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Xie Y, Li H, Chen F, Udayakumar S, Arora K, Chen H, Lan Y, Hu Q, Zhou X, Guo X, Xiu L, Yin K. Clustered Regularly Interspaced short palindromic repeats-Based Microfluidic System in Infectious Diseases Diagnosis: Current Status, Challenges, and Perspectives. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2204172. [PMID: 36257813 PMCID: PMC9731715 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202204172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Mitigating the spread of global infectious diseases requires rapid and accurate diagnostic tools. Conventional diagnostic techniques for infectious diseases typically require sophisticated equipment and are time consuming. Emerging clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated proteins (Cas) detection systems have shown remarkable potential as next-generation diagnostic tools to achieve rapid, sensitive, specific, and field-deployable diagnoses of infectious diseases, based on state-of-the-art microfluidic platforms. Therefore, a review of recent advances in CRISPR-based microfluidic systems for infectious diseases diagnosis is urgently required. This review highlights the mechanisms of CRISPR/Cas biosensing and cutting-edge microfluidic devices including paper, digital, and integrated wearable platforms. Strategies to simplify sample pretreatment, improve diagnostic performance, and achieve integrated detection are discussed. Current challenges and future perspectives contributing to the development of more effective CRISPR-based microfluidic diagnostic systems are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xie
- School of Global HealthChinese Center for Tropical Diseases ResearchShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200025P. R. China
- One Health CenterShanghai Jiao Tong University‐The University of EdinburghShanghai200025P. R. China
| | - Huimin Li
- School of Global HealthChinese Center for Tropical Diseases ResearchShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200025P. R. China
- One Health CenterShanghai Jiao Tong University‐The University of EdinburghShanghai200025P. R. China
| | - Fumin Chen
- School of Global HealthChinese Center for Tropical Diseases ResearchShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200025P. R. China
- One Health CenterShanghai Jiao Tong University‐The University of EdinburghShanghai200025P. R. China
| | - Srisruthi Udayakumar
- Division of Engineering in MedicineDepartment of MedicineBrigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02139USA
| | - Khyati Arora
- Division of Engineering in MedicineDepartment of MedicineBrigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02139USA
| | - Hui Chen
- Division of Engineering in MedicineDepartment of MedicineBrigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02139USA
| | - Yang Lan
- Centre for Nature‐Inspired EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity College LondonLondonWC1E 7JEUK
| | - Qinqin Hu
- School of Global HealthChinese Center for Tropical Diseases ResearchShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200025P. R. China
- One Health CenterShanghai Jiao Tong University‐The University of EdinburghShanghai200025P. R. China
| | - Xiaonong Zhou
- School of Global HealthChinese Center for Tropical Diseases ResearchShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200025P. R. China
- One Health CenterShanghai Jiao Tong University‐The University of EdinburghShanghai200025P. R. China
| | - Xiaokui Guo
- School of Global HealthChinese Center for Tropical Diseases ResearchShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200025P. R. China
- One Health CenterShanghai Jiao Tong University‐The University of EdinburghShanghai200025P. R. China
| | - Leshan Xiu
- School of Global HealthChinese Center for Tropical Diseases ResearchShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200025P. R. China
- One Health CenterShanghai Jiao Tong University‐The University of EdinburghShanghai200025P. R. China
| | - Kun Yin
- School of Global HealthChinese Center for Tropical Diseases ResearchShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200025P. R. China
- One Health CenterShanghai Jiao Tong University‐The University of EdinburghShanghai200025P. R. China
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2
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Abstract
Isotachophoresis (ITP) is a versatile electrophoretic technique that can be used for sample preconcentration, separation, purification, and mixing, and to control and accelerate chemical reactions. Although the basic technique is nearly a century old and widely used, there is a persistent need for an easily approachable, succinct, and rigorous review of ITP theory and analysis. This is important because the interest and adoption of the technique has grown over the last two decades, especially with its implementation in microfluidics and integration with on-chip chemical and biochemical assays. We here provide a review of ITP theory starting from physicochemical first-principles, including conservation of species, conservation of current, approximation of charge neutrality, pH equilibrium of weak electrolytes, and so-called regulating functions that govern transport dynamics, with a strong emphasis on steady and unsteady transport. We combine these generally applicable (to all types of ITP) theoretical discussions with applications of ITP in the field of microfluidic systems, particularly on-chip biochemical analyses. Our discussion includes principles that govern the ITP focusing of weak and strong electrolytes; ITP dynamics in peak and plateau modes; a review of simulation tools, experimental tools, and detection methods; applications of ITP for on-chip separations and trace analyte manipulation; and design considerations and challenges for microfluidic ITP systems. We conclude with remarks on possible future research directions. The intent of this review is to help make ITP analysis and design principles more accessible to the scientific and engineering communities and to provide a rigorous basis for the increased adoption of ITP in microfluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin Ramachandran
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Juan G Santiago
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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3
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Arshavsky-Graham S, Ward SJ, Massad-Ivanir N, Scheper T, Weiss SM, Segal E. Porous Silicon-Based Aptasensors: Toward Cancer Protein Biomarker Detection. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2021; 1:82-94. [PMID: 34693403 PMCID: PMC8532149 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.1c00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The anterior gradient homologue-2 (AGR2) protein is an attractive biomarker for various types of cancer. In pancreatic cancer, it is secreted to the pancreatic juice by premalignant lesions, which would be an ideal stage for diagnosis. Thus, designing assays for the sensitive detection of AGR2 would be highly valuable for the potential early diagnosis of pancreatic and other types of cancer. Herein, we present a biosensor for label-free AGR2 detection and investigate approaches for enhancing the aptasensor sensitivity by accelerating the target mass transfer rate and reducing the system noise. The biosensor is based on a nanostructured porous silicon thin film that is decorated with anti-AGR2 aptamers, where real-time monitoring of the reflectance changes enables the detection and quantification of AGR2, as well as the study of the diffusion and target-aptamer binding kinetics. The aptasensor is highly selective for AGR2 and can detect the protein in simulated pancreatic juice, where its concentration is outnumbered by orders of magnitude by numerous proteins. The aptasensor's analytical performance is characterized with a linear detection range of 0.05-2 mg mL-1, an apparent dissociation constant of 21 ± 1 μM, and a limit of detection of 9.2 μg mL-1 (0.2 μM), which is attributed to mass transfer limitations. To improve the latter, we applied different strategies to increase the diffusion flux to and within the nanostructure, such as the application of isotachophoresis for the preconcentration of AGR2 on the aptasensor, mixing, or integration with microchannels. By combining these approaches with a new signal processing technique that employs Morlet wavelet filtering and phase analysis, we achieve a limit of detection of 15 nM without compromising the biosensor's selectivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Arshavsky-Graham
- Department
of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Institute
of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz Universität
Hannover, Callinstraße 5, 30167 Hanover, Germany
| | - Simon J. Ward
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Naama Massad-Ivanir
- Department
of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Thomas Scheper
- Institute
of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz Universität
Hannover, Callinstraße 5, 30167 Hanover, Germany
| | - Sharon M. Weiss
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Ester Segal
- Department
of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- The
Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
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4
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Chen L, Cabot JM, Paull B. Thread-based isotachophoresis for DNA extraction and purification from biological samples. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:2565-2573. [PMID: 34002759 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00179e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A rapid, low-cost, and disposable microfluidic thread-based isotachophoresis method was developed for the purification and preconcentration of nucleic acids from biological samples, prior to their extraction and successful analysis using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). This approach extracts and concentrates protein-free DNA from the terminating electrolyte buffer, via a continuous sampling approach, resulting in significant focussing of the extracted DNA upon a 6 cm length nylon thread. The platform was optimised using the preconcentration of a fluorescent dye, showing a 600-fold concentration capacity within <5 min. The system was then applied to the one-step extraction of lambda DNA - an E. coli bacteriophage - spiked into whole blood, exhibiting the exclusion of PCR inhibitors. The extraction efficiency from the thread material following concentration was consistent, between 94.4-113.9%. The determination of lambda DNA in whole blood was achieved within a linear range of 1.0-1 × 105 fg μL-1 (20-2 × 106 copies per μL). This technique demonstrates great potential for the development of thread-based affordable analytical and diagnostic devices based upon DNA and RNA isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart 7001, Australia and ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Sciences (ACES), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Joan M Cabot
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart 7001, Australia and ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Sciences (ACES), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia and Diagnostic Devices Unit, Leitat Technology Center, Innovació 2, Terrassa, Barcelona 08225, Spain.
| | - Brett Paull
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart 7001, Australia and ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Sciences (ACES), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
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Bender AT, Sullivan BP, Zhang JY, Juergens DC, Lillis L, Boyle DS, Posner JD. HIV detection from human serum with paper-based isotachophoretic RNA extraction and reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification. Analyst 2021; 146:2851-2861. [PMID: 33949378 PMCID: PMC9151496 DOI: 10.1039/d0an02483j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The number of people living with HIV continues to increase with the current total near 38 million, of which about 26 million are receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). These treatment regimens are highly effective when properly managed, requiring routine viral load monitoring to assess successful viral suppression. Efforts to expand access by decentralizing HIV nucleic acid testing in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) has been hampered by the cost and complexity of current tests. Sample preparation of blood samples has traditionally relied on cumbersome RNA extraction methods, and it continues to be a key bottleneck for developing low-cost POC nucleic acid tests. We present a microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD) for extracting RNA and detecting HIV in serum, leveraging low-cost materials, simple buffers, and an electric field. We detect HIV virions and MS2 bacteriophage internal control in human serum using a novel lysis and RNase inactivation method, paper-based isotachophoresis (ITP) for RNA extraction, and duplexed reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification (RT-RPA) for nucleic acid amplification. We design a specialized ITP system to extract and concentrate RNA, while excluding harsh reagents used for lysis and RNase inactivation. We found the ITP μPAD can extract and purify 5000 HIV RNA copies per mL of serum. We then demonstrate detection of HIV virions and MS2 bacteriophage in human serum within 45-minutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Bender
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
| | - Benjamin P Sullivan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
| | - Jane Y Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
| | - David C Juergens
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | | | | | - Jonathan D Posner
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, USA. and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, USA and Family Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
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6
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Shebindu A, Somaweera H, Estlack Z, Kim J, Kim J. A fully integrated isotachophoresis with a programmable microfluidic platform. Talanta 2021; 225:122039. [PMID: 33592763 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.122039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Conventional isotachophoresis (ITP) can be used for pre-concentration of a single analyte, but preconcentration of multiple analytes is time consuming due to handling and washing steps required for the extensive buffer optimization procedure. In this work, we present a programmable microfluidic platform (PMP) to demonstrate fully automated optimization of ITP of multiple analytes. By interfacing a PMP with ITP, buffer selection and repetitive ITP procedures were automated. Using lifting-gate microvalve technology, a PMP consisting of a two-dimensional microvalve array was designed and fabricated for seamless integration with an ITP chip. The microvalve array was used for basic liquid manipulation such as metering, mixing, selecting, delivering, and washing procedures to prime and run ITP. Initially, the performances of the PMP and ITP channel were validated individually by estimating volume per pumping cycle and preconcentrating Alexa Fluor 594 with appropriate trailing (TE) and leading (LE) buffers, respectively. After confirming basic functions, autonomous ITP was demonstrated using multiple analytes (Pacific blue, Alexa Fluor 594, and Alexa Fluor 488). The optimal buffer combination was was determined by performing multiple ITP runs with three different TEs (borate, HEPES, and phosphate buffers) and three different concentrations of Tris-HCl for the LE. We found that 40 mM borate and 100 mM Tris-HCl successfully preconcentrated all analytes during a single ITP run. The integrated PMP-ITP system can simplify overall buffer selection and validation procedures for various biological and chemical target samples. Furthermore, by incorporating analytical tools that interconnect with the PMP, it can provide high sample concentrations to aid in downstream analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Shebindu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Himali Somaweera
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Zachary Estlack
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | | | - Jungkyu Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
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7
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Sullivan BP, Bender AT, Ngyuen DN, Zhang JY, Posner JD. Nucleic acid sample preparation from whole blood in a paper microfluidic device using isotachophoresis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1163:122494. [PMID: 33401049 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) are a crucial diagnostic and monitoring tool for infectious diseases. A key procedural step for NAATs is sample preparation: separating and purifying target nucleic acids from crude biological samples prior to nucleic acid amplification and detection. Traditionally, sample preparation has been performed with liquid- or solid-phase extraction, both of which require multiple trained user steps and significant laboratory equipment. The challenges associated with sample preparation have limited the dissemination of NAAT point-of-care diagnostics in low resource environments, including low- and middle-income countries. We report on a paper-based device for purification of nucleic acids from whole blood using isotachophoresis (ITP) for point-of-care NAATs. We show successful extraction and purification of target nucleic acids from large volumes (33 µL) of whole human blood samples with no moving parts and few user steps. Our device utilizes paper-based buffer reservoirs to fully contain the liquid ITP buffers and does not require complex filling procedures, instead relying on the natural wicking of integrated paper membranes. We perform on-device blood fractionation via filtration to remove leukocytes and erythrocytes from our sample, followed by integrated on-paper proteolytic digestion of endogenous plasma proteins to allow for successful isotachophoretic extraction. Paper-based isotachophoresis purifies and concentrates target nucleic acids that are added directly to recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) reactions. We show consistent amplification of input copy concentrations of as low as 3 × 103 copies nucleic acid per mL input blood with extraction and purification taking only 30 min. By employing a paper architecture, we are able to incorporate these processes in a single, robust, low-cost design, enabling the direct processing of large volumes of blood, with the only intermediate user steps being the removal and addition of tape. Our device represents a step towards a simple, fully integrated sample preparation system for nucleic acid amplification tests at the point-of-care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P Sullivan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrew T Bender
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Duy N Ngyuen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jane Yuqian Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jonathan D Posner
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Family Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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8
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Ji T, Liu Z, Wang G, Guo X, Akbar Khan S, Lai C, Chen H, Huang S, Xia S, Chen B, Jia H, Chen Y, Zhou Q. Detection of COVID-19: A review of the current literature and future perspectives. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 166:112455. [PMID: 32739797 PMCID: PMC7371595 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The rapid spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) worldwide pandemic. This unprecedented situation has garnered worldwide attention. An effective strategy for controlling the COVID-19 pandemic is to develop highly accurate methods for the rapid identification and isolation of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. Many companies and institutes are therefore striving to develop effective methods for the rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 ribonucleic acid (RNA), antibodies, antigens, and the virus. In this review, we summarize the structure of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, its genome and gene expression characteristics, and the current progression of SARS-CoV-2 RNA, antibodies, antigens, and virus detection. Further, we discuss the reasons for the observed false-negative and false-positive RNA and antibody detection results in practical clinical applications. Finally, we provide a review of the biosensors which hold promising potential for point-of-care detection of COVID-19 patients. This review thereby provides general guidelines for both scientists in the biosensing research community and for those in the biosensor industry to develop a highly sensitive and accurate point-of-care COVID-19 detection system, which would be of enormous benefit for controlling the current COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxing Ji
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, PR China.
| | - Zhenwei Liu
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Medicine Company Limited, Guangzhou, 510535, PR China
| | - GuoQiang Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, PR China
| | - Xuguang Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, PR China
| | - Shahzad Akbar Khan
- Laboratory of Pathology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Poonch Rawalakot, Rawala Kot, 12350, Pakistan
| | - Changchun Lai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Maoming People's Hospital, Maoming, 525000, PR China
| | - Haoyu Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, PR China
| | - Shiwen Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, PR China
| | - Shaomei Xia
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, PR China
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, PR China
| | - Hongyun Jia
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, PR China
| | - Yangchao Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, HongKong, PR China.
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, PR China.
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9
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Terzis A, Ramachandran A, Kang J, Santiago JG. Simultaneous optical and infrared thermal imaging of isotachophoresis. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1131:9-17. [PMID: 32928483 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Joule heating in isotachophoresis (ITP) can limit minimum assay times and efforts to scale up processed sample volumes. Despite its significance, the dynamics of Joule heating on spatiotemporal temperature fields in ITP systems have not been investigated. We here present novel measurements of spatiotemporal temperature and electromigration fields in ITP. To achieve this, we obtain simultaneous and registered optical and infrared thermal images of the ITP process. We conduct a series of experiments at constant current operation and vary the leading electrolyte concentration to study and highlight the importance of buffer-dependent ionic conductivity on the resulted temperature rise. The measurements demonstrate a substantial increase of temperature in the adjusted trailing electrolyte region, and the propagation of a thermal wave in the ITP channel with a velocity equal to that of the electromigration front. We present scaling of the experimental data that indicates the dependence of front velocity and temperature rise on current density and ionic conductivity. The current study has direct application to the design and optimization of scaled-up ITP systems and the validation of numerical models of Joule heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Terzis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ashwin Ramachandran
- Department of Aeronautics & Astronautics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jinliang Kang
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Juan G Santiago
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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10
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Spitzberg JD, van Kooten XF, Bercovici M, Meller A. Microfluidic device for coupling isotachophoretic sample focusing with nanopore single-molecule sensing. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:17805-17811. [PMID: 32820758 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr05000h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state nanopores (NPs) are label-free single-molecule sensors, capable of performing highly sensitive assays from a small number of biomolecule translocation events. However, single-molecule sensing is challenging at extremely low analyte concentrations due to the limited flux of analytes to the sensing volume. This leads to a low event rate and increases the overall assay time. In this work, we present a method to enhance the event rate at low analyte concentrations by using isotachophoresis (ITP) to focus and deliver analytes to a nanopore sensor. Central to this method is a device capable of performing ITP focusing directly on a solid-state NP chip, while preventing the focusing electric field from damaging the nanopore membrane. We discuss considerations and trade-offs related to the design of the focusing channel, the ITP electrolyte system and electrical decoupling between the focusing and sensing modes. Finally, we demonstrate an integrated device wherein the concentration enhancement due to ITP focusing leads to an increase in event rate of >300-fold in the ITP-NP device as compared to the NP-only case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Spitzberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000 Israel.
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11
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Valley BE, Crowell AD, Butler JE, Ladd AJC. Electro-hydrodynamic extraction of DNA from mixtures of DNA and bovine serum albumin. Analyst 2020; 145:5532-5538. [PMID: 32608411 DOI: 10.1039/d0an00961j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
We report separation of genomic DNA (48 kbp) from bovine serum albumin (BSA) by the electro-hydrodynamic coupling between a pressure-driven flow and a parallel electric field. Electro-hydrodynamic extraction exploits this coupling to trap DNA molecules at the entrance of a microfluidic contraction channel, while allowing proteins and salts to be flushed from the device. Samples (10 μL) containing λ-DNA (1 ng) and BSA (0.3 mg) were injected directly into the device and convected to the contraction channel entrance by a flowing buffer solution. The DNA remains trapped in this region essentially indefinitely, while proteins and salts are eluted. The effectiveness of the concept has been assessed by fluorescence measurements of DNA and BSA concentrations. Electro-hydrodynamic extraction in a single-stage device was found to enhance the concentration of DNA 40-fold, while reducing the BSA concentration by four orders of magnitude. The relative concentrations of DNA to BSA at the contraction channel entrance can be as large as 1.5 : 1, corresponding to an A260/280 ratio of 1.9. The maximum yield of DNA from a salt-free solution is 50%, while salted (150 mM) solutions have a lower yield (38%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin E Valley
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Anne D Crowell
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Jason E Butler
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Anthony J C Ladd
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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12
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Khnouf R, Han C. Isotachophoresis-Enhanced Immunoassays: Challenges and opportunities. IEEE NANOTECHNOLOGY MAGAZINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1109/mnano.2020.2966028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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13
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Guo S, Schlecht W, Li L, Dong WJ. Paper-based cascade cationic isotachophoresis: Multiplex detection of cardiac markers. Talanta 2019; 205:120112. [PMID: 31450472 PMCID: PMC6858795 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Paper-based analytical devices (PADs) are widely used in point-of-care testing (POCT) as they are cost-effective, simple and straightforward. However, poor sensitivity hinders their use in detecting diseases with low abundance biomarkers. The poor detection limit of PADs is mainly attributed to the low concentration of analytes, and the complexity of biological fluid, leading to insufficient interactions between analytes and capture antibodies. This study aims to overcome these difficulties by developing a paper-based cationic isotachophoresis (ITP) approach for simultaneously detecting pico-molar levels of two essential cardiac protein markers: acidic troponin T (cTnT) and basic troponin I (cTnI) spiked into human serum samples. The approach utilizes 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTMS) treated glass fiber papers with decreasing cross-sectional area assembled on a 3D printed cartridge device. Our results showed that in the presence of cTnT monoclonal antibody (mAb), fluorescently labeled cTnI and cTnT could be effectively enriched in cationic ITP. Each individual target was captured subsequently by a test line in the detection zone where the capture mAb was immobilized. Detailed analysis suggests that the technology is capable of simultaneous on-board depletion of abundant plasma proteins and enrichment of cTnI/cTnT by ~1300-fold with a sensitivity of 0.6 pmol/L for cTnT and a sensitivity of 1.5 pmol/L for cTnI in less than 6 min. The results demonstrate the potential of this technology for rapid, ultra-sensitive and cost-effective analysis of multiplex protein markers in clinical serum samples at point of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Guo
- Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - William Schlecht
- Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Lei Li
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Wen-Ji Dong
- Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA; Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
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14
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Sun G, Wan J, Lu H. Rapid and multi-cycle smFISH enabled by microfluidic ion concentration polarization for in-situ profiling of tissue-specific gene expression in whole C. elegans. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2019; 13:064101. [PMID: 31700560 PMCID: PMC6824911 DOI: 10.1063/1.5124827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Understanding gene regulation networks in multicellular organisms is crucial to decipher many complex physiological processes ranging from development to aging. One technique to characterize gene expression with tissue-specificity in whole organisms is single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH). However, this protocol requires lengthy incubation times, and it is challenging to achieve multiplexed smFISH in a whole organism. Multiplexing techniques can yield transcriptome-level information, but they require sequential probing of different genes. The inefficient macromolecule exchange through diffusion-dominant transport across dense tissues is the major bottleneck. In this work, we address this challenge by developing a microfluidic/electrokinetic hybrid platform to enable multicycle smFISH in an intact model organism, Caenorhabditis elegans. We integrate an ion concentration polarization based ion pump with a microfluidic array to rapidly deliver and remove gene-specific probes and stripping reagents on demand in individual animals. Using our platform, we can achieve rapid smFISH, an order of magnitude faster than traditional smFISH protocols. We also demonstrate the capability to perform multicycle smFISH on the same individual samples, which is impossible to do off-chip. Our method hence provides a powerful tool to study individual-specific, spatially resolvable, and large-scale gene expression in whole organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongchen Sun
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering,
Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
30332, USA
| | - Jason Wan
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University,
Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Hang Lu
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering,
Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
30332, USA
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15
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Guo S, Jacroux T, Ivory CF, Li L, Dong WJ. Immunobinding-induced alteration in the electrophoretic mobility of proteins: An approach to studying the preconcentration of an acidic protein under cationic isotachophoresis. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:1314-1321. [PMID: 30656700 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to explore an approach for analyzing negatively charged proteins using paper-based cationic ITP. The rationale of electrophoretic focusing the target protein with negative charges under unfavorable cationic ITP condition is to modify the electrophoretic mobility of the target protein through antigen-antibody immunobinding. Cationic ITP was performed on a paper-based analytical device that was fabricated using fiberglass paper. The paper matrix was modified with (3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane to minimize sample attraction to the surface for cationic ITP. Negatively charged BSA was used as the model target protein for the cationic ITP experiments. No electrophoretic mobility was observed for BSA-only samples during cationic ITP experimental condition. However, the presence of a primary antibody to BSA significantly improved the electrokinetic behavior of the target protein. Adding a secondary antibody conjugated with amine-rich quantum dots to the sample further facilitated the concentrating effect of ITP, reduced experiment time, and elevated the stacking ratio. Under our optimized experimental conditions, the cationic ITP-based paper device electrophoretically stacked 94% of loaded BSA in less than 7 min. Our results demonstrate that the technique has a broad potential for rapid and cost-effective isotachphoretic analysis of multiplex protein biomarkers in serum samples at the point of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Guo
- Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Thomas Jacroux
- Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Cornelius F Ivory
- Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Lei Li
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Wen-Ji Dong
- Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.,Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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16
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Abdelmoez MN, Iida K, Oguchi Y, Nishikii H, Yokokawa R, Kotera H, Uemura S, Santiago JG, Shintaku H. SINC-seq: correlation of transient gene expressions between nucleus and cytoplasm reflects single-cell physiology. Genome Biol 2018; 19:66. [PMID: 29871653 PMCID: PMC5989370 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-018-1446-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a microfluidic system that physically separates nuclear RNA (nucRNA) and cytoplasmic RNA (cytRNA) from a single cell and enables single-cell integrated nucRNA and cytRNA-sequencing (SINC-seq). SINC-seq constructs two individual RNA-seq libraries, nucRNA and cytRNA, per cell, quantifies gene expression in the subcellular compartments, and combines them to create novel single-cell RNA-seq data. Leveraging SINC-seq, we discover distinct natures of correlation among cytRNA and nucRNA that reflect the transient physiological state of single cells. These data provide unique insights into the regulatory network of messenger RNA from the nucleus toward the cytoplasm at the single-cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud N Abdelmoez
- Department of Micro Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Microfluidics RIKEN Hakubi Research Team, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kei Iida
- Medical Research Support Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yusuke Oguchi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Nishikii
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Ryuji Yokokawa
- Department of Micro Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Kotera
- Department of Micro Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sotaro Uemura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Juan G Santiago
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hirofumi Shintaku
- Department of Micro Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. .,Microfluidics RIKEN Hakubi Research Team, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Saitama, Japan.
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17
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Eid C, Santiago JG. Assay for Listeria monocytogenes cells in whole blood using isotachophoresis and recombinase polymerase amplification. Analyst 2018; 142:48-54. [PMID: 27904893 DOI: 10.1039/c6an02119k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We present a new approach which enables lysis, extraction, and detection of inactivated Listeria monocytogenes cells from blood using isotachophoresis (ITP) and recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA). We use an ITP-compatible alkaline and proteinase K approach for rapid and effective lysis. We then perform ITP purification to separate bacterial DNA from whole blood contaminants using a microfluidic device that processes 25 μL sample volume. Lysis, mixing, dispensing, and on-chip ITP purification are completed in a total of less than 50 min. We transfer extracted DNA directly into RPA master mix for isothermal incubation and detection, an additional 25 min. We first validate our assay in the detection of purified genomic DNA spiked into whole blood, and demonstrate a limit of detection of 16.7 fg μL-1 genomic DNA, the equivalent of 5 × 103 cells per mL. We then show detection of chemically-inactivated L. monocytogenes cells spiked into whole blood, and demonstrate a limit of detection of 2 × 104 cells per mL. Lastly, we show preliminary experimental data demonstrating the feasibility of the integration of ITP purification with RPA detection on a microfluidic chip. Our results suggest that ITP purification is compatible with RPA detection, and has potential to extend the applicability of RPA to whole blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charbel Eid
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, 440 Escondido Mall, Bldg 530, room 225, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Juan G Santiago
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, 440 Escondido Mall, Bldg 530, room 225, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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18
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Datinská V, Voráčová I, Schlecht U, Berka J, Foret F. Recent progress in nucleic acids isotachophoresis. J Sep Sci 2017; 41:236-247. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimíra Datinská
- Czech Academy of Sciences; Institute of Analytical Chemistry; Brno Czech Republic
- Masaryk University; Faculty of Science; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Ivona Voráčová
- Czech Academy of Sciences; Institute of Analytical Chemistry; Brno Czech Republic
| | | | - Jan Berka
- Roche Sequencing Solutions, Inc; Pleasanton CA USA
| | - František Foret
- Czech Academy of Sciences; Institute of Analytical Chemistry; Brno Czech Republic
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19
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Marczak S, Smith E, Senapati S, Chang HC. Selectivity enhancements in gel-based DNA-nanoparticle assays by membrane-induced isotachophoresis: thermodynamics versus kinetics. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:2592-2602. [PMID: 28726313 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Selectivity against mutant nontargets with a few mismatches remains challenging in nucleic acid sensing. Sensitivity enhancement by analyte concentration does not improve selectivity because it affects targets and nontargets equally. Hydrodynamic or electrical shear enhanced selectivity is often accompanied by substantial losses in target signals, thereby leading to poor limits of detection. We introduce a platform based on depletion isotachophoresis in agarose gel generated by an ion-selective membrane that allows both selectivity and sensitivity enhancement with a two-step assay involving concentration polarization at an ion-selective membrane. By concentrating both the targets and probe-functionalized nanoparticles by ion enrichment at the membrane, the effective thermodynamic dissociation constant is lowered from 40 nM to below 500 pM, and the detection limit is 10 pM as reported previously. A dynamically optimized ion depletion front is then generated from the membrane with a high electrical shear force to selectively and irreversibly dehybridize nontargets. The optimized selectivity against a two-mismatch nontarget (in a 35-base pairing sequence) is shown to be better than the thermodynamic equilibrium selectivity by more than a hundred-fold, such that there is no detectable signal from the two-mismatch nontarget. We offer empirical evidence that irreversible cooperative dehybridization plays an important role in this kinetic selectivity enhancement and that mismatch location controls the optimum selectivity even when there is little change in the corresponding thermodynamic dissociation constant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Marczak
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Elaine Smith
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Satyajyoti Senapati
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Hsueh-Chia Chang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
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20
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Sun G, Pan Z, Senapati S, Chang HC. Concentration-Gradient Stabilization with Segregated Counter- and Co-Ion Paths: A Quasistationary Depletion Front for Robust Molecular Isolation or Concentration. PHYSICAL REVIEW APPLIED 2017; 7:064024. [PMID: 36936449 PMCID: PMC10021788 DOI: 10.1103/physrevapplied.7.064024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We study the spatiotemporal dynamics of a microfluidic system with a nonselective microfluidic channel gated by an ion-selective membrane which separates the ion flux paths of cations and anions. To preserve electroneutrality, the ionic concentration in the system is shown to converge to a specific inhomogeneous distribution with robust constant current fluxes. A circuit scaling theory that collapses measured asymptotic currents verifies that this is a generic and robust mechanism insensitive to channel geometry, ion selectivity, and electrolyte ionic strength. This first temporally stationary but spatially inhomogeneous depletion front can be used for modulating ionic current and for isotachophoretic isolation of low-mobility molecules and exosomes on small diagnostic chips for various medical applications that require robust high-throughput and integrated platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongchen Sun
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Zehao Pan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Satyajyoti Senapati
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Hsueh-Chia Chang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
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21
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Eid C, Branda SS, Meagher RJ. A rapidly-prototyped microfluidic device for size-based nucleic acid fractionation using isotachophoresis. Analyst 2017; 142:2094-2099. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an00431a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present a novel microfluidic device for size-based nucleic acid (NA) fractionation using isotachophoresis (ITP) and an ionic spacer.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Eid
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Stanford University
- USA
| | - S. S. Branda
- Biomass Science and Conversion Technology Department
- Sandia National Laboratories
- USA
| | - R. J. Meagher
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering Department
- Sandia National Laboratories
- USA
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22
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Breadmore MC, Wuethrich A, Li F, Phung SC, Kalsoom U, Cabot JM, Tehranirokh M, Shallan AI, Abdul Keyon AS, See HH, Dawod M, Quirino JP. Recent advances in enhancing the sensitivity of electrophoresis and electrochromatography in capillaries and microchips (2014–2016). Electrophoresis 2016; 38:33-59. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Breadmore
- Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, School of Physical Science University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, School of Physical Science University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia
- ASTech, ARC Training Centre for Portable Analytical Separation Technologies, School of Physical Science University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Alain Wuethrich
- Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, School of Physical Science University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Feng Li
- Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, School of Physical Science University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Sui Ching Phung
- Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, School of Physical Science University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Umme Kalsoom
- Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, School of Physical Science University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Joan M. Cabot
- Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, School of Physical Science University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, School of Physical Science University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Masoomeh Tehranirokh
- ASTech, ARC Training Centre for Portable Analytical Separation Technologies, School of Physical Science University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Aliaa I. Shallan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy Helwan University Cairo Egypt
| | - Aemi S. Abdul Keyon
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Johor Bahru Johor Malaysia
| | - Hong Heng See
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Johor Bahru Johor Malaysia
- Centre for Sustainable Nanomaterials, Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific and industrial Research Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Johor Bahru Johor Malaysia
| | - Mohamed Dawod
- Department of Chemistry University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - Joselito P. Quirino
- Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, School of Physical Science University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Charbel Eid
- Department
of Mechanical
Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Juan G. Santiago
- Department
of Mechanical
Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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24
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Malá Z, Gebauer P, Boček P. Analytical capillary isotachophoresis after 50 years of development: Recent progress 2014-2016. Electrophoresis 2016; 38:9-19. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zdena Malá
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences; v.v.i; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Petr Gebauer
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences; v.v.i; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Petr Boček
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences; v.v.i; Brno Czech Republic
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25
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Exploring Gradients in Electrophoretic Separation and Preconcentration on Miniaturized Devices. SEPARATIONS 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/separations3020012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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26
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Li X, Luo L, Crooks RM. Low-voltage paper isotachophoresis device for DNA focusing. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:4090-8. [PMID: 26338530 PMCID: PMC4589534 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00875a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We present a new paper-based isotachophoresis (ITP) device design for focusing DNA samples having lengths ranging from 23 to at least 1517 bp. DNA is concentrated by more than two orders of magnitude within 4 min. The key component of this device is a 2 mm-long, 2 mm-wide circular paper channel formed by concertina folding a paper strip and aligning the circular paper zones on each layer. Due to the short channel length, a high electric field of ~16 kV m(-1) is easily generated in the paper channel using two 9 V batteries. The multilayer architecture also enables convenient reclamation and analysis of the sample after ITP focusing by simply opening the origami paper and cutting out the desired layers. We profiled the electric field in the origami paper channel during ITP experiments using a nonfocusing fluorescent tracer. The result showed that focusing relied on formation and subsequent movement of a sharp electric field boundary between the leading and trailing electrolyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 E. 24th St., Stop A5300, Austin, TX 78712-1224, USA.
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27
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Abstract
Fast and reliable diagnoses are invaluable in clinical care. Samples (e.g., blood, urine, and saliva) are collected and analyzed for various biomarkers to quickly and sensitively assess disease progression, monitor response to treatment, and determine a patient's prognosis. Processing conventional samples entails many manual time-consuming steps. Consequently, clinical specimens must be processed by skilled technicians before antigens or nucleic acids are detected, and these are often present at dilute concentrations. Recently, several automated microchip technologies have been developed that potentially offer many advantages over traditional bench-top extraction methods. The smaller length scales and more refined transport mechanisms that characterize these microfluidic devices enable faster and more efficient biomarker enrichment and extraction. Additionally, they can be designed to perform multiple tests or experimental steps on one integrated, automated platform. This review explores the current research on microfluidic methods of sample preparation that are designed to aid diagnosis, and covers a broad spectrum of extraction techniques and designs for various types of samples and analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Cui
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912;
| | - Minsoung Rhee
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551-0969
| | - Anup Singh
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551-0969
| | - Anubhav Tripathi
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912;
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28
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Kuriyama K, Shintaku H, Santiago JG. Isotachophoresis for fractionation and recovery of cytoplasmic RNA and nucleus from single cells. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:1658-62. [PMID: 25820552 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
There is a substantial need for simultaneous analyses of RNA and DNA from individual single cells. Such analysis provides unique evidence of cell-to-cell differences and the correlation between gene expression and genomic mutation in highly heterogeneous cell populations. We present a novel microfluidic system that leverages isotachophoresis to fractionate and isolate cytoplasmic RNA and genomic DNA (gDNA) from single cells. The system uniquely enables independent, sequence-specific analyses of these critical markers. Our system uses a microfluidic chip with a simple geometry and four end-channel electrodes, and completes the entire process in <5 min, including lysis, purification, fractionation, and delivery to DNA and RNA output reservoirs, each containing high quality and purity aliquots with no measurable cross-contamination of cytoplasmic RNA versus gDNA. We demonstrate our system with simultaneous, sequence-specific quantitation using off-chip RT-qPCR and qPCR for simultaneous cytoplasmic RNA and gDNA analyses, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Kuriyama
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Escondido, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hirofumi Shintaku
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Escondido, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Micro Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Juan G Santiago
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Escondido, Stanford, CA, USA
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