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Musatadi M, Baciero-Hernández I, Prieto A, Olivares M, Etxebarria N, Zuloaga O. Development and evaluation of a comprehensive workflow for suspect screening of exposome-related xenobiotics and phase II metabolites in diverse human biofluids. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 351:141221. [PMID: 38224745 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Suspect and non-target screening (SNTS) methods are being promoted in order to decode the human exposome since a wide chemical space can be analysed in a diversity of human biofluids. However, SNTS approaches in the exposomics field are infra-studied in comparison to environmental or food monitoring studies. In this work, a comprehensive suspect screening workflow was developed to annotate exposome-related xenobiotics and phase II metabolites in diverse human biofluids. Precisely, human urine, breast milk, saliva and ovarian follicular fluid were employed as samples and analysed by means of ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS/MS). To automate the workflow, the "peak rating" parameter implemented in Compound Discoverer 3.3.2 was optimized to avoid time-consuming manual revision of chromatographic peaks. In addition, the presence of endogenous molecules that might interfere with the annotation of xenobiotics was carefully studied as the employment of inclusion and exclusion suspect lists. To evaluate the workflow, limits of identification (LOIs) and type I and II errors (i.e., false positives and negatives, respectively) were calculated in both standard solutions and spiked biofluids using 161 xenobiotics and 22 metabolites. For 80.3 % of the suspects, LOIs below 15 ng/mL were achieved. In terms of type I errors, only two cases were identified in standards and spiked samples. Regarding type II errors, the 7.7 % errors accounted in standards increased to 17.4 % in real samples. Lastly, the use of an inclusion list for endogens was favoured since it avoided 18.7 % of potential type I errors, while the exclusion list caused 7.2 % of type II errors despite making the annotation workflow less time-consuming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikel Musatadi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48620, Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain.
| | - Inés Baciero-Hernández
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48620, Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Ailette Prieto
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48620, Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Maitane Olivares
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48620, Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Nestor Etxebarria
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48620, Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Olatz Zuloaga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48620, Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
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Su H, Ren K, Li R, Li J, Gao Z, Hu G, Fu P, Su G. Suspect Screening of Liquid Crystal Monomers (LCMs) in Sediment Using an Established Database Covering 1173 LCMs. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:8061-8070. [PMID: 35594146 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that liquid crystal monomers (LCMs) are emerging contaminants in the environment, and knowledge of this class of substances is very rare. Here, we reviewed existing LCM-related documents, i.e., publications and patents, and established a database involving 1173 LCMs. These 1173 LCMs were further calculated for their physicochemical properties, i.e., persistence (P), bioaccumulation (B), long-range transport potential (LRTP), and Arctic contamination and bioaccumulation potential (ACBAP). We found that 476 out of them were P&B chemicals (99% of them were halogenated), and 320 of them could have ACBAP properties (67% of them were halogenated). This LCM database was further applied for suspect screening of LCMs in n = 33 sediment samples by use of gas chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-QTOF/MS). We tentatively identified 26 LCM formulas, which could have 43 chemical structures. Two out of these 43 suspect LCM candidates, 1-butoxy-2,3-difluoro-4-(4-propylcyclohexyl) benzene (3cH4OdFP) and 1-ethoxy-2,3-difluoro-4-(4-pentyl cyclohexyl) benzene (5cH2OdFP), were fully confirmed by a comparison of unique GC and MS characteristics with their authentic standards. Overall, our present study expanded the previous LCM database from 362 to 1173, and 1173 LCMs in this database were calculated for their physicochemical properties. Meanwhile, taking n = 33 sediment samples as an exercise, we successfully developed a suspect screening strategy tailored for LCMs, and this strategy could have promising potential to be extended to other environmental matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Kefan Ren
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Rongrong Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Zhanqi Gao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Analysis for Organic Pollutants in Surface Water, Jiangsu Environmental Monitoring Center, Nanjing 210019, P. R. China
| | - Guanjiu Hu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Analysis for Organic Pollutants in Surface Water, Jiangsu Environmental Monitoring Center, Nanjing 210019, P. R. China
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
| | - Guanyong Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
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Zhang Y, Li J, Su G. Comprehensively screening of citric acid ester (CAE) plasticizers in Chinese foodstuffs, and the food-based assessment of human exposure risk of CAEs. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 817:152933. [PMID: 35007585 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.152933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
An increasing number of studies on the toxicities of citric acid esters (CAEs)-a class of so-called "safe" alternative plasticizers-have highlighted the urgent need to understand their contamination profiles in foodstuffs and the corresponding potential risks to human health. This study determined the concentrations of 8 target CAEs in 105 foodstuff samples, grouped into 6 food categories, collected from Nanjing City, China, in 2020. All eight CAEs were detected in at least one of the analyzed samples and had detection frequencies (DFs) of 5-47%. The DFs and distribution profiles of the target CAEs varied among different food categories; for example, cereals had the highest DF (92%), while meat/fish contained the highest mean total concentration of CAEs (8.35 ng/g wet weight (ww)). Among the target CAEs, acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC) had the highest DF (47%), and tributyl citrate (TBC) exhibited the highest mean concentration (1.24 ng/g ww). Based on the food ingestion route, the estimated total daily intake (EDI) values of the target CAEs for adults under average- and high-exposure scenarios were 38.3 ng/kg of body weight (bw) and 111 ng/kg bw, respectively, which were attributed to the high percentage contributions of TBC (50.6%) and ATBC (23.7%). In addition, a suspect and characteristic fragment-dependent screening strategy was applied to the foodstuff data, and a novel CAE, monoethyl citrate (MEC, CAS: 4552-00-5), with a DF of 34% was tentatively identified. Overall, this study provides novel and comprehensive information regarding the pollution status of CAEs in foodstuffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayun Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Guanyong Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China.
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Adeleye AS, Xue J, Zhao Y, Taylor AA, Zenobio JE, Sun Y, Han Z, Salawu OA, Zhu Y. Abundance, fate, and effects of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in aquatic environments. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127284. [PMID: 34655870 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are found in wastewater, and thus, the environment. In this study, current knowledge about the occurrence and fate of PPCPs in aquatic systems-including wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and natural waters around the world-is critically reviewed to inform the state of the science and highlight existing knowledge gaps. Excretion by humans is the primary route of PPCPs entry into municipal wastewater systems, but significant contributions also occur through emissions from hospitals, PPCPs manufacturers, and agriculture. Abundance of PPCPs in raw wastewater is influenced by several factors, including the population density and demography served by WWTPs, presence of hospitals and drugs manufacturers in the sewershed, disease burden of the population served, local regulations, and climatic conditions. Based on the data obtained from WWTPs, analgesics, antibiotics, and stimulants (e.g., caffeine) are the most abundant PPCPs in raw wastewater. In conventional WWTPs, most removal of PPCPs occurs during secondary treatment, and overall removal exceeds 90% for treatable PPCPs. Regardless, the total PPCP mass discharged with effluent by an average WWTP into receiving waters (7.35-20,160 g/day) is still considerable, because potential adverse effects of some PPCPs (such as ibuprofen) on aquatic organisms occur within measured concentrations found in surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeyemi S Adeleye
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2175, USA.
| | - Jie Xue
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2175, USA
| | - Yixin Zhao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2175, USA
| | - Alicia A Taylor
- Ecological and Biological Sciences Practice, Exponent, Inc., Oakland, CA 94612, USA
| | - Jenny E Zenobio
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2175, USA
| | - Yian Sun
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2175, USA; Water-Energy Nexus Center, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2175, USA
| | - Ziwei Han
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2175, USA
| | - Omobayo A Salawu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2175, USA
| | - Yurong Zhu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2580, USA
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5
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Faber AH, Brunner AM, Dingemans MML, Baken KA, Kools SAE, Schot PP, de Voogt P, van Wezel AP. Comparing conventional and green fracturing fluids by chemical characterisation and effect-based screening. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 794:148727. [PMID: 34323756 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
There is public and scientific concern about air, soil and water contamination and possible adverse environmental and human health effects as a result of hydraulic fracturing activities. The use of greener chemicals in fracturing fluid aims to mitigate these effects. This study compares fracturing fluids marketed as either 'conventional' or 'green', as assessed by their chemical composition and their toxicity in bioassays. Chemical composition was analysed via non-target screening using liquid chromatography - high resolution mass spectrometry, while toxicity was evaluated by the Ames fluctuation test to assess mutagenicity and CALUX reporter gene assays to determine specific toxicity. Overall, the results do not indicate that the 'green' fluids are less harmful than the 'conventional' ones. First, there is no clear indication that the selected green fluids contain chemicals present at lower concentrations than the selected conventional fluids. Second, the predicted environmental fate of the identified compounds does not seem to be clearly distinct between the 'green' and 'conventional' fluids, based on the available data for the top five chemicals based on signal intensity that were tentatively identified. Furthermore, Ames fluctuation test results indicate that the green fluids have a similar genotoxic potential than the conventional fluids. Results of the CALUX reporter gene assays add to the evidence that there is no clear difference between the green and conventional fluids. These results do not support the claim that currently available and tested green-labeled fracturing fluids are environmentally more friendly alternatives to conventional fracturing fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Hélène Faber
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; KWR Water Research Institute, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands; Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | | | - Milou M L Dingemans
- KWR Water Research Institute, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Paul P Schot
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Pim de Voogt
- KWR Water Research Institute, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands; Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Annemarie P van Wezel
- KWR Water Research Institute, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands; Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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6
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Andresen Bergström M, Lövgren H, Abrahamsson A, Eriksson EK, Lindbjer Andersson M, Komorowska M, Axelsson MAB. Rethinking Drug Analysis in Healthcare: High-Throughput Analysis of 71 Drugs of Abuse in Oral Fluid using Ion Mobility - High Resolution Mass Spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 2021; 46:765-775. [PMID: 34746960 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkab114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We have identified a clinical need for a sensitive, specific, flexible, comprehensive, and affordable analytical technology to efficiently detect polydrug use. In addition, the current standard practise of surveilled urine sampling is uncomfortable for the patient, hence more patient-friendly sample collection methods are requested. To fill these needs, we have developed and validated a high-throughput liquid chromatography - high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) method for analysis of DoA in oral fluid (OF). The method covers a panel of 71 substances including traditional drugs of abuse (DoA), prescription narcotics and new psychoactive substances (NPS), with a guaranteed limit of identification of <3 µg/L for 87% of the analytes. Method validation showed high accuracy (>99.7%), sensitivity (>99.7%) and specificity (100%). Most analytes had a high process efficiency during the salting out liquid-liquid extraction (SALLE) workup and no or only a minor matrix effect during the analysis. We have implemented this method in clinical routine, and present data from 18,579 OF samples collected during routine patient treatment in mainly psychiatric and addiction clinics in West Sweden between September 2020 and June 2021. 71% of the samples were positive and a total of 41,472 DoA findings were detected. Amphetamine (27%), buprenorphine (25%), nordiazepam (18%) and alprazolam (16%) were most prevalent. NPS were detected in 189 samples (1.0%). Occurrence of polydrug use was common, 34% of the positive samples contained three analytes or more and 12% six or more. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first method for comprehensive analysis of DoA in OF using HRMS and the largest dataset published on detection of DoA in OF. With the current complex and variable drug use pattern, this broad, cost-effective and reliable method has largely replaced immunoassay screening in urine in our laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moa Andresen Bergström
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hanna Lövgren
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Abrahamsson
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Emma K Eriksson
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Marta Komorowska
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Magnus A B Axelsson
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Solliec M, Roy-Lachapelle A, Storck V, Callender K, Greer CW, Barbeau B. A data-independent acquisition approach based on HRMS to explore the biodegradation process of organic micropollutants involved in a biological ion-exchange drinking water filter. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 277:130216. [PMID: 33780680 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Drinking water producers continuously develop innovative treatment processes to effectively remove organic micropollutants from raw water. Biological ion-exchange (BIEX) water treatment is one of these new techniques under development and showing great potential. In order to investigate if biodegradation is highly involved in such a removal technique, cultures were prepared with microorganisms sampled on the resins of a BIEX filter. Then, organic micropollutants were spiked into these cultures and their (bio)degradation was followed over 30 days by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS). The purpose of this study was firstly to develop an analytical method using UHPLC-HRMS able to monitor the degradation of three spiked organic micropollutants in culture. Beyond quantification, this method allowed the simultaneous recording of fragmentation information via the use of a data-independent acquisition approach to perform a non-exhaustive search of transformation products related to the spiked micropollutants in culture aliquots. Secondly, a data treatment approach was developed to process raw spectral data generated by aliquots analysis by optimizing the precursor isolation mass windows, the accurate mass tolerance, peak intensity thresholds and choice of database. The use of this new method with a post-data acquisition treatment approach completed by the exhaustive study of fragmentation spectra allowed the tentative identification of 11 transformation products related to the spiked compounds. Finally, 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing revealed that bacterial genera known for their ability to degrade the spiked micropollutants were present in the microbial community of the BIEX drinking water filter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Solliec
- NSERC Industrial Chair on Drinking Water, Department of Civil Engineering, Polytechnique School of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Audrey Roy-Lachapelle
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Veronika Storck
- NSERC Industrial Chair on Drinking Water, Department of Civil Engineering, Polytechnique School of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Katrina Callender
- National Research Council Canada, Energy, Mining and Environment Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Charles W Greer
- National Research Council Canada, Energy, Mining and Environment Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Benoit Barbeau
- NSERC Industrial Chair on Drinking Water, Department of Civil Engineering, Polytechnique School of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Angeles LF, Singh RR, Vikesland PJ, Aga DS. Increased coverage and high confidence in suspect screening of emerging contaminants in global environmental samples. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 414:125369. [PMID: 33647625 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Suspect screening using liquid chromatography with high resolution mass spectrometry provides an opportunity for expanding the detection coverage of emerging contaminants in the environment. Screening workflows may suffer from high frequency of false positives or insufficient confidence in the identification of compounds; however, stringent criteria could lead to high false negatives. A workflow must have a balanced criteria, both selective and sensitive, to be able to identify real features without missing low abundant features traceable to analytes of interest. A highly selective (87%) and sensitive (97%) workflow was developed by characterizing the occurrence of contaminants in wastewater and surface water from Hong Kong, India, Philippines, Sweden, Switzerland, and the U.S. Sixty-eight contaminants were identified and confirmed with reference standards, including pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and industrial chemicals. The antimicrobials metronidazole, clindamycin, linezolid, and rifaximin were detected. Notably, antifungal compounds were detected in samples from six countries, with levels up to 1380 ng/L. Amoxicillin transformation products, penilloic acid (285-8047 ng/L) and penicilloic acid (107 ng/L), were confirmed for the first time with reference standards in wastewater samples from India, Sweden, and U.S. This workflow provides an efficient approach to broad-scale identification of emerging contaminants using publicly-available databases for suspect screening and prioritization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa F Angeles
- Department of Chemistry, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Randolph R Singh
- Department of Chemistry, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States; Laboratoire Biogéochimie des Contaminants Organiques, Ifremer, F-44311, Nantes, France
| | - Peter J Vikesland
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24060-0361, United States
| | - Diana S Aga
- Department of Chemistry, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States.
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9
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Kumar N, Zhao HN, Awoyemi O, Kolodziej EP, Crago J. Toxicity Testing of Effluent-Dominated Stream Using Predictive Molecular-Level Toxicity Signatures Based on High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry: A Case Study of the Lubbock Canyon Lake System. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:3070-3080. [PMID: 33600148 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Current aquatic toxicity assessments usually focus on targeted analyses coupled with toxicity testing to determine the impacts of complex mixtures on aquatic organisms. However, based on this approach alone, it is sometimes difficult to explain observed toxicity from the selected chemical analytes. Recent analytical advances such as high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) can improve the characterizations of the chemical composition of complex mixtures, but the intensive labor required to produce confident identifications limits its utility in high-throughput screening. In the present study, we evaluated a rapid workflow to predict potential toxicity signatures of complex water samples based on high-throughput, tentative HRMS identifications derived from database matching, followed by identification of chemical-ligand interactions and pathway identification. We tested the workflow with water samples from the effluent-dominated Lubbock Canyon Lake System (LCLS). Results across all sites showed that predicted toxicity signatures had little variation when correcting for HRMS false-positive rates. The most common pathways across sites were gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor and α-adrenergic receptor signaling. Alterations to the predicted pathways were successfully observed in larval zebrafish exposures to LCLS water samples. These results may allow researchers to better utilize rapid assessments of HRMS data for the assessment of adverse impacts on aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Kumar
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Haoqi Nina Zhao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, Washington 98421, United States
| | - Olushola Awoyemi
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Edward P Kolodziej
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, Washington 98421, United States
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, Washington 98402, United States
| | - Jordan Crago
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
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Celma A, Sancho JV, Schymanski EL, Fabregat-Safont D, Ibáñez M, Goshawk J, Barknowitz G, Hernández F, Bijlsma L. Improving Target and Suspect Screening High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Workflows in Environmental Analysis by Ion Mobility Separation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:15120-15131. [PMID: 33207875 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the most powerful approach to monitor organic micropollutants (OMPs) in environmental samples is the combination of target, suspect, and nontarget screening strategies using high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). However, the high complexity of sample matrices and the huge number of OMPs potentially present in samples at low concentrations pose an analytical challenge. Ion mobility separation (IMS) combined with HRMS instruments (IMS-HRMS) introduces an additional analytical dimension, providing extra information, which facilitates the identification of OMPs. The collision cross-section (CCS) value provided by IMS is unaffected by the matrix or chromatographic separation. Consequently, the creation of CCS databases and the inclusion of ion mobility within identification criteria are of high interest for an enhanced and robust screening strategy. In this work, a CCS library for IMS-HRMS, which is online and freely available, was developed for 556 OMPs in both positive and negative ionization modes using electrospray ionization. The inclusion of ion mobility data in widely adopted confidence levels for identification in environmental reporting is discussed. Illustrative examples of OMPs found in environmental samples are presented to highlight the potential of IMS-HRMS and to demonstrate the additional value of CCS data in various screening strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Celma
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Juan V Sancho
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Emma L Schymanski
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, 6, Avenue du Swing, L-4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - David Fabregat-Safont
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - María Ibáñez
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Jeff Goshawk
- Waters Corporation, Stamford Avenue, Altrincham Road, Wilmslow, Cheshire SK9 4AX, U.K
| | - Gitte Barknowitz
- Waters Corporation, Stamford Avenue, Altrincham Road, Wilmslow, Cheshire SK9 4AX, U.K
| | - Félix Hernández
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Lubertus Bijlsma
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
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11
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Wang T, Duedahl-Olesen L, Lauritz Frandsen H. Targeted and non-targeted unexpected food contaminants analysis by LC/HRMS: Feasibility study on rice. Food Chem 2020; 338:127957. [PMID: 32919373 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A widely applicable analytical LC/HRMS method based on ion source optimization, data treatment optimization on rice matrix was developed. The effects of key parameters of ion source, and their interactions on ESI response were studied on HPLC-QTOF. Compared with center points, 40% and 20% increase of response factors in the positive and negative mode can be achieved by ion source optimization, respectively. Data processing strategies inspired from metabolomics and multi-targeted analysis were compared and developed using case and control rice samples. Highly automated workflow using XCMS achieved highest mass accuracy, highest detection rate of 96% for 5 μg/kg in a non-targeted way. A clear distinction between the control and contaminated samples by PCA and PLS-DA was also achieved by this workflow using XCMS, even for the concentration of 5 μg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wang
- National Food Institute, Research Group for Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 202, Kgs. Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark.
| | - Lene Duedahl-Olesen
- National Food Institute, Research Group for Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 202, Kgs. Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Henrik Lauritz Frandsen
- National Food Institute, Research Group for Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 202, Kgs. Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
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12
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Nürenberg G, Kunkel U, Wick A, Falås P, Joss A, Ternes TA. Nontarget analysis: A new tool for the evaluation of wastewater processes. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 163:114842. [PMID: 31323503 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Strategies to determine the removal efficiency of micropollutants in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are widely discussed. Especially the evaluation of the potential benefit of further advanced treatment steps such as an additional tertiary treatment based on ozonation or activated carbon have come into focus. Such evaluation strategies are often based on the removal behavior of known micropollutants via target or suspected analysis. The utilization of nontarget analysis is considered to lead to a more comprehensive picture as also unknown or not expected micropollutants are analyzed. Here, the results of an evaluation via target and nontarget analysis were compared for biological treatment (BT) processes of eleven full-scale WWTPs and three different post-treatments (PTs): one sand filter (SF) and two granular activated carbon (GAC) filters. The similarity of the determined removals from target and nontarget analysis of the BTs increased significantly by excluding easily degradable "features" from the nontarget evaluation. A similar ranking of the removal trends for the BTs could also be achieved by comparing this new subset of nontarget features with a set of nine readily to moderately biodegradable micropollutants. This observation suggests that a performance ranking of BTs based either on target or nontarget analysis is plausible. In contrast to the BTs, the evaluation of the three PTs revealed that the difference of feature removal between SF and the two GACs was small, but large for the target analytes with substantially higher removal effciencies for the GACs compared to the SF. In addition to the removal behavior, the nontarget analysis provided further information about the number and quantity of transformation products (TPs) in the effluent from the BTs. For all BTs more than half (55-67%) of the features detected in the effluent were not found in the influent. A comparable proportion of TPs was also detected after GAC and sand filtration due to their microbial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun Nürenberg
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), D-56068, Koblenz, Am Mainzer Tor 1, Germany; DVGW Water Technology Center Karlsruhe (TZW), D-76139, Karlsruhe, Karlsruher Str. 84, Germany
| | - Uwe Kunkel
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), D-56068, Koblenz, Am Mainzer Tor 1, Germany; Bavarian Environment Agency, D-86179, Augsburg, Bürgermeister-Ulrich-Str. 160, Germany
| | - Arne Wick
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), D-56068, Koblenz, Am Mainzer Tor 1, Germany
| | - Per Falås
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Überlandstrasse 133, Switzerland; Water and Environmental Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, P.O. Box 124, Sweden
| | - Adriano Joss
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Überlandstrasse 133, Switzerland
| | - Thomas A Ternes
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), D-56068, Koblenz, Am Mainzer Tor 1, Germany.
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13
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Park N, Choi Y, Kim D, Kim K, Jeon J. Prioritization of highly exposable pharmaceuticals via a suspect/non-target screening approach: A case study for Yeongsan River, Korea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 639:570-579. [PMID: 29800850 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the Yeongsan River, Korea were prioritized via suspect and non-target analysis using LC-HRMS (QExactive plus Orbitrap) followed by semi-quantitative analysis to confirm the priority of PPCPs. A scoring and ranking system for prioritization was suggested based on occurrence frequency and chromatographic peak area or concentration. Through suspect and non-target screening, more than 50 PPCPs were tentatively identified and ranked by the scoring system. Among them, 28 substances were finally confirmed using reference standards. For estimating concentration, 26 confirmed PPCPs and 12 additional substances not included in the first ranking were semi-quantitatively analyzed. We found that carbamazepine, metformin, paraxanthine, naproxen, and fluconazole occurred 100% of the time above the limit of quantification in 14 samples, whereas carbamazepine, metformin, paraxanthine, caffeine, and cimetidine showed maximum concentrations above 1000 ng/L. Thus, in the final prioritization list, carbamazepine, metformin, and paraxanthine shared first place, followed by caffeine, cimetidine, lidocaine, naproxen, cetirizine, climbazole, fexofenadine, tramadol, and fluconazole, with scores of 100 or above. We suggest that these 12 PPCPs are the most highly exposable substances, and thus must be considered in future water monitoring in the Yeongsan River.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naree Park
- Graduate School of FEED of Eco-Friendly Offshore Structure, Changwon National University, Changwon, Gyeongsangnamdo 51140, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghun Choi
- Graduate School of FEED of Eco-Friendly Offshore Structure, Changwon National University, Changwon, Gyeongsangnamdo 51140, Republic of Korea
| | - Deokwon Kim
- Graduate School of FEED of Eco-Friendly Offshore Structure, Changwon National University, Changwon, Gyeongsangnamdo 51140, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghyun Kim
- Water Quality Assessment Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Junho Jeon
- Graduate School of FEED of Eco-Friendly Offshore Structure, Changwon National University, Changwon, Gyeongsangnamdo 51140, Republic of Korea; School of Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon, Gyeongsangnamdo 51140, Republic of Korea.
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14
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K'oreje KO, Kandie FJ, Vergeynst L, Abira MA, Van Langenhove H, Okoth M, Demeestere K. Occurrence, fate and removal of pharmaceuticals, personal care products and pesticides in wastewater stabilization ponds and receiving rivers in the Nzoia Basin, Kenya. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 637-638:336-348. [PMID: 29751313 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Although there is increased global environmental concern about emerging organic micropollutants (EOMPs) such as pharmaceuticals, personal care products (PPCPs) and polar pesticides, limited information is available on their occurrence in Africa. This study presents unique data on concentrations and loads of 31 PPCPs and 10 pesticides in four wastewater stabilization ponds (WSPs) and receiving rivers (flowing through urban centres) in Kenya. The WSPs indicate a high potential to remove pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) with removals by up to >4 orders of magnitude (>99.99% removal), mainly occurring at the facultative stage. However, there are large differences in removal among the different classes, and a shift in the relative PhACs occurrence is observed during wastewater treatment. Whereas the influent is dominated by high-consumption PhACs like anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g. paracetamol and ibuprofen, up to 1000 μg L-1), the most recalcitrant PhACs including mainly antibiotics (e.g. sulfadoxin and sulfamethoxazole) and antiretrovirals (e.g. lamivudine and nevirapine) are largely abundant (up to 100 μg L-1) in treated effluent. Overall, concentrations of EOMPs in the Nzoia Basin rivers are the highest in dry season (except pesticides) and in small tributaries. They are of the same order of magnitude as those measured in the western world, but clearly lower than what we recently measured in the Ngong River, Nairobi region. Based on the specific consumption patterns and recalcitrant behavior, high concentrations (>1000 ng L-1) are observed in the rivers for PPCPs like lamivudine, zidovudine, sulfamethoxazole and methylparaben. Concentration levels of pesticides are in general one order of magnitude lower (<250 ng L-1). Our data suggest a continuous input of EOMPs to the rivers from both point (WSPs) and diffuse (urban centres) sources. To better understand and manage the impact of both sources, EOMP removal mechanisms in WSPs and their attenuation in rivers merit further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Otieno K'oreje
- Research Group Environmental Organic Chemistry and Technology (EnVOC), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; Water Resources Authority (WRA), P.O. Box 45250, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, School of Science, University of Eldoret, P.O. Box 1125, Eldoret, Kenya.
| | - Faith Jebiwot Kandie
- Research Group Environmental Organic Chemistry and Technology (EnVOC), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Leendert Vergeynst
- Research Group Environmental Organic Chemistry and Technology (EnVOC), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Herman Van Langenhove
- Research Group Environmental Organic Chemistry and Technology (EnVOC), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Maurice Okoth
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, School of Science, University of Eldoret, P.O. Box 1125, Eldoret, Kenya; Kenya Methodist University, P.O. Box 267-60200, Meru, Kenya.
| | - Kristof Demeestere
- Research Group Environmental Organic Chemistry and Technology (EnVOC), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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15
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Gago-Ferrero P, Krettek A, Fischer S, Wiberg K, Ahrens L. Suspect Screening and Regulatory Databases: A Powerful Combination To Identify Emerging Micropollutants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:6881-6894. [PMID: 29782800 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b06598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrates that regulatory databases combined with the latest advances in high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) can be efficiently used to prioritize and identify new, potentially hazardous pollutants being discharged into the aquatic environment. Of the approximately 23000 chemicals registered in the database of the National Swedish Product Register, 160 potential organic micropollutants were prioritized through quantitative knowledge of market availability, quantity used, extent of use on the market, and predicted compartment-specific environmental exposure during usage. Advanced liquid chromatography (LC)-HRMS-based suspect screening strategies were used to search for the selected compounds in 24 h composite samples collected from the effluent of three major wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Sweden. In total, 36 tentative identifications were successfully achieved, mostly for substances not previously considered by environmental scientists. Of these substances, 23 were further confirmed with reference standards, showing the efficiency of combining a systematic prioritization strategy based on a regulatory database and a suspect-screening approach. These findings show that close collaboration between scientists and regulatory authorities is a promising way forward for enhancing identification rates of emerging pollutants and expanding knowledge on the occurrence of potentially hazardous substances in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Gago-Ferrero
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment , Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) , Box 7050, SE-75007 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Agnes Krettek
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment , Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) , Box 7050, SE-75007 Uppsala , Sweden
- Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, Soil Chemistry and Pedology , University of Hohenheim , Emil-Wolff-Straße 27 , 70599 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Stellan Fischer
- The Swedish Chemicals Agency (KemI) , SE-172 67 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Karin Wiberg
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment , Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) , Box 7050, SE-75007 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment , Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) , Box 7050, SE-75007 Uppsala , Sweden
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16
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Tang C, Tan J. Quasi-targeted analysis of halogenated organic pollutants in fly ash, soil, ambient air and flue gas using gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry with isotopologue distribution comparison and predicted retention time alignment. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1555:74-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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17
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Metushi IG, Wakefield MR, Lynch K, Stone J, Fitzgerald RL. Reproducibility assessment for a broad spectrum drug screening method from urine using liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry. CLINICAL MASS SPECTROMETRY (DEL MAR, CALIF.) 2018; 8:1-7. [PMID: 39192991 PMCID: PMC11322752 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinms.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
During the reproducibility validation for a time-of-flight (TOF) high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) method set up to detect 61 drugs of abuse commonly encountered in the toxicology laboratory, it was noticed that, a number of compounds were not identified correctly during the between run analysis; the most difficult compounds to identify were norpropoxyphene, morphine, norbuprenorphine, nortriptyline, EDDP and tramadol. In subsequent patient comparison studies, screening a panel of 338 analytes, the TOF-HRMS method correctly identified 211 analytes over two runs, but did not identify 127. A total of 11 false positive results were identified by manual review of the data to be the result of confirmation ion signal-to-noise ratio(s) < 3, although one false positive that was difficult to resolve (i.e., identification of maprotiline as amitriptyline) was due to similar fragment ions and retention times. The TOF-HRMS method showed reasonable agreement with LC-MS/MS results, but there were a number of discrepant results. Additionally, the TOF-HRMS did detect five compounds missed by the LC-MS/MS methods. This extensive validation effort highlights the difficulty of analysis for certain compounds that are likely to require additional follow up prior to reporting a positive result, especially at low and high concentrations, regardless of the type of instrumentation involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imir G. Metushi
- Department of Pathology, Center for Advanced Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Diego Health Systems, San Diego, CA, United States
| | | | - Kara Lynch
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Judy Stone
- Department of Pathology, Center for Advanced Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Diego Health Systems, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Robert L. Fitzgerald
- Department of Pathology, Center for Advanced Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Diego Health Systems, San Diego, CA, United States
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18
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Bader T, Schulz W, Kümmerer K, Winzenbacher R. LC-HRMS Data Processing Strategy for Reliable Sample Comparison Exemplified by the Assessment of Water Treatment Processes. Anal Chem 2017; 89:13219-13226. [PMID: 29166562 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The behavior of micropollutants in water treatment is an important aspect in terms of water quality. Nontarget screening by liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) offers the opportunity to comprehensively assess water treatment processes by comparing the signal heights of all detectable compounds before and after treatment. Without preselection of known target compounds, all accessible information is used to describe changes across processes and thus serves as a measure for the treatment efficiency. In this study, we introduce a novel LC-HRMS data processing strategy for the reliable classification of signals based on the observed fold changes. An approach for filtering detected features was developed and, after parameter adjustment, validated for its recall and precision. As proof of concept, the fate of 411 target compounds in a 0.1 μg/L standard mix was tracked throughout the data processing stages, where 406 targets were successfully recognized and retained during filtering. Potential pitfalls in signal classification were addressed. We found the recursive peak integration to be a key point for the reliable classification of signal changes across a process. For evaluating the repeatability, a combinatorial approach was conducted to verify the consistency of the final outcome using technical replicates of influent and effluent samples taken from an ozonation process during drinking water treatment. The results showed sufficient repeatability and thus emphasized the applicability of nontarget screening for the assessment of water treatment processes. The developed data processing strategies may be transferred to other research fields where sample comparisons are conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Bader
- Laboratory for Operation Control and Research, Zweckverband Landeswasserversorgung , Am Spitzigen Berg 1, 89129 Langenau, Germany.,Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg , Scharnhorststraße 1/C13, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schulz
- Laboratory for Operation Control and Research, Zweckverband Landeswasserversorgung , Am Spitzigen Berg 1, 89129 Langenau, Germany
| | - Klaus Kümmerer
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg , Scharnhorststraße 1/C13, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Rudi Winzenbacher
- Laboratory for Operation Control and Research, Zweckverband Landeswasserversorgung , Am Spitzigen Berg 1, 89129 Langenau, Germany
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19
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Yang L, Chumsae C, Kaplan JB, Moulton KR, Wang D, Lee DH, Zhou ZS. Detection of Alkynes via Click Chemistry with a Brominated Coumarin Azide by Simultaneous Fluorescence and Isotopic Signatures in Mass Spectrometry. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 28:2302-2309. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Yang
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 100 Research Drive, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
- Barnett
Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry
and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Chris Chumsae
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 100 Research Drive, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Jenifer B. Kaplan
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 100 Research Drive, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Kevin Ryan Moulton
- Barnett
Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry
and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Dongdong Wang
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 100 Research Drive, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - David H. Lee
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 100 Research Drive, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Zhaohui Sunny Zhou
- Barnett
Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry
and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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20
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Amaral ACF, Ramos ADS, Ferreira JLP, Santos ARD, Cruz JDD, Luna AVMD, Nery VVC, Lima ICD, Chaves MHDC, Silva JRDA. LC‐HRMS for the Identification of β‐Carboline and Canthinone Alkaloids Isolated from Natural Sources. Mass Spectrom (Tokyo) 2017. [DOI: 10.5772/68075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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21
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Li Z, Kaserzon SL, Plassmann MM, Sobek A, Gómez Ramos MJ, Radke M. A strategic screening approach to identify transformation products of organic micropollutants formed in natural waters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2017; 19:488-498. [PMID: 28233005 DOI: 10.1039/c6em00635c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Many transformation products (TPs) from organic micropollutants are not included in routine environmental monitoring programs due to limited knowledge of their occurrence and fate. An efficient method to identify and prioritize critical compounds in terms of environmental relevance is needed. In this study, we applied a strategic screening approach based on a case-control concept to identify TPs formed along wastewater-impacted rivers. Time-integrated samples were collected over one week at both ends of a river stretch downstream of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) outfall and were analyzed by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography interfaced with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QToF-MS/MS). The screening procedure of the high-resolution MS (HRMS) datasets consisted of three major steps: (i) screening for parent compounds (PCs) attenuated along the stretch; (ii) prediction of potential TPs from these PCs; and (iii) screening for TPs from this list with an increasing trend along the stretch. In total, 32 PCs decreased along the investigated river stretches. From these PCs, eight TPs had increasing concentrations along the studied stretches and could be tentatively identified. The identification of one TP (benzamide) was confirmed by its corresponding reference standard, while no standards were available for the remaining TPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Li
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
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22
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Vergeynst L, K'oreje K, De Wispelaere P, Harinck L, Van Langenhove H, Demeestere K. Statistical procedures for the determination of linearity, detection limits and measurement uncertainty: A deeper look into SPE-LC-Orbitrap mass spectrometry of pharmaceuticals in wastewater. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 323:2-10. [PMID: 27339948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.05.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This research addresses some critical challenges regarding the validation of a quantitative multi-residue method for pharmaceuticals in wastewater making use of modern SPE-LC-Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry. Particular attention is given to study in detail response linearity, to realistically estimate detection limits, and to express the measurement precision of the analyte concentration, obtained by external calibration. First, linearity of the Orbitrap response showed to be matrix dependent in a counter intuitive way: stronger deviations from linearity were observed for pure solvent standards than for complex matrices like wastewater. Second, detection limits risk to be overestimated for ubiquitously present compounds for which true blank matrix samples are hard to find, leading to false negative findings. A novel and easy applicable methodology is presented to allow a better estimation of detection limits using the response of the natural isotopes. Third, a statistical methodology to estimate the measurement precision of the analyte concentration using basic validation parameters is developed specifically for the context of multi-residue quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leendert Vergeynst
- Research Group Environmental Organic Chemistry and Technology (EnVOC), Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kenneth K'oreje
- Research Group Environmental Organic Chemistry and Technology (EnVOC), Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Patrick De Wispelaere
- Research Group Environmental Organic Chemistry and Technology (EnVOC), Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lies Harinck
- Research Group Environmental Organic Chemistry and Technology (EnVOC), Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Herman Van Langenhove
- Research Group Environmental Organic Chemistry and Technology (EnVOC), Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kristof Demeestere
- Research Group Environmental Organic Chemistry and Technology (EnVOC), Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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23
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Statistical Approaches for LC-HRMS Data To Characterize, Prioritize, and Identify Transformation Products from Water Treatment Processes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2016-1241.ch004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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24
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Colby JM, Thoren KL, Lynch KL. Optimization and Validation of High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Data Analysis Parameters. J Anal Toxicol 2016; 41:1-5. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkw112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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25
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Singer HP, Wössner AE, McArdell CS, Fenner K. Rapid Screening for Exposure to "Non-Target" Pharmaceuticals from Wastewater Effluents by Combining HRMS-Based Suspect Screening and Exposure Modeling. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:6698-707. [PMID: 26938046 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) have raised considerable concern over the past decade due to their widespread detection in water resources and their potential to affect ecosystem health. This triggered many attempts to prioritize the large number of known APIs to target monitoring efforts and testing of fate and effects. However, so far, a comprehensive approach to screen for their presence in surface waters has been missing. Here, we explore a combination of an automated suspect screening approach based on liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry and a model-based prioritization using consumption data, readily predictable fate properties and a generic mass balance model for activated sludge treatment to comprehensively detect APIs with relevant exposure in wastewater treatment plant effluents. The procedure afforded the detection of 27 APIs that had not been covered in our previous target method, which included 119 parent APIs. The newly detected APIs included seven compounds with a high potential for bioaccumulation and persistence, and also three compounds that were suspected to stem from point sources rather than from consumption as medicines. Analytical suspect screening proved to be more selective than model-based prioritization, making it the method of choice for focusing analytical method development or fate and effect testing on those APIs most relevant to the aquatic environment. However, we found that state-of-the-practice exposure modeling used to predict potential high-exposure substances can be a useful complement to point toward oversights and known or suspected detection gaps in the analytical method, most of which were related to insufficient ionization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz P Singer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Annika E Wössner
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems Science (D-USYS), ETH Zürich , 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christa S McArdell
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Kathrin Fenner
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems Science (D-USYS), ETH Zürich , 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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26
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Bader T, Schulz W, Kümmerer K, Winzenbacher R. General strategies to increase the repeatability in non-target screening by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 935:173-86. [PMID: 27543026 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This article focuses on the data evaluation of non-target high-resolution LC-MS profiles of water samples. Taking into account multiple technical replicates, the difficulties in peak recognition and the related problems of false positive and false negative findings are systematically demonstrated. On the basis of a combinatorial approach, different models involving sophisticated workflows are evaluated, particularly with regard to the repeatability. In addition, the improvement resulting from data processing was systematically taken into consideration where the recovery of spiked standards emphasized that real peaks of interest were barely or not removed by the derived filter criteria. The comprehensive evaluation included different matrix types spiked with up to 263 analytical standards which were analyzed repeatedly leading to a total number of more than 250 injections that were incorporated in the assessment of different models of data processing. It was found that the analysis of multiple replicates is the key factor as, on the one hand, it provides the option of integrating valuable filters in order to minimize the false positive rate and, on the other hand, allows correcting partially false negative findings occurring during the peak recognition. The developed processing strategies including replicates clearly point to an enhanced data quality since both the repeatability as well as the peak recognition could be considerably improved. As proof of concept, four different matrix types, including a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent, were spiked with 130 isotopically labeled standards at different concentration levels. Despite the stringent filter criteria, at 100 ng L(-1) recovery rates of up to 93% were reached in the positive ionization mode. The proposed model, comprising three technical replicates, filters less than 5% and 2% of the standards recognized at 100 and 500 ng L(-1), respectively and thus indicates the general applicability of the presented strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Bader
- Laboratory for Operation Control and Research, Zweckverband Landeswasserversorgung, Am Spitzigen Berg 1, 89129 Langenau, Germany; Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Scharnhorststraße 1/C13, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Schulz
- Laboratory for Operation Control and Research, Zweckverband Landeswasserversorgung, Am Spitzigen Berg 1, 89129 Langenau, Germany.
| | - Klaus Kümmerer
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Scharnhorststraße 1/C13, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Rudi Winzenbacher
- Laboratory for Operation Control and Research, Zweckverband Landeswasserversorgung, Am Spitzigen Berg 1, 89129 Langenau, Germany.
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27
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Sjerps RMA, Vughs D, van Leerdam JA, Ter Laak TL, van Wezel AP. Data-driven prioritization of chemicals for various water types using suspect screening LC-HRMS. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 93:254-264. [PMID: 26921851 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
For the prioritization of more than 5200 anthropogenic chemicals authorized on the European market, we use a large scale liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) suspect screening study. The prioritization is based on occurrence in 151 water samples including effluent, surface water, ground water and drinking water. The suspect screening linked over 700 detected compounds with known accurate masses to one or multiple suspects. Using a prioritization threshold and removing false positives reduced this to 113 detected compounds linked to 174 suspects, 24 compounds reflect a confirmed structure by comparison with the pure reference standard. The prioritized compounds and suspects are relevant for detailed risk assessments after confirmation of their identity. Only one of the 174 prioritized compounds and suspects is mentioned in water quality regulations, and only 20% is mentioned on existing lists of potentially relevant chemicals. This shows the complementarity to commonly used target-based methods. The semi-quantitative total concentration, expressed as internal standard equivalents of detected compounds linked to suspects, in effluents is approximately 10 times higher than in surface waters, while ground waters and drinking waters show the lowest response. The average retention time, a measure for hydrophobicity, of the detected compounds per sample decreased from effluent to surface- and groundwater to drinking water, confirming the occurrence of more polar compounds in drinking water. The semi-quantitative total concentrations exceed the conservative and precautionary threshold of toxicological concern. Therefore, adverse effects of mixtures cannot be neglected without a more thorough risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa M A Sjerps
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
| | - Dennis Vughs
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
| | - Jan A van Leerdam
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
| | - Thomas L Ter Laak
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands; Wageningen University, Sub-department Environmental Technology, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Annemarie P van Wezel
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands; Utrecht University, Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, P.O. Box 80.115, 3508 TC, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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28
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Woldegebriel M, Gonsalves J, van Asten A, Vivó-Truyols G. Robust Bayesian Algorithm for Targeted Compound Screening in Forensic Toxicology. Anal Chem 2016; 88:2421-30. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Woldegebriel
- Analytical
Chemistry, Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular
Sciences, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94720, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John Gonsalves
- Netherlands Forensic Institute, P.O. Box 24044, 2490 AA The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Arian van Asten
- Analytical
Chemistry, Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular
Sciences, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94720, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Forensic Institute, P.O. Box 24044, 2490 AA The Hague, The Netherlands
- CLHC,
Amsterdam Center for Forensic Science and Medicine, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94720, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gabriel Vivó-Truyols
- Analytical
Chemistry, Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular
Sciences, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94720, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan D. Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Susana Y. Kimura
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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30
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Nürenberg G, Schulz M, Kunkel U, Ternes TA. Development and validation of a generic nontarget method based on liquid chromatography - high resolution mass spectrometry analysis for the evaluation of different wastewater treatment options. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1426:77-90. [PMID: 26654253 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive workflow for using nontarget approaches as process evaluation tools was implemented, including data acquisition based on a LC-HRMS (QTOF) system using direct injection and data post-processing for the peak recognition in "full scan" data. Both parts of the approach were not only developed and validated in a conventional way using the suspected analysis of a set of spiked known micropollutants but also the nontarget analysis of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent itself was utilized to consider a more environmental relevant range of analytes. Hereby, special focus was laid on the minimization of false positive results (FPs) during the peak recognition. The optimized data post-processing procedure reduced the percentage of FPs from 42% to 10-15%. Furthermore, the choice of a suitable chromatography for biological treated wastewater systems was also discussed during the method development. The workflow paid also attention to differences in the performance levels of the LC-HRMS system by implementation of an adaption system for intensity variations comparing different measurements dates or different instruments. The application of this workflow on wastewater samples from a municipal WWTP revealed that more than 91% compounds were eliminated by the biological treatment step and that the received effluent contained 55% newly formed potential transformation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun Nürenberg
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Am Mainzer Tor 1, D-56068 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Manoj Schulz
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Am Mainzer Tor 1, D-56068 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Uwe Kunkel
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Am Mainzer Tor 1, D-56068 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Thomas A Ternes
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Am Mainzer Tor 1, D-56068 Koblenz, Germany.
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