1
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Zhang C, Jørgensen FS, van de Weert M, Bjerregaard S, Rantanen J, Yang M. Amino acids as stabilizers for lysozyme during the spray-drying process and storage. Int J Pharm 2024; 659:124217. [PMID: 38734275 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Amino acids (AAs) have been used as excipients in protein formulations both in solid and liquid state products due to their stabilizing effect. However, the mechanisms by which they can stabilize a protein have not been fully elucidated yet. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of AAs with distinct physicochemical properties on the stability of a model protein (lysozyme, LZM) during the spray-drying process and subsequent storage. Molecular descriptor based multivariate data analysis was used to select distinct AAs from the group of 20 natural AAs. Then, LZM and the five selected AAs (1:1 wt ratio) were spray-dried (SD). The solid form, residual moisture content (RMC), hygroscopicity, morphology, secondary/tertiary structure and enzymatic activity of LZM were evaluated before and after storage under 40 °C/75 % RH for 30 days. Arginine (Arg), leucine (Leu), glycine (Gly), tryptophan (Trp), aspartic acid (Asp) were selected because of their distinct properties by using principal component analysis (PCA). The SD LZM powders containing Arg, Trp, or Asp were amorphous, while SD LZM powders containing Leu or Gly were crystalline. Recrystallization of Arg, Trp, Asp and polymorph transition of Gly were observed after the storage under accelerated conditions. The morphologies of the SD particles vary upon the different AAs formulated with LZM, implying different drying kinetics of the five model systems. A tertiary structural change of LZM was observed in the SD powder containing Arg, while a decrease in the enzymatic activity of LZM was observed in the powders containing Arg or Asp after the storage. This can be attributed to the extremely basic and acidic conditions that Arg and Asp create, respectively. This study suggests that when AAs are used as stabilizers instead of traditional disaccharides, not only do classic vitrification theory and water replacement theory play a role, but the microenvironmental pH conditions created by basic or acidic AAs in the starting solution or during the storage of solid matter are also crucial for the stability of SD protein products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengqian Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Jukka Rantanen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mingshi Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China.
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2
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Bramham JE, Wang Y, Moore SA, Golovanov AP. Assessing Photostability of mAb Formulations In Situ Using Light-Coupled NMR Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2024; 96:9935-9943. [PMID: 38847283 PMCID: PMC11190875 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/19/2024]
Abstract
Biopharmaceuticals, such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), need to maintain their chemical and physical stability in formulations throughout their lifecycle. It is known that exposure of mAbs to light, particularly UV, triggers chemical and physical degradation, which can be exacerbated by trace amounts of photosensitizers in the formulation. Although routine assessments of degradation following defined UV dosages are performed, there is a fundamental lack of understanding regarding the intermediates, transient reactive species, and radicals formed during illumination, as well as their lifetimes and immediate impact post-illumination. In this study, we used light-coupled NMR spectroscopy to monitor in situ live spectral changes in sealed samples during and after UV-A illumination of different formulations of four mAbs without added photosensitizers. We observed a complex evolution of spectra, reflecting the appearance within minutes of transient radicals during illumination and persisting for minutes to tens of minutes after the light was switched off. Both mAb and excipient signals were strongly affected by illumination, with some exhibiting fast irreversible photodegradation and others exhibiting partial recovery in the dark. These effects varied depending on the mAb and the presence of excipients, such as polysorbate 80 (PS80) and methionine. Complementary ex situ high-performance size-exclusion chromatography analysis of the same formulations post-UV exposure in the chamber revealed significant loss of purity, confirming formulation-dependent degradation. Both approaches suggested the presence of degradation processes initiated by light but continuing in the dark. Further studies on photoreaction intermediates and transient reactive species may help mitigate the impact of light on biopharmaceutical degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack E. Bramham
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
| | - Yujing Wang
- Dosage
Form Design & Development, BioPharmaceutical
Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K.
| | - Stephanie A. Moore
- Dosage
Form Design & Development, BioPharmaceutical
Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K.
| | - Alexander P. Golovanov
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
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3
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Vitharana S, Stillahn JM, Katayama DS, Henry CS, Manning MC. Application of Formulation Principles to Stability Issues Encountered During Processing, Manufacturing, and Storage of Drug Substance and Drug Product Protein Therapeutics. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:2724-2751. [PMID: 37572779 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
The field of formulation and stabilization of protein therapeutics has become rather extensive. However, most of the focus has been on stabilization of the final drug product. Yet, proteins experience stress and degradation through the manufacturing process, starting with fermentaition. This review describes how formulation principles can be applied to stabilize biopharmaceutical proteins during bioprocessing and manufacturing, considering each unit operation involved in prepration of the drug substance. In addition, the impact of the container on stabilty is discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua M Stillahn
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO 80534, USA; Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | | | - Charles S Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Mark Cornell Manning
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO 80534, USA; Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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4
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Castañeda Ruiz AJ, Shetab Boushehri MA, Phan T, Carle S, Garidel P, Buske J, Lamprecht A. Alternative Excipients for Protein Stabilization in Protein Therapeutics: Overcoming the Limitations of Polysorbates. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122575. [PMID: 36559072 PMCID: PMC9781097 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Given their safety and efficiency in protecting protein integrity, polysorbates (PSs) have been the most widely used excipients for the stabilization of protein therapeutics for years. In recent decades, however, there have been numerous reports about visible or sub-visible particles in PS-containing biotherapeutic products, which is a major quality concern for parenteral drugs. Alternative excipients that are safe for parenteral administration, efficient in protecting different protein drugs against various stress conditions, effective in protein stabilization in high-concentrated liquid formulations, stable under the storage conditions for the duration of the product's shelf-life, and compatible with other formulation components and the primary packaging are highly sought after. The aim of this paper is to review potential alternative excipients from different families, including surfactants, carbohydrate- and amino acid-based excipients, synthetic amphiphilic polymers, and ionic liquids that enable protein stabilization. For each category, important characteristics such as the ability to stabilize proteins against thermal and mechanical stresses, current knowledge related to the safety profile for parenteral administration, potential interactions with other formulation components, and primary packaging are debated. Based on the provided information and the detailed discussion thereof, this paper may pave the way for the identification or development of efficient excipients for biotherapeutic protein stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel J. Castañeda Ruiz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Tamara Phan
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Stefan Carle
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Patrick Garidel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Julia Buske
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
- Correspondence: (J.B.); (A.L.); Tel.: +49-7351-54-145-398 (J.B.); +49-228-735-243 (A.L.)
| | - Alf Lamprecht
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany
- Correspondence: (J.B.); (A.L.); Tel.: +49-7351-54-145-398 (J.B.); +49-228-735-243 (A.L.)
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5
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Pérez Medina Martínez V, Robles MC, Juárez-Bayardo LC, Espinosa-de la Garza CE, Meneses A, Pérez NO. Photodegradation of Rituximab and Critical Evaluation of Its Sensibility to Electromagnetic Radiation. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 23:271. [DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02412-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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6
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Bian ZY, Tu ZC, Wang H, Hu YM, Liu GX. Investigation of the Mechanism of 60Co Gamma-Ray Irradiation-Stimulated Oxidation Enhancing the Antigenicity of Ovalbumin by High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:9477-9488. [PMID: 35881501 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c03911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
60Co gamma-ray irradiation-induced antigenicity changes in ovalbumin (OVA) were investigated, and the molecular mechanism was analyzed. Irradiation treatment at 0-100 kGy could significantly enhance the IgG/IgE binding ability of OVA in a dose-dependent paradigm by concomitant oxidative modification, which exhibited color browning and an increase in carbonyl content caused by high-penetrable rays. More allergenic epitopes of OVA were exposed after irradiation treatment reflected by structural changes including the unfolding of tertiary structure, the conversion of α-helix structures to β-sheet and random coil structures, and the cleavage of several peptide bonds. Meanwhile, three oxidation sites of K46, T49, and N260 located in key linear epitopes were observed, which might increase the allergenic ability of OVA via the disaggregation of noncovalent bonds and the unwinding of α-helix structures. Conclusively, irradiation may enhance the potential allergenicity of OVA by oxidative modification, which provides theoretical guidance for effectively controlling the oxidation of proteins in the irradiation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Yue Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zong-Cai Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, Jiangxi, China
- National R&D Center of Freshwater Fish Processing, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, Jiangxi, China
- Engineering Research Center of Freshwater Fish High-value Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yue-Ming Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, Jiangxi, China
| | - Guang-Xian Liu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang 330299, Jiangxi, China
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7
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Hashii N, Tajiri M, Ishii-Watabe A. [Quality Evaluation of Therapeutic Antibodies by Multi-attribute Method]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2022; 142:731-744. [PMID: 35781502 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.21-00211-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the development of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), it is essential to characterize the modifications causing structural heterogeneity because certain modifications are associated with safety and efficacy. However, the rapid structural analysis of mAbs remains challenging due to their structural complexity. The multi-attribute method (MAM) is a structural analytical method based on peptide mapping using LC/MS, and has drawn attention as a new quality control method for therapeutic mAbs instead of conventional structural heterogeneity analyses using several chromatographic techniques. Peptide mapping, which is regarded as an identification test method, is used to confirm that the amino acid sequence corresponds to that deduced from the gene sequence for the desired product. In contrast, MAM is used for simultaneously monitoring the modification rates of individual amino acid residues of therapeutic mAbs, indicating that MAM is used as quantitative test rather than identification test. In this review, we summarized the typical structural heterogeneities of mAbs and the general scheme of MAM. We also introduced our optimized sample preparation method for MAM, and examples of simultaneous monitoring of several modifications including deamidation, oxidation, N-terminal pyroglutamination, C-terminal clipping and glycosylation by our MAM system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noritaka Hashii
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences
| | - Michiko Tajiri
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences
| | - Akiko Ishii-Watabe
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences
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8
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Chen CL, Li WC, Chuang YC, Liu HC, Huang CH, Lo KY, Chen CY, Chang FM, Chang GA, Lin YL, Yang WD, Su CH, Yeh TM, Wang TF. Sexual Crossing, Chromosome-Level Genome Sequences, and Comparative Genomic Analyses for the Medicinal Mushroom Taiwanofungus Camphoratus (Syn. Antrodia Cinnamomea, Antrodia Camphorata). Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0203221. [PMID: 35196809 PMCID: PMC8865532 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02032-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Taiwanofungus camphoratus mushrooms are a complementary and alternative medicine for hangovers, cancer, hypertension, obesity, diabetes, and inflammation. Though Taiwanofungus camphoratus has attracted considerable biotechnological and pharmacological attention, neither classical genetic nor genomic approaches have been properly established for it. We isolated four sexually competent monokaryons from two T. camphoratus dikaryons used for the commercial cultivation of orange-red (HC1) and milky-white (SN1) mushrooms, respectively. We also sequenced, annotated, and comparatively analyzed high-quality and chromosome-level genome sequences of these four monokaryons. These genomic resources represent a valuable basis for understanding the biology, evolution, and secondary metabolite biosynthesis of this economically important mushrooms. We demonstrate that T. camphoratus has a tetrapolar mating system and that HC1 and SN1 represent two intraspecies isolates displaying karyotypic variation. Compared with several edible mushroom model organisms, T. camphoratus underwent a significant contraction in the gene family and individual gene numbers, most notably for plant, fungal, and bacterial cell-wall-degrading enzymes, explaining why T. camphoratus mushrooms are rare in natural environments, are difficult and time-consuming to artificially cultivate, and are susceptible to fungal and bacterial infections. Our results lay the foundation for an in-depth T. camphoratus study, including precise genetic manipulation, improvements to mushroom fruiting, and synthetic biology applications for producing natural medicinal products. IMPORTANCETaiwanofungus camphoratus (Tc) is a basidiomycete fungus that causes brown heart rot of the aromatic tree Cinnamomum kanehirae. The Tc fruiting bodies have been used to treat hangovers, abdominal pain, diarrhea, hypertension, and other diseases first by aboriginal Taiwanese and later by people in many countries. To establish classical genetic and genomic approaches for this economically important medicinal mushroom, we first isolated and characterized four sexually competent monokaryons from two dikaryons wildly used for commercial production of Tc mushrooms. We applied PacBio single molecule, real-time sequencing technology to determine the near-completed genome sequences of four monokaryons. These telomere-to-telomere and gapless haploid genome sequences reveal all genomic variants needed to be studied and discovered, including centromeres, telomeres, retrotransposons, mating type loci, biosynthetic, and metabolic gene clusters. Substantial interspecies diversities are also discovered between Tc and several other mushroom model organisms, including Agrocybe aegerita, Coprinopsis cinerea, and Schizophyllum commune, and Ganoderma lucidum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ling Chen
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Chen Li
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chien Chuang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hou-Cheng Liu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hao Huang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ko-Yun Lo
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yu Chen
- Shen Nong Fungal Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Mo Chang
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | - Ching-Hua Su
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Ming Yeh
- Shen Nong Fungal Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Fang Wang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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9
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Zhang Z, Chow SY, De Guzman R, Joh NH, Joubert MK, Richardson J, Shah B, Wikström M, Zhou ZS, Wypych J. A Mass Spectrometric Characterization of Light-Induced Modifications in Therapeutic Proteins. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:1556-1564. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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10
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Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies are susceptible to chemical and enzymatic modifications during manufacturing, storage, and shipping. Deamidation, isomerization, and oxidation can compromise the potency, efficacy, and safety of therapeutic antibodies. Recently, in silico tools have been used to identify liable residues and engineer antibodies with better chemical stability. Computational approaches for predicting deamidation, isomerization, oxidation, glycation, carbonylation, sulfation, and hydroxylation are reviewed here. Although liable motifs have been used to improve the chemical stability of antibodies, the accuracy of in silico predictions can be improved using machine learning and molecular dynamic simulations. In addition, there are opportunities to improve predictions for specific stress conditions, develop in silico prediction of novel modifications in antibodies, and predict the impact of modifications on physical stability and antigen-binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabdita Vatsa
- Development Services, Lonza Biologics, Singapore, Singapore
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11
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Hipper E, Blech M, Hinderberger D, Garidel P, Kaiser W. Photo-Oxidation of Therapeutic Protein Formulations: From Radical Formation to Analytical Techniques. Pharmaceutics 2021; 14:72. [PMID: 35056968 PMCID: PMC8779573 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
UV and ambient light-induced modifications and related degradation of therapeutic proteins are observed during manufacturing and storage. Therefore, to ensure product quality, protein formulations need to be analyzed with respect to photo-degradation processes and eventually protected from light exposure. This task usually demands the application and combination of various analytical methods. This review addresses analytical aspects of investigating photo-oxidation products and related mediators such as reactive oxygen species generated via UV and ambient light with well-established and novel techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Hipper
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (E.H.); (D.H.)
| | - Michaela Blech
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany;
| | - Dariush Hinderberger
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (E.H.); (D.H.)
| | - Patrick Garidel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany;
| | - Wolfgang Kaiser
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany;
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12
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Gupta S, Jiskoot W, Schöneich C, Rathore AS. Oxidation and Deamidation of Monoclonal Antibody Products: Potential Impact on Stability, Biological Activity, and Efficacy. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:903-918. [PMID: 34890632 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The role in human health of therapeutic proteins in general, and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in particular, has been significant and is continuously evolving. A considerable amount of time and resources are invested first in mAb product development and then in clinical examination of the product. Physical and chemical degradation can occur during manufacturing, processing, storage, handling, and administration. Therapeutic proteins may undergo various chemical degradation processes, including oxidation, deamidation, isomerization, hydrolysis, deglycosylation, racemization, disulfide bond breakage and formation, Maillard reaction, and β-elimination. Oxidation and deamidation are the most common chemical degradation processes of mAbs, which may result in changes in physical properties, such as hydrophobicity, charge, secondary or/and tertiary structure, and may lower the thermodynamic or kinetic barrier to unfold. This may predispose the product to aggregation and other chemical modifications, which can alter the binding affinity, half-life, and efficacy of the product. This review summarizes major findings from the past decade on the impact of oxidation and deamidation on the stability, biological activity, and efficacy of mAb products. Mechanisms of action, influencing factors, characterization tools, clinical impact, and risk mitigation strategies have been addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surbhi Gupta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India
| | - Wim Jiskoot
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Anurag S Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India.
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13
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Apostol I, Bondarenko PV, Ren D, Semin DJ, Wu CH, Zhang Z, Goudar CT. Enabling development, manufacturing, and regulatory approval of biotherapeutics through advances in mass spectrometry. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 71:206-215. [PMID: 34508981 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Rapid technological advances have significantly improved the capability, versatility, and robustness of mass spectrometers which has led to them playing a central role in the development, characterization, and regulatory filings of biopharmaceuticals. Their application spans the entire continuum of drug development, starting with discovery research through product development, characterization, and marketing authorization and continues well into product life cycle management. The scope of application extends beyond traditional protein characterization and includes elements like clone selection, cell culture physiology and bioprocess optimization, investigation support, and process analytical technology. More recently, advances in the MS-based multi-attribute method are enabling the introduction of MS in a cGMP environment for routine release and stability testing. While most applications of MS to date have been for monoclonal antibodies, the successes and learnings should translate to the characterization of next-gen biotherapeutics where modalities like multispecifics could be more prevalent. In this review, we describe the most significant advances in MS and correlate them to the broad spectrum of applications to biotherapeutic development. We anticipate rapid technological improvements to continue that will further accelerate widespread deployment of MS, thereby elevating our overall understanding of product quality and enabling attribute-focused product development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izydor Apostol
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc., 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, United States
| | - Pavel V Bondarenko
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc., 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, United States
| | - Da Ren
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc., 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, United States
| | - David J Semin
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc., 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, United States
| | - Chao-Hsiang Wu
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc., 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, United States
| | - Zhongqi Zhang
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc., 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, United States
| | - Chetan T Goudar
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc., 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, United States.
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14
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Prajapati I, Larson NR, Choudhary S, Kalonia C, Hudak S, Esfandiary R, Middaugh CR, Schöneich C. Visible Light Degradation of a Monoclonal Antibody in a High-Concentration Formulation: Characterization of a Tryptophan-Derived Chromophoric Photo-product by Comparison to Photo-degradation of N-Acetyl-l-tryptophan Amide. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:3223-3234. [PMID: 34482697 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the discoloration of a highly concentrated monoclonal antibody (mAbZ) in sodium acetate (NaAc) and histidine/lysine (His/Lys) buffer after exposure to visible light. The color change of the mAbZ formulation was significantly more intense in NaAc buffer and developed a characteristic absorbance with a λmax of ca. 450 nm. We characterized this photo-chemically generated chromophore by comparison with visible light photo-degradation of a concentrated solution of a model compound for protein Trp residues, N-acetyl-l-tryptophan amide (NATA). The photo-degradation of NATA generated a chromophoric product with a λmax of ca. 450 nm and UV-vis spectroscopic properties identical to those of the product generated from mAbZ. This product was isolated and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) and 1H, 13C, and 1H-13C heteronuclear single-quantum correlation NMR spectroscopy. MS/MS analysis reveals a product characterized by the loss of 33 Da from NATA, referred to as NATA-33. Together, the NMR data suggest that this product may be N-(2,4-dihydrocyclopenta[b]indol-2-yl)acetamide (structure P3a) or a tautomer (P3b-d).
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Affiliation(s)
- Indira Prajapati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2093 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States.,Dosage Form Design and Development, BioPharmaceutical Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - Nicholas R Larson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2093 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Sureshkumar Choudhary
- Dosage Form Design and Development, BioPharmaceutical Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - Cavan Kalonia
- Dosage Form Design and Development, BioPharmaceutical Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - Suzanne Hudak
- Dosage Form Design and Development, BioPharmaceutical Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - Reza Esfandiary
- Dosage Form Design and Development, BioPharmaceutical Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - C Russell Middaugh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2093 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Christian Schöneich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2093 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
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15
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Degradation Products of Tryptophan in Cell Culture Media: Contribution to Color and Toxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126221. [PMID: 34207579 PMCID: PMC8228365 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomanufacturing processes may be optimized by storing cell culture media at room temperature, but this is currently limited by their instability and change in color upon long-term storage. This study demonstrates that one of the critical contributing factors toward media browning is tryptophan. LC-MS technology was utilized to identify tryptophan degradation products, which are likely formed primarily from oxidation reactions. Several of the identified compounds were shown to contribute significantly to color in solutions but also to exhibit toxicity against CHO cells. A cell-culture-compatible antioxidant, a-ketoglutaric acid, was found to be an efficient cell culture media additive for stabilizing components against degradation, inhibiting the browning of media formulations, and decreasing ammonia production, thus providing a viable method for developing room-temperature stable cell culture media.
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16
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The Different Colors of mAbs in Solution. Antibodies (Basel) 2021; 10:antib10020021. [PMID: 34073775 PMCID: PMC8161444 DOI: 10.3390/antib10020021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The color of a therapeutic monoclonal antibody solution is a critical quality attribute. Consistency of color is typically assessed at time of release and during stability studies against preset criteria for late stage clinical and commercial products. A therapeutic protein solution's color may be determined by visual inspection or by more quantitative methods as per the different geographical area compendia. The nature and intensity of the color of a therapeutic protein solution is typically determined relative to calibrated standards. This review covers the analytical methodologies used for determining the color of a protein solution and presents an overview of protein variants and impurities known to contribute to colored recombinant therapeutic protein solutions.
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17
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Kaiser W, Schultz-Fademrecht T, Blech M, Buske J, Garidel P. Investigating photodegradation of antibodies governed by the light dosage. Int J Pharm 2021; 604:120723. [PMID: 34022254 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the photodegradation of three different monoclonal antibodies (mAb) by visible light. Several chromatographic techniques, such as size-exclusion and hydrophobic interaction chromatography as well as mass spectrometry were used to measure relative changes of various oxidation related monoclonal antibody species. The results show that visible light is indeed capable of inducing the formation of protein photo-oxidation products, such as acidic, basic, hydrophilic, and several other protein species with altered physicochemical properties. Although, the formation rate of degradants of these three protein species was dependent on the light source's intensity (I), their yield is clearly correlated to the applied light dosage (ld), which is defined as the product of light intensity I and irradiation time t (light dosage = I·t). Hence, our findings indicate that the degradation of monoclonal antibodies can be described according to the Bunsen-Roscoe reciprocity law. This correlation can be useful to assess the impact of photodegradation of biologics with regards to changes in light intensity and/or duration of light exposure of the protein, e.g. during the manufacturing of biologics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Kaiser
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, D-88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | | | - Michaela Blech
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, D-88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Julia Buske
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, D-88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Patrick Garidel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, D-88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany.
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18
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Pharmaceutical Excipients Enhance Iron-Dependent Photo-Degradation in Pharmaceutical Buffers by near UV and Visible Light: Tyrosine Modification by Reactions of the Antioxidant Methionine in Citrate Buffer. Pharm Res 2021; 38:915-930. [PMID: 33881737 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03042-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of excipients, including sugars and amino acids, on photo-degradation reactions in pharmaceutical buffers induced by near UV and visible light. METHODS Solutions of citrate or acetate buffers, containing 1 or 50 μM Fe3+, the model peptides methionine enkephalin (MEn), leucine enkephalin (LEn) or proctolin peptide (ProP), in the presence of commonly used amino acids or sugars, were photo-irradiated with near UV or visible light. The oxidation products were analyzed by reverse-phase HPLC and HPLC-MS/MS. RESULTS The sugars mannitol, sucrose and trehalose, and the amino acids Arg, Lys, and His significantly promote the oxidation of peptide Met to peptide Met sulfoxide. These excipients do not increase the yields of hydrogen peroxide, suggesting that other oxidants such as peroxyl radicals are responsible for the oxidation of peptide Met. The addition of free Met reduces the oxidation of peptide Met, but, in citrate buffer, causes the addition of Met oxidation products to Tyr residues of the target peptides. CONCLUSIONS Commonly used excipients enhance the light-induced oxidation of amino acids in model peptides.
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19
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Chevallier V, Zoller M, Kochanowski N, Andersen MR, Workman CT, Malphettes L. Use of novel cystine analogs to decrease oxidative stress and control product quality. J Biotechnol 2020; 327:1-8. [PMID: 33373629 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Continuous improvements of cell culture media are required in order to ensure high yield and product quality. However, some components can be instable and lead to detrimental effects on bioprocess performances. l-cysteine is an essential amino acid commonly used in cell culture media. Despite its beneficial effect on recombinant protein production, in some cases, this component can be responsible for product microheterogeneity. In this context, alternative components have to be found in order to reduce product variants while maintaining high productivity. In this study, we have assessed the performance of different cysteine and cystine analogs : N-acetyl-cysteine, s-sulfocysteine, N,N'-diacetyl-l-cystine and the N,N'-diacetyl-l-cystine dimethylester (DACDM). Replacement of cysteine by cystine analogs, and especially DACDM, has shown positive impact on charge variants level and recombinant protein coloration level. Moreover, this molecule contributed to the increase of the intracellular glutathione pool, which suggests a close relationship with the oxidative stress regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentine Chevallier
- UCB Nordic A/S, Upstream Process Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark; Technical University of Denmark, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Marvin Zoller
- UCB Pharma S.A., Upstream Process Sciences, Braine l'Alleud, Belgium
| | | | - Mikael R Andersen
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Christopher T Workman
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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20
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Bellmaine S, Schnellbaecher A, Zimmer A. Reactivity and degradation products of tryptophan in solution and proteins. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 160:696-718. [PMID: 32911085 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tryptophan is one of the essential mammalian amino acids and is thus a required component in human nutrition, animal feeds, and cell culture media. However, this aromatic amino acid is highly susceptible to oxidation and is known to degrade into multiple products during manufacturing, storage, and processing. Many physical and chemical processes contribute to the degradation of this compound, primarily via oxidation or cleavage of the highly reactive indole ring. The central contributing factors are reactive oxygen species, such as singlet oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals; light and photosensitizers; metals; and heat. In a multi-component mixture, tryptophan also commonly reacts with carbonyl-containing compounds, leading to a wide variety of products. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the degradation and interaction products of tryptophan in complex liquid solutions and in proteins. For the purposes of context, a brief summary of the key pathways in tryptophan metabolism will be included, along with common methods and issues in tryptophan manufacturing. The review will focus on the conditions that lead to tryptophan degradation, the products generated in these processes, their known biological effects, and methods which may be applied to stabilize the amino acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Bellmaine
- Merck Life Science, Upstream R&D, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Alisa Schnellbaecher
- Merck Life Science, Upstream R&D, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Aline Zimmer
- Merck Life Science, Upstream R&D, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany.
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21
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Yin V, Holzscherer D, Konermann L. Delineating Heme-Mediated versus Direct Protein Oxidation in Peroxidase-Activated Cytochrome c by Top-Down Mass Spectrometry. Biochemistry 2020; 59:4108-4117. [PMID: 32991149 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Oxidation of key residues in cytochrome c (cyt c) by chloramine T (CT) converts the protein from an electron transporter to a peroxidase. This peroxidase-activated state represents an important model system for exploring the early steps of apoptosis. CT-induced transformations include oxidation of the distal heme ligand Met80 (MetO, +16 Da) and carbonylation (LysCHO, -1 Da) in the range of Lys53/55/72/73. Remarkably, the 15 remaining Lys residues in cyt c are not susceptible to carbonylation. The cause of this unusual selectivity is unknown. Here we applied top-down mass spectrometry (MS) to examine whether CT-induced oxidation is catalyzed by heme. To this end, we compared the behavior of cyt c with (holo-cyt c) and without heme (apoSS-cyt c). CT caused MetO formation at Met80 for both holo- and apoSS-cyt c, implying that this transformation can proceed independently of heme. The aldehyde-specific label Girard's reagent T (GRT) reacted with oxidized holo-cyt c, consistent with the presence of several LysCHO. In contrast, oxidized apo-cyt c did not react with GRT, revealing that LysCHO forms only in the presence of heme. The heme dependence of LysCHO formation was further confirmed using microperoxidase-11 (MP11). CT exposure of apoSS-cyt c in the presence of MP11 caused extensive nonselective LysCHO formation. Our results imply that the selectivity of LysCHO formation at Lys53/55/72/73 in holo-cyt c is caused by the spatial proximity of these sites to the reactive (distal) heme face. Overall, this work highlights the utility of top-down MS for unravelling complex oxidative modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Yin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Derek Holzscherer
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Lars Konermann
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
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22
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Subelzu N, Schöneich C. Near UV and Visible Light Induce Iron-Dependent Photodegradation Reactions in Pharmaceutical Buffers: Mechanistic and Product Studies. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:4163-4179. [PMID: 32986444 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Near UV (λ = 320-400 nm) and visible light (λ = 400-800 nm) can lead to the oxidation of pharmaceutical proteins, which can affect efficiency and promote immunogenicity. However, no concise mechanism has been established for the photo-oxidation of pharmaceutical proteins under near UV and visible light. Here, we show that carboxylic acid buffer-Fe3+ complexes can function as photosensitizers, causing peptide degradation via the formation of various radicals and oxidants. Three pharmaceutical relevant carboxylic acid buffers (citrate, acetate, and succinate) were tested under near UV and visible light. Oxidation reactions were monitored for model peptides containing readily oxidizable amino acids, such as methionine- or leucine-enkephalin and proctolin peptide. Oxidation products were evaluated by RP-HPLC coupled to UV or fluorescent detection and RP-HPLC-MS/MS. Specifically for citrate buffer, the light-induced formation of H2O2, •OH, •CO2-, and formaldehyde was demonstrated. The peptides displayed oxidation of Met, hydroxylation of Tyr and Phe, as well as the formation of novel products from Tyr. Experiments with 18O2 resulted in the incorporation of 18O into various reaction products, consistent with a metal-catalyzed activation of O2 into reactive oxygen species. The addition of EDTA and DTPA did not prevent the oxidation of the peptides and, in some cases, enhanced the oxidation. Our results demonstrate that pharmaceutical buffer-Fe3+ complexes, exposed to UV and visible light, can promote various pathways of oxidation reactions in pharmaceutical formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Subelzu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Christian Schöneich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
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23
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Ruesch MN, Benetti L, Berkay E, Cirelli DJ, Frantz N, Gastens MH, Kelley WP, Kretsinger J, Lewis M, Novick S, Rellahan B, Pack L, Stroop CJM, Subashi A, Yin P, Zeng M, Stults J. Strategies for Setting Patient-Centric Commercial Specifications for Biotherapeutic Products. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:771-784. [PMID: 33035537 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Commercial specifications for a new biotherapeutic product are a critical component of the product's overall control strategy that ensures safety and efficacy. This paper describes strategies for setting commercial specifications as proposed by a consortium of industry development scientists. The specifications for some attributes are guided by compendia and regulatory guidance. For other product quality attributes (PQAs), product knowledge and the understanding of attribute criticality built throughout product development should drive specification setting. The foundation of PQA knowledge is an understanding of potential patient impact through an assessment of potency, PK, immunogenicity and safety. In addition to PQA knowledge, the ability of the manufacturing process to consistently meet specifications, typically assessed through statistical analyses, is an important consideration in the specification-setting process. Setting acceptance criteria that are unnecessarily narrow can impact the ability to supply product or prohibit consideration of future convenient dosage forms. Patient-centric specifications enable appropriate control over higher risk PQAs to ensure product quality for the patient, and flexibility for lower risk PQAs for a sustainable supply chain. This paper captures common strategic approaches for setting specifications for standard biotherapeutic products such as monoclonal antibodies and includes considerations for ensuring specifications are patient centric.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret N Ruesch
- Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Pfizer Inc., Andover, MA 01810, USA.
| | | | | | - David J Cirelli
- Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Pfizer Inc., Andover, MA 01810, USA
| | - Neha Frantz
- Biogen, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | | | - Wayne P Kelley
- Pharma Research & Development, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
| | - Juliana Kretsinger
- Bioproduct Analytical Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Mike Lewis
- Janssen R&D, LLC, Malvern, PA 19355, USA
| | - Shawn Novick
- BioPhia Consulting, Inc., Lake Forest, IL 60045, USA
| | | | - Laura Pack
- Product Quality, Seagen, Bothell, WA 98021, USA
| | | | - Ann Subashi
- Global Product Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, USA
| | - Ping Yin
- Global Regulatory Affairs, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, MA 02210, USA
| | - Ming Zeng
- Parenteral Science & Technology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - John Stults
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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24
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McAvan BS, Bowsher LA, Powell T, O'Hara JF, Spitali M, Goodacre R, Doig AJ. Raman Spectroscopy to Monitor Post-Translational Modifications and Degradation in Monoclonal Antibody Therapeutics. Anal Chem 2020; 92:10381-10389. [PMID: 32614170 PMCID: PMC7467412 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Monoclonal
antibodies (mAbs) represent a rapidly expanding market
for biotherapeutics. Structural changes in the mAb can lead to unwanted
immunogenicity, reduced efficacy, and loss of material during production.
The pharmaceutical sector requires new protein characterization tools
that are fast, applicable in situ and to the manufacturing process.
Raman has been highlighted as a technique to suit this application
as it is information-rich, minimally invasive, insensitive to water
background and requires little to no sample preparation. This study
investigates the applicability of Raman to detect Post-Translational
Modifications (PTMs) and degradation seen in mAbs. IgG4 molecules
have been incubated under a range of conditions known to result in
degradation of the therapeutic including varied pH, temperature, agitation,
photo, and chemical stresses. Aggregation was measured using size-exclusion
chromatography, and PTM levels were calculated using peptide mapping.
By combining principal component analysis (PCA) with Raman spectroscopy
and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy structural analysis we were
able to separate proteins based on PTMs and degradation. Furthermore,
by identifying key bands that lead to the PCA separation we could
correlate spectral peaks to specific PTMs. In particular, we have
identified a peak which exhibits a shift in samples with higher levels
of Trp oxidation. Through separation of IgG4 aggregates, by size,
we have shown a linear correlation between peak wavenumbers of specific
functional groups and the amount of aggregate present. We therefore
demonstrate the capability for Raman spectroscopy to be used as an
analytical tool to measure degradation and PTMs in-line with therapeutic
production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethan S McAvan
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Leo A Bowsher
- UCB Celltech, UCB Pharma, Limited, 208 Bath Road, Slough, Berkshire SL1 3WE, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Powell
- UCB Celltech, UCB Pharma, Limited, 208 Bath Road, Slough, Berkshire SL1 3WE, United Kingdom
| | - John F O'Hara
- UCB Celltech, UCB Pharma, Limited, 208 Bath Road, Slough, Berkshire SL1 3WE, United Kingdom
| | - Mariangela Spitali
- UCB Celltech, UCB Pharma, Limited, 208 Bath Road, Slough, Berkshire SL1 3WE, United Kingdom
| | - Royston Goodacre
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Doig
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
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25
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Hinterholzer A, Stanojlovic V, Regl C, Huber CG, Cabrele C, Schubert M. Identification and Quantification of Oxidation Products in Full-Length Biotherapeutic Antibodies by NMR Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2020; 92:9666-9673. [PMID: 32530275 PMCID: PMC7467420 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Therapeutic
proteins are an indispensable class of drugs and often
therapeutics of last resort. They are sensitive to oxidation, which
is of critical concern, because it can affect drug safety and efficacy.
Protein oxidation, with methionine and tryptophan as the most susceptible
moieties, is mainly monitored by HPLC–MS techniques. However,
since several oxidation products display the same mass difference,
their identification by MS is often ambiguous. Therefore, an alternative
analytical method able to unambiguously identify and, ideally, also
quantify oxidation species in proteins is highly desired. Here, we
present an NMR-based approach to monitor oxidation in full-length
proteins under denaturing conditions, as demonstrated on two biotherapeutic
monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). We show that methionine sulfoxide, methionine
sulfone, N-formylkynurenine, kynurenine, oxindolylalanine,
hydroxypyrroloindole, and 5-hydroxytryptophan result in characteristic
chemical shift correlations suited for their identification and quantification.
We identified the five most abundant oxidation products in forced
degradation studies of two full-length therapeutic mAbs and can also
unambiguously distinguish oxindolylalanine from 5-hydroxytryptophan,
which are undistinguishable by MS due to the same mass shift. Quantification
of the abundant methionine sulfoxide by NMR and MS gave highly comparable
values. These results underline the suitability of NMR spectroscopy
for the identification and quantification of critical quality attributes
of biotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Hinterholzer
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Billrothstrasse 11, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Vesna Stanojlovic
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Billrothstrasse 11, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christof Regl
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Billrothstrasse 11, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christian G Huber
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Billrothstrasse 11, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Chiara Cabrele
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Billrothstrasse 11, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Mario Schubert
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Billrothstrasse 11, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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26
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Schöneich C. Photo-Degradation of Therapeutic Proteins: Mechanistic Aspects. Pharm Res 2020; 37:45. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-2763-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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27
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Quantitation of Four Tryptophan-Related Impurities in Compound Amino Acid Injection-18 AA by HPLC–PDA. Chromatographia 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-019-03847-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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28
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Chiu ML, Goulet DR, Teplyakov A, Gilliland GL. Antibody Structure and Function: The Basis for Engineering Therapeutics. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:antib8040055. [PMID: 31816964 PMCID: PMC6963682 DOI: 10.3390/antib8040055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies and antibody-derived macromolecules have established themselves as the mainstay in protein-based therapeutic molecules (biologics). Our knowledge of the structure–function relationships of antibodies provides a platform for protein engineering that has been exploited to generate a wide range of biologics for a host of therapeutic indications. In this review, our basic understanding of the antibody structure is described along with how that knowledge has leveraged the engineering of antibody and antibody-related therapeutics having the appropriate antigen affinity, effector function, and biophysical properties. The platforms examined include the development of antibodies, antibody fragments, bispecific antibody, and antibody fusion products, whose efficacy and manufacturability can be improved via humanization, affinity modulation, and stability enhancement. We also review the design and selection of binding arms, and avidity modulation. Different strategies of preparing bispecific and multispecific molecules for an array of therapeutic applications are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark L. Chiu
- Drug Product Development Science, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Malvern, PA 19355, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Dennis R. Goulet
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, P.O. Box 357610, Seattle, WA 98195-7610, USA;
| | - Alexey Teplyakov
- Biologics Research, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA 19477, USA; (A.T.); (G.L.G.)
| | - Gary L. Gilliland
- Biologics Research, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA 19477, USA; (A.T.); (G.L.G.)
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29
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Mechanisms of color formation in drug substance and mitigation strategies for the manufacture and storage of therapeutic proteins produced using mammalian cell culture. Process Biochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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30
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Susceptibility of protein therapeutics to spontaneous chemical modifications by oxidation, cyclization, and elimination reactions. Amino Acids 2019; 51:1409-1431. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-019-02787-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPeptides and proteins are preponderantly emerging in the drug market, as shown by the increasing number of biopharmaceutics already approved or under development. Biomolecules like recombinant monoclonal antibodies have high therapeutic efficacy and offer a valuable alternative to small-molecule drugs. However, due to their complex three-dimensional structure and the presence of many functional groups, the occurrence of spontaneous conformational and chemical changes is much higher for peptides and proteins than for small molecules. The characterization of biotherapeutics with modern and sophisticated analytical methods has revealed the presence of contaminants that mainly arise from oxidation- and elimination-prone amino-acid side chains. This review focuses on protein chemical modifications that may take place during storage due to (1) oxidation (methionine, cysteine, histidine, tyrosine, tryptophan, and phenylalanine), (2) intra- and inter-residue cyclization (aspartic and glutamic acid, asparagine, glutamine, N-terminal dipeptidyl motifs), and (3) β-elimination (serine, threonine, cysteine, cystine) reactions. It also includes some examples of the impact of such modifications on protein structure and function.
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Wang W, Ohtake S. Science and art of protein formulation development. Int J Pharm 2019; 568:118505. [PMID: 31306712 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein pharmaceuticals have become a significant class of marketed drug products and are expected to grow steadily over the next decade. Development of a commercial protein product is, however, a rather complex process. A critical step in this process is formulation development, enabling the final product configuration. A number of challenges still exist in the formulation development process. This review is intended to discuss these challenges, to illustrate the basic formulation development processes, and to compare the options and strategies in practical formulation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Biological Development, Bayer USA, LLC, 800 Dwight Way, Berkeley, CA 94710, United States.
| | - Satoshi Ohtake
- Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Pfizer Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chesterfield, MO 63017, United States
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Barnett GV, Balakrishnan G, Chennamsetty N, Hoffman L, Bongers J, Tao L, Huang Y, Slaney T, Das TK, Leone A, Kar SR. Probing the Tryptophan Environment in Therapeutic Proteins: Implications for Higher Order Structure on Tryptophan Oxidation. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:1944-1952. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Cao X, Flagg SC, Li X, Chennamsetty N, Balakrishnan G, Das TK. Quadrupole Dalton-Based Controlled Proteolysis Method for Characterization of Higher Order Protein Structure. Anal Chem 2019; 91:5339-5345. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Cao
- Biologics Methods and Analytical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Shannon C. Flagg
- Biologics Methods and Analytical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Xue Li
- Biologics Methods and Analytical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Naresh Chennamsetty
- Biologics Methods and Analytical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Gurusamy Balakrishnan
- Biologics Methods and Analytical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Tapan K. Das
- Biologics Methods and Analytical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey 08534, United States
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Beck A, Liu H. Macro- and Micro-Heterogeneity of Natural and Recombinant IgG Antibodies. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:antib8010018. [PMID: 31544824 PMCID: PMC6640695 DOI: 10.3390/antib8010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) intended for therapeutic usage are required to be thoroughly characterized, which has promoted an extensive effort towards the understanding of the structures and heterogeneity of this major class of molecules. Batch consistency and comparability are highly relevant to the successful pharmaceutical development of mAbs and related products. Small structural modifications that contribute to molecule variants (or proteoforms) differing in size, charge or hydrophobicity have been identified. These modifications may impact (or not) the stability, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of mAbs. The presence of the same type of modifications as found in endogenous immunoglobulin G (IgG) can substantially lower the safety risks of mAbs. The knowledge of modifications is also critical to the ranking of critical quality attributes (CQAs) of the drug and define the Quality Target Product Profile (QTPP). This review provides a summary of the current understanding of post-translational and physico-chemical modifications identified in recombinant mAbs and endogenous IgGs at physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Beck
- Biologics CMC and developability, IRPF, Center d'immunologie Pierre Fabre, St Julien-en-Genevois CEDEX, 74160 Saint-Julien en Genevois, France.
| | - Hongcheng Liu
- Anokion, 50 Hampshire Street, Suite 402, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Martínez JH, Velázquez F, Burrieza HP, Martínez KD, Paula Domínguez Rubio A, dos Santos Ferreira C, del Pilar Buera M, Pérez OE. Betanin loaded nanocarriers based on quinoa seed 11S globulin. Impact on the protein structure and antioxidant activity. Food Hydrocoll 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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36
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Pavon JA, Xiao L, Li X, Zhao J, Aldredge D, Dank E, Fridman A, Liu YH. Selective Tryptophan Oxidation of Monoclonal Antibodies: Oxidative Stress and Modeling Prediction. Anal Chem 2019; 91:2192-2200. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Alexander Pavon
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Li Xiao
- Modeling and Informatics, Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jia Zhao
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Danielle Aldredge
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Eugene Dank
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Alex Fridman
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Yan-Hui Liu
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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Xu Y, Wang D, Mason B, Rossomando T, Li N, Liu D, Cheung JK, Xu W, Raghava S, Katiyar A, Nowak C, Xiang T, Dong DD, Sun J, Beck A, Liu H. Structure, heterogeneity and developability assessment of therapeutic antibodies. MAbs 2018; 11:239-264. [PMID: 30543482 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1553476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing attention has been paid to developability assessment with the understanding that thorough evaluation of monoclonal antibody lead candidates at an early stage can avoid delays during late-stage development. The concept of developability is based on the knowledge gained from the successful development of approximately 80 marketed antibody and Fc-fusion protein drug products and from the lessons learned from many failed development programs over the last three decades. Here, we reviewed antibody quality attributes that are critical to development and traditional and state-of-the-art analytical methods to monitor those attributes. Based on our collective experiences, a practical workflow is proposed as a best practice for developability assessment including in silico evaluation, extended characterization and forced degradation using appropriate analytical methods that allow characterization with limited material consumption and fast turnaround time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingda Xu
- a Protein Analytics , Adimab , Lebanon , NH , USA
| | - Dongdong Wang
- b Analytical Department , Bioanalytix, Inc ., Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - Bruce Mason
- c Product Characterization , Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Tony Rossomando
- c Product Characterization , Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Ning Li
- d Analytical Chemistry , Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., Tarrytown , NY , USA
| | - Dingjiang Liu
- e Formulation Development , Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., Tarrytown , NY , USA
| | - Jason K Cheung
- f Pharmaceutical Sciences , MRL, Merck & Co., Inc ., Kenilworth , NJ , USA
| | - Wei Xu
- g Analytical Method Development , MRL, Merck & Co., Inc ., Kenilworth , NJ , USA
| | - Smita Raghava
- h Sterile Formulation Sciences , MRL, Merck & Co., Inc ., Kenilworth , NJ , USA
| | - Amit Katiyar
- i Analytical Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , Pennington , NJ , USA
| | - Christine Nowak
- c Product Characterization , Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Tao Xiang
- j Manufacturing Sciences , Abbvie Bioresearch Center , Worcester , MA , USA
| | - Diane D Dong
- j Manufacturing Sciences , Abbvie Bioresearch Center , Worcester , MA , USA
| | - Joanne Sun
- k Product development , Innovent Biologics , Suzhou Industrial Park , China
| | - Alain Beck
- l Analytical chemistry , NBEs, Center d'immunologie Pierre Fabre , St Julien-en-Genevois Cedex , France
| | - Hongcheng Liu
- c Product Characterization , Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., New Haven , CT , USA
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38
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Hageman T, Wei H, Kuehne P, Fu J, Ludwig R, Tao L, Leone A, Zocher M, Das TK. Impact of Tryptophan Oxidation in Complementarity-Determining Regions of Two Monoclonal Antibodies on Structure-Function Characterized by Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry and Surface Plasmon Resonance. Pharm Res 2018; 36:24. [PMID: 30536043 PMCID: PMC6290686 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2545-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Tryptophan’s (Trp) unique hydrophobic and structural properties make it an important antigen binding motif when positioned in complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Oxidation of Trp residues within the CDR can deleteriously impact antigen binding, particularly if the CDR conformation is altered. The goal of this study was to evaluate the conformational and functional impact of Trp oxidation for two mAb subtypes, which is essential in determining the structure-function relationship and establishing appropriate analytical control strategies during protein therapeutics development. Methods Selective Trp oxidation was induced by 2,2′-Azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) treatment in the presence of free methionine (Met). The native and chemically oxidized mAbs were characterized by hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) for conformational changes and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for antigen-antibody binding. Results Treatment of mAbs with AAPH selectively oxidized solvent accessible Trp residues. Oxidation of Trp within or in proximity of CDRs increased conformational flexibility in variable domains and disrupted antigen binding. Conclusions Trp oxidation in CDRs can adversely impact mAbs’ conformation and antigen binding. Trp oxidation should be carefully evaluated as part of critical quality attribute assessments. Oxidation susceptible Trp should be closely monitored during process development for mAbs to establish appropriate analytical control for manufacturing of drug substance and drug product. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s11095-018-2545-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Hageman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1567 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, KS, USA.,Biologics Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ, 08534, USA
| | - Hui Wei
- Biologics Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ, 08534, USA.
| | - Patrick Kuehne
- Biologics Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ, 08534, USA
| | - Jinmei Fu
- Biologics Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ, 08534, USA
| | - Richard Ludwig
- Biologics Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ, 08534, USA
| | - Li Tao
- Biologics Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ, 08534, USA
| | - Anthony Leone
- Biologics Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ, 08534, USA
| | - Marcel Zocher
- Biologics Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ, 08534, USA
| | - Tapan K Das
- Biologics Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ, 08534, USA
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39
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Cornwell O, Radford SE, Ashcroft AE, Ault JR. Comparing Hydrogen Deuterium Exchange and Fast Photochemical Oxidation of Proteins: a Structural Characterisation of Wild-Type and ΔN6 β 2-Microglobulin. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:2413-2426. [PMID: 30267362 PMCID: PMC6276068 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-2067-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen deuterium exchange (HDX) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) is a well-established technique employed in the field of structural MS to probe the solvent accessibility, dynamics and hydrogen bonding of backbone amides in proteins. By contrast, fast photochemical oxidation of proteins (FPOP) uses hydroxyl radicals, liberated from the photolysis of hydrogen peroxide, to covalently label solvent accessible amino acid side chains on the microsecond-millisecond timescale. Here, we use these two techniques to study the structural and dynamical differences between the protein β2-microglobulin (β2m) and its amyloidogenic truncation variant, ΔN6. We show that HDX and FPOP highlight structural/dynamical differences in regions of the proteins, localised to the region surrounding the N-terminal truncation. Further, we demonstrate that, with carefully optimised LC-MS conditions, FPOP data can probe solvent accessibility at the sub-amino acid level, and that these data can be interpreted meaningfully to gain more detailed understanding of the local environment and orientation of the side chains in protein structures. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen Cornwell
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Sheena E Radford
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Alison E Ashcroft
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - James R Ault
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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40
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Wang W, Roberts CJ. Protein aggregation – Mechanisms, detection, and control. Int J Pharm 2018; 550:251-268. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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41
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Effect of photo-degradation on the structure, stability, aggregation, and function of an IgG1 monoclonal antibody. Int J Pharm 2018; 547:438-449. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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42
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Rael LT, Bar-Or R, Banton KL, Mains CW, Roshon M, Tanner AH, Lieser MJ, Acuna DL, Bar-Or D. The anti-inflammatory effect of LMWF5A and N-acetyl kynurenine on macrophages: Involvement of aryl hydrocarbon receptor in mechanism of action. Biochem Biophys Rep 2018; 15:61-67. [PMID: 30073204 PMCID: PMC6068081 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
After a traumatic insult, macrophages can become activated leading to general inflammation at the site of injury. Activated macrophages are partially regulated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) which when activated suppresses inflammation by limiting the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and promoting the over expression of immuno-modulatory mediators. This study aims to determine whether the low molecular weight fraction of 5% human serum albumin (LMWF5A) and N-acetyl kynurenine (NAK), an N-acetyl tryptophan (NAT) breakdown product in LMWF5A, can regulate inflammation by inhibiting macrophage activation through the AhR since kynurenine is a known AhR agonist. Using LCMS, we demonstrate that NAT is non-enzymatically degraded during accelerated aging of LMWF5A with high heat accelerating degradation. More importantly, NAK is a major degradation product found in LMWF5A. THP-1 monocytes were differentiated into macrophages using phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and pre-treated with 2-fold dilutions of LMWF5A or synthetic NAK with or without an AhR antagonist (CH223191) prior to overnight stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Treatment with LMWF5A caused a 50–70% decrease in IL-6 release throughout the dilution series. A dose-response inhibition of IL-6 release was observed for NAK with maximal inhibition (50%) seen at the highest NAK concentration. Finally, an AhR antagonist partially blocked the anti-inflammatory effect of LMWF5A while completely blocking the effect of NAK. A similar inhibitory effect was observed for CXCL-10, but the AhR antagonist was not effective suggesting additional mechanisms for CXCL-10 release. These preliminary findings suggest that LMWF5A and NAK partially promote the suppression of activated macrophages via the AhR receptor. Therefore, LMWF5A, which contains NAK, is potentially a useful therapeutic in medical conditions where inflammation is prevalent such as trauma, sepsis, and wound healing. LMWF5A contains degradation products of N-acetyl tryptophan (NAT). A major degradation product of NAT in LMWF5A is N-acetyl kynurenine (NAK). LMWF5A and NAK decrease IL-6 and CXCL-10 release from activated macrophages. AhR is partially involved in the mechanism of action for LMWF5A and NAK. The anti-inflammatory properties of LMWF5A are also AhR-independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard T Rael
- Swedish Medical Center, Englewood, CO 80113, USA.,St. Anthony Hospital, Lakewood, CO 80228, USA.,Medical City Plano, Plano, TX 75075, USA.,Penrose Hospital, Colorado Springs, CO 80907, USA.,Research Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64132, USA.,Wesley Medical Center, Wichita, KS 67214, USA
| | - Raphael Bar-Or
- Swedish Medical Center, Englewood, CO 80113, USA.,St. Anthony Hospital, Lakewood, CO 80228, USA.,Medical City Plano, Plano, TX 75075, USA.,Penrose Hospital, Colorado Springs, CO 80907, USA.,Research Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64132, USA.,Wesley Medical Center, Wichita, KS 67214, USA.,Ampio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Englewood, CO 80112, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - David Bar-Or
- Swedish Medical Center, Englewood, CO 80113, USA.,St. Anthony Hospital, Lakewood, CO 80228, USA.,Medical City Plano, Plano, TX 75075, USA.,Penrose Hospital, Colorado Springs, CO 80907, USA.,Research Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64132, USA.,Wesley Medical Center, Wichita, KS 67214, USA.,Ampio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Englewood, CO 80112, USA.,Rocky Vista University, Parker, CO 80134, USA
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Du C, Barnett G, Borwankar A, Lewandowski A, Singh N, Ghose S, Borys M, Li ZJ. Protection of therapeutic antibodies from visible light induced degradation: Use safe light in manufacturing and storage. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 127:37-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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45
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Balakrishnan G, Barnett GV, Kar SR, Das TK. Detection and Identification of the Vibrational Markers for the Quantification of Methionine Oxidation in Therapeutic Proteins. Anal Chem 2018; 90:6959-6966. [PMID: 29741878 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Methionine oxidation is a major degradation pathway in therapeutic proteins which can impact the structure and function of proteins as well as risk to drug product quality. Detecting Met oxidation in proteins by peptide mapping followed by liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is the industry standard but is also labor intensive and susceptible to artifacts. In this work, vibrational difference spectroscopy in combination with 18O isotopic shift enabled us to demonstrate the application of Raman and FTIR techniques for the detection and quantification of Met oxidation in various therapeutic proteins, including mAbs, fusion proteins, and antibody drug conjugate. Vibrational markers of Met oxidation products, such as sulfoxide and sulfone, corresponding to S═O and C-S═O stretching frequencies were unequivocally identified based 18O isotoptic shifts. The intensity of the isolated νC-S Raman band at 702 cm-1 was successfully applied to quantify the average Met oxidation level in multiple proteins. These results are further corroborated by oxidation levels measured by tryptic peptide mapping, and thus the confirmed Met oxidation levels derived from Raman and mass spectrometry are indeed consistent with each other. Thus, we demonstrate the broader application of vibrational spectroscopy to detect the subtle spectral changes associated with various chemical or physical degradation of proteins, including Met oxidation as well as higher order structural changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurusamy Balakrishnan
- Molecular and Analytical Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Road , Pennington , New Jersey 08534 , United States
| | - Gregory V Barnett
- Molecular and Analytical Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Road , Pennington , New Jersey 08534 , United States
| | - Sambit R Kar
- Molecular and Analytical Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Road , Pennington , New Jersey 08534 , United States
| | - Tapan K Das
- Molecular and Analytical Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Road , Pennington , New Jersey 08534 , United States
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46
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Ambrogelly A, Gozo S, Katiyar A, Dellatore S, Kune Y, Bhat R, Sun J, Li N, Wang D, Nowak C, Neill A, Ponniah G, King C, Mason B, Beck A, Liu H. Analytical comparability study of recombinant monoclonal antibody therapeutics. MAbs 2018; 10:513-538. [PMID: 29513619 PMCID: PMC5973765 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1438797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Process changes are inevitable in the life cycle of recombinant monoclonal antibody therapeutics. Products made using pre- and post-change processes are required to be comparable as demonstrated by comparability studies to qualify for continuous development and commercial supply. Establishment of comparability is a systematic process of gathering and evaluating data based on scientific understanding and clinical experience of the relationship between product quality attributes and their impact on safety and efficacy. This review summarizes the current understanding of various modifications of recombinant monoclonal antibodies. It further outlines the critical steps in designing and executing successful comparability studies to support process changes at different stages of a product's lifecycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Ambrogelly
- Biologics Analytical Operations, Pharmaceutical & Biologics Development, Gilead Sciences, Ocean Ranch Blvd, Oceanside, CA
| | - Stephen Gozo
- Analytical Research & Development-Biologics, Celgene Corporation, Morris Avenue, Summit, NJ
| | - Amit Katiyar
- Analytical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington Rocky Road, Pennington, NJ
| | - Shara Dellatore
- Biologics & Vaccines Bioanalytics, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ USA
| | - Yune Kune
- Fortress Biologicals, Sawyer Road, Suite, Waltham, MA
| | - Ram Bhat
- Millennium Research laboratories, New Boston Street, Woburn, MA
| | - Joanne Sun
- Product Development, Innovent Biologics, Dongping Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, China
| | - Ning Li
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY
| | - Dongdong Wang
- Analytical Department, BioAnalytix, Inc., Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA
| | - Christine Nowak
- Product Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, College Street, New Haven, CT
| | - Alyssa Neill
- Product Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, College Street, New Haven, CT
| | | | - Cory King
- Product Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, College Street, New Haven, CT
| | - Bruce Mason
- Pre-formulation, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, College Street, New Haven, CT
| | - Alain Beck
- Analytical Chemistry, NBEs, Center d'Immunologie Pierre Fabre, St Julien-en-Genevois Cedex, France
| | - Hongcheng Liu
- Product Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, College Street, New Haven, CT
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Wecksler AT, Yin J, Lee Tao P, Kabakoff B, Sreedhara A, Deperalta G. Photodisruption of the Structurally Conserved Cys-Cys-Trp Triads Leads to Reduction-Resistant Scrambled Intrachain Disulfides in an IgG1 Monoclonal Antibody. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:1598-1606. [PMID: 29502420 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b01128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Photostability conditions as prescribed by ICH guidelines induced highly reduction-resistant scrambled disulfides that contribute to the population of apparent nonreducible aggregates in an IgG1 mAb. Photoinduced cross-linked species were isolated under reducing conditions using an organic phase size exclusion chromatography (OP-SEC) method, followed by O18-labeling tryptic mapping to identify cross-linked peptides. Disulfide scrambling was observed within the IgG1 structurally conserved-intrachain cysteine-cysteine-tryptophan triads (Cys-Cys-Trp), and correlated with Trp-to-kynurenine (Kyn) photodegradation within these triads. We hypothesize that intrachain disulfides protect the proximal Trp within the Cys-Cys-Trp triads from photodegradation by enabling dissipation of Trp-absorbed UV energy via electron transfer to the disulfide bond. Finally, we propose three distinct mechanisms of photochemical degradation of monoclonal antibodies mediated by Trp residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron T Wecksler
- Protein Analytical Chemistry Department , Genentech Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Jian Yin
- Early Stage Pharmaceutical Development , Genentech Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Paula Lee Tao
- Protein Analytical Chemistry Department , Genentech Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Bruce Kabakoff
- Early Stage Pharmaceutical Development , Genentech Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Alavattam Sreedhara
- Late Stage Pharmaceutical Development , Genentech Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Galahad Deperalta
- Protein Analytical Chemistry Department , Genentech Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
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Characterization of N-Acetyl-Tryptophan Degradation in Protein Therapeutic Formulations. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:3499-3506. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Nowak C, K Cheung J, M Dellatore S, Katiyar A, Bhat R, Sun J, Ponniah G, Neill A, Mason B, Beck A, Liu H. Forced degradation of recombinant monoclonal antibodies: A practical guide. MAbs 2017; 9:1217-1230. [PMID: 28853987 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2017.1368602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Forced degradation studies have become integral to the development of recombinant monoclonal antibody therapeutics by serving a variety of objectives from early stage manufacturability evaluation to supporting comparability assessments both pre- and post- marketing approval. This review summarizes the regulatory guidance scattered throughout different documents to highlight the expectations from various agencies such as the Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency. The various purposes for forced degradation studies, commonly used conditions and the major degradation pathways under each condition are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Nowak
- a Product Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals , New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Jason K Cheung
- b Sterile Formulation Sciences, MRL , Merck & Co., Inc. , Kenilworth , NJ, USA , USA
| | - Shara M Dellatore
- c Biologics and Vaccines Bioanalytics, MRL , Merck & Co., Inc. , Kenilworth , NJ , USA
| | - Amit Katiyar
- d Analytical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , Pennington , NJ , USA
| | - Ram Bhat
- e Millennium Research laboratories , Woburn , MA , USA
| | - Joanne Sun
- f Product Development, Innovent Biologics , Suzhou Industrial Park, China
| | | | - Alyssa Neill
- a Product Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals , New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Bruce Mason
- a Product Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals , New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Alain Beck
- g Analytical Chemistry, NBEs, Center d'Immunology Pierre Fabre , Cedex , France
| | - Hongcheng Liu
- a Product Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals , New Haven , CT , USA
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Lyophilized Drug Product Cake Appearance: What Is Acceptable? J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:1706-1721. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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