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Silva DF, Melo ALP, Uchôa AFC, Pereira GMA, Alves AEF, Vasconcellos MC, Xavier-Júnior FH, Passos MF. Biomedical Approach of Nanotechnology and Biological Risks: A Mini-Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16719. [PMID: 38069043 PMCID: PMC10706257 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology has played a prominent role in biomedical engineering, offering innovative approaches to numerous treatments. Notable advances have been observed in the development of medical devices, contributing to the advancement of modern medicine. This article briefly discusses key applications of nanotechnology in tissue engineering, controlled drug release systems, biosensors and monitoring, and imaging and diagnosis. The particular emphasis on this theme will result in a better understanding, selection, and technical approach to nanomaterials for biomedical purposes, including biological risks, security, and biocompatibility criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora F. Silva
- Technological Development Group in Biopolymers and Biomaterials from the Amazon, Graduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering, Federal University of Para, Ananindeua 67130-660, Brazil;
| | - Ailime L. P. Melo
- Technological Development Group in Biopolymers and Biomaterials from the Amazon, Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Para, Belem 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Ana F. C. Uchôa
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory (BioTecFarm), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, Brazil; (A.F.C.U.); (F.H.X.-J.)
| | - Graziela M. A. Pereira
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory (BioTecFarm), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, Brazil; (A.F.C.U.); (F.H.X.-J.)
| | - Alisson E. F. Alves
- Post-Graduate Program in Bioactive Natural and Synthetic Products, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, Brazil;
| | | | - Francisco H. Xavier-Júnior
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory (BioTecFarm), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, Brazil; (A.F.C.U.); (F.H.X.-J.)
- Post-Graduate Program in Bioactive Natural and Synthetic Products, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, Brazil;
| | - Marcele F. Passos
- Technological Development Group in Biopolymers and Biomaterials from the Amazon, Graduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering, Federal University of Para, Ananindeua 67130-660, Brazil;
- Technological Development Group in Biopolymers and Biomaterials from the Amazon, Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Para, Belem 66075-110, Brazil
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Verma AK, Noumani A, Yadav AK, Solanki PR. FRET Based Biosensor: Principle Applications Recent Advances and Challenges. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13081375. [PMID: 37189476 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13081375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based biosensors are being fabricated for specific detection of biomolecules or changes in the microenvironment. FRET is a non-radiative transfer of energy from an excited donor fluorophore molecule to a nearby acceptor fluorophore molecule. In a FRET-based biosensor, the donor and acceptor molecules are typically fluorescent proteins or fluorescent nanomaterials such as quantum dots (QDs) or small molecules that are engineered to be in close proximity to each other. When the biomolecule of interest is present, it can cause a change in the distance between the donor and acceptor, leading to a change in the efficiency of FRET and a corresponding change in the fluorescence intensity of the acceptor. This change in fluorescence can be used to detect and quantify the biomolecule of interest. FRET-based biosensors have a wide range of applications, including in the fields of biochemistry, cell biology, and drug discovery. This review article provides a substantial approach on the FRET-based biosensor, principle, applications such as point-of-need diagnosis, wearable, single molecular FRET (smFRET), hard water, ions, pH, tissue-based sensors, immunosensors, and aptasensor. Recent advances such as artificial intelligence (AI) and Internet of Things (IoT) are used for this type of sensor and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awadhesh Kumar Verma
- Lab D NanoBiolab, Special Centre for Nanoscience, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ashab Noumani
- Lab D NanoBiolab, Special Centre for Nanoscience, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Amit K Yadav
- Lab D NanoBiolab, Special Centre for Nanoscience, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Pratima R Solanki
- Lab D NanoBiolab, Special Centre for Nanoscience, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
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Yuan X, Li C, Yin X, Yang Y, Ji B, Niu Y, Ren L. Epidermal Wearable Biosensors for Monitoring Biomarkers of Chronic Disease in Sweat. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:313. [PMID: 36979525 PMCID: PMC10045998 DOI: 10.3390/bios13030313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Biological information detection technology is mainly used for the detection of physiological and biochemical parameters closely related to human tissues and organ lesions, such as biomarkers. This technology has important value in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of chronic diseases in their early stages. Wearable biosensors can be integrated with the Internet of Things and Big Data to realize the detection, transmission, storage, and comprehensive analysis of human physiological and biochemical information. This technology has extremely wide applications and considerable market prospects in frontier fields including personal health monitoring, chronic disease diagnosis and management, and home medical care. In this review, we systematically summarized the sweat biomarkers, introduced the sweat extraction and collection methods, and discussed the application and development of epidermal wearable biosensors for monitoring biomarkers in sweat in preclinical research in recent years. In addition, the current challenges and development prospects in this field were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xichen Yuan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Systems for Aerospace, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Chen Li
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics of Zhejiang, Ningbo Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Ningbo 315103, China
| | - Xu Yin
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Low-Grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Bowen Ji
- Unmanned System Research Institute, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Yinbo Niu
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Li Ren
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics of Zhejiang, Ningbo Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Ningbo 315103, China
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Noviana E, Siswanto S, Budi Hastuti AAM. Advances in Nanomaterial-Based Biosensors for Determination of Glycated Hemoglobin. Curr Top Med Chem 2022; 22:CTMC-EPUB-126335. [PMID: 36111762 DOI: 10.2174/1568026622666220915114646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is a major public health burden whose prevalence has been steadily increasing over the past decades. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is currently the gold standard for diagnostics and monitoring glycemic control in diabetes patients. HbA1c biosensors are often considered to be cost-effective alternatives for smaller testing laboratories or clinics unable to access other reference methods. Many of these sensors deploy nanomaterials as recognition elements, detection labels, and/or transducers for achieving sensitive and selective detection of HbA1c. Nanomaterials have emerged as important sensor components due to their excellent optical and electrical properties, tunable morphologies, and easy integration into multiple sensing platforms. In this review, we discuss the advantages of using nanomaterials to construct HbA1c sensors and various sensing strategies for HbA1c measurements. Key gaps between the current technologies with what is needed moving forward are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eka Noviana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia
- Research Center for Drug Targeting and Personalized Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia
| | - Soni Siswanto
- Research Center for Drug Targeting and Personalized Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia
| | - Agustina Ari Murti Budi Hastuti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia
- Center of Excellence Institute for Halal Industry and Systems (PUI-PT IHIS), Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia
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Luminescent upconversion nanoparticles evaluating temperature-induced stress experienced by aquatic organisms owing to environmental variations. iScience 2022; 25:104568. [PMID: 35769879 PMCID: PMC9234695 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing anthropogenic activities are significantly influencing the environment and especially aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, there is an increasing demand to develop techniques for monitoring and assessing freshwater habitat changes so that interventions can prevent irrevocable damage. We explore an approach for screening the temperature-induced stress experienced by aquatic organisms owing to environmental variations. Luminescent spectra of upconversion [Y2O3: Yb, Er] particles embedded within Caridina multidentata shrimps are measured, while ambient temperature gradient is inducing stress conditions. The inverse linear dependence of the logarithmic ratio of the luminescence intensity provides an effective means for temperature evaluation inside aquatic species in vivo. The measured luminescence shows high photostability on the background of the complete absence of biotissues’ autofluorescence, as well as no obscuration of the luminescence signal from upconversion particles. Current approach of hybrid sensing has a great potential for monitoring variations in aquatic ecosystems driven by climate changes and pollution. Luminescence spectra induced by upconversion particles are embedded into aquatic animals Real-time quantitative assessment of temperature inside aquatic species in vivo Evaluation of stress handled by water organisms owing to environmental variations Hybrid sensing approach for monitoring environmental variations driven by climate change
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Naikoo GA, Awan T, Salim H, Arshad F, Hassan IU, Pedram MZ, Ahmed W, Faruck HL, Aljabali AAA, Mishra V, Serrano‐Aroca Á, Goyal R, Negi P, Birkett M, Nasef MM, Charbe NB, Bakshi HA, Tambuwala MM. Fourth-generation glucose sensors composed of copper nanostructures for diabetes management: A critical review. Bioeng Transl Med 2022; 7:e10248. [PMID: 35111949 PMCID: PMC8780923 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
More than five decades have been invested in understanding glucose biosensors. Yet, this immensely versatile field has continued to gain attention from the scientific world to better understand and diagnose diabetes. However, such extensive work done to improve glucose sensing devices has still not yielded desirable results. Drawbacks like the necessity of the invasive finger-pricking step and the lack of optimization of diagnostic interventions still need to be considered to improve the testing process of diabetic patients. To upgrade the glucose-sensing devices and reduce the number of intermediary steps during glucose measurement, fourth-generation glucose sensors (FGGS) have been introduced. These sensors, made using robust electrocatalytic copper nanostructures, improve diagnostic efficiency and cost-effectiveness. This review aims to present the essential scientific progress in copper nanostructure-based FGGS in the past 10 years (2010 to present). After a short introduction, we presented the working principles of these sensors. We then highlighted the importance of copper nanostructures as advanced electrode materials to develop reliable real-time FGGS. Finally, we cover the advantages, shortcomings, and prospects for developing highly sensitive, stable, and specific FGGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gowhar A. Naikoo
- Department of Mathematics and SciencesCollege of Arts and Applied Sciences, Dhofar UniversitySalalahOman
| | - Tasbiha Awan
- Department of Mathematics and SciencesCollege of Arts and Applied Sciences, Dhofar UniversitySalalahOman
| | - Hiba Salim
- Department of Mathematics and SciencesCollege of Arts and Applied Sciences, Dhofar UniversitySalalahOman
| | - Fareeha Arshad
- Department of BiochemistryAligarh Muslim UniversityAligarhIndia
| | | | - Mona Zamani Pedram
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering—Energy DivisionK.N. Toosi University of TechnologyTehranIran
| | - Waqar Ahmed
- School of Mathematics and PhysicsCollege of Science, University of LincolnLincolnUK
| | | | - Alaa A. A. Aljabali
- Departmnt of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical TechnologyYarmouk UniversityIrbidJordan
| | - Vijay Mishra
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesLovely Professional UniversityPhagwaraPunjabIndia
| | - Ángel Serrano‐Aroca
- Biomaterials and Bioengineering LabTranslational Research Centre San Alberto Magno, Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente MártirValenciaSpain
| | - Rohit Goyal
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesShoolini University of Biotechnology and Management SciencesSolanIndia
| | - Poonam Negi
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesShoolini University of Biotechnology and Management SciencesSolanIndia
| | - Martin Birkett
- Department of Mechanical and Construction EngineeringNorthumbria UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Mohamed M. Nasef
- Department of PharmacySchool of Applied Science, University of HuddersfieldUK
| | - Nitin B. Charbe
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesRangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M UniversityKingsvilleTexasUSA
| | - Hamid A. Bakshi
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical ScienceUlster UniversityColeraineUK
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Huynh GT, Kesarwani V, Walker JA, Frith JE, Meagher L, Corrie SR. Review: Nanomaterials for Reactive Oxygen Species Detection and Monitoring in Biological Environments. Front Chem 2021; 9:728717. [PMID: 34568279 PMCID: PMC8461210 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.728717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and dissolved oxygen play key roles across many biological processes, and fluorescent stains and dyes are the primary tools used to quantify these species in vitro. However, spatio-temporal monitoring of ROS and dissolved oxygen in biological systems are challenging due to issues including poor photostability, lack of reversibility, and rapid off-site diffusion. In particular, ROS monitoring is hindered by the short lifetime of ROS molecules and their low abundance. The combination of nanomaterials and fluorescent detection has led to new opportunities for development of imaging probes, sensors, and theranostic products, because the scaffolds lead to improved optical properties, tuneable interactions with cells and media, and ratiometric sensing robust to environmental drift. In this review, we aim to critically assess and highlight recent development in nanosensors and nanomaterials used for the detection of oxygen and ROS in biological systems, and their future potential use as diagnosis tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel T. Huynh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Node, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Vidhishri Kesarwani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Node, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Julia A. Walker
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Node, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Jessica E. Frith
- Monash Institute of Medical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- ARC Training Centre for Cell and Tissue Engineering Technologies, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Laurence Meagher
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- ARC Training Centre for Cell and Tissue Engineering Technologies, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Simon R. Corrie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Node, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- ARC Training Centre for Cell and Tissue Engineering Technologies, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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8
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Heinrich E, Avlasevich Y, Landfester K, Baluschev S. How to Minimize Light-Organic Matter Interactions for All-Optical Sub-Cutaneous Temperature Sensing. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:18860-18867. [PMID: 34337225 PMCID: PMC8320075 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c02057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Penetration and emanation of light into tissue are limited by the strong interaction of light with the tissue components, especially oxygenated hemoglobin and white adipose tissue. This limits the possibilities for all-optical minimal invasive sensing. In order to minimize the optical losses of light in and out of the tissue, only a narrow optical window between 630 and 900 nm is available. In this work, we realized for the first time all-optical temperature sensing within the narrow optical window for tissue by using the process of triplet-triplet annihilation photon energy upconversion (TTA-UC) as a sensing tool. For this, we apply the asymmetrical benzo-fused BODIPY dye as an optimal emitter and mixed palladium benzo-naphtho-porphyrins as an optimal sensitizer. The TTA-UC sensing system is excited with λ = 658 nm with an extremely low intensity of 1 mW × cm-2 and is factual-protected for a time period longer than 100 s against oxygen-stimulated damage, allowing a stable demonstration of this T-sensing system also in an oxygen-rich environment without losing sensitivity. The sensing dyes we embed in the natural wax/natural matrix, which is intrinsically biocompatible, are approved by the FDA as food additives. The demonstrated temperature sensitivity is higher than ΔT = 200 mK placed around the physiologically relevant temperature of T = 36 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesta Heinrich
- Max-Planck-Institute
for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Yuri Avlasevich
- Max-Planck-Institute
for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Katharina Landfester
- Max-Planck-Institute
for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Stanislav Baluschev
- Max-Planck-Institute
for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Sofia
University “St. Kliment Ochridski”, 5 James Bourchier Blvd, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
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Huynh GT, Henderson EC, Frith JE, Meagher L, Corrie SR. Stability and Performance Study of Fluorescent Organosilica pH Nanosensors. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:6578-6587. [PMID: 34009994 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Long-term stability and function are key challenges for optical nanosensors operating in complex biological environments. While much focus is rightly placed on issues related to specificity, sensitivity, reversibility, and response time, many nanosensors are not capable of transducing accurate results over prolonged time periods. Sensors could fail over time due to the degradation of scaffold material, degradation of signaling dyes and components, or a combination of both. It is critical to investigate how such degradative processes affect sensor output, as the consequences could be severe. Herein, we used fluorescent core-shell organosilica pH nanosensors as a model system, incubating them in a range of common aqueous solutions over time at different temperatures, and then searched for changes in fluorescence signal, particle size, and evidence of silica degradation. We found that these ratiometric nanosensors produced stable optical signals after aging for 30 days at 37 °C in standard saline buffers with and without 10% fetal bovine serum, and without any evidence of material degradation. Next, we evaluated their performance as real-time pH nanosensors in bacterial suspension cultures, observing a close agreement with a pH electrode for control nanosensors, yet observing obvious deviations in signal based on the aging conditions. The results show that while the organosilica scaffold does not degrade appreciably over time, careful selection of dyes and further systematic investigations into the effects of salt and protein levels are required to realize long-term stable nanosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel T Huynh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Node, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Edward C Henderson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Node, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Jessica E Frith
- Monash Institute of Medical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- ARC Training Centre for Cell and Tissue Engineering Technologies, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Laurence Meagher
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- ARC Training Centre for Cell and Tissue Engineering Technologies, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Simon R Corrie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Node, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- ARC Training Centre for Cell and Tissue Engineering Technologies, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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Teymourian H, Barfidokht A, Wang J. Electrochemical glucose sensors in diabetes management: an updated review (2010-2020). Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:7671-7709. [PMID: 33020790 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00304b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
While over half a century has passed since the introduction of enzyme glucose biosensors by Clark and Lyons, this important field has continued to be the focus of immense research activity. Extensive efforts during the past decade have led to major scientific and technological innovations towards tight monitoring of diabetes. Such continued progress toward advanced continuous glucose monitoring platforms, either minimal- or non-invasive, holds considerable promise for addressing the limitations of finger-prick blood testing toward tracking glucose trends over time, optimal therapeutic interventions, and improving the life of diabetes patients. However, despite these major developments, the field of glucose biosensors is still facing major challenges. The scope of this review is to present the key scientific and technological advances in electrochemical glucose biosensing over the past decade (2010-present), along with current obstacles and prospects towards the ultimate goal of highly stable and reliable real-time minimally-invasive or non-invasive glucose monitoring. After an introduction to electrochemical glucose biosensors, we highlight recent progress based on using advanced nanomaterials at the electrode-enzyme interface of three generations of glucose sensors. Subsequently, we cover recent activity and challenges towards next-generation wearable non-invasive glucose monitoring devices based on innovative sensing principles, alternative body fluids, advanced flexible materials, and novel platforms. This is followed by highlighting the latest progress in the field of minimally-invasive continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) which offers real-time information about interstitial glucose levels, by focusing on the challenges toward developing biocompatible membrane coatings to protect electrochemical glucose sensors against surface biofouling. Subsequent sections cover new analytical concepts of self-powered glucose sensors, paper-based glucose sensing and multiplexed detection of diabetes-related biomarkers. Finally, we will cover the latest advances in commercially available devices along with the upcoming future technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazhir Teymourian
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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12
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Dailey AL, Greer MD, Sodia TZ, Jewell MP, Kalin TA, Cash KJ. LipiSensors: Exploiting Lipid Nanoemulsions to Fabricate Ionophore-Based Nanosensors. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2020; 10:bios10090120. [PMID: 32927619 PMCID: PMC7557773 DOI: 10.3390/bios10090120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ionophore-based nanosensors (IBNS) are tools that enable quantification of analytes in complex chemical and biological systems. IBNS methodology is adopted from that of bulk optodes where an ion exchange event is converted to a change in optical output. While valuable, an important aspect for application is the ability to intentionally tune their size with simple approaches, and ensure that they contain compounds safe for application. Lipidots are a platform of size tunable lipid nanoemulsions with a hydrophobic lipid core typically used for imaging and drug delivery. Here, we present LipiSensors as size tunable IBNS by exploiting the Lipidot model as a hydrophobic structural support for the sensing moieties that are traditionally encased in plasticized PVC nanoparticles. The LipiSensors we demonstrate here are sensitive and selective for calcium, reversible, and have a lifetime of approximately one week. By changing the calcium sensing components inside the hydrophobic core of the LipiSensors to those sensitive for oxygen, they are also able to be used as ratiometric O2 sensitive nanosensors via a quenching-based mechanism. LipiSensors provide a versatile, general platform nanosensing with the ability to directly tune the size of the sensors while including biocompatible materials as the structural support by merging sensing approaches with the Lipidot platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra L. Dailey
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA; (A.L.D.); (M.D.G.); (M.P.J.); (T.A.K.)
| | - Meredith D. Greer
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA; (A.L.D.); (M.D.G.); (M.P.J.); (T.A.K.)
| | - Tyler Z. Sodia
- Quantitative Biosciences and Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA.;
| | - Megan P. Jewell
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA; (A.L.D.); (M.D.G.); (M.P.J.); (T.A.K.)
| | - Tabitha A. Kalin
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA; (A.L.D.); (M.D.G.); (M.P.J.); (T.A.K.)
| | - Kevin J. Cash
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA; (A.L.D.); (M.D.G.); (M.P.J.); (T.A.K.)
- Quantitative Biosciences and Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA.;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-303-273-3631
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Bian S, Zhu B, Rong G, Sawan M. Towards wearable and implantable continuous drug monitoring: A review. J Pharm Anal 2020; 11:1-14. [PMID: 32837742 PMCID: PMC7428759 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Continuous drug monitoring is a promising alternative to current therapeutic drug monitoring strategies and has a strong potential to reshape our understanding of pharmacokinetic variability and to improve individualised therapy. This review highlights recent advances in biosensing technologies that support continuous drug monitoring in real time. We focus primarily on aptamer-based biosensors, wearable and implantable devices. Emphasis is given to the approaches employed in constructing biosensors. We pay attention to sensors' biocompatibility, calibration performance, long-term characteristics stability and measurement quality. Last, we discuss the current challenges and issues to be addressed in continuous drug monitoring to make it a promising, future tool for individualised therapy. The ongoing efforts are expected to result in fully integrated implantable drug biosensing technology. Thus, we may anticipate an era of advanced healthcare in which wearable and implantable biochips will automatically adjust drug dosing in response to patient health conditions, thus enabling the management of diseases and enhancing individualised therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mohamad Sawan
- Corresponding author. Cutting-Edge Net of Biomedical Research and Innovation (CenBRAIN), 18, Shilongshan Road, Cloud Town, Xihu District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China.
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14
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Hua W, Mao Y, Zhang J, Liu L, Zhang G, Yang S, Boyer D, Zhou C, Zheng F, Sun S, Lin S. Renal Clearable Gold Nanoparticle-Functionalized Silk Film for in vivo Fluorescent Temperature Mapping. Front Chem 2020; 8:364. [PMID: 32500055 PMCID: PMC7243850 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Implantable optical sensing devices that can continuously monitor physiological temperature changes hold great potential toward applications in healthcare and medical field. Here, we present a conceptual foundation for the design of biocompatible temperature sensing device by integrating renal clearable luminescent gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with silk film (AuNPs-SF). We found that the AuNPs display strong temperature dependence in both near-IR fluorescence intensity and lifetime over a large temperature range (10-60°C), with a fluorescence intensity sensitivity of 1.72%/°C and lifetime sensitivity of 0.09 μs/°C. When integrated, the AuNPs with biocompatible silk film are implanted in the dorsal region of mice. The fluorescence imaging of the AuNPs-SF in the body shows a linear relationship between the average fluorescence intensity and temperature. More importantly, <3.68% ID gold are left in the body, and no adverse effect is observed for 8 weeks. This AuNPs-SF can be potentially used as a flexible, biocompatible, and implantable sensing device for in vivo temperature mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hua
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yusheng Mao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jinzhu Zhang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lang Liu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Guolin Zhang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Shengyang Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Daniel Boyer
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Central Missouri, Warrensburg, MO, United States
| | - Chen Zhou
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Central Missouri, Warrensburg, MO, United States
| | - Fenfen Zheng
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Shasha Sun
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Shengling Lin
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
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15
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Yan J, van Smeden L, Merkx M, Zijlstra P, Prins MWJ. Continuous Small-Molecule Monitoring with a Digital Single-Particle Switch. ACS Sens 2020; 5:1168-1176. [PMID: 32189498 PMCID: PMC8177406 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
ability to continuously measure concentrations of small molecules
is important for biomedical, environmental, and industrial monitoring.
However, because of their low molecular mass, it is difficult to quantify
concentrations of such molecules, particularly at low concentrations.
Here, we describe a small-molecule sensor that is generalizable, sensitive,
specific, reversible, and suited for continuous monitoring over long
durations. The sensor consists of particles attached to a sensing
surface via a double-stranded DNA tether. The particles transiently
bind to the sensing surface via single-molecular affinity interactions,
and the transient binding is optically detected as digital binding
events via the Brownian motion of the particles. The rate of binding
events decreases with increasing analyte concentration because analyte
molecules inhibit binding of the tethered particle to the surface.
The sensor enables continuous measurements of analyte concentrations
because of the reversibility of the intermolecular bonds and digital
read-out of particle motion. We show results for the monitoring of
short single-stranded DNA sequences and creatinine, a small-molecule
biomarker (113 Da) for kidney function, demonstrating a temporal resolution
of a few minutes. The precision of the sensor is determined by the
statistics of the digital switching events, which means that the precision
is tunable by the number of particles and the measurement time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhong Yan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5612 AZ, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5612 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Laura van Smeden
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5612 AZ, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5612 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Merkx
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5612 AZ, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5612 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Zijlstra
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5612 AZ, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5612 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Menno W. J. Prins
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5612 AZ, The Netherlands
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5612 AZ, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5612 AZ, The Netherlands
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16
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Jiang C, Wang G, Hein R, Liu N, Luo X, Davis JJ. Antifouling Strategies for Selective In Vitro and In Vivo Sensing. Chem Rev 2020; 120:3852-3889. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Guixiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Taishan University, Taian 271021, China
| | - Robert Hein
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Nianzu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Xiliang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Jason J. Davis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
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17
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Jewell MP, Greer MD, Dailey AL, Cash KJ. Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconversion Based Nanosensors for Fluorescence Detection of Potassium. ACS Sens 2020; 5:474-480. [PMID: 31912733 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b02252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Typical ionophore-based nanosensors use Nile blue derived indicators called chromoionophores, which must contend with strong background absorption, autofluorescence, and scattering in biological samples that limit their usefulness. Here, we demonstrate potassium-selective nanosensors that utilize triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion to minimize potential optical interference in biological media and a pH-sensitive quencher molecule to modulate the upconversion intensity in response to changes in analyte concentration. A triplet-triplet annihilation dye pair (platinum(II) octaethylporphyrin and 9,10-diphenylanthracene) was integrated into nanosensors containing an analyte binding ligand (ionophore), charge-balancing additive, and a pH indicator quencher. The nanosensor response to potassium was shown to be reversible and stable for 3 days. In addition, the nanosensors are selective against sodium, calcium, and magnesium (selectivity coefficients in log10 units of -2.2 for calcium, -2.0 for sodium, and -2.4 for magnesium), three interfering ions found in biological samples. The lack of signal overlap between the upconversion nanosensors and GFP, a common biological fluorescent indicator, is demonstrated in confocal microscope images of sensors embedded in a bacterial biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan P. Jewell
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Meredith D. Greer
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Alexandra L. Dailey
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Kevin J. Cash
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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18
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Tejavibulya N, Colburn DAM, Marcogliese FA, Yang KA, Guo V, Chowdhury S, Stojanovic MN, Sia SK. Hydrogel Microfilaments toward Intradermal Health Monitoring. iScience 2019; 21:328-340. [PMID: 31698247 PMCID: PMC6889782 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Digital health promises a paradigm shift for medicine where biomarkers in individuals are continuously monitored to improve diagnosis and treatment of disease. To that end, a technology for minimally invasive quantification of endogenous analytes in bodily fluids will be required. Here, we describe a strategy for designing and fabricating hydrogel microfilaments that can penetrate the skin while allowing for optical fluorescence sensing. The polyacrylamide formulation was selected to provide high elastic modulus in the dehydrated state and optical transparency in the hydrated state. The microfilaments can be covalently tethered to a fluorescent aptamer to enable functional sensing. The microfilament array can penetrate the skin with low pain and without breaking, contact the dermal interstitial fluid, and be easily removed from the skin. In the future, hydrogel microfilaments could be integrated with a wearable fluorometer to serve as a platform for continuous, minimally invasive monitoring of intradermal biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalin Tejavibulya
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 351 Engineering Terrace, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - David A M Colburn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 351 Engineering Terrace, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Francis A Marcogliese
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 351 Engineering Terrace, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Kyung-Ae Yang
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Vincent Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 351 Engineering Terrace, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Shilpika Chowdhury
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 351 Engineering Terrace, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Milan N Stojanovic
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 351 Engineering Terrace, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027, USA; Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Samuel K Sia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 351 Engineering Terrace, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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19
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Lahiri H, Mishra S, Mukhopadhyay R. Nanoscale Nucleic Acid Recognition at the Solid-Liquid Interface Using Xeno Nucleic Acid Probes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:8875-8888. [PMID: 30398876 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Challenges in reliable nucleic acid detection are manifold. The major ones are related to false positive or negative signals due to a lack of target specificity in detection and to low sensitivity, especially when a plethora of background sequences are present that can mask the specific recognition signal. Utilizing designed synthetic nucleic acids that are commonly called xeno nucleic acids could offer potential routes to meeting such challenges. In this article, we present the general framework of nucleic acid detection, especially for nanoscale applications, and discuss how and why the xeno nucleic acids could be truly an alternative to the DNA probes. Two specific cases, locked nucleic acid (LNA) and peptide nucleic acid (PNA), which are nuclease-resistant and can form thermally stable duplexes with DNA, are addressed. It is shown that the relative ease of the conformationally rigid LNA probe to be oriented upright on the substrate surface and of the nonionic PNA probe to result into high probe density assists in their use in nanoscale nucleic acid recognition. It is anticipated that success with these probes may lead to important developments such as PCR-independent approaches where the major aim is to detect a small number of target sequences present in the analyte medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiya Lahiri
- School of Biological Sciences , Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032 , India
| | - Sourav Mishra
- School of Biological Sciences , Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032 , India
| | - Rupa Mukhopadhyay
- School of Biological Sciences , Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032 , India
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20
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Ferris MS, Elms MK, Cash KJ. Enzyme‐conjugated nanosensors with tunable detection limits for small biomolecule determination. AIChE J 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.16698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark S. Ferris
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringColorado School of Mines Golden CO
| | - Makayla K. Elms
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringColorado School of Mines Golden CO
| | - Kevin J. Cash
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringColorado School of Mines Golden CO
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21
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Bigdeli A, Ghasemi F, Abbasi-Moayed S, Shahrajabian M, Fahimi-Kashani N, Jafarinejad S, Farahmand Nejad MA, Hormozi-Nezhad MR. Ratiometric fluorescent nanoprobes for visual detection: Design principles and recent advances - A review. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1079:30-58. [PMID: 31387719 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Signal generation techniques for visual detection of analytes have received a great deal of attention in various sensing fields. These approaches are considered to be advantageous when instrumentation cannot be employed, such as for on-site assays, point-of-care tests, and he althcare diagnostics in resource-constrained areas. Amongst various visual detection approaches explored for non-invasive quantitative measurements, ratiometric fluorescence sensing has received particular attention as a potential method to overcome the limitations of intensity-based probes. This technique relies on changes in the intensity of two or more emission bands (induced by an analyte), resulting in an effective internal referencing which improves the sensitivity of the detection. The self-calibration, together with the unique optophysical properties of nanoparticles (NPs) have made the ratiometric fluorescent nanoprobes more sensitive and reliable, which in turn, can result in more precise visual detection of the analytes. Over the past few years, a vast number of ratiometric sensing probes using nanostructured fluorophores have been designed and reported for a wide variety of sensing, imaging, and biomedical applications. In this work, a review on the NP-based ratiometric fluorescent sensors has been presented to meticulously elucidate their development, advances and challenges. With a special emphasis on visual detection, the most important steps in the design of fluorescent ratiometric nanoprobes have been given and based on different classes of analytes, recent applications of fluorescent ratiometric nanoprobes have been summarized. The challenges for the future use of the technique investigated in this review have been also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arafeh Bigdeli
- Chemistry Department, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, 11155-9516, Iran; Institute for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, 11155-9516, Iran
| | - Forough Ghasemi
- Chemistry Department, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, 11155-9516, Iran; Department of Nanotechnology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, 3135933151, Iran
| | | | - Maryam Shahrajabian
- Chemistry Department, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, 11155-9516, Iran
| | | | - Somayeh Jafarinejad
- Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1985717443, Iran
| | | | - M Reza Hormozi-Nezhad
- Chemistry Department, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, 11155-9516, Iran; Institute for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, 11155-9516, Iran.
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22
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Nazarova N, Avlasevich Y, Landfester K, Baluschev S. All‐Optical Temperature Sensing in Organogel Matrices via Annihilation Upconversion. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201900093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuri Avlasevich
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Mainz 55128 Germany
| | | | - Stanislav Baluschev
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Mainz 55128 Germany
- Optics and Spectroscopy Department Faculty of PhysicsSofia University “Saint Kliment Ochridski” Sofia 1164 Bulgaria
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23
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Morales J, Pawle RH, Akkilic N, Luo Y, Xavierselvan M, Albokhari R, Calderon IAC, Selfridge S, Minns R, Takiff L, Mallidi S, Clark HA. DNA-Based Photoacoustic Nanosensor for Interferon Gamma Detection. ACS Sens 2019; 4:1313-1322. [PMID: 30973005 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Tracking protein levels in the body is vital in both research and medicine, where understanding their physiological roles provides insight into their regulation in homeostasis and diseases. In medicine, protein levels are actively sampled since they continuously fluctuate, reflecting the status of biological systems and provide insight into patient health. One such protein is interferon gamma, a clinically relevant protein with immunoregulatory functions that play critical roles against infection. New tools for continuously monitoring protein levels in vivo are invaluable in monitoring real-time conditions of patients to allow better care. Here, we developed a DNA-based nanosensor for the photoacoustic detection of interferon gamma. This work demonstrates how we transformed a simple DNA motif, receptors, and a novel phthalocyanine dye into a proof-of-concept photoacoustic nanosensor for protein detection. Surface plasmon resonance kinetic analysis demonstrated that the nanosensor is responsive and reversible to interferon gamma with an affinity in the nanomolar range, KD1 = 167 nM and KD2 = 316 nM. As a reporter, our design includes a novel phthalocyanine-based photoacoustic dye that stacks in a J-aggregate, causing a 22.5% increase in signal. Upon receptor binding, the DNA structure bends to induce phthalocyanine dye stacking, resulting in a 55% increase in photoacoustic signal in the presence of 10 μM interferon gamma. This proof-of-concept nanosensor is a novel approach to the development of a photoacoustic sensor and may be adapted for other proteins of interest in the future for in vivo tracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Morales
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States,
| | - Robert H. Pawle
- Akita Innovations LLC, Billerica, Massachusetts 01862, United States,
| | - Namik Akkilic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States,
| | - Yi Luo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States,
| | - Marvin Xavierselvan
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States,
| | - Rayan Albokhari
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States,
| | - Isen Andrew C. Calderon
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States,
| | - Scott Selfridge
- Akita Innovations LLC, Billerica, Massachusetts 01862, United States,
| | - Richard Minns
- Akita Innovations LLC, Billerica, Massachusetts 01862, United States,
| | - Larry Takiff
- Akita Innovations LLC, Billerica, Massachusetts 01862, United States,
| | - Srivalleesha Mallidi
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States,
| | - Heather A. Clark
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States,
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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24
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Elsherif M, Hassan MU, Yetisen AK, Butt H. Hydrogel optical fibers for continuous glucose monitoring. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 137:25-32. [PMID: 31077987 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Continuous glucose monitoring facilitates the stringent control of blood glucose concentration in diabetic and intensive care patients. Optical fibers have emerged as an attractive platform; however, their practical applications are hindered due to lack of biocompatible fiber materials, complex and non-practical readout approaches, slow response, and time-consuming fabrication processes. Here, we demonstrate the quantification of glucose by smartphone-integrated fiber optics that overcomes existing technical limitations. Simultaneously, a glucose-responsive hydrogel was imprinted with an asymmetric microlens array and was attached to a multimode silica fiber's tip during photopolymerization, and subsequent interrogated for glucose sensing under physiological conditions. A smartphone and an optical power meter were employed to record the output signals. The functionalized fiber showed a high sensitivity (2.6 μW mM-1), rapid response, and a high glucose selectivity in the physiological glucose range. In addition, the fiber attained the glucose complexation equilibrium within 15 min. The lactate interference was also examined and it was found minimal ∼0.1% in the physiological range. A biocompatible hydrogel made of polyethylene glycol diacrylate was utilized to fabricate a flexible hydrogel fiber to replace the silica fiber, and the fiber's tip was functionalized with the glucose-sensitive hydrogel during the ultraviolet light curing process. The biocompatible fiber was quickly fabricated by the molding, the readout approach was facile and practical, and the response to glucose was comparable to the functionalized silica fiber. The fabricated optical fiber sensors may have applications in wearable and implantable point-of-care and intensive-care continuous monitoring systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Elsherif
- School of Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK; Department of Experimental Nuclear Physics, Nuclear Research Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Egypt.
| | - Muhammad Umair Hassan
- Optoelectronics Research Lab, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan
| | - Ali K Yetisen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Haider Butt
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, 127788, UAE.
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25
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Usvyat L, Dalrymple LS, Maddux FW. Using Technology to Inform and Deliver Precise Personalized Care to Patients With End-Stage Kidney Disease. Semin Nephrol 2019; 38:418-425. [PMID: 30082061 DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Consistent with the increase of precision medicine, the care of patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) requiring maintenance dialysis therapy should evolve to become more personalized. Precise and personalized care is nuanced and informed by a number of factors including an individual's needs and preferences, disease progression, and response to and tolerance of treatments. Technology can support the delivery of more precise and personalized care through multiple mechanisms, including more accurate and real-time assessments of key care elements, enhanced treatment monitoring, and remote monitoring of home dialysis therapies. Data from health care and non-health care sources and advanced analytical methods such as machine learning can be used to create novel insights, and large volumes of data can be integrated to support clinical decisions. Health care models continue to evolve and the opportunities and need for novel care approaches supported by technology and health informatics continue to expand as the delivery and organization of health care changes. Ultimately, precise personalized care for ESKD, including dialysis therapy, will become more feasible as the biological, social, and environmental determinants of health are more broadly understood and as advances in science, engineering, and information management create the means to provide truly precise care for ESKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Len Usvyat
- Medical Office, Fresenius Medical Care North America, Waltham, MA..
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26
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Ferris MS, Behr MR, Cash KJ. An ionophore-based persistent luminescent ‘Glow Sensor’ for sodium detection. RSC Adv 2019; 9:32821-32825. [PMID: 35529711 PMCID: PMC9073184 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra05313a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Optical sensors have numerous positive attributes such as low invasiveness, miniaturizability, biocompatibility, and ease of signal transduction. Recently, there has been a strong research focus on using phosphorescent readout mechanisms, specifically from long-lifetime phosphorescent or ‘persistent luminescence’ particles, for in vitro and in vivo sensors. Persistent luminescence readouts can avoid cellular autofluorescence during biological monitoring, leading to an improved signal-to-noise ratio over a more traditional fluorescence readout. In this study, we show for the first time an ionophore-based optical bulk optode sensor that utilizes persistent luminescence microparticles for ion detection. To achieve this, we combined long-lifetime strontium aluminate-based ‘glow-in-the-dark’ microparticles with a non-fluorescent pH-responsive dye in a hydrophobic plasticized polymer membrane along with traditional ionophore-based optical sensor components to create a phosphorescent ‘Glow Sensor’. The non-fluorescent pH indicator dye gates the strontium aluminate luminescence signal so that it decreases in magnitude with increasing sodium concentration. We characterized the Glow Sensor in terms of emission lifetime, dynamic range, response time, reversibility, selectivity, and stability. A sodium-selective bulk-optode sensor is created by coupling persistent luminescence microparticles with a pH-sensitive dye through an ionophore-based detection mechanism.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S. Ferris
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department
- Colorado School of Mines
- Golden
- USA
| | - Madeline R. Behr
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department
- Colorado School of Mines
- Golden
- USA
| | - Kevin J. Cash
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department
- Colorado School of Mines
- Golden
- USA
- Quantitative Biosciences and Engineering
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27
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Robinson KJ, Huynh GT, Kouskousis BP, Fletcher NL, Houston ZH, Thurecht KJ, Corrie SR. Modified Organosilica Core-Shell Nanoparticles for Stable pH Sensing in Biological Solutions. ACS Sens 2018; 3:967-975. [PMID: 29634243 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.8b00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Continuous monitoring using nanoparticle-based sensors has been successfully employed in complex biological systems, yet the sensors still suffer from poor long-term stability partially because of the scaffold materials chosen to date. Organosilica core-shell nanoparticles containing a mixture of covalently incorporated pH-sensitive (shell) and pH-insensitive (core) fluorophores is presented as a continuous pH sensor for application in biological media. In contrast to previous studies focusing on similar materials, we sought to investigate the sensor characteristics (dynamic range, sensitivity, response time, stability) as a function of material properties. The ratio of the fluorescence intensities at specific wavelengths was found to be highly sensitive to pH over a physiologically relevant range (4.5-8) with a response time of <100 ms, significantly faster than that of previously reported response times using silica-based particles. Particles produced stable, pH-specific signals when stored at room temperature for more than 80 days. Finally, we demonstrated that the nanosensors successfully monitored the pH of a bacterial culture over 15 h and that pH changes in the skin of mouse cadavers could also be observed via in vivo fluorescence imaging following subcutaneous injection. The understanding gained from linking sensor characteristics and material properties will inform the next generation of optical nanosensors for continuous-monitoring applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kye J. Robinson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Node, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Gabriel T. Huynh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Node, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Betty P. Kouskousis
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
- Monash Micro Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Nicholas L. Fletcher
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Zachary H. Houston
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Kristofer J. Thurecht
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Simon R. Corrie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Node, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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28
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Vincent JL, Michard F, Saugel B. Intensive care medicine in 2050: towards critical care without central lines. Intensive Care Med 2018; 44:922-924. [PMID: 29777262 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-018-5205-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Louis Vincent
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasme Hospital, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
| | | | - Bernd Saugel
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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29
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Sullivan KG, Levin M. Inverse Drug Screening of Bioelectric Signaling and Neurotransmitter Roles: Illustrated Using a Xenopus Tail Regeneration Assay. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2018; 2018:pdb.prot099937. [PMID: 29437995 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot099937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Xenopus embryos and larvae are an ideal model system in which to study the interplay between genetics, physiology, and anatomy in the control of structure and function. An important emerging field is the study of bioelectric signaling, the exchange of ion- and neurotransmitter-mediated messages among all types of cells (not just nerve and muscle cells), in the regulation of growth and form during embryogenesis, regeneration, and cancer. To facilitate the mechanistic investigation of bioelectric events in vivo, it is necessary to identify the endogenous signaling machinery involved in any patterning process of interest. This protocol uses the tail regeneration assay in Xenopus to perform an inverse drug screen; tiers of known compounds are used to probe the involvement of increasingly specific classes of bioelectric and neurotransmitter machinery. By using a hierarchical approach, large classes of targets are ruled out in early rounds, focusing attention on progressively narrower sets of proteins. Such a screen avoids many of the limitations of a molecular-genetic targeting approach and provides a rapid and efficient way to focus on specific targets. Usually, <10 experiments are needed to determine whether bioelectrics and/or neurotransmitter signaling are involved in the process of interest. This protocol describes the strategy in the context of a semiquantitative analysis of tail regeneration but can be applied to any assay in Xenopus or other small aquatic model system (e.g., zebrafish). Given the ever-increasing toolkit of chemical genetics, such screens represent a powerful and versatile methodology for probing the physiological circuits underlying pattern regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly G Sullivan
- Biology Department, and Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155
| | - Michael Levin
- Biology Department, and Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155
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30
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The emerging role of nanomaterials in immunological sensing - a brief review. Mol Immunol 2018; 98:28-35. [PMID: 29325980 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterials are beginning to play an important role in the next generation of immunological assays and biosensors, with potential impacts both in research and clinical practice. In this brief review, we highlight two areas in which nanomaterials are already making new and important contributions in the past 5-10 years: firstly, in the improvement of assay and biosensor sensitivity for detection of low abundance proteins of immunological significance, and secondly, in the real-time and continuous monitoring of protein secretion from arrays of individual cells. We finish by challenging the immunology/sensing communities to work together to develop nanomaterials that can provide real-time, continuous, and sensitive molecular readouts in vivo, a lofty goal that will require significant collaborative effort.
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31
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Borvinskaya E, Gurkov A, Shchapova E, Baduev B, Meglinski I, Timofeyev M. Distribution of PEG-coated hollow polyelectrolyte microcapsules after introduction into the circulatory system and muscles of zebrafish. Biol Open 2018; 7:bio030015. [PMID: 29305467 PMCID: PMC5829502 DOI: 10.1242/bio.030015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of polyelectrolyte multilayer microcapsules as carriers for fluorescent molecular probes is a prospective technique for monitoring the physiological characteristics of animal vasculature and interstitial environment in vivo Polyelectrolyte microcapsules have many features that favor their use as implantable carriers of optical sensors, but little information is available on their interactions with complex living tissues, distribution or residence time following different routes of administration in the body of vertebrates. Using the common fish model, the zebrafish Danio rerio, we studied in vivo the distribution of non-biodegradable microcapsules covered with polyethylene glycol (PEG) over time in the adults and evaluated potential side effects of their delivery into the fish bloodstream and muscles. Fluorescent microcapsules administered into the bloodstream and interstitially (in concentrations that were sufficient for visualization and spectral signal recording) both showed negligible acute toxicity to the fishes during three weeks of observation. The distribution pattern of microcapsules delivered into the bloodstream was stable for at least one week, with microcapsules prevalent in capillaries-rich organs. However, after intramuscular injection, the phagocytosis of the microcapsules by immune cells was manifested, indicating considerable immunogenicity of the microcapsules despite PEG coverage. The long-term negative effects of chronic inflammation were also investigated in fish muscles by histological analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Borvinskaya
- Institute of Biology at Irkutsk State University, Irkutsk 664003, Russia
- Institute of Biology at Karelian Research Centre of Russian Academy of Sciences, Petrozavodsk 185035, Russia
| | - Anton Gurkov
- Institute of Biology at Irkutsk State University, Irkutsk 664003, Russia
- Baikal Research Centre, Irkutsk 664003, Russia
| | | | - Boris Baduev
- Institute of Biology at Irkutsk State University, Irkutsk 664003, Russia
- Baikal Research Centre, Irkutsk 664003, Russia
| | - Igor Meglinski
- Institute of Biology at Irkutsk State University, Irkutsk 664003, Russia
- University of Oulu, Optoelectronics and Measurement Techniques Laboratory, Oulu 90570, Finland
| | - Maxim Timofeyev
- Institute of Biology at Irkutsk State University, Irkutsk 664003, Russia
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32
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Bhalla N, Chiang HJ, Shen AQ. Cell biology at the interface of nanobiosensors and microfluidics. Methods Cell Biol 2018; 148:203-227. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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33
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Borvinskaya E, Gurkov A, Shchapova E, Baduev B, Shatilina Z, Sadovoy A, Meglinski I, Timofeyev M. Parallel in vivo monitoring of pH in gill capillaries and muscles of fishes using microencapsulated biomarkers. Biol Open 2017; 6:673-677. [PMID: 28507056 PMCID: PMC5450323 DOI: 10.1242/bio.024380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Tracking physiological parameters in different organs within the same organism simultaneously and in real time can provide an outstanding representation of the organism's physiological status. The state-of-the-art technique of using encapsulated fluorescent molecular probes (microencapsulated biomarkers) is a unique tool that can serve as a platform for the development of new methods to obtain in vivo physiological measurements and is applicable to a broad range of organisms. Here, we describe a novel technique to monitor the pH of blood inside the gill capillaries and interstitial fluid of muscles by using microencapsulated biomarkers in a zebrafish model. The functionality of the proposed technique is shown by the identification of acidification under anesthesia-induced coma and after death. The pH in muscles reacts to hypoxia faster than that in the gill bloodstream, which makes both parameters applicable as markers of either local or bodily reactions. Summary: An optical technique for the simultaneous in vivo monitoring of pH in the blood of gill capillaries and interstitial fluid of muscles developed and tested in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Borvinskaya
- Institute of Biology at Irkutsk State University, Irkutsk 664003, Russia.,Institute of Biology at Karelian Research Centre of Russian Academy of Sciences, Petrozavodsk 185035, Russia
| | - Anton Gurkov
- Institute of Biology at Irkutsk State University, Irkutsk 664003, Russia.,Baikal Research Centre, Irkutsk 664003, Russia
| | | | - Boris Baduev
- Institute of Biology at Irkutsk State University, Irkutsk 664003, Russia.,Baikal Research Centre, Irkutsk 664003, Russia
| | - Zhanna Shatilina
- Institute of Biology at Irkutsk State University, Irkutsk 664003, Russia.,Baikal Research Centre, Irkutsk 664003, Russia
| | - Anton Sadovoy
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR, 138634, Singapore
| | - Igor Meglinski
- Institute of Biology at Irkutsk State University, Irkutsk 664003, Russia.,University of Oulu, Optoelectronics and Measurement Techniques Laboratory, Oulu 90570, Finland
| | - Maxim Timofeyev
- Institute of Biology at Irkutsk State University, Irkutsk 664003, Russia
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34
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Yetisen AK, Jiang N, Fallahi A, Montelongo Y, Ruiz‐Esparza GU, Tamayol A, Zhang YS, Mahmood I, Yang S, Kim KS, Butt H, Khademhosseini A, Yun S. Glucose-Sensitive Hydrogel Optical Fibers Functionalized with Phenylboronic Acid. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1606380. [PMID: 28195436 PMCID: PMC5921932 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201606380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogel optical fibers are utilized for continuous glucose sensing in real time. The hydrogel fibers consist of poly(acrylamide-co-poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate) cores functionalized with phenylboronic acid. The complexation of the phenylboronic acid and cis-diol groups of glucose enables reversible changes of the hydrogel fiber diameter. The analyses of light propagation loss allow for quantitative glucose measurements within the physiological range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali K. Yetisen
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for PhotomedicineMassachusetts General Hospital65 Landsdowne StreetCambridgeMA02139USA
- Harvard‐MIT Division of Health Sciences and TechnologyMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMA02139USA
- Biomaterials Innovation Research CenterDivision of Engineering in Medicine Brigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolCambridgeMA02139USA
| | - Nan Jiang
- Harvard‐MIT Division of Health Sciences and TechnologyMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMA02139USA
- Biomaterials Innovation Research CenterDivision of Engineering in Medicine Brigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolCambridgeMA02139USA
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and ProcessingWuhan University of Technology122 Luoshi RoadWuhan430070China
| | - Afsoon Fallahi
- Harvard‐MIT Division of Health Sciences and TechnologyMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMA02139USA
- Biomaterials Innovation Research CenterDivision of Engineering in Medicine Brigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolCambridgeMA02139USA
| | - Yunuen Montelongo
- Department of ChemistryImperial College LondonSouth Kensington CampusLondonSW7 2AZUK
| | - Guillermo U. Ruiz‐Esparza
- Harvard‐MIT Division of Health Sciences and TechnologyMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMA02139USA
- Biomaterials Innovation Research CenterDivision of Engineering in Medicine Brigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolCambridgeMA02139USA
| | - Ali Tamayol
- Harvard‐MIT Division of Health Sciences and TechnologyMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMA02139USA
- Biomaterials Innovation Research CenterDivision of Engineering in Medicine Brigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolCambridgeMA02139USA
| | - Yu Shrike Zhang
- Harvard‐MIT Division of Health Sciences and TechnologyMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMA02139USA
- Biomaterials Innovation Research CenterDivision of Engineering in Medicine Brigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolCambridgeMA02139USA
| | - Iram Mahmood
- Biomaterials Innovation Research CenterDivision of Engineering in Medicine Brigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolCambridgeMA02139USA
| | - Su‐A Yang
- Department of Biological SciencesKorea Advanced Institute of Science and TechnologyDaejeon34141South Korea
| | - Ki Su Kim
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for PhotomedicineMassachusetts General Hospital65 Landsdowne StreetCambridgeMA02139USA
| | - Haider Butt
- School of EngineeringUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamB15 2TTUK
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Harvard‐MIT Division of Health Sciences and TechnologyMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMA02139USA
- Biomaterials Innovation Research CenterDivision of Engineering in Medicine Brigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolCambridgeMA02139USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired EngineeringHarvard UniversityBostonMA02115USA
- Department of PhysicsKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah21589Saudi Arabia
- Department of Bioindustrial TechnologiesCollege of Animal Bioscience and TechnologyKonkuk UniversityHwayang‐dong, Gwangjin‐guSeoul143‐701South Korea
| | - Seok‐Hyun Yun
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for PhotomedicineMassachusetts General Hospital65 Landsdowne StreetCambridgeMA02139USA
- Harvard‐MIT Division of Health Sciences and TechnologyMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMA02139USA
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35
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Abstract
In vivo biosensors are emerging as powerful tools in biomedical research and diagnostic medicine. Distinct from "labels" or "imaging", in vivo biosensors are designed for continuous and long-term monitoring of target analytes in real biological systems and should be selective, sensitive, reversible and biocompatible. Due to the challenges associated with meeting all of the analytical requirements, we found relatively few reports of research groups demonstrating devices that meet the strict definition in vivo. However, we identified several case studies and a range of emerging materials likely to lead to significant developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxin Rong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Simon R. Corrie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Heather A. Clark
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
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36
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CORR Insights(®): Early Subsidence Predicts Failure of a Cemented Femoral Stem With Minor Design Changes. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2016; 474:2230-1. [PMID: 27329529 PMCID: PMC5014818 DOI: 10.1007/s11999-016-4926-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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37
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Henry AI, Sharma B, Cardinal MF, Kurouski D, Van Duyne RP. Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Biosensing: In Vivo Diagnostics and Multimodal Imaging. Anal Chem 2016; 88:6638-47. [PMID: 27268724 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This perspective presents recent developments in the application of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) to biosensing, with a focus on in vivo diagnostics. We describe the concepts and methodologies developed to date and the target analytes that can be detected. We also discuss how SERS has evolved from a "point-and-shoot" stand-alone technique in an analytical chemistry laboratory to an integrated quantitative analytical tool for multimodal imaging diagnostics. Finally, we offer a guide to the future of SERS in the context of clinical diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Isabelle Henry
- Northwestern University , Department of Chemistry, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Bhavya Sharma
- Northwestern University , Department of Chemistry, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - M Fernanda Cardinal
- Northwestern University , Department of Chemistry, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Dmitry Kurouski
- Northwestern University , Department of Chemistry, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Richard P Van Duyne
- Northwestern University , Department of Chemistry, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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38
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Thomas A, Heinemann L, Ramírez A, Zehe A. Options for the Development of Noninvasive Glucose Monitoring: Is Nanotechnology an Option to Break the Boundaries? J Diabetes Sci Technol 2016; 10:782-9. [PMID: 26581879 PMCID: PMC5038528 DOI: 10.1177/1932296815616133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays nanotechnology has many applications in products used in various areas of daily life; however, this technology has also an option in modern medicine and pharmacy. Therefore, this technology is also an attractive option for the field of diagnosis and treatment of diabetes. Many people with diabetes measure their blood glucose levels regularly to determine the insulin dose. Ideally glucose values would be measured noninvasively (NI). However, none of all the NI approaches studied in the past decades enabled reliable NI measurements under all daily life conditions. Particularly an unfavorable signal-to-noise ratio turned out to be problematic. Based on the known physical possibilities for NI glucose monitoring the focus of this review is on nanotechnology approaches. Functional prototypes exist for some of these that showed promising results under defined laboratory conditions, indicating a good sensitivity and selectivity for glucose. On the second hand is to optimize the technological process of manufacturing. In view of the rapid progress in micro- and nanoelectronics hopefully NI glucose monitoring systems can be developed in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Araceli Ramírez
- Laboratorio de Nanotrónica, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla, México
| | - Alfred Zehe
- Laboratorio de Nanotrónica, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla, México
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39
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Corrie SR, Coffey JW, Islam J, Markey KA, Kendall MAF. Blood, sweat, and tears: developing clinically relevant protein biosensors for integrated body fluid analysis. Analyst 2016; 140:4350-64. [PMID: 25909342 DOI: 10.1039/c5an00464k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Biosensors are being developed to provide rapid, quantitative, diagnostic information to clinicians in order to help guide patient treatment, without the need for centralised laboratory assays. The success of glucose monitoring is a key example of where technology innovation has met a clinical need at multiple levels – from the pathology laboratory all the way to the patient's home. However, few other biosensor devices are currently in routine use. Here we review the challenges and opportunities regarding the integration of biosensor techniques into body fluid sampling approaches, with emphasis on the point-of-care setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Corrie
- The University of Queensland, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Delivery of Drugs and Genes Group (D2G2), St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.
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40
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Emmons-Bell M, Durant F, Hammelman J, Bessonov N, Volpert V, Morokuma J, Pinet K, Adams DS, Pietak A, Lobo D, Levin M. Gap Junctional Blockade Stochastically Induces Different Species-Specific Head Anatomies in Genetically Wild-Type Girardia dorotocephala Flatworms. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:27865-96. [PMID: 26610482 PMCID: PMC4661923 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161126065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The shape of an animal body plan is constructed from protein components encoded by the genome. However, bioelectric networks composed of many cell types have their own intrinsic dynamics, and can drive distinct morphological outcomes during embryogenesis and regeneration. Planarian flatworms are a popular system for exploring body plan patterning due to their regenerative capacity, but despite considerable molecular information regarding stem cell differentiation and basic axial patterning, very little is known about how distinct head shapes are produced. Here, we show that after decapitation in G. dorotocephala, a transient perturbation of physiological connectivity among cells (using the gap junction blocker octanol) can result in regenerated heads with quite different shapes, stochastically matching other known species of planaria (S. mediterranea, D. japonica, and P. felina). We use morphometric analysis to quantify the ability of physiological network perturbations to induce different species-specific head shapes from the same genome. Moreover, we present a computational agent-based model of cell and physical dynamics during regeneration that quantitatively reproduces the observed shape changes. Morphological alterations induced in a genomically wild-type G. dorotocephala during regeneration include not only the shape of the head but also the morphology of the brain, the characteristic distribution of adult stem cells (neoblasts), and the bioelectric gradients of resting potential within the anterior tissues. Interestingly, the shape change is not permanent; after regeneration is complete, intact animals remodel back to G. dorotocephala-appropriate head shape within several weeks in a secondary phase of remodeling following initial complete regeneration. We present a conceptual model to guide future work to delineate the molecular mechanisms by which bioelectric networks stochastically select among a small set of discrete head morphologies. Taken together, these data and analyses shed light on important physiological modifiers of morphological information in dictating species-specific shape, and reveal them to be a novel instructive input into head patterning in regenerating planaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Emmons-Bell
- Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology and Department of Biology, Tufts University, 200 Boston Avenue, Suite 4600, Medford, MA 02155, USA; (M.E.-B.); (F.D.); (J.H.); (J.M.); (K.P.); (D.S.A.)
| | - Fallon Durant
- Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology and Department of Biology, Tufts University, 200 Boston Avenue, Suite 4600, Medford, MA 02155, USA; (M.E.-B.); (F.D.); (J.H.); (J.M.); (K.P.); (D.S.A.)
| | - Jennifer Hammelman
- Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology and Department of Biology, Tufts University, 200 Boston Avenue, Suite 4600, Medford, MA 02155, USA; (M.E.-B.); (F.D.); (J.H.); (J.M.); (K.P.); (D.S.A.)
| | - Nicholas Bessonov
- Institute of Problems of Mechanical Engineering, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg 199178, Russia;
| | - Vitaly Volpert
- Institut Camille Jordan, UMR 5208 CNRS, University Lyon 1, Villeurbanne 69622, France;
| | - Junji Morokuma
- Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology and Department of Biology, Tufts University, 200 Boston Avenue, Suite 4600, Medford, MA 02155, USA; (M.E.-B.); (F.D.); (J.H.); (J.M.); (K.P.); (D.S.A.)
| | - Kaylinnette Pinet
- Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology and Department of Biology, Tufts University, 200 Boston Avenue, Suite 4600, Medford, MA 02155, USA; (M.E.-B.); (F.D.); (J.H.); (J.M.); (K.P.); (D.S.A.)
| | - Dany S. Adams
- Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology and Department of Biology, Tufts University, 200 Boston Avenue, Suite 4600, Medford, MA 02155, USA; (M.E.-B.); (F.D.); (J.H.); (J.M.); (K.P.); (D.S.A.)
| | | | - Daniel Lobo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA;
| | - Michael Levin
- Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology and Department of Biology, Tufts University, 200 Boston Avenue, Suite 4600, Medford, MA 02155, USA; (M.E.-B.); (F.D.); (J.H.); (J.M.); (K.P.); (D.S.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-617-627-6161; Fax: +1-617-627-6121
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Balaconis MK, Luo Y, Clark HA. Glucose-sensitive nanofiber scaffolds with an improved sensing design for physiological conditions. Analyst 2015; 140:716-723. [PMID: 25426497 DOI: 10.1039/c4an01775g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Continuous physiological monitoring of electrolytes and small molecules such as glucose, creatinine, and urea is currently unavailable but achieving such a capability would be a major milestone for personalized medicine. Optode-based nanosensors are an appealing analytical platform for designing in vivo monitoring systems. In addition to the necessary analytical performance, such nanosensors must also be biocompatible and remain immobile at the implantation site. Blood glucose in particular remains a difficult but high-value analyte to monitor continuously. Previously, we developed glucose-sensitive nanosensors that measure glucose by a competitive binding mechanism between glucose and a fluorescent dye to 4-carboxy-3-fluorophenyl boronic acid. To improve the sensitivity and residency time of our reported sensors, we present here a series of new derivatives of 4-carboxy-3-fluorophenyl boronic acid that we screened in a macrosensor format before translating into a nanofiber format with electrospinning. The lead candidate was then implanted subdermally and its residency time was compared to spherical nanosensor analogues. The nanofiber scaffolds were markedly more stable at the implantation site whereas spherical nanosensors diffused away within three hours. Based on the enhanced sensitivity of the new boronic acids and the residency time of nanofibers, this sensor configuration is an important step towards continuous monitoring of glucose and other analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K Balaconis
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, 206 TF, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Yi Luo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Northeastern University, 206 TF, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Heather A Clark
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Northeastern University, 206 TF, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
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Wang H, Wu Y, Shi Y, Tao P, Fan X, Su X, Kuang G. BODIPY‐Based Fluorescent Thermometer as a Lysosome‐Targetable Probe: How the Oligo(ethylene glycols) Compete Photoinduced Electron Transfer. Chemistry 2014; 21:3219-23. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201405853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Wang
- Department of Polymer Materials, Shanghai University, Nanchen Road 333, 200444, Shanghai (P.R. China)
| | - Yongquan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Handan Road 220, 200433, Shanghai (P.R. China)
| | - Yanlin Shi
- Department of Polymer Materials, Shanghai University, Nanchen Road 333, 200444, Shanghai (P.R. China)
| | - Pan Tao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Shazheng Road 174, 400044, Chongqing (P.R. China)
| | - Xing Fan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Shazheng Road 174, 400044, Chongqing (P.R. China)
| | - Xinyan Su
- Department of Polymer Materials, Shanghai University, Nanchen Road 333, 200444, Shanghai (P.R. China)
| | - Gui‐Chao Kuang
- Department of Polymer Materials, Shanghai University, Nanchen Road 333, 200444, Shanghai (P.R. China)
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Juanola-Feliu E, Miribel-Català PL, Páez Avilés C, Colomer-Farrarons J, González-Piñero M, Samitier J. Design of a customized multipurpose nano-enabled implantable system for in-vivo theranostics. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2014; 14:19275-306. [PMID: 25325336 PMCID: PMC4239942 DOI: 10.3390/s141019275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The first part of this paper reviews the current development and key issues on implantable multi-sensor devices for in vivo theranostics. Afterwards, the authors propose an innovative biomedical multisensory system for in vivo biomarker monitoring that could be suitable for customized theranostics applications. At this point, findings suggest that cross-cutting Key Enabling Technologies (KETs) could improve the overall performance of the system given that the convergence of technologies in nanotechnology, biotechnology, micro&nanoelectronics and advanced materials permit the development of new medical devices of small dimensions, using biocompatible materials, and embedding reliable and targeted biosensors, high speed data communication, and even energy autonomy. Therefore, this article deals with new research and market challenges of implantable sensor devices, from the point of view of the pervasive system, and time-to-market. The remote clinical monitoring approach introduced in this paper could be based on an array of biosensors to extract information from the patient. A key contribution of the authors is that the general architecture introduced in this paper would require minor modifications for the final customized bio-implantable medical device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteve Juanola-Feliu
- Department of Electronics, Bioelectronics and Nanobioengineering Research Group (SIC-BIO), University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, Barcelona 08028, Spain; E-Mails: (P.L.M.-C.); (C.P.A.); (J.C.-F.); (J.S.)
| | - Pere Ll. Miribel-Català
- Department of Electronics, Bioelectronics and Nanobioengineering Research Group (SIC-BIO), University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, Barcelona 08028, Spain; E-Mails: (P.L.M.-C.); (C.P.A.); (J.C.-F.); (J.S.)
| | - Cristina Páez Avilés
- Department of Electronics, Bioelectronics and Nanobioengineering Research Group (SIC-BIO), University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, Barcelona 08028, Spain; E-Mails: (P.L.M.-C.); (C.P.A.); (J.C.-F.); (J.S.)
| | - Jordi Colomer-Farrarons
- Department of Electronics, Bioelectronics and Nanobioengineering Research Group (SIC-BIO), University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, Barcelona 08028, Spain; E-Mails: (P.L.M.-C.); (C.P.A.); (J.C.-F.); (J.S.)
| | - Manel González-Piñero
- Department of Public Economy, Political Economy and Spanish Economy, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 690-696, Barcelona 08034, Spain; E-Mail:
- CREB-Biomedical Engineering Research Centre, Technical University of Catalonia, Pau Gargallo 5, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Josep Samitier
- Department of Electronics, Bioelectronics and Nanobioengineering Research Group (SIC-BIO), University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, Barcelona 08028, Spain; E-Mails: (P.L.M.-C.); (C.P.A.); (J.C.-F.); (J.S.)
- IBEC-Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Nanobioengineering Research Group, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- CIBER-BBN-Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, María de Luna 11, Edificio CEEI, Zaragoza 50018, Spain
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