1
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Zerdoumi R, Quast T, Tetteh EB, Kim M, Li L, Dieckhöfer S, Schuhmann W. Integration of Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy and Scanning Electrochemical Cell Microscopy in a Bifunctional Nanopipette toward Simultaneous Mapping of Activity and Selectivity in Electrocatalysis. Anal Chem 2024; 96:10886-10892. [PMID: 38925554 PMCID: PMC11238158 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) and scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) were integrated in a single bifunctional probe for simultaneous mapping of the oxygen reduction current and the oxidation current of the produced H2O2. The dual probe is fabricated from a double-barrel θ capillary, comprising one open barrel filled with the electrolyte and another filled with pyrolytic carbon. Pt is deposited with a gas injection system (GIS) at the end of the carbon barrel. The probe integrates the advantages of both SECM and SECCM by forming an electrochemical droplet cell that embeds the Pt working electrode of the carbon barrel directly into the electrolyte meniscus formed upon sample contact from the electrolyte barrel. The versatility of the dual probe is demonstrated by mapping the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) current and the H2O2 oxidation current of a Pt microstrip on a gold substrate. This allows simultaneous localized electrochemical measurements, highlighting the potential of the dual probe for broader applications in characterizing the electrocatalytic properties of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ridha Zerdoumi
- Analytical Chemistry-Center
for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Quast
- Analytical Chemistry-Center
for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Batsa Tetteh
- Analytical Chemistry-Center
for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Moonjoo Kim
- Analytical Chemistry-Center
for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Lejing Li
- Analytical Chemistry-Center
for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Stefan Dieckhöfer
- Analytical Chemistry-Center
for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry-Center
for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
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2
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Krushinski LE, Kauffmann PJ, Wang AK, Dick JE. Considerations for dual barrel electrode fabrication and experimentation. Analyst 2024; 149:2180-2189. [PMID: 38426542 PMCID: PMC10962018 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01969a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
New electrochemical probes offer the opportunity to investigate new systems. A dual barrel electrode can be laser pulled to produce micron-sized platinum disk electrodes. Here, we detail several important considerations for both the fabrication process and for experimental implimentation of the probe. We provide parameters for a Sutter P-2000 laser puller, methods for optical and electrochemical characterization, tips for how to successfully bevel the microelectrodes, and how salt concentrations and electrostatic discharge affect the voltammetry. This paper serves as a guide for how to successfully implement dual barrel electrodes from fabrication to experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn E Krushinski
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - Philip J Kauffmann
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - Amber K Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - Jeffrey E Dick
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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3
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Kauffmann PJ, Walker NL, Gupta V, Dick JE. Triple-Barrel Ultramicroelectrodes for Multipurpose, Submilliliter Electroanalysis. Anal Chem 2023; 95:8411-8416. [PMID: 37218147 PMCID: PMC10911394 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Here, we have developed and applied a triple-barrel microelectrode. This device incorporates a platinum disk working electrode, a platinum disk counter electrode, and a low-leakage Ag/AgCl reference electrode into a small probe. We demonstrate that the incorporated low-leakage reference electrode shows similar voltammetry, potentiometry, and drift when compared to a commercial reference electrode in bulk solution. We also demonstrate the versatility of such a small three-channel system via voltammetry in nanoliter droplets and through electroanalysis of captured aerosols. Finally, we demonstrate the probe's potential utility in single-cell electroanalysis by making measurements within salmon eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Kauffmann
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Nicole L Walker
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Vanshika Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jeffrey E Dick
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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4
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Gwon HJ, Lim D, Nam Y, Ahn HS. Quadruple nanoelectrode assembly for simultaneous analysis of multiple redox species and its application to multi-channel scanning electrochemical microscopy. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1226:340287. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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5
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Jiang X, Zhou Y, Chen Y, Shao Y, Feng J. Etching-Engineered Low-Voltage Dielectrophoretic Nanotweezers for Trapping of Single Molecules. Anal Chem 2021; 93:12549-12555. [PMID: 34514774 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the functions of biomolecules at the single-molecule level is crucial due to their important and diverse roles in cell regulation. Recently, nanotweezers made of dual carbon nanoelectrodes have been developed for single-cell biopsies by applying a high alternating voltage. However, high electric voltage can induce Joule heating, water electrolysis, and other side effects on cell activity, which may be unfavorable for cellular applications. Here, we report a low-voltage nanotweezer for trapping of single DNA molecules using etching-engineered nanoelectrodes which effectively reduce the minimum trapping voltage by six times. Meanwhile, the low-voltage nanotweezer displays an improved trapping stiffness. Based on the finite element method simulations, we attribute the mechanism for the low-voltage nanotweezers to the increase in spatial heterogeneity and nonuniformity of electric field by etching of quartz near the nanoelectrodes. This work opens a new dimension for noninvasive single-molecule manipulation in solution and potential applications in single-cell biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Jiang
- Laboratory of Experimental Physical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Laboratory of Experimental Physical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yuang Chen
- Laboratory of Experimental Physical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yuanhua Shao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jiandong Feng
- Laboratory of Experimental Physical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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6
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Wang M, Liu J, Liang X, Gao R, Zhou Y, Nie X, Shao Y, Guan Y, Fu L, Zhang J, Shao Y. Electrochemiluminescence Based on a Dual Carbon Ultramicroelectrode with Confined Steady-State Annihilation. Anal Chem 2021; 93:4528-4535. [PMID: 33657320 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Developing novel microelectronic devices for electrochemical measurements and electrochemiluminescence (ECL) study is of great importance. Herein, we fabricated a submicrometer-sized dual carbon electrode (DCE) and investigated its annihilation ECL behavior under steady-state conditions for the first time. The oxidation and reduction of the model luminophore, [Ru(bpy)3]2+, occurred separately at the two sides of the DCE, and the electrogenerated ions then diffused to the gap between the two electrodes to generate the excited-state intermediate [Ru(bpy)3]2+* and ECL emission. Compared with other types of two-electrode systems, the prepared DCE possesses a smaller total size and an ultrasmall interelectrode distance of 60 nm or less, which could result in a shorter diffusion time and an amplified ECL signal without the purification of the solvent and supporting electrolytes. On the basis of the constructed ECL microscopic platform, we successfully obtained a stable and confined ECL signal in the vicinity of the electrode tip. Furthermore, a two-dimensional finite element method simulation of this model system was performed to quantitively analyze the concentration profiles of the electrogenerated species around the tip of the DCE and predict the concentrations of [Ru(bpy)3]2+* with various gap distances. The simulation results also proved that the higher concentrations of [Ru(bpy)3]2+* could be achieved with a smaller distance with a possible amplification factor of 6 (compared with the concentration when the gap distance is greater than 300 nm). This work provides an experimental model for further improvement of ECL efficiency and broadens the availability for annihilation ECL applications in small confined spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Junjie Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Xu Liang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Rongyao Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, P. R. China
| | - Yiming Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, P. R. China
| | - Xin Nie
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yi Shao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yan Guan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Limin Fu
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, P. R. China
| | - Jianping Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, P. R. China
| | - Yuanhua Shao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
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7
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Ying YL, Wang J, Leach AR, Jiang Y, Gao R, Xu C, Edwards MA, Pendergast AD, Ren H, Weatherly CKT, Wang W, Actis P, Mao L, White HS, Long YT. Single-entity electrochemistry at confined sensing interfaces. Sci China Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-020-9716-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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8
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Wang Z, Liu Y, Yu L, Li Y, Qian G, Chang S. Nanopipettes: a potential tool for DNA detection. Analyst 2019; 144:5037-5047. [PMID: 31290857 DOI: 10.1039/c9an00633h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
As the information in DNA is of practical value for clinical diagnosis, it is important to develop efficient and rapid methods for DNA detection. In the past decades, nanopores have been extensively explored for DNA detection due to their low cost and high efficiency. As a sub-group of the solid-state nanopore, nanopipettes exhibit great potential for DNA detection which is ascribed to their stability, ease of fabrication and good compatibility with other technologies, compared with biological and traditional solid-state nanopores. Herein, the review systematically summarizes the recent progress in DNA detection with nanopipettes and highlights those studies dedicated to improve the performance of DNA detection using nanopipettes through different approaches, including reducing the rate of DNA translocation, improving the spatial resolution of sensing nanopipettes, and controlling DNA molecules through novel techniques. Besides, some new perspectives of the integration of nanopipettes with other technologies are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, and Institute of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China.
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9
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Nadappuram BP, Cadinu P, Barik A, Ainscough AJ, Devine MJ, Kang M, Gonzalez-Garcia J, Kittler JT, Willison KR, Vilar R, Actis P, Wojciak-Stothard B, Oh SH, Ivanov AP, Edel JB. Nanoscale tweezers for single-cell biopsies. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 14:80-88. [PMID: 30510280 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-018-0315-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Much of the functionality of multicellular systems arises from the spatial organization and dynamic behaviours within and between cells. Current single-cell genomic methods only provide a transcriptional 'snapshot' of individual cells. The real-time analysis and perturbation of living cells would generate a step change in single-cell analysis. Here we describe minimally invasive nanotweezers that can be spatially controlled to extract samples from living cells with single-molecule precision. They consist of two closely spaced electrodes with gaps as small as 10-20 nm, which can be used for the dielectrophoretic trapping of DNA and proteins. Aside from trapping single molecules, we also extract nucleic acids for gene expression analysis from living cells without affecting their viability. Finally, we report on the trapping and extraction of a single mitochondrion. This work bridges the gap between single-molecule/organelle manipulation and cell biology and can ultimately enable a better understanding of living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paolo Cadinu
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Avijit Barik
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Alexander J Ainscough
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Toxicology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Michael J Devine
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Minkyung Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Josef T Kittler
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Ramon Vilar
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Paolo Actis
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Pollard Institute, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Sang-Hyun Oh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Joshua B Edel
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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10
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Filice FP, Ding Z. Analysing single live cells by scanning electrochemical microscopy. Analyst 2019; 144:738-752. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an01490f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) offers single live cell activities along its topography toward cellular physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraser P. Filice
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Western Ontario
- London
- Canada
| | - Zhifeng Ding
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Western Ontario
- London
- Canada
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11
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Shi W, Zeng Y, Zhou L, Xiao Y, Cummins TR, Baker LA. Membrane patches as ion channel probes for scanning ion conductance microscopy. Faraday Discuss 2018; 193:81-97. [PMID: 27711908 DOI: 10.1039/c6fd00133e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We describe dual-barrel ion channel probes (ICPs), which consist of an open barrel and a barrel with a membrane patch directly excised from a donor cell. When incorporated with scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM), the open barrel (SICM barrel) serves to measure the distance-dependent ion current for non-invasive imaging and positioning of the probe in the same fashion of traditional SICM. The second barrel with the membrane patch supports ion channels of interest and was used to investigate ion channel activities. To demonstrate robust probe control with the dual-barrel ICP-SICM probe and verify that the two barrels are independently addressable, current-distance characteristics (approach curves) were obtained with the SICM barrel and simultaneous, current-time (I-T) traces were recorded with the ICP barrel. To study the influence that the distance between ligand-gated ion channels (i.e., large conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels/BK channels) and the ligand source (i.e., Ca2+ source) has on channel activations, ion channel activities were recorded at two fixed probe-substrate distances (Dps) with the ICP barrel. The two fixed positions were determined from approach curves acquired with the SICM barrel. One position was defined as the "In-control" position, where the probe was in close proximity to the ligand source; the second position was defined as the "Far" position, where the probe was retracted far away from the ligand source. Our results confirm that channel activities increased dramatically with respect to both open channel probability and single channel current when the probe was near the ligand source, as opposed to when the probe was far away from the ligand source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA.
| | - Yuhan Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA.
| | - Lushan Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA.
| | - Yucheng Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, 320 W. 15th St., Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Theodore R Cummins
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, 320 W. 15th St., Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Lane A Baker
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA.
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12
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Zhang S, Li M, Su B, Shao Y. Fabrication and Use of Nanopipettes in Chemical Analysis. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2018; 11:265-286. [PMID: 29894227 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061417-125840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes progress in the fabrication, modification, characterization, and applications of nanopipettes since 2010. A brief history of nanopipettes is introduced, and the details of fabrication, modification, and characterization of nanopipettes are provided. Applications of nanopipettes in chemical analysis are the focus in several cases, including recent progress in imaging; in the study of single molecules, single nanoparticles, and single cells; in fundamental investigations of charge transfer (ion and electron) reactions at liquid/liquid interfaces; and as hyphenated techniques combined with other methods to study the mechanisms of complicated electrochemical reactions and to conduct bioanalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shudong Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
| | - Mingzhi Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
| | - Bin Su
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Yuanhua Shao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
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13
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Stephens LI, Mauzeroll J. Altered Spatial Resolution of Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Induced by Multifunctional Dual-Barrel Microelectrodes. Anal Chem 2018; 90:6796-6803. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa I. Stephens
- Laboratory for Electrochemical Reactive
Imaging and Detection of Biological Systems, Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Janine Mauzeroll
- Laboratory for Electrochemical Reactive
Imaging and Detection of Biological Systems, Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
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14
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Lin TE, Rapino S, Girault HH, Lesch A. Electrochemical imaging of cells and tissues. Chem Sci 2018; 9:4546-4554. [PMID: 29899947 PMCID: PMC5969511 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc01035h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This minireview summarizes the recent achievements of electrochemical imaging platforms to map cellular functions in biological specimens using electrochemical scanning nano/micro-probe microscopy and 2D chips containing microelectrode arrays.
The technological and experimental progress in electrochemical imaging of biological specimens is discussed with a view on potential applications for skin cancer diagnostics, reproductive medicine and microbial testing. The electrochemical analysis of single cell activity inside cell cultures, 3D cellular aggregates and microtissues is based on the selective detection of electroactive species involved in biological functions. Electrochemical imaging strategies, based on nano/micrometric probes scanning over the sample and sensor array chips, respectively, can be made sensitive and selective without being affected by optical interference as many other microscopy techniques. The recent developments in microfabrication, electronics and cell culturing/tissue engineering have evolved in affordable and fast-sampling electrochemical imaging platforms. We believe that the topics discussed herein demonstrate the applicability of electrochemical imaging devices in many areas related to cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-En Lin
- Laboratory of Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry (LEPA) , École Polytechnique Fédéderale de Lausanne , EPFL Valais Valais , Rue de l'Industrie 17 , CP 440 , 1951 Sion , Switzerland .
| | - Stefania Rapino
- Chemistry Department "Giacomo Ciamician" , University of Bologna , Via Selmi 2 , 40126 Bologna , Italy
| | - Hubert H Girault
- Laboratory of Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry (LEPA) , École Polytechnique Fédéderale de Lausanne , EPFL Valais Valais , Rue de l'Industrie 17 , CP 440 , 1951 Sion , Switzerland .
| | - Andreas Lesch
- Laboratory of Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry (LEPA) , École Polytechnique Fédéderale de Lausanne , EPFL Valais Valais , Rue de l'Industrie 17 , CP 440 , 1951 Sion , Switzerland .
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15
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Gao Y, Li B, Singhal R, Fontecchio A, Pelleg B, Orynbayeva Z, Gogotsi Y, Friedman G. Perfusion double-channel micropipette probes for oxygen flux mapping with single-cell resolution. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 9:850-860. [PMID: 29600146 PMCID: PMC5852649 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.9.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Measuring cellular respiration with single-cell spatial resolution is a significant challenge, even with modern tools and techniques. Here, a double-channel micropipette is proposed and investigated as a probe to achieve this goal by sampling fluid near the point of interest. A finite element model (FEM) of this perfusion probe is validated by comparing simulation results with experimental results of hydrodynamically confined fluorescent molecule diffusion. The FEM is then used to investigate the dependence of the oxygen concentration variation and the measurement signal on system parameters, including the pipette's shape, perfusion velocity, position of the oxygen sensors within the pipette, and proximity of the pipette to the substrate. The work demonstrates that the use of perfusion double-barrel micropipette probes enables the detection of oxygen consumption signals with micrometer spatial resolution, while amplifying the signal, as compared to sensors without the perfusion system. In certain flow velocity ranges (depending on pipette geometry and configuration), the perfusion flow increases oxygen concentration gradients formed due to cellular oxygen consumption. An optimal perfusion velocity for respiratory measurements on single cells can be determined for different system parameters (e.g., proximity of the pipette to the substrate). The optimum perfusion velocities calculated in this paper range from 1.9 to 12.5 μm/s. Finally, the FEM model is used to show that the spatial resolution of the probe may be varied by adjusting the pipette tip diameter, which may allow oxygen consumption mapping of cells within tissue, as well as individual cells at subcellular resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Riju Singhal
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Adam Fontecchio
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ben Pelleg
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Zulfiya Orynbayeva
- Department of Surgery, Drexel University, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Yury Gogotsi
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Gary Friedman
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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16
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Pathirathna P, Balla RJ, Amemiya S. Simulation of Fast-Scan Nanogap Voltammetry at Double-Cylinder Ultramicroelectrodes. JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY 2018; 165:G3026-G3032. [PMID: 31156270 PMCID: PMC6541457 DOI: 10.1149/2.0051812jes] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
High temporal resolution of fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) is widely appreciated in fundamental and applied electrochemistry to quantitatively investigate rapid dynamics of electron transfer and neurotransmission using ultramicroelectrodes (UMEs). Faster potential scan, however, linearly increases the background current, which must be subtracted for quantitative FSCV. Herein, we numerically simulate fast-scan nanogap voltammetry (FSNV) for quantitative detection of diffusing redox species under quasi-steady states without the need of background subtraction while maintaining high temporal resolution of transient FSCV. These advantages of FSNV originate from the use of a parallel pair of cylindrical UMEs with nanometer-wide separation in contrast to FSCV with single UMEs. In FSNV, diffusional redox cycling across the nanogap is driven voltammetrically at the generator electrode and monitored amperometrically at the collector electrode without the transient background. We reveal that the cylindrical collector electrode can reach quasi-steady states ~104 times faster than the generator electrode with identical sizes to allow for fast scan. Double-microcylinder and nanocylinder UMEs enable quasi-steady-state FSNV at hundreds volts per second as practiced for in-vivo FSCV and megavolts per second as achieved for ultra-FSCV, respectively. Rational design and simple fabrication of double-cylinder UMEs are proposed to broaden the application of nanogap voltammetry.
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17
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Gu C, Nie X, Zhang X, Dong Y, Zhang X, Gu Y, Shao Y. Influence of supporting electrolytes on the electron transfer and ion transfer coupling processes at a liquid/liquid interface. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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Bell CG, Seelanan P, O'Hare D. Microelectrode generator-collector systems for electrolytic titration: theoretical and practical considerations. Analyst 2017; 142:4048-4057. [PMID: 28980672 DOI: 10.1039/c7an01450c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Electochemical generator-collector systems, where one electrode is used to generate a reagent, have a potentially large field of application in sensing and measurement. We present a new theoretical description for coplanar microelectrode disc-disc systems where the collector is passive (such as a potentiometric sensor) and the generator is operating at constant flux. This solution is then used to develop a leading order solution for such a system where the reagent reacts reversibly in solution, such as in acid-base titration, where a hydrogen ion flux is generated by electrolysis of water. The principal novel result of the theory is that such devices are constrained by a maximum reagent flux. The hydrogen ion concentration at the collector will only reflect the buffer capacity of the bulk solution if this constraint is met. Both mathematical solutions are evaluated with several microfabricated devices and reasonable agreement with theory is demonstrated.
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19
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Chennit K, Trasobares J, Anne A, Cambril E, Chovin A, Clément N, Demaille C. Electrochemical Imaging of Dense Molecular Nanoarrays. Anal Chem 2017; 89:11061-11069. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khalil Chennit
- Laboratoire
d’Electrochimie Moléculaire, UMR 7591 CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 15 rue
Jean-Antoine de Baïf, F-75205
Cedex 13, Paris, France
| | - Jorge Trasobares
- Institute
of Electronics, Microelectronics and Nanotechnology, CNRS, University of Lille, Avenue Poincaré, BP60069, 59652, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - Agnès Anne
- Laboratoire
d’Electrochimie Moléculaire, UMR 7591 CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 15 rue
Jean-Antoine de Baïf, F-75205
Cedex 13, Paris, France
| | - Edmond Cambril
- Centre
de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, C2N-Marcoussis, 91460, Marcoussis, France
| | - Arnaud Chovin
- Laboratoire
d’Electrochimie Moléculaire, UMR 7591 CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 15 rue
Jean-Antoine de Baïf, F-75205
Cedex 13, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Clément
- Institute
of Electronics, Microelectronics and Nanotechnology, CNRS, University of Lille, Avenue Poincaré, BP60069, 59652, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - Christophe Demaille
- Laboratoire
d’Electrochimie Moléculaire, UMR 7591 CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 15 rue
Jean-Antoine de Baïf, F-75205
Cedex 13, Paris, France
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20
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Meloni GN, Bertotti M. 3D printing scanning electron microscopy sample holders: A quick and cost effective alternative for custom holder fabrication. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182000. [PMID: 28753638 PMCID: PMC5533330 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple and cost effective alternative for fabricating custom Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) sample holders using 3D printers and conductive polylactic acid filament is presented. The flexibility of the 3D printing process allowed for the fabrication of sample holders with specific features that enable the high-resolution imaging of nanoelectrodes and nanopipettes. The precise value of the inner semi cone angle of the nanopipettes taper was extracted from the acquired images and used for calculating their radius using electrochemical methods. Because of the low electrical resistivity presented by the 3D printed holder, the imaging of non-conductive nanomaterials, such as alumina powder, was found to be possible. The fabrication time for each sample holder was under 30 minutes and the average cost was less than $0.50 per piece. Despite being quick and economical to fabricate, the sample holders were found to be sufficiently resistant, allowing for multiple uses of the same holder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel N. Meloni
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo—SP, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Mauro Bertotti
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo—SP, Brazil
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21
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Nanofabrication of the gold scanning probe for the STM-SECM coupling system with nanoscale spatial resolution. Sci China Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-017-9029-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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22
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Ying YL, Ding Z, Zhan D, Long YT. Advanced electroanalytical chemistry at nanoelectrodes. Chem Sci 2017; 8:3338-3348. [PMID: 28507703 PMCID: PMC5416909 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc00433h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoelectrodes, with dimensions below 100 nm, have the advantages of high sensitivity and high spatial resolution. These electrodes have attracted increasing attention in various fields such as single cell analysis, single-molecule detection, single particle characterization and high-resolution imaging. The rapid growth of novel nanoelectrodes and nanoelectrochemical methods brings enormous new opportunities in the field. In this perspective, we discuss the challenges, advances, and opportunities for nanoelectrode fabrication, real-time characterizations and high-performance electrochemical instrumentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lun Ying
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai , 200237 , P. R. China .
| | - Zhifeng Ding
- Department of Chemistry , University of Western Ontario , 1151 Richmond Street , London , ON N6A 5B7 , Canada
| | - Dongping Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces , Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM) , Department of Chemistry , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen , 361005 , P. R. China
| | - Yi-Tao Long
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai , 200237 , P. R. China .
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23
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Meloni GN, Bertotti M. Ring-disc Microelectrodes towards Glutathione Electrochemical Detection. ELECTROANAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201600574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel N. Meloni
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry; Institute of Chemistry; University of São Paulo; Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748 05508-000 São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Mauro Bertotti
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry; Institute of Chemistry; University of São Paulo; Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748 05508-000 São Paulo, SP Brazil
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24
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Chen R, Hu K, Yu Y, Mirkin MV, Amemiya S. Focused-Ion-Beam-Milled Carbon Nanoelectrodes for Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY 2016; 163:H3032-H3037. [PMID: 27642187 PMCID: PMC5025261 DOI: 10.1149/2.0071604jes] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) has emerged as a powerful electrochemical method that enables the study of interfacial reactions with unprecedentedly high spatial and kinetic resolution. In this work, we develop carbon nanoprobes with high electrochemical reactivity and well-controlled size and geometry based on chemical vapor deposition of carbon in quartz nanopipets. Carbon-filled nanopipets are milled by focused ion beam (FIB) technology to yield a flat disk tip with a thin quartz sheath as confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. The extremely high electroactivity of FIB-milled carbon nanotips is quantified by enormously high standard electron-transfer rate constants of ≥10 cm/s for Ru(NH3)63+. The tip size and geometry are characterized in electrolyte solutions by SECM approach curve measurements not only to determine inner and outer tip radii of down to ~27 and ~38 nm, respectively, but also to ensure the absence of a conductive carbon layer on the outer wall. In addition, FIB-milled carbon nanotips reveal the limited conductivity of ~100 nm-thick gold films under nanoscale mass-transport conditions. Importantly, carbon nanotips must be protected from electrostatic damage to enable reliable and quantitative nanoelectrochemical measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, USA
| | - Keke Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College–CUNY, Flushing, New York 11367, USA
| | - Yun Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College–CUNY, Flushing, New York 11367, USA
| | - Michael V. Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College–CUNY, Flushing, New York 11367, USA
| | - Shigeru Amemiya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, USA
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25
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Marquitan M, Clausmeyer J, Actis P, Córdoba AL, Korchev Y, Mark MD, Herlitze S, Schuhmann W. Intracellular Hydrogen Peroxide Detection with Functionalised Nanoelectrodes. ChemElectroChem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201600390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Marquitan
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES); Ruhr-Universität Bochum; Universitätsstraße 150 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Jan Clausmeyer
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES); Ruhr-Universität Bochum; Universitätsstraße 150 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Paolo Actis
- Department of Medicine; Imperial College London; London W12 0NN UK
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering; University of Leeds; Leeds LS2 9JT UK
| | | | - Yuri Korchev
- Department of Medicine; Imperial College London; London W12 0NN UK
| | - Melanie D. Mark
- Department of General Zoology and Neurobiology; Ruhr-Universität Bochum; Universitätsstraße 150 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Stefan Herlitze
- Department of General Zoology and Neurobiology; Ruhr-Universität Bochum; Universitätsstraße 150 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES); Ruhr-Universität Bochum; Universitätsstraße 150 44780 Bochum Germany
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26
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Fan Y, Han C, Zhang B. Recent advances in the development and application of nanoelectrodes. Analyst 2016; 141:5474-87. [PMID: 27510555 DOI: 10.1039/c6an01285j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Nanoelectrodes have key advantages compared to electrodes of conventional size and are the tool of choice for numerous applications in both fundamental electrochemistry research and bioelectrochemical analysis. This Minireview summarizes recent advances in the development, characterization, and use of nanoelectrodes in nanoscale electroanalytical chemistry. Methods of nanoelectrode preparation include laser-pulled glass-sealed metal nanoelectrodes, mass-produced nanoelectrodes, carbon nanotube based and carbon-filled nanopipettes, and tunneling nanoelectrodes. Several new topics of their recent application are covered, which include the use of nanoelectrodes for electrochemical imaging at ultrahigh spatial resolution, imaging with nanoelectrodes and nanopipettes, electrochemical analysis of single cells, single enzymes, and single nanoparticles, and the use of nanoelectrodes to understand single nanobubbles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunshan Fan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98115, USA.
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27
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28
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Nanoelectrodes: Applications in electrocatalysis, single-cell analysis and high-resolution electrochemical imaging. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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29
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Original Dual Microelectrode: Writing and Reading a local click reaction with Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.10.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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30
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Zhang Y, Clausmeyer J, Babakinejad B, Córdoba AL, Ali T, Shevchuk A, Takahashi Y, Novak P, Edwards C, Lab M, Gopal S, Chiappini C, Anand U, Magnani L, Coombes RC, Gorelik J, Matsue T, Schuhmann W, Klenerman D, Sviderskaya EV, Korchev Y. Spearhead Nanometric Field-Effect Transistor Sensors for Single-Cell Analysis. ACS NANO 2016; 10:3214-3221. [PMID: 26816294 PMCID: PMC4933202 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b05211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanometric field-effect-transistor (FET) sensors are made on the tip of spear-shaped dual carbon nanoelectrodes derived from carbon deposition inside double-barrel nanopipettes. The easy fabrication route allows deposition of semiconductors or conducting polymers to comprise the transistor channel. A channel from electrodeposited poly pyrrole (PPy) exhibits high sensitivity toward pH changes. This property is exploited by immobilizing hexokinase on PPy nano-FETs to give rise to a selective ATP biosensor. Extracellular pH and ATP gradients are key biochemical constituents in the microenvironment of living cells; we monitor their real-time changes in relation to cancer cells and cardiomyocytes. The highly localized detection is possible because of the high aspect ratio and the spear-like design of the nano-FET probes. The accurately positioned nano-FET sensors can detect concentration gradients in three-dimensional space, identify biochemical properties of a single living cell, and after cell membrane penetration perform intracellular measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Zhang
- Department of Medicine, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Clausmeyer
- Analytical Chemistry—Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | | | | | - Tayyibah Ali
- Department of Medicine, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | | | - Yasufumi Takahashi
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Pavel Novak
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary, University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | | | - Max Lab
- Department of Cardiac Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Sahana Gopal
- Department of Medicine, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Ciro Chiappini
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Uma Anand
- Department of Medicine, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Luca Magnani
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - R. Charles Coombes
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Gorelik
- Department of Cardiac Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Tomokazu Matsue
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry—Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
- Corresponding Authors (Wolfgang Schuhmann)
| | - David Klenerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- (David Klenerman)
| | - Elena V. Sviderskaya
- Cell Biology and Genetics Research Centre, St. George's
University of London, London SW17 0RE, United Kingdom
- (Elena V. Sviderskaya)
| | - Yuri Korchev
- Department of Medicine, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
- (Yuri Korchev)
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31
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Knittel P, Bibikova O, Kranz C. Challenges in nanoelectrochemical and nanomechanical studies of individual anisotropic gold nanoparticles. Faraday Discuss 2016; 193:353-369. [PMID: 27711902 DOI: 10.1039/c6fd00128a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The characterization of nanoparticles and the correlation of physical properties such as size and shape to their (electro)chemical properties is an emerging field, which may facilitate future optimization and tuning of devices involving nanoparticles. This requires the investigation of individual particles rather than obtaining averaged information on large ensembles. Here, we present atomic force – scanning electrochemical microscopy (AFM-SECM) measurements of soft conductive PDMS substrates modified with gold nanostars (i.e., multibranched Au nanoparticles) in peak force tapping mode, which next to the electrochemical characterization provides information on the adhesion, deformation properties, and Young's modulus of the sample. AFM-SECM probes with integrated nanodisc electrodes (radii < 50 nm) have been used for these measurements. Most studies attempting to map individual nanoparticles have to date been performed at spherical nanoparticles, rather than highly active asymmetric gold nanoparticles. Consequently, this study discusses challenges during the nanocharacterization of individual anisotropic gold nanostars.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Knittel
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
- Ulm University
- 89081 Ulm
- Germany
| | - O. Bibikova
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
- Ulm University
- 89081 Ulm
- Germany
| | - C. Kranz
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
- Ulm University
- 89081 Ulm
- Germany
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32
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Clausmeyer J, Botz A, Öhl D, Schuhmann W. The oxygen reduction reaction at the three-phase boundary: nanoelectrodes modified with Ag nanoclusters. Faraday Discuss 2016; 193:241-250. [DOI: 10.1039/c6fd00101g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Silver nanoclusters are deposited on bifunctional Θ-shaped nanoelectrodes consisting of a carbon nanoelectrode combined with a hollow nanopipette. The Θ-nanoelectrodes are used as model systems to study interfacial mass transport in gas diffusion electrodes and in particular oxygen-depolarized cathodes (ODC) for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in chlor-alkali electrolysers. By local delivery of O2 gas to the electroactive Ag nanoclusters through the adjacent nanopipette, enhanced currents for the ORR at the Ag nanoparticles are recorded which are not accountable when considering the low solubility and slow diffusion of O2 in highly alkaline media. Instead, local oversaturation of O2 leads to current enhancement at the Ag nanoclusters. Due to the intrinsic high mass transport rates at the nanometric electrodes accompanied by local delivery of reactants, the method generally allows to study electrochemical reactions at single nanoparticles beyond the limitations induced by slow diffusion and low reactant concentration. Kinetic and mechanistic information, for instance derived from Tafel slopes, can be obtained from kinetic regimes not accessible to standard techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Clausmeyer
- Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES)
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum
- Bochum
- Germany
| | - Alexander Botz
- Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES)
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum
- Bochum
- Germany
| | - Denis Öhl
- Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES)
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum
- Bochum
- Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES)
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum
- Bochum
- Germany
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33
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Hao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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34
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Michalak M, Kurel M, Jedraszko J, Toczydlowska D, Wittstock G, Opallo M, Nogala W. Voltammetric pH Nanosensor. Anal Chem 2015; 87:11641-5. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Michalak
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, PL-01224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Kurel
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, PL-01224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Jedraszko
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, PL-01224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Diana Toczydlowska
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, PL-01224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Gunther Wittstock
- Institute
of Chemistry, Center of Interface Science, Faculty of Mathematics
and Science, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Marcin Opallo
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, PL-01224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Nogala
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, PL-01224 Warsaw, Poland
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35
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Byers JC, Paulose Nadappuram B, Perry D, McKelvey K, Colburn AW, Unwin PR. Single Molecule Electrochemical Detection in Aqueous Solutions and Ionic Liquids. Anal Chem 2015; 87:10450-6. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua C. Byers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | | | - David Perry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Kim McKelvey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Alex W. Colburn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Patrick R. Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
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36
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Adam C, Kanoufi F, Sojic N, Etienne M. Shearforce positioning of nanoprobe electrode arrays for scanning electrochemical microscopy experiments. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.04.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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37
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Zhang Z, Shi J, Huang W. Study of the ion-channel behavior on glassy carbon electrode supported bilayer lipid membranes stimulated by perchlorate anion. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2015; 55:431-5. [PMID: 26117774 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.05.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a kind of didodecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB) layer membranes was supported on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). We studied the ion channel behavior of the supported bilayer lipid membrane by scanning electrochemical microscopy (SCEM) in tris(2,2'-bipyridine) ruthenium(II) solution. Perchlorate anion was used as a presence of stimulus and ruthenium(II) complex cations as the probing ions for the measurement of SECM, the lipid membrane channel was opened and exhibited the behavior of distinct SECM positive feedback curve. The channel was in a closed state in the absence of perchlorate anions while reflected the behavior of SECM negative feedback curve. The rates of electron transfer reaction in the lipid membranes surface were detected and it was dependant on the potential of SECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiquan Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Shi
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Weimin Huang
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China.
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Nadappuram BP, McKelvey K, Byers JC, Güell AG, Colburn AW, Lazenby RA, Unwin PR. Quad-barrel multifunctional electrochemical and ion conductance probe for voltammetric analysis and imaging. Anal Chem 2015; 87:3566-73. [PMID: 25719392 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication and use of a multifunctional electrochemical probe incorporating two independent carbon working electrodes and two electrolyte-filled barrels, equipped with quasi-reference counter electrodes (QRCEs), in the end of a tapered micrometer-scale pipet is described. This "quad-probe" (4-channel probe) was fabricated by depositing carbon pyrolytically into two diagonally opposite barrels of a laser-pulled quartz quadruple-barrelled pipet. After filling the open channels with electrolyte solution, a meniscus forms at the end of the probe and covers the two working electrodes. The two carbon electrodes can be used to drive local electrochemical reactions within the meniscus while a bias between the QRCEs in the electrolyte channels provides an ion conductance signal that is used to control and position the meniscus on a surface of interest. When brought into contact with a surface, localized high resolution amperometric imaging can be achieved with the two carbon working electrodes with a spatial resolution defined by the meniscus contact area. The substrate can be an insulating material or (semi)conductor, but herein, we focus mainly on conducting substrates that can be connected as a third working electrode. Studies using both aqueous and ionic liquid electrolytes in the probe, together with gold and individual single walled carbon nanotube samples, demonstrate the utility of the technique. Substrate generation-dual tip collection measurements are shown to be characterized by high collection efficiencies (approaching 100%). This hybrid configuration of scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) and scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) should be powerful for future applications in electrode mapping, as well as in studies of insulating materials as demonstrated by transient spot redox-titration measurements at an electrostatically charged Teflon surface and at a pristine calcite surface, where a functionalized probe is used to follow the immediate pH change due to dissolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kim McKelvey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua C Byers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Aleix G Güell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Alex W Colburn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A Lazenby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick R Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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O’Connell MA, Wain AJ. Mapping Electroactivity at Individual Catalytic Nanostructures Using High-Resolution Scanning Electrochemical–Scanning Ion Conductance Microcopy. Anal Chem 2014; 86:12100-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac502946q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew J. Wain
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
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Barton ZJ, Rodríguez-López J. Lithium Ion Quantification Using Mercury Amalgams as in Situ Electrochemical Probes in Nonaqueous Media. Anal Chem 2014; 86:10660-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac502517b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J. Barton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 58 Roger Adams Laboratory, 600 South
Matthews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Joaquín Rodríguez-López
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 58 Roger Adams Laboratory, 600 South
Matthews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Clausmeyer J, Actis P, López Córdoba A, Korchev Y, Schuhmann W. Nanosensors for the detection of hydrogen peroxide. Electrochem commun 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2013.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Kleijn SEF, Lai SCS, Koper MTM, Unwin PR. Electrochemistry of Nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:3558-86. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201306828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Actis P, Tokar S, Clausmeyer J, Babakinejad B, Mikhaleva S, Cornut R, Takahashi Y, López Córdoba A, Novak P, Shevchuck AI, Dougan JA, Kazarian SG, Gorelkin PV, Erofeev AS, Yaminsky IV, Unwin PR, Schuhmann W, Klenerman D, Rusakov DA, Sviderskaya EV, Korchev YE. Electrochemical nanoprobes for single-cell analysis. ACS NANO 2014; 8:875-84. [PMID: 24377306 DOI: 10.1021/nn405612q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The measurement of key molecules in individual cells with minimal disruption to the biological milieu is the next frontier in single-cell analyses. Nanoscale devices are ideal analytical tools because of their small size and their potential for high spatial and temporal resolution recordings. Here, we report the fabrication of disk-shaped carbon nanoelectrodes whose radius can be precisely tuned within the range 5-200 nm. The functionalization of the nanoelectrode with platinum allowed the monitoring of oxygen consumption outside and inside a brain slice. Furthermore, we show that nanoelectrodes of this type can be used to impale individual cells to perform electrochemical measurements within the cell with minimal disruption to cell function. These nanoelectrodes can be fabricated combined with scanning ion conductance microscopy probes, which should allow high resolution electrochemical mapping of species on or in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Actis
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London , London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
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Kranz C. Recent advancements in nanoelectrodes and nanopipettes used in combined scanning electrochemical microscopy techniques. Analyst 2014; 139:336-52. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an01651j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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