1
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Zheng D, Zhang J, Jiang W, Xu Y, Meng H, Poh CL, Chen CH. Graphene oxide aptasensor droplet assay for detection of metabolites secreted by single cells applied to synthetic biology. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 24:137-147. [PMID: 38054213 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00959a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic biology harnesses the power of natural microbes by re-engineering metabolic pathways to manufacture desired compounds. Droplet technology has emerged as a high-throughput tool to screen single cells for synthetic biology, while the challenges in sensitive flexible single-cell secretion assay for bioproduction of high-value chemicals remained. Here, a novel droplet modifiable graphene oxide (GO) aptasensor was developed, enabling sensitive flexible detection of different target compounds secreted from single cells. Fluorophore-labeled aptamers were stably anchored on GO through π-π stacking interactions to minimize the non-specific interactions for low-background detection of target compounds with high signal-to-noise ratios. The assay's versatility was exhibited by adapting aptamer sequences to measure metabolic secretions like ATP and naringenin. To show the case, engineered E. coli were constructed for the bioproduction of naringenin. The high signal-to-noise ratio assay (∼2.72) was approached to precisely measure the naringenins secreted from single E. coli in the droplets. Consequently, secretory cells (Gib) were clearly distinguished from wild-type (WT) cells, with a low overlap in cell populations (∼0%) for bioproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, 117583, Singapore.
| | - Jingyun Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, 117583, Singapore.
| | - Wenxin Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Haixu Meng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Chueh Loo Poh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, 117583, Singapore.
| | - Chia-Hung Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China.
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen Virtual University Park, Shenzhen, China
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2
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Yu Z, Jin J, Chen S, Shui L, Chen H, Shi L, Zhu Y. Smart Droplet Microfluidic System for Single-Cell Selective Lysis and Real-Time Sorting Based on Microinjection and Image Recognition. Anal Chem 2023; 95:12875-12883. [PMID: 37581609 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Single-cell analysis has important implications for understanding the specificity of cells. To analyze the specificity of rare cells in complex blood and biopsy samples, selective lysis of target single cells is pivotal but difficult. Microfluidics, particularly droplet microfluidics, has emerged as a promising tool for single-cell analysis. In this paper, we present a smart droplet microfluidic system that allows for single-cell selective lysis and real-time sorting, aided by the techniques of microinjection and image recognition. A custom program evolved from Python is proposed for recognizing target droplets and single cells, which also coordinates the operation of various parts in a whole microfluidic system. We have systematically investigated the effects of voltage and injection pressure applied to the oil-water interface on droplet microinjection. An efficient and selective droplet injection scheme with image feedback has been demonstrated, with an efficiency increased dramatically from 2.5% to about 100%. Furthermore, we have proven that the cell lysis solution can be selectively injected into target single-cell droplets. Then these droplets are shifted into the sorting area, with an efficiency for single K562 cells reaching up to 73%. The system function is finally explored by introducing complex cell samples, namely, K562 cells and HUVECs, with a success rate of 75.2% in treating K562 cells as targets. This system enables automated single-cell selective lysis without the need for manual handling and sheds new light on the cooperation with other detection techniques for a broad range of single-cell analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihang Yu
- Center for Microflows and Nanoflows, School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jing Jin
- Center for Microflows and Nanoflows, School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Siyuan Chen
- Center for Microflows and Nanoflows, School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lingling Shui
- Joint International Laboratory of Optofluidic Technology and System, National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Huaying Chen
- Center for Microflows and Nanoflows, School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Liuyong Shi
- Mechanical and Electrical Engineering College, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yonggang Zhu
- Center for Microflows and Nanoflows, School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, China
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3
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Chen H, Osman SY, Moose DL, Vanneste M, Anderson JL, Henry MD, Anand RK. Quantification of capture efficiency, purity, and single-cell isolation in the recovery of circulating melanoma cells from peripheral blood by dielectrophoresis. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:2586-2600. [PMID: 37185977 PMCID: PMC10228177 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc01113a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a dielectrophoretic method for selection of circulating melanoma cells (CMCs), which lack reliable identifying surface antigens and are extremely rare in blood. This platform captures CMCs individually by dielectrophoresis (DEP) at an array of wireless bipolar electrodes (BPEs) aligned to overlying nanoliter-scale chambers, which isolate each cell for subsequent on-chip single-cell analysis. To determine the best conditions to employ for CMC isolation in this DEP-BPE platform, the static and dynamic dielectrophoretic response of established melanoma cell lines, melanoma cells from patient-derived xenografts (PDX) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were evaluated as a function of frequency using two established DEP platforms. Further, PBMCs derived from patients with advanced melanoma were compared with those from healthy controls. The results of this evaluation reveal that each DEP method requires a distinct frequency to achieve capture of melanoma cells and that the distribution of dielectric properties of PBMCs is more broadly varied in and among patients versus healthy controls. Based on this evaluation, we conclude that 50 kHz provides the highest capture efficiency on our DEP-BPE platform while maintaining a low rate of capture of unwanted PBMCs. We further quantified the efficiency of single-cell capture on the DEP-BPE platform and found that the efficiency diminished beyond around 25% chamber occupancy, thereby informing the minimum array size that is required. Importantly, the capture efficiency of the DEP-BPE platform for melanoma cells when using optimized conditions matched the performance predicted by our analysis. Finally, isolation of melanoma cells from contrived (spike-in) and clinical samples on our platform using optimized conditions was demonstrated. The capture and individual isolation of CMCs, confirmed by post-capture labeling, from patient-derived samples suggests the potential of this platform for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA.
| | - Sommer Y Osman
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA.
| | - Devon L Moose
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Marion Vanneste
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Jared L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA.
| | - Michael D Henry
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Pathology, Urology and Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Robbyn K Anand
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA.
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4
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Banovetz JT, Manimaran S, Schelske B, Anand RK. Parallel Dielectrophoretic Capture, Isolation, and Electrical Lysis of Individual Breast Cancer Cells to Assess Variability in Enzymatic Activity. Anal Chem 2023; 95:7880-7887. [PMID: 37172139 PMCID: PMC10578154 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Tumor cell heterogeneity drives disease progression and response to therapy, and therefore, there is a need for single-cell analysis methods. In this paper, we present an integrated, scalable method to analyze enzymatic activity in many individual cancer cells at once. The reported method uses dielectrophoresis (DEP) to selectively capture tumor cells at wireless electrodes aligned to an overlying array of cell-sized micropockets. Following hydrodynamic transfer of the captured cells into microfluidic chambers, the chambers are fluidically isolated and sealed with a hydrophobic ionic liquid, which possesses sufficient conductivity to allow for subsequent electrical lysis of the cells to access their contents for enzymatic assay. The wireless electrodes have an interlocking spiral design that ensures successful electrical lysis regardless of the location of the cell within the chamber. Here, breast cancer cells are assessed for β-galactosidase through its activation of a fluorogenic substrate. A key point is that the fluorogenic assay solution was optimized to allow for dielectrophoretic cell capture, thereby obviating the need for a solution exchange step. Our approach has several distinct advantages including a high rate of single-cell capture, a capture efficiency that is independent of the dimensions of the reaction chambers, no need for mechanical closure of reaction volumes, and no observed cross-talk. In this study, first, the steps of cell capture, transfer, and lysis are established on this platform in the presence of the optimized assay solution. We then quantify the increase in fluorescence intensity obtained over the duration of the enzymatic assay of individual cells. Finally, this method is applied to the analysis of β-galactosidase activity in 258 individual MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, revealing heterogeneity in expression of this enzyme in this cell line. We expect that the adaptability of this method will allow for expanded studies of single-cell enzymatic expression and activity. This will in turn open avenues of research into cancer cell heterogeneity in metabolism, invasiveness, and drug response. The ability to study these features of cancer at the single-cell level raises the possibility for treatment plans tailored to target the specific combinations of cell subpopulations present in tumors. Furthermore, we expect that this method can be adapted to uses outside of cancer research, such as studies of neuron metabolism, pathogenesis in bacteria, and stem cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph T. Banovetz
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 2415 Osborn Drive, Ames, IA 50011-1021, USA
| | - Sivani Manimaran
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 2415 Osborn Drive, Ames, IA 50011-1021, USA
| | - Benjamin Schelske
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 2415 Osborn Drive, Ames, IA 50011-1021, USA
| | - Robbyn K. Anand
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 2415 Osborn Drive, Ames, IA 50011-1021, USA
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5
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Briones JC, Espulgar WV, Koyama S, Takamatsu H, Saito M, Tamiya E. A High-Throughput Single-Cell Assay on a Valve-Based Microfluidic Platform Applied to Protein Quantification, Immune Response Monitoring, and Drug Discovery. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2689:119-142. [PMID: 37430051 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3323-6_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
The use of microfluidic technology in single-cell assay has shown potential in biomedical applications like protein quantification, immune response monitoring, and drug discovery. Because of the details of information that can be obtained at single-cell resolution, the single-cell assay has been applied to tackle challenging issues such as cancer treatment. Information like the levels of protein expression, cellular heterogeneity, and unique behaviors within subsets are very important in the biomedical field. For a single-cell assay system, a high-throughput platform that can do on-demand media exchange and real-time monitoring is advantageous in single-cell screening and profiling. In this work, a high-throughput valve-based device is presented, its use in single-cell assay, particularly in protein quantification and surface-marker analysis, and its potential application to immune response monitoring and drug discovery are laid down in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C Briones
- Life and Medical Photonics Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Wilfred V Espulgar
- Department of Physics, College of Science, De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines
| | - Shohei Koyama
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hyota Takamatsu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masato Saito
- Life and Medical Photonics Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, PhotoBIO Open Innovation Laboratory, Osaka, Japan
| | - Eiichi Tamiya
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, PhotoBIO Open Innovation Laboratory, Osaka, Japan.
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
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6
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Dong J, Li G, Xia L. Microfluidic Magnetic Spatial Confinement Strategy for the Enrichment and Ultrasensitive Detection of MCF-7 and Escherichia coli O157:H7. Anal Chem 2022; 94:16901-16909. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Dong
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou510006, China
| | - Gongke Li
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou510006, China
| | - Ling Xia
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou510006, China
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7
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Xie H, Ding X. The Intriguing Landscape of Single-Cell Protein Analysis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105932. [PMID: 35199955 PMCID: PMC9036017 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Profiling protein expression at single-cell resolution is essential for fundamental biological research (such as cell differentiation and tumor microenvironmental examination) and clinical precision medicine where only a limited number of primary cells are permitted. With the recent advances in engineering, chemistry, and biology, single-cell protein analysis methods are developed rapidly, which enable high-throughput and multiplexed protein measurements in thousands of individual cells. In combination with single cell RNA sequencing and mass spectrometry, single-cell multi-omics analysis can simultaneously measure multiple modalities including mRNAs, proteins, and metabolites in single cells, and obtain a more comprehensive exploration of cellular signaling processes, such as DNA modifications, chromatin accessibility, protein abundance, and gene perturbation. Here, the recent progress and applications of single-cell protein analysis technologies in the last decade are summarized. Current limitations, challenges, and possible future directions in this field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesInstitute for Personalized MedicineSchool of Biomedical EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200030China
| | - Xianting Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesInstitute for Personalized MedicineSchool of Biomedical EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200030China
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8
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Dzobo K. The Role of Natural Products as Sources of Therapeutic Agents for Innovative Drug Discovery. COMPREHENSIVE PHARMACOLOGY 2022. [PMCID: PMC8016209 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-820472-6.00041-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Emerging threats to human health require a concerted effort in search of both preventive and treatment strategies, placing natural products at the center of efforts to obtain new therapies and reduce disease spread and associated mortality. The therapeutic value of compounds found in plants has been known for ages, resulting in their utilization in homes and in clinics for the treatment of many ailments ranging from common headache to serious conditions such as wounds. Despite the advancement observed in the world, plant based medicines are still being used to treat many pathological conditions or are used as alternatives to modern medicines. In most cases, these natural products or plant-based medicines are used in an un-purified state as extracts. A lot of research is underway to identify and purify the active compounds responsible for the healing process. Some of the current drugs used in clinics have their origins as natural products or came from plant extracts. In addition, several synthetic analogues are natural product-based or plant-based. With the emergence of novel infectious agents such as the SARS-CoV-2 in addition to already burdensome diseases such as diabetes, cancer, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS, there is need to come up with new drugs that can cure these conditions. Natural products offer an opportunity to discover new compounds that can be converted into drugs given their chemical structure diversity. Advances in analytical processes make drug discovery a multi-dimensional process involving computational designing and testing and eventual laboratory screening of potential drug candidates. Lead compounds will then be evaluated for safety, pharmacokinetics and efficacy. New technologies including Artificial Intelligence, better organ and tissue models such as organoids allow virtual screening, automation and high-throughput screening to be part of drug discovery. The use of bioinformatics and computation means that drug discovery can be a fast and efficient process and enable the use of natural products structures to obtain novel drugs. The removal of potential bottlenecks resulting in minimal false positive leads in drug development has enabled an efficient system of drug discovery. This review describes the biosynthesis and screening of natural products during drug discovery as well as methods used in studying natural products.
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9
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Shi M, Wang L, Xie Z, Zhao L, Zhang X, Zhang M. High-Content Label-Free Single-Cell Analysis with a Microfluidic Device Using Programmable Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. Anal Chem 2021; 93:12417-12425. [PMID: 34464090 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The cellular heterogeneity and plasticity are often overlooked due to the averaged bulk assay in conventional methods. Optical imaging-based single-cell analysis usually requires specific labeling of target molecules inside or on the surface of the cell membrane, interfering with the physiological homeostasis of the cell. Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), as an alternative approach, enables label-free imaging of single cells, which still confronts the challenge that the long-time scanning process is not feasible for large-scale analysis at the single-cell level. Herein, we developed a methodology combining a programmable SECM (P-SECM) with an addressable microwell array, which dramatically shortened the time consumption for the topography detection of the micropits array occupied by the polystyrene beads as well as the evaluation of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity of the 82 single cells compared with the traditional SECM imaging. This new arithmetic was based on the line scanning approach, enabling analysis of over 900 microwells within 1.2 h, which is 10 times faster than conventional SECM imaging. By implementing this configuration with the dual-mediator-based voltage-switching (VSM) mode, we investigated the activity of ALP, a promising marker for cancer stem cells, in hundreds of tumor and stromal cells on a single microwell device. The results discovered that not only a higher ALP activity is presented in cancer cells but also the heterogeneous distribution of kinetic constant (kf value) of ALP activity can be obtained at the single-cell level. By directly relating large numbers of addressed cells on the scalable microfluidic device to the deterministic routing of the above SECM tip, our platform holds potential as a high-content screening tool for label-free single-cell analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhenda Xie
- Institute for Advanced Study, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.,Centre of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Xueji Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Centre, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Meiqin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
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10
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Recent advances in single-cell analysis: Encapsulation materials, analysis methods and integrative platform for microfluidic technology. Talanta 2021; 234:122671. [PMID: 34364472 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Traditional cell biology researches on cell populations by their origin, tissue, morphology, and secretions. Because of the heterogeneity of cells, research at the single-cell level can obtain more accurate and comprehensive information that reflects the physiological state and process of the cell, increasing the significance of single-cell analysis. The application of single-cell analysis is faced with the problem of contaminated or damaged cells caused by cell sample transportation. Reversible encapsulation of a single cell can protect cells from the external environment and open the encapsulation shell to release cells, thus preserving cell integrity and improving extraction efficiency of analytes. Meanwhile, microfluidic single cell analysis (MSCA) exhibits integration, miniaturization, and high throughput, which can considerably improve the efficiency of single-cell analysis. The researches on single-cell reversible encapsulation materials, single-cell analysis methods, and the MSCA integration platform are analyzed and summarized in this review. The problems of single-cell viability, network of single-cell signal, and simultaneous detection of multiple biotoxins in food based on single-cell are proposed for future research.
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11
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Chatzimichail S, Supramaniam P, Salehi-Reyhani A. Absolute Quantification of Protein Copy Number in Single Cells With Immunofluorescence Microscopy Calibrated Using Single-Molecule Microarrays. Anal Chem 2021; 93:6656-6664. [PMID: 33876929 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c05177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Great strides toward routine single-cell analyses have been made over the last decade, particularly in the field of transcriptomics. For proteomics, amplification is not currently possible and has necessitated the development of ultrasensitive platforms capable of performing such analyses on single cells. These platforms are improving in terms of throughput and multiplexability but still fall short in relation to more established methods such as fluorescence microscopy. However, microscopy methods rely on fluorescence intensity as a proxy for protein abundance and are not currently capable of reporting this in terms of an absolute copy number. Here, a microfluidic implementation of single-molecule microarrays for single-cell analysis is assessed in its ability to calibrate fluorescence microscopy data. We show that the equivalence of measurements of the steady-state distribution of protein abundance to single-molecule microarray data can be exploited to pave the way for absolute quantitation by fluorescence and immunofluorescence microscopy. The methods presented have been developed using GFP but are extendable to other proteins and other biomolecules of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ali Salehi-Reyhani
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London W12 0HS, U.K
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12
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Yang M, Villarreal JC, Ariyasinghe N, Kruithoff R, Ros R, Ros A. Quantitative Approach for Protein Analysis in Small Cell Ensembles by an Integrated Microfluidic Chip with MALDI Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2021; 93:6053-6061. [PMID: 33819014 PMCID: PMC8128341 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence has demonstrated that cells are individually heterogeneous. Advancing the technologies for single-cell analysis will improve our ability to characterize cells, study cell biology, design and screen drugs, and aid cancer diagnosis and treatment. Most current single-cell protein analysis approaches are based on fluorescent antibody-binding technology. However, this technology is limited by high background and cross-talk of multiple tags introduced by fluorescent labels. Stable isotope labels used in mass cytometry can overcome the spectral overlap of fluorophores. Nevertheless, the specificity of each antibody and heavy-metal-tagged antibody combination must be carefully validated to ensure detection of the intended target. Thus, novel single-cell protein analysis methods without using labels are urgently needed. Moreover, the labeling approach targets already known motifs, hampering the discovery of new biomarkers relevant to single-cell population variation. Here, we report a combined microfluidic and matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometric approach for the analysis of protein biomarkers suitable for small cell ensembles. All necessary steps for cell analysis including cell lysis, protein capture, and digestion as well as MALDI matrix deposition are integrated on a microfluidic chip prior to the downstream MALDI-time-of-flight (TOF) detection. For proof of principle, this combined method is used to assess the amount of Bcl-2, an apoptosis regulator, in metastatic breast cancer cells (MCF-7) by using an isotope-labeled peptide as an internal standard. The proposed approach will eventually provide a new means for proteome studies in small cell ensembles with the potential for single-cell analysis and improve our ability in disease diagnosis, drug discovery, and personalized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, 430081, P.R.China
| | - Jorvani Cruz Villarreal
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe AZ, 85287-1604, USA
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe AZ, 85287-7401, USA
| | - Nethmi Ariyasinghe
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe AZ, 85287-1504, USA
- Center for Single Molecule Biophysics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Rory Kruithoff
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe AZ, 85287-1504, USA
| | - Robert Ros
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe AZ, 85287-1504, USA
- Center for Single Molecule Biophysics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Alexandra Ros
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe AZ, 85287-1604, USA
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe AZ, 85287-7401, USA
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13
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Bucheli OTM, Sigvaldadóttir I, Eyer K. Measuring single-cell protein secretion in immunology: Technologies, advances, and applications. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:1334-1347. [PMID: 33734428 PMCID: PMC8252417 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The dynamics, nature, strength, and ultimately protective capabilities of an active immune response are determined by the extracellular constitution and concentration of various soluble factors. Generated effector cells secrete such mediators, including antibodies, chemo‐ and cytokines to achieve functionality. These secreted factors organize the individual immune cells into functional tissues, initiate, orchestrate, and regulate the immune response. Therefore, a single‐cell resolved analysis of protein secretion is a valuable tool for studying the heterogeneity and functionality of immune cells. This review aims to provide a comparative overview of various methods to characterize immune reactions by measuring single‐cell protein secretion. Spot‐based and cytometry‐based assays, such as ELISpot and flow cytometry, respectively, are well‐established methods applied in basic research and clinical settings. Emerging novel technologies, such as microfluidic platforms, offer new ways to measure and exploit protein secretion in immune reactions. Further technological advances will allow the deciphering of protein secretion in immunological responses with unprecedented detail, linking secretion to functionality. Here, we summarize the development and recent advances of tools that allow the analysis of protein secretion at the single‐cell level, and discuss and contrast their applications within immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia T M Bucheli
- ETH Laboratory for Functional Immune Repertoire Analysis, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, D-CHAB, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ingibjörg Sigvaldadóttir
- ETH Laboratory for Functional Immune Repertoire Analysis, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, D-CHAB, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Eyer
- ETH Laboratory for Functional Immune Repertoire Analysis, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, D-CHAB, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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14
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Li F, Li X, Su J, Li Y, He X, Chen L, Zhang Y. Hydrophilic molecularly imprinted polymers functionalized magnetic carbon nanotubes for selective extraction of cyclic adenosine monophosphate from winter jujube. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:2131-2142. [PMID: 33721391 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202001095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a green strategy was developed to prepare molecularly imprinted polymers functionalized magnetic carbon nanotubes in aqueous phase under mild conditions for cyclic adenosine monophosphate. Thanks to water solubility of chitosan, a natural polysaccharide which is rich in amino and hydroxyl groups, provided the feasibility to synthesize the green molecularly imprinted polymers for water soluble template in aqueous media. Coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography, the method exhibited a short equilibrium time (6 min), high adsorption capacity (22.42 μg/mg), high magnetic susceptibility, and good selectivity to template molecule with the imprinting factor of 2.94. A good linearity in the range of 0.020-3.0 mg/mL for target was obtained with a correlation coefficient of 0.9998. The limit of detection (signal-to-noise ratio = 3) and limit of quantitation (signal-to-noise ratio = 10) of the magnetic solid phase extraction method for cyclic adenosine monophosphate were 5 and 15 ng/mg, respectively. And the practical application of chitosan-based molecularly imprinted polymers as adsorbent to isolate and determine cyclic adenosine monophosphate in real natural samples (winter jujube) was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, P. R. China.,College of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxuan Li
- College of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Jie Su
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Yijun Li
- College of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China.,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Nankai University), Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Xiwen He
- College of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Langxing Chen
- College of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Yukui Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China.,Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, P. R. China
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15
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Single-Cell Proteomics. Trends Biochem Sci 2021; 46:661-672. [PMID: 33653632 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2021.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The inability to make broad, minimally biased measurements of a cell's proteome stands as a major bottleneck for understanding how gene expression translates into cellular phenotype. Unlike sequencing for nucleic acids, there is no dominant method for making single-cell proteomic measurements. Instead, methods typically focus on either absolute quantification of a small number of proteins or highly multiplexed protein measurements. Advances in microfluidics and output encoding have led to major improvements in both aspects. Here, we review the most recent progress that has enabled hundreds of protein measurements and ultrahigh-sensitivity quantification. We also highlight emerging technologies such as single-cell mass spectrometry that may enable unbiased measurement of cellular proteomes.
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16
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Haidas D, Napiorkowska M, Schmitt S, Dittrich PS. Parallel Sampling of Nanoliter Droplet Arrays for Noninvasive Protein Analysis in Discrete Yeast Cultivations by MALDI-MS. Anal Chem 2020; 92:3810-3818. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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17
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Tavakoli H, Zhou W, Ma L, Perez S, Ibarra A, Xu F, Zhan S, Li X. Recent advances in microfluidic platforms for single-cell analysis in cancer biology, diagnosis and therapy. Trends Analyt Chem 2019; 117:13-26. [PMID: 32831435 PMCID: PMC7434086 DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Understanding molecular, cellular, genetic and functional heterogeneity of tumors at the single-cell level has become a major challenge for cancer research. The microfluidic technique has emerged as an important tool that offers advantages in analyzing single-cells with the capability to integrate time-consuming and labour-intensive experimental procedures such as single-cell capture into a single microdevice at ease and in a high-throughput fashion. Single-cell manipulation and analysis can be implemented within a multi-functional microfluidic device for various applications in cancer research. Here, we present recent advances of microfluidic devices for single-cell analysis pertaining to cancer biology, diagnostics, and therapeutics. We first concisely introduce various microfluidic platforms used for single-cell analysis, followed with different microfluidic techniques for single-cell manipulation. Then, we highlight their various applications in cancer research, with an emphasis on cancer biology, diagnosis, and therapy. Current limitations and prospective trends of microfluidic single-cell analysis are discussed at the end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Tavakoli
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai
University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of
Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Ave, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Wan Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of
Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Ave, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Lei Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of
Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Ave, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Stefani Perez
- Biomedical Engineering, Border Biomedical Research Center,
Environmental Science & Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West
University Ave, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Andrea Ibarra
- Biomedical Engineering, Border Biomedical Research Center,
Environmental Science & Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West
University Ave, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Feng Xu
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center,
Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049, People’s Republic of
China
| | - Sihui Zhan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai
University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
| | - XiuJun Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai
University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of
Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Ave, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
- Biomedical Engineering, Border Biomedical Research Center,
Environmental Science & Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West
University Ave, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
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18
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Haidas D, Bachler S, Köhler M, Blank LM, Zenobi R, Dittrich PS. Microfluidic Platform for Multimodal Analysis of Enzyme Secretion in Nanoliter Droplet Arrays. Anal Chem 2019; 91:2066-2073. [PMID: 30571917 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
High-throughput screening of cell-secreted proteins is essential for various biotechnological applications. In this article, we show a microfluidic approach to perform the analysis of cell-secreted proteins in nanoliter droplet arrays by two complementary methods, fluorescence microscopy and mass spectrometry. We analyzed the secretion of the enzyme phytase, a phosphatase used as an animal feed additive, from a low number of yeast cells. Yeast cells were encapsulated in nanoliter volumes by droplet microfluidics and deposited on spatially defined spots on the surface of a glass slide mounted on the motorized stage of an inverted fluorescence microscope. During the following incubation for several hours to produce phytase, the droplets can be monitored by optical microscopy. After addition of a fluorogenic substrate at a defined time, the relative concentration of phytase was determined in every droplet. Moreover, we demonstrate the use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) to monitor the multistep conversion of the native substrate phytic acid by phytase secreted in 7 nL droplets containing 50-100 cells. Our method can be adapted to various other protocols. As the droplets are easily accessible, compounds such as assay reagents or matrix molecules can be added to all or to selected droplets only, or part of the droplet volume could be removed. Hence, this platform is a versatile tool for questions related to cell secretome analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Haidas
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering , ETH Zürich , Mattenstrasse 26 , 4058 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Simon Bachler
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering , ETH Zürich , Mattenstrasse 26 , 4058 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Martin Köhler
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Lars M Blank
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, Aachen Biology and Biotechnology , RWTH Aachen University , Worringer Weg 1 , 52074 Aachen , Germany
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Petra S Dittrich
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering , ETH Zürich , Mattenstrasse 26 , 4058 Basel , Switzerland
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19
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Shirai K, Mawatari K, Ohta R, Shimizu H, Kitamori T. A single-molecule ELISA device utilizing nanofluidics. Analyst 2019; 143:943-948. [PMID: 29364290 DOI: 10.1039/c7an01144j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Single molecule analysis is desired in many areas that require the analysis of ultra-small volume and/or extremely low concentration samples (e.g., single-cell biology, medicine diagnosis, virus detection, etc.). Due to the ultra-small volume or concentration, the sample contains only single or countable analyte molecules. Thus, specific single molecules should be precisely processed and detected for analysis. However, except nucleic acids, most molecules are difficult to amplify, and a new analytical methodology for specific single molecules is thus essential. For this, efficient chemical processing and detection, which are important analytical elements, should be developed. Here, we report a single-molecule ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) device utilizing micro/nanofluidic technology. Both chemical processing and detection were integrated into an ultra-small space (102 nm in size), and the integration allowed precise processing (∼100% capture) and detection of a specific single molecule (protein) for the first time. This new concept and enabling technology represent a significant innovation in analytical chemistry and will have a large impact on general biology and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Shirai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
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20
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Armbrecht L, Müller RS, Nikoloff J, Dittrich PS. Single-cell protein profiling in microchambers with barcoded beads. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2019; 5:55. [PMID: 31700673 PMCID: PMC6826046 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-019-0099-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Single-cell profiling provides insights into cellular behaviour that macroscale cell cultures and bulk measurements cannot reveal. In the context of personalized cancer treatment, the profiling of individual tumour cells may lead to higher success rates for therapies by rapidly selecting the most efficacious drugs. Currently, genomic analysis at the single-cell level is available through highly sensitive sequencing approaches. However, the identification and quantification of intracellular or secreted proteins or metabolites remains challenging. Here, we introduce a microfluidic method that facilitates capture, automated data acquisition and the multiplexed quantification of proteins from individual cells. The microfluidic platform comprises 1026 chambers with a volume of 152 pL each, in which single cells and barcoded beads are co-immobilized. We demonstrated multiplexed single-cell protein quantification with three different mammalian cell lines, including two model breast cancer cell lines. We established on-chip immunoassays for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), galectin-3 (Gal-3) and galectin-3 binding protein (Gal-3bp) with detection limits as low as 7.0 × 104, 2.3 × 105 and 1.8 × 103 molecules per cell, respectively. The three investigated cell types had high cytosolic levels of GAPDH and could be clearly differentiated by their expression levels of Gal-3 and Gal-3bp, which are important factors that contribute to cancer metastasis. Because it employed commercially available barcoded beads for this study, our platform could be easily used for the single-cell protein profiling of several hundred different targets. Moreover, this versatile method is applicable to the analysis of bacteria, yeast and mammalian cells and nanometre-sized lipid vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Armbrecht
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rafael Sebastian Müller
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Nikoloff
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Petra Stephanie Dittrich
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
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21
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Nakao T, Mawatari K, Kazoe Y, Mori E, Shimizu H, Kitamori T. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay utilizing thin-layered microfluidics. Analyst 2019; 144:6625-6634. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an01491h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An antibody-immobilized thin-layered glass microfluidic channel with a high surface-to-volume ratio was developed for rapid and sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuro Nakao
- Department of Bioengineering
- School of Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 113–8656
- Japan
| | - Kazuma Mawatari
- Department of Bioengineering
- School of Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 113–8656
- Japan
| | - Yutaka Kazoe
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- School of Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 113–8656
- Japan
| | - Emi Mori
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- School of Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 113–8656
- Japan
| | - Hisashi Shimizu
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- School of Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 113–8656
- Japan
| | - Takehiko Kitamori
- Department of Bioengineering
- School of Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 113–8656
- Japan
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22
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Lin CC, Bachmann M, Bachler S, Venkatesan K, Dittrich PS. Tunable Membrane Potential Reconstituted in Giant Vesicles Promotes Permeation of Cationic Peptides at Nanomolar Concentrations. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:41909-41916. [PMID: 30450894 PMCID: PMC6420060 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b12217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the influence of membrane potential on the permeation of cationic peptides. Therefore, we employ a microfluidic chip capable of capturing giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) in physical traps and fast exchange of chemical compounds. Control experiments with calcein proved that the vesicle membranes' integrity is not affected by the physical traps and applied shear forces. Combined with fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, permeation of fluorescently labeled peptides across vesicle membranes can be measured down to the nanomolar level. With the addition of a lipophilic ruthenium(II) complex Ru(C17)22+, GUVs consisting of mixed acyl phospholipids are prepared with a negative membrane potential, resembling the membrane asymmetry in cells. The membrane potential serves as a driving force for the permeation of cationic cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) nonaarginine (Arg9) and the human immunodeficiency virus trans-activator of transcription (TAT) peptide already at nanomolar doses. Hyperpolarization of the membrane by photo-oxidation of Ru(C17)22+ enhances permeation significantly from 55 to 78% for Arg9. This specific enhancement for Arg9 (cf. TAT) is ascribed to the higher affinity of the arginines to the phosphoserine head groups. On the other hand, permeation is decreased by introducing an additional negative charge in close proximity to the N-terminal arginine residue when changing the fluorophore. In short, with the capability to reconstitute membrane potential as well as shear stress, our system is a suitable platform for modeling the membrane permeability of pharmaceutics candidates. The results also highlight the membrane potential as a major cause of discrepancies between vesicular and cellular studies on CPP permeation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Chen Lin
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Bachmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Bachler
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Koushik Venkatesan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Petra S. Dittrich
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
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23
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Chatzimichail S, Supramaniam P, Ces O, Salehi-Reyhani A. Counting Proteins in Single Cells with Addressable Droplet Microarrays. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 30035757 DOI: 10.3791/56110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Often cellular behavior and cellular responses are analyzed at the population level where the responses of many cells are pooled together as an average result masking the rich single cell behavior within a complex population. Single cell protein detection and quantification technologies have made a remarkable impact in recent years. Here we describe a practical and flexible single cell analysis platform based on addressable droplet microarrays. This study describes how the absolute copy numbers of target proteins may be measured with single cell resolution. The tumor suppressor p53 is the most commonly mutated gene in human cancer, with more than 50% of total cancer cases exhibiting a non-healthy p53 expression pattern. The protocol describes steps to create 10 nL droplets within which single human cancer cells are isolated and the copy number of p53 protein is measured with single molecule resolution to precisely determine the variability in expression. The method may be applied to any cell type including primary material to determine the absolute copy number of any target proteins of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Oscar Ces
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London
| | - Ali Salehi-Reyhani
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London;
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24
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Thomford NE, Senthebane DA, Rowe A, Munro D, Seele P, Maroyi A, Dzobo K. Natural Products for Drug Discovery in the 21st Century: Innovations for Novel Drug Discovery. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1578. [PMID: 29799486 PMCID: PMC6032166 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 522] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic properties of plants have been recognised since time immemorial. Many pathological conditions have been treated using plant-derived medicines. These medicines are used as concoctions or concentrated plant extracts without isolation of active compounds. Modern medicine however, requires the isolation and purification of one or two active compounds. There are however a lot of global health challenges with diseases such as cancer, degenerative diseases, HIV/AIDS and diabetes, of which modern medicine is struggling to provide cures. Many times the isolation of "active compound" has made the compound ineffective. Drug discovery is a multidimensional problem requiring several parameters of both natural and synthetic compounds such as safety, pharmacokinetics and efficacy to be evaluated during drug candidate selection. The advent of latest technologies that enhance drug design hypotheses such as Artificial Intelligence, the use of 'organ-on chip' and microfluidics technologies, means that automation has become part of drug discovery. This has resulted in increased speed in drug discovery and evaluation of the safety, pharmacokinetics and efficacy of candidate compounds whilst allowing novel ways of drug design and synthesis based on natural compounds. Recent advances in analytical and computational techniques have opened new avenues to process complex natural products and to use their structures to derive new and innovative drugs. Indeed, we are in the era of computational molecular design, as applied to natural products. Predictive computational softwares have contributed to the discovery of molecular targets of natural products and their derivatives. In future the use of quantum computing, computational softwares and databases in modelling molecular interactions and predicting features and parameters needed for drug development, such as pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics, will result in few false positive leads in drug development. This review discusses plant-based natural product drug discovery and how innovative technologies play a role in next-generation drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Ekow Thomford
- Pharmacogenomics and Drug Metabolism Group, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, PMB, Cape Coast, Ghana.
| | - Dimakatso Alice Senthebane
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Wernher and Beit Building (South), University of Cape Town Medical Campus, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.
- Division of Medical Biochemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.
| | - Arielle Rowe
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Wernher and Beit Building (South), University of Cape Town Medical Campus, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.
| | - Daniella Munro
- Pharmacogenomics and Drug Metabolism Group, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.
| | - Palesa Seele
- Division of Chemical and Systems Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.
| | - Alfred Maroyi
- Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag, Alice X1314, South Africa.
| | - Kevin Dzobo
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Wernher and Beit Building (South), University of Cape Town Medical Campus, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.
- Division of Medical Biochemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.
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25
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Wang X, Liu A, Xing Y, Duan H, Xu W, Zhou Q, Wu H, Chen C, Chen B. Three-dimensional graphene biointerface with extremely high sensitivity to single cancer cell monitoring. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 105:22-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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26
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Fan Y, Dong D, Li Q, Si H, Pei H, Li L, Tang B. Fluorescent analysis of bioactive molecules in single cells based on microfluidic chips. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:1151-1173. [PMID: 29541737 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc01333g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Single-cell analysis of bioactive molecules is an essential strategy for a better understanding of cell biology, exploring cell heterogeneity, and improvement of the ability to detect early diseases. In single-cell analysis, highly efficient single-cell manipulation techniques and high-sensitive detection schemes are in urgent need. The rapid development of fluorescent analysis techniques combined with microfluidic chips have offered a widely applicable solution. Thus, in this review, we mainly focus on the application of fluorescence methods in components analysis on microchips at a single-cell level. By targeting different types of biological molecules in cells such as nucleic acids, proteins, and active small molecules, we specially introduce and comment on their corresponding fluorescent probes, fluorescence labelling and sensing strategies, and different fluorescence detection instruments used in single-cell analysis on a microfluidic chip. We hope that through this review, readers will have a better understanding of single-cell fluorescence analysis, especially for single-cell component fluorescence analysis based on microfluidic chips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Fan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China.
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27
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Cellular dielectrophoresis coupled with single-cell analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:2499-2515. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-0896-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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28
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Ven K, Vanspauwen B, Pérez-Ruiz E, Leirs K, Decrop D, Gerstmans H, Spasic D, Lammertyn J. Target Confinement in Small Reaction Volumes Using Microfluidic Technologies: A Smart Approach for Single-Entity Detection and Analysis. ACS Sens 2018; 3:264-284. [PMID: 29363316 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.7b00873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decades, the study of cells, nucleic acid molecules, and proteins has evolved from ensemble measurements to so-called single-entity studies. The latter offers huge benefits, not only as biological research tools to examine heterogeneities among individual entities within a population, but also as biosensing tools for medical diagnostics, which can reach the ultimate sensitivity by detecting single targets. Whereas various techniques for single-entity detection have been reported, this review focuses on microfluidic systems that physically confine single targets in small reaction volumes. We categorize these techniques as droplet-, microchamber-, and nanostructure-based and provide an overview of their implementation for studying single cells, nucleic acids, and proteins. We furthermore reflect on the advantages and limitations of these techniques and highlight future opportunities in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Ven
- Department
of Biosystems, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bram Vanspauwen
- Department
of Biosystems, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elena Pérez-Ruiz
- Department
of Biosystems, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karen Leirs
- Department
of Biosystems, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Deborah Decrop
- Department
of Biosystems, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hans Gerstmans
- Department
of Biosystems, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Department
of Applied biosciences, Ghent University, Valentyn Vaerwyckweg 1 - building
C, 9000 Gent, Belgium
- Department
of Biosystems, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg
21, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dragana Spasic
- Department
of Biosystems, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Lammertyn
- Department
of Biosystems, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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29
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja M. Weiz
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences (IIN); IFW Dresden; Helmholtzstraße 20 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Mariana Medina-Sánchez
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences (IIN); IFW Dresden; Helmholtzstraße 20 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Oliver G. Schmidt
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences (IIN); IFW Dresden; Helmholtzstraße 20 01069 Dresden Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics; Chemnitz University of Technology; Reichenhainer Straße 70 09107 Chemnitz Germany
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31
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Salehi-Reyhani A. Evaluating single molecule detection methods for microarrays with high dynamic range for quantitative single cell analysis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17957. [PMID: 29263350 PMCID: PMC5738400 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18303-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Single molecule microarrays have been used in quantitative proteomics, in particular, single cell analysis requiring high sensitivity and ultra-low limits of detection. In this paper, several image analysis methods are evaluated for their ability to accurately enumerate single molecules bound to a microarray spot. Crucially, protein abundance in single cells can vary significantly and may span several orders of magnitude. This poses a challenge to single molecule image analysis. In order to quantitatively assess the performance of each method, synthetic image datasets are generated with known ground truth whereby the number of single molecules varies over 5 orders of magnitude with a range of signal to noise ratios. Experiments were performed on synthetic datasets whereby the number of single molecules per spot corresponds to realistic single cell distributions whose ground truth summary statistics are known. The methods of image analysis are assessed in their ability to accurately estimate the distribution parameters. It is shown that super-resolution image analysis methods can significantly improve counting accuracy and better cope with single molecule congestion. The results highlight the challenge posed by quantitative single cell analysis and the implications to performing such analyses using microarray based approaches are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Salehi-Reyhani
- Department Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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32
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Murphy TW, Zhang Q, Naler LB, Ma S, Lu C. Recent advances in the use of microfluidic technologies for single cell analysis. Analyst 2017; 143:60-80. [PMID: 29170786 PMCID: PMC5839671 DOI: 10.1039/c7an01346a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The inherent heterogeneity in cell populations has become of great interest and importance as analytical techniques have improved over the past decades. With the advent of personalized medicine, understanding the impact of this heterogeneity has become an important challenge for the research community. Many different microfluidic approaches with varying levels of throughput and resolution exist to study single cell activity. In this review, we take a broad view of the recent microfluidic developments in single cell analysis based on microwell, microchamber, and droplet platforms. We cover physical, chemical, and molecular biology approaches for cellular and molecular analysis including newly emerging genome-wide analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis W Murphy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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33
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Abstract
Small-molecule drug discovery can be viewed as a challenging multidimensional problem in which various characteristics of compounds - including efficacy, pharmacokinetics and safety - need to be optimized in parallel to provide drug candidates. Recent advances in areas such as microfluidics-assisted chemical synthesis and biological testing, as well as artificial intelligence systems that improve a design hypothesis through feedback analysis, are now providing a basis for the introduction of greater automation into aspects of this process. This could potentially accelerate time frames for compound discovery and optimization and enable more effective searches of chemical space. However, such approaches also raise considerable conceptual, technical and organizational challenges, as well as scepticism about the current hype around them. This article aims to identify the approaches and technologies that could be implemented robustly by medicinal chemists in the near future and to critically analyse the opportunities and challenges for their more widespread application.
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34
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Stratz S, Verboket PE, Hasler K, Dittrich PS. Cultivation and quantitative single-cell analysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on a multifunctional microfluidic device. Electrophoresis 2017; 39:540-547. [PMID: 28880404 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Here, we present a multifunctional microfluidic device whose integrative design enables to combine cell culture studies and quantitative single cell biomolecule analysis. The platform consists of 32 analysis units providing two key features; first, a micrometer-sized trap for hydrodynamic capture of a single Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) yeast cell; second, a convenient double-valve configuration surrounding the trap. Actuating of the outer valve with integrated opening results in a partial isolation in a volume of 11.8 nL, i.e. the cell surrounding fluid can be exchanged diffusion-based without causing shear stress or cell loss. Actuation of the inner ring-shaped valve isolates the trapped cell completely in a small analysis volume of 230 pL. The device was used to determine the growth rate of yeast cells (S. cerevisiae) under under optimum and oxidative stress conditions. In addition, we successfully quantified the cofactor beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAD(P)H) in single and few cells exposed to the different microenvironments. In conclusion, the microdevice enables to analyze the influence of an external stress factor on the cellular fitness in a fast and more comprehensive way as cell growth and intracellular biomolecule levels can be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Stratz
- ETH Zurich, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Zurich, Switzerland.,ETH Zurich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Emilio Verboket
- ETH Zurich, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Zurich, Switzerland.,ETH Zurich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Karina Hasler
- ETH Zurich, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Zurich, Switzerland
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35
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Li X, Fan B, Cao S, Chen D, Zhao X, Men D, Yue W, Wang J, Chen J. A microfluidic flow cytometer enabling absolute quantification of single-cell intracellular proteins. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:3129-3137. [PMID: 28805868 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00546f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Quantification of single-cell proteomics provides key insights into cellular heterogeneity while conventional flow cytometry cannot provide absolute quantification of intracellular proteins of single cells due to the lack of calibration approaches. This paper presents a constriction channel (with a cross sectional area smaller than cells) based microfluidic flow cytometer, capable of collecting copy numbers of specific intracellular proteins. In this platform, single cells stained with fluorescence labelled antibodies were forced to squeeze through the constriction channel with the fluorescence intensities quantified and since cells fully filled the constriction channel during the squeezing process, solutions with fluorescence labelled antibodies were flushed into the constriction channel to obtain calibration curves. By combining raw fluorescence data and calibration curves, absolute quantification of intracellular proteins was realized. As a demonstration, copy numbers of beta-actin of single tumour cells were quantified to be 0.90 ± 0.30 μM (A549, ncell = 14 228), 2.34 ± 0.70 μM (MCF 10A, ncell = 2455), and 0.98 ± 0.65 μM (Hep G2, ncell = 6945). The travelling time for individual cells was quantified to be roughly 10 ms and thus a throughput of 100 cells per s can be achieved. This microfluidic system can be used to quantify the copy numbers of intracellular proteins in a high-throughput manner, which may function as an enabling technique in the field of single-cell proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China.
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36
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Armbrecht L, Gabernet G, Kurth F, Hiss JA, Schneider G, Dittrich PS. Characterisation of anticancer peptides at the single-cell level. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:2933-2940. [PMID: 28736788 PMCID: PMC6440648 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00505a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The development of efficacious anticancer therapeutics is difficult due to the heterogeneity of the cellular response to chemotherapy. Anticancer peptides (ACPs) are promising drug candidates that have been shown to be active against a range of cancer cells. However, few ACP studies focus on tumour single-cell heterogeneities. In order to address this need, we developed a microfluidic device and an imaging procedure that enable the capture, monitoring, and analysis of several hundred single cells for the study of drug response. MCF-7 human breast adenocarcinoma cells were captured in hydrodynamic traps and isolated in individual microchambers of less than 100 pL volume. With pneumatic valves, different sets of microchambers were actuated to expose the cells to various drugs. Here, the effect of three membranolytic ACPs - melittin, aurein 1.2 and aurein 2.2 - was investigated by monitoring the efflux of calcein from single MCF-7 cells. The loss of membrane integrity was observed with two different strategies that allow either focusing on one cell for mechanistic studies or parallel analysis of hundreds of individual cells. In general, the device is applicable to the analysis of the effect of various drugs on a large number of different cell types. The platform will enable us in the future to determine the origin of heterogeneous responses on pharmacological substances like ACPs within cell populations by combining it with other on-chip analytical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Armbrecht
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
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37
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Lin L, Mawatari K, Morikawa K, Pihosh Y, Yoshizaki A, Kitamori T. Micro/extended-nano sampling interface from a living single cell. Analyst 2017; 142:1689-1696. [PMID: 28393168 DOI: 10.1039/c7an00220c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Single-cell analysis is of increasing importance in many fields, but is challenging due to the ultra-small volumes (picoliters) of single cells. Indeed, analysis of a specific analyte might require the analysis of a single molecule or several molecules. Analytical processes usually include sampling, chemical processing, and detection. Although several papers have reported chemical processing and detection methods for single cells, a sampling method compatible with maintaining the viability of a single cell during sampling has yet to be developed. Here, we propose a femtoliter sampling method from a living single cell using micro/nanofluidic device technology. The sampling of 39 fL of cytoplasm from a single human aortic endothelial cell was demonstrated and its viability after sampling was confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lin
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - K Mawatari
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - K Morikawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Y Pihosh
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - A Yoshizaki
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - T Kitamori
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
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38
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Kuhn P, Eyer K, Dittrich PS. A microfluidic device for the delivery of enzymes into cells by liposome fusion. Eng Life Sci 2017; 18:149-156. [PMID: 29416447 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201600150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Liposomes are versatile carriers of drugs or biomolecules and are ideally suited to transport molecules into cells. However, mechanistic studies to understand and improve the fusion of liposomes with cell membranes and endosomes are difficult. Here, we report a method that allows for stable coimmobilization of liposomes and living cells, thereby bringing the membranes into close contact, which is essential for membrane fusion. The small unilamellar liposomes are tethered to the surface by a linker so that no modification of the liposome membrane for cell binding is required. The cells are positioned above the liposomes by posts that are integrated into the microfluidic device, and a pH drop induces the fusion of the cell-liposome membranes. Both membrane fusion and release of molecules into the cytosol are visualized by fluorescence dequenching assays. Furthermore, we proved the efficient delivery of the enzyme β-galactosidase into the cells when a fusogenic liposome composition was used. The device could be used for fusion studies but is also a versatile means for cell transfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Kuhn
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Eth Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Eyer
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Eth Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Petra S Dittrich
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Eth Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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39
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Armbrecht
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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40
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Zhang K, Wang K, Zhu X, Xie M. Ultrasensitive fluorescence detection of transcription factors based on kisscomplex formation and the T7 RNA polymerase amplification method. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:5846-5849. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc02231j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report a kisscomplex based protein fluorescence assay (KPFA) method, which employed the formation of a kisscomplex and the T7 RNA polymerase amplification method, for the assay of transcription factors with high sensitivity. The detection limits of MITF and NF-κB p65 are 0.23 pM and 0.496 pM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine
- Ministry of Health
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine
- Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine
- Wuxi
| | - Ke Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine
- Ministry of Health
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine
- Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine
- Wuxi
| | - Xue Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine
- Ministry of Health
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine
- Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine
- Wuxi
| | - Minhao Xie
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine
- Ministry of Health
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine
- Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine
- Wuxi
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41
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Yamada A, Renault R, Chikina A, Venzac B, Pereiro I, Coscoy S, Verhulsel M, Parrini MC, Villard C, Viovy JL, Descroix S. Transient microfluidic compartmentalization using actionable microfilaments for biochemical assays, cell culture and organs-on-chip. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:4691-4701. [PMID: 27797384 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc01143h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We report here a simple yet robust transient compartmentalization system for microfluidic platforms. Cylindrical microfilaments made of commercially available fishing lines are embedded in a microfluidic chamber and employed as removable walls, dividing the chamber into several compartments. These partitions allow tight sealing for hours, and can be removed at any time by longitudinal sliding with minimal hydrodynamic perturbation. This allows the easy implementation of various functions, previously impossible or requiring more complex instrumentation. In this study, we demonstrate the applications of our strategy, firstly to trigger chemical diffusion, then to make surface co-coating or cell co-culture on a two-dimensional substrate, and finally to form multiple cell-laden hydrogel compartments for three-dimensional cell co-culture in a microfluidic device. This technology provides easy and low-cost solutions, without the use of pneumatic valves or external equipment, for constructing well-controlled microenvironments for biochemical and cellular assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Yamada
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, 75005, Paris, France. and Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 75005, Paris, France and Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Renaud Renault
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, 75005, Paris, France. and Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 75005, Paris, France and Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Aleksandra Chikina
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, 75005, Paris, France. and Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 75005, Paris, France and Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Bastien Venzac
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, 75005, Paris, France. and Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 75005, Paris, France and Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Iago Pereiro
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, 75005, Paris, France. and Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 75005, Paris, France and Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Coscoy
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, 75005, Paris, France. and Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Marine Verhulsel
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, 75005, Paris, France. and Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 75005, Paris, France and Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Maria Carla Parrini
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, 75005, Paris, France and ART group, Inserm U830, 75248 Paris, France
| | - Catherine Villard
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, 75005, Paris, France. and Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 75005, Paris, France and Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Louis Viovy
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, 75005, Paris, France. and Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 75005, Paris, France and Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Descroix
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, 75005, Paris, France. and Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 75005, Paris, France and Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, 75005, Paris, France
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42
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Lin L, Mawatari K, Morikawa K, Kitamori T. Living Single Cell Analysis Platform Utilizing Microchannel, Single Cell Chamber, and Extended-nano Channel. ANAL SCI 2016; 32:75-8. [PMID: 26753709 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.32.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Single cell analysis has been of great interest in recent years. In particular, to achieve living single cell analysis is the ultimate goal to study the dynamic process of the single cell. However, single cell volume is pL in scale, and it is difficult to realize living single cell analysis, even by microfluidic technology (nL-sub nL). Herein, a novel microfluidic platform was developed by integrating a single cell chamber and an extended-nano channel (aL-fL volume). A single cell was isolated and cultured for more than 12 h by pressure-driven flow control. In addition, an electric resistance measurement method was developed to monitor the cell viability without fluorescence labeling. This platform will provide a new method for living single cell analysis by utilizing the novel analytical functions of the extended-nano space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Lin
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo
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43
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Stratz S, Dittrich PS. A Microfluidic Device for Immunoassay-Based Protein Analysis of Single E. coli Bacteria. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1346:11-25. [PMID: 26542712 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2987-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
We present a method suitable for quantitative analysis of intracellular proteins, metabolites and secondary messengers of single bacterial cells. The method integrates the concept of immunoassays on a microfluidic device that facilitates single cell trapping and isolating in a small volume of a few tens of picoliters. Combination of the benefits of microfluidic systems for single cell analysis with the high analytical selectivity and sensitivity of immunoassays enables the detection of even low abundant intracellular analytes which occur only at a few hundred copies per bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Stratz
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, Zurich, 8091, Switzerland
| | - Petra S Dittrich
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, Zurich, 8091, Switzerland.
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44
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Kim SH, Fujii T. Efficient analysis of a small number of cancer cells at the single-cell level using an electroactive double-well array. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:2440-9. [PMID: 27189335 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00241b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of the intracellular materials of a small number of cancer cells at the single-cell level is important to improve our understanding of cellular heterogeneity in rare cells. To analyze an extremely small number of cancer cells (less than hundreds of cells), an efficient system is required in order to analyze target cells with minimal sample loss. Here, we present a novel approach utilizing an advanced electroactive double-well array (EdWA) for on-chip analysis of a small number of cancer cells at the single-cell level with minimal loss of target cells. The EdWA consisted of cell-sized trap-wells for deterministic single-cell trapping using dielectrophoresis and high aspect ratio reaction-wells for confining the cell lysates extracted by lysing trapped single cells via electroporation. We demonstrated a highly efficient single-cell arraying (a cell capture efficiency of 96 ± 3%) by trapping diluted human prostate cancer cells (PC3 cells). On-chip single-cell analysis was performed by measuring the intracellular β-galactosidase (β-gal) activity after lysing the trapped single cells inside a tightly enclosed EdWA in the presence of a fluorogenic enzyme substrate. The PC3 cells showed large cell-to-cell variations in β-gal activity although they were cultured under the same conditions in a culture dish. This simple and effective system has great potential for high throughput single-cell analysis of rare cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Hyeon Kim
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan.
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45
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Yang M, Nelson R, Ros A. Toward Analysis of Proteins in Single Cells: A Quantitative Approach Employing Isobaric Tags with MALDI Mass Spectrometry Realized with a Microfluidic Platform. Anal Chem 2016; 88:6672-9. [PMID: 27257853 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Protein identification and quantification in individual cells is essential to understand biological processes such as those involved in cell apoptosis, cancer, biomarker discovery, disease diagnostics, pathology, or therapy. Compared with present single cell genome analysis, probing the protein content of single cells has been hampered by the lack of a protein amplification technique. Here, we report the development of a quantitative mass spectrometric approach combined with microfluidic technology reaching the detection sensitivity of high abundant proteins in single cells. A microfluidic platform with a series of chambers and valves, ensuring a set of defined wells for absolute quantification of targeted proteins, was developed and combined with isotopic labeling strategies employing isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-labels. To this aim, we adapted iTRAQ labeling to an on-chip protocol. Simultaneous protein digestion and labeling performed on the microfluidic platform rendered the labeling strategy compatible with all necessary manipulation steps on-chip, including the matrix delivery for MALDI-TOF analysis. We demonstrate this approach with the apoptosis related protein Bcl-2 and quantitatively assess the number of Bcl-2 molecules detected. We anticipate that this approach will eventually allow quantification of protein expression on the single cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian Yang
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States.,Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Randall Nelson
- Molecular Biomarkers Laboratory, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Alexandra Ros
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States.,Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
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46
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Krone KM, Warias R, Ritter C, Li A, Acevedo-Rocha CG, Reetz MT, Belder D. Analysis of Enantioselective Biotransformations Using a Few Hundred Cells on an Integrated Microfluidic Chip. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:2102-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b12443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karin M. Krone
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstrasse 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rico Warias
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstrasse 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Cornelia Ritter
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Aitao Li
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
| | - Carlos G. Acevedo-Rocha
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
| | - Manfred T. Reetz
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
| | - Detlev Belder
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstrasse 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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47
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Hümmer D, Kurth F, Naredi-Rainer N, Dittrich PS. Single cells in confined volumes: microchambers and microdroplets. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:447-58. [PMID: 26758781 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc01314c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices capable of manipulating and guiding small fluid volumes open new methodical approaches in the fields of biology, pharmacy, and medicine. They have already proven their extraordinary value for cell analysis. The emergence of microfluidic platforms has paved the way to novel analytical strategies for the positioning, treatment and observation of living cells, for the creation of chemically defined liquid environments, and for tailoring biomechanical or physical conditions in small volumes. In this article, we particularly focus on two complementary approaches: (i) the isolation of cells in small chambers defined by microchannels and integrated valves and (ii) the encapsulation of cells in microdroplets. We review the advantages and limitations of both approaches and discuss their potential for single-cell analysis and related fields. Our intention is also to give a recommendation on which platform is most appropriate for a new question, i.e., a guideline to choose the most suitable platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hümmer
- ETH Zurich - Department of Biosystems Science Engineering, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - F Kurth
- ETH Zurich - Department of Biosystems Science Engineering, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - N Naredi-Rainer
- ETH Zurich - Department of Biosystems Science Engineering, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - P S Dittrich
- ETH Zurich - Department of Biosystems Science Engineering, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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48
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Peng Y, Li X, Yuan R, Xiang Y. Steric hindrance inhibition of strand displacement for homogeneous and signal-on fluorescence detection of human serum antibodies. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:12586-12589. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc06893f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Steric hindrance inhibition of strand displacement enables homogeneous and signal-on fluorescence detection of human serum antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Peng
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
| | - Ruo Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
| | - Yun Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
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49
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Li Y, Ma X, Xu Z, Liu M, Lin Z, Qiu B, Guo L, Chen G. Multicolor ELISA based on alkaline phosphatase-triggered growth of Au nanorods. Analyst 2016; 141:2970-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c6an00117c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work, seed-mediated synthesis of gold nanorods (AuNRs) is demonstrated for multicolor biosensing for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Li
- Institute of Nanomedicine and Nanobiosensing
- The Key Lab of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety of the MOE and Fujian Province
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou
| | - Xiaoming Ma
- Institute of Nanomedicine and Nanobiosensing
- The Key Lab of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety of the MOE and Fujian Province
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou
| | - Zhengming Xu
- Institute of Nanomedicine and Nanobiosensing
- The Key Lab of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety of the MOE and Fujian Province
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou
| | - Meihua Liu
- Fuqing Branch of Fujian Normal University
- Fuqing
- China
| | - Zhenyu Lin
- Institute of Nanomedicine and Nanobiosensing
- The Key Lab of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety of the MOE and Fujian Province
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou
| | - Bin Qiu
- Institute of Nanomedicine and Nanobiosensing
- The Key Lab of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety of the MOE and Fujian Province
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou
| | - Longhua Guo
- Institute of Nanomedicine and Nanobiosensing
- The Key Lab of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety of the MOE and Fujian Province
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou
| | - Guonan Chen
- Institute of Nanomedicine and Nanobiosensing
- The Key Lab of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety of the MOE and Fujian Province
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou
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50
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Blue R, Uttamchandani D. Recent advances in optical fiber devices for microfluidics integration. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2016; 9:13-25. [PMID: 27115035 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201500170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper examines the recent emergence of miniaturized optical fiber based sensing and actuating devices that have been successfully integrated into fluidic microchannels that are part of microfluidic and lab-on-chip systems. Fluidic microsystems possess the advantages of reduced sample volumes, faster and more sensitive biological assays, multi-sample and parallel analysis, and are seen as the de facto bioanalytical platform of the future. This paper considers the cases where the optical fiber is not merely used as a simple light guide delivering light across a microchannel, but where the fiber itself is engineered to create a new sensor or tool for use within the environment of the fluidic microchannel.
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