution-based method for prediction
of the resistive-capacitive portion of the carbon-fiber microelectrode
background signal, to improve the information content of background-subtracted
data. Here we evaluated this approach for direct analytical signal
isolation. First, protocol modifications (i.e., applied waveform and
carbon-fiber type) were optimized to permit simplification of the
interfering background current to components that are convolution-predictable.
It was found that the use of holding potentials of at least 0.0 V,
as well as the use of pitch-based carbon fibers, improved the agreement
between convolution predictions and the observed background. Subsequently,
it was shown that measurements of basal dopamine concentrations are
possible with careful control of the electrode state. Successful use
of this approach for measurement of in vivo basal
dopamine levels is demonstrated, suggesting the approach may serve
as a useful tool in expanding the capabilities of fast-scan cyclic
voltammetry.
Collapse
|
50
|
Meunier CJ, Mitchell EC, Roberts JG, Toups JV, McCarty GS, Sombers LA. Electrochemical Selectivity Achieved Using a Double Voltammetric Waveform and Partial Least Squares Regression: Differentiating Endogenous Hydrogen Peroxide Fluctuations from Shifts in pH. Anal Chem 2018; 90:1767-1776. [PMID: 29243477 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a reactive oxygen species that serves as an important signaling molecule in normal brain function. At the same time, excessive H2O2 concentrations contribute to myriad pathological consequences resulting from oxidative stress. Studies to elucidate the diverse roles that H2O2 plays in complex biological environments have been hindered by the lack of robust methods for probing dynamic H2O2 fluctuations in living systems with molecular specificity. Background-subtracted fast-scan cyclic voltammetry at carbon-fiber microelectrodes provides a method of detecting rapid H2O2 fluctuations with high temporal and spatial resolution in brain tissue. However, H2O2 fluctuations can be masked by local changes in pH (ΔpH), because the voltammograms for these species can have significant peak overlap, hindering quantification. We present a method for removing ΔpH-related contributions from complex voltammetric data. By employing two distinct potential waveforms per scan, one in which H2O2 is electrochemically silent and a second in which both ΔpH and H2O2 are redox active, a clear distinction between H2O2 and ΔpH signals is established. A partial least-squares regression (PLSR) model is used to predict the ΔpH signal and subtract it from the voltammetric data. The model has been validated both in vitro and in vivo using k-fold cross-validation. The data demonstrate that the double waveform PLSR model is a powerful tool that can be used to disambiguate and evaluate naturally occurring H2O2 fluctuations in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carl J Meunier
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Edwin C Mitchell
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - James G Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Jonathan V Toups
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Gregory S McCarty
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Leslie A Sombers
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| |
Collapse
|