1
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Caleb Bagley M, Garrard KP, Muddiman DC. The development and application of matrix assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization: The teenage years. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023; 42:35-66. [PMID: 34028071 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In the past 15 years, ambient ionization techniques have witnessed a significant incursion into the field of mass spectrometry imaging, demonstrating their ability to provide complementary information to matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization. Matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization is one such technique that has evolved since its first demonstrations with ultraviolet lasers coupled to Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometers to extensive use with infrared lasers coupled to orbitrap-based mass spectrometers. Concurrently, there have been transformative developments of this imaging platform due to the high level of control the principal group has retained over the laser technology, data acquisition software (RastirX), instrument communication, and image processing software (MSiReader). This review will discuss the developments of MALDESI since its first laboratory demonstration in 2005 to the most recent advances in 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Caleb Bagley
- FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kenneth P Garrard
- FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- The Precision Engineering Consortium, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Molecular Education, Technology, and Research Innovation Center (METRIC), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - David C Muddiman
- FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Molecular Education, Technology, and Research Innovation Center (METRIC), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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2
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Dolatmoradi M, Fincher JA, Korte AR, Morris NJ, Vertes A. Remote ablation chamber for high efficiency particle transfer in laser ablation electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Analyst 2020; 145:5861-5869. [DOI: 10.1039/d0an00984a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Improved remote ablation chamber for particle transfer in LAESI mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Akos Vertes
- Department of Chemistry
- The George Washington University
- USA
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3
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Abstract
Ambient mass spectrometry has evolved rapidly over the past decade, yielding a plethora of platforms and demonstrating scientific advancements across a range of fields from biological imaging to rapid quality control. These techniques have enabled real-time detection of target analytes in an open environment with no sample preparation and can be coupled to any mass analyzer with an atmospheric pressure interface; capabilities of clear interest to the defense, customs and border control, transportation security, and forensic science communities. This review aims to showcase and critically discuss advances in ambient mass spectrometry for the trace detection of explosives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Forbes
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Materials Measurement Science Division, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
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4
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Chen LC, Yoshimura K, Ninomiya S, Takeda S, Hiraoka K. Towards Practical Endoscopic Mass Spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 6:S0070. [PMID: 28852605 DOI: 10.5702/massspectrometry.s0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we briefly review the remote mass spectrometric techniques that are viable to perform "endoscopic mass spectrometry," i.e., in-situ and in-vivo MS analysis inside the cavity of human or animal body. We also report our experience with a moving string sampling probe for the remote sample collection and the transportation of adhered sample to an ion source near the mass spectrometer. With a miniaturization of the probe, the method described here has the potential to be fit directly into a medical endoscope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Chuin Chen
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi
| | - Kentaro Yoshimura
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi
| | - Satoshi Ninomiya
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi
| | - Sen Takeda
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi
| | - Kenzo Hiraoka
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi
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5
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Usmanov DT, Hiraoka K, Wada H, Matsumura M, Sanada-Morimura S, Nonami H, Yamabe S. Non-proximate mass spectrometry using a heated 1-m long PTFE tube and an air-tight APCI ion source. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 973:59-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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6
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Sistani H, Karki S, Archer JJ, Shi F, Levis RJ. Assessment of Reproducibility of Laser Electrospray Mass Spectrometry using Electrospray Deposition of Analyte. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:880-886. [PMID: 28299715 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1622-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A nonresonant, femtosecond (fs) laser is employed to desorb samples of Victoria blue deposited on stainless steel or indium tin oxide (ITO) slides using either electrospray deposition (ESD) or dried droplet deposition. The use of ESD resulted in uniform films of Victoria blue whereas the dried droplet method resulted in the formation of a ring pattern of the dye. Laser electrospray mass spectrometry (LEMS) measurements of the ESD-prepared films on either substrate were similar and revealed lower average relative standard deviations for measurements within-film (20.9%) and between-films (8.7%) in comparison to dried droplet (75.5% and 40.2%, respectively). The mass spectral response for ESD samples on both substrates was linear (R2 > 0.99), enabling quantitative measurements over the selected range of 7.0 × 10-11 to 2.8 × 10-9 mol, as opposed to the dried droplet samples where quantitation was not possible (R2 = 0.56). The limit of detection was measured to be 210 fmol. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habiballah Sistani
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Advanced Photonics Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Santosh Karki
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Advanced Photonics Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Jieutonne J Archer
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Advanced Photonics Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Fengjian Shi
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Advanced Photonics Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Robert J Levis
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Advanced Photonics Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA.
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7
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Enhanced aerodynamic reach of vapor and aerosol sampling for real-time mass spectrometric detection using Venturi-assisted entrainment and ionization. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 957:20-28. [PMID: 28107830 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Venturi-assisted ENTrainment and Ionization (VENTI) was developed, demonstrating efficient entrainment, collection, and transport of remotely sampled vapors, aerosols, and dust particulate for real-time mass spectrometry (MS) detection. Integrating the Venturi and Coandă effects at multiple locations generated flow and analyte transport from non-proximate locations and more importantly enhanced the aerodynamic reach at the point of collection. Transport through remote sampling probes up to 2.5 m in length was achieved with residence times on the order of 10-2 s to 10-1 s and Reynolds numbers on the order of 103 to 104. The Venturi-assisted entrainment successfully enhanced vapor collection and detection by greater than an order of magnitude at 20 cm stand-off (limit of simple suction). This enhancement is imperative, as simple suction restricts sampling to the immediate vicinity, requiring close proximity to the vapor source. In addition, the overall aerodynamic reach distance was increased by approximately 3-fold over simple suction under the investigated conditions. Enhanced aerodynamic reach was corroborated and observed with laser-light sheet flow visualization and schlieren imaging. Coupled with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), the detection of a range of volatile chemical vapors; explosive vapors; explosive, narcotic, and mustard gas surrogate (methyl salicylate) aerosols; and explosive dust particulate was demonstrated. Continuous real-time Venturi-assisted monitoring of a large room (approximately 90 m2 area, 570 m3 volume) was demonstrated for a 60-min period without the remote sampling probe, exhibiting detection of chemical vapors and methyl salicylate at approximately 3 m stand-off distances within 2 min of exposure.
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8
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Chen LC, Naito T, Tsutsui S, Yamada Y, Ninomiya S, Yoshimura K, Takeda S, Hiraoka K. In vivo endoscopic mass spectrometry using a moving string sampling probe. Analyst 2017; 142:2735-2740. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an00650k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel moving string sampling probe and sample transportation system for performing in situ and in vivo endoscopic MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Chuin Chen
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering
- University of Yamanashi
- Kofu
- 400-8511 Japan
| | - Tsubasa Naito
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering
- University of Yamanashi
- Kofu
- 400-8511 Japan
| | - Satoru Tsutsui
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering
- University of Yamanashi
- Kofu
- 400-8511 Japan
| | - Yuki Yamada
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering
- University of Yamanashi
- Kofu
- 400-8511 Japan
| | - Satoshi Ninomiya
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering
- University of Yamanashi
- Kofu
- 400-8511 Japan
| | - Kentaro Yoshimura
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering
- University of Yamanashi
- Japan
| | - Sen Takeda
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering
- University of Yamanashi
- Japan
| | - Kenzo Hiraoka
- Clean Energy Research Center
- University of Yamanashi
- Kofu
- 400-8511 Japan
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9
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Keelor JD, Farnsworth PB, L Weber A, Abbott-Lyon H, Fernández FM. Multimodal Vacuum-Assisted Plasma Ion (VaPI) Source with Transmission Mode and Laser Ablation Sampling Capabilities. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2016; 27:897-907. [PMID: 26883531 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-016-1354-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a multimodal ion source design that can be configured on the fly for various analysis modes, designed for more efficient and reproducible sampling at the mass spectrometer atmospheric pressure (AP) interface in a number of different applications. This vacuum-assisted plasma ionization (VaPI) source features interchangeable transmission mode and laser ablation sampling geometries. Operating in both AC and DC power regimes with similar results, the ion source was optimized for parameters including helium flow rate and gas temperature using transmission mode to analyze volatile standards and drug tablets. Using laser ablation, matrix effects were studied, and the source was used to monitor the products of model prebiotic synthetic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel D Keelor
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Paul B Farnsworth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | | | - Heather Abbott-Lyon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, 30144, USA
| | - Facundo M Fernández
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
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10
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Yu Q, Jiang T, Ni K, Qian X, Tang F, Wang X. Experimental and simulation investigation of ion transfer in different sampling capillaries. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2015; 50:1367-1373. [PMID: 26634970 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric pressure interfaces were a fundamental structure for transferring air generated ions into the vacuum manifold of a mass spectrometer. This work is devoted to the characterization of ion transfer in metal capillaries through both experimental and simulated investigations. The impact of capillary configurations on ion transmission efficiency was evaluated using an electrospray mass spectrometer with various bent capillaries as the transfer devices. In addition, a numerical model has been set up by coupling the SIMION 8.0 and the computational flow dynamics for simulation study of ion migration in the complex atmospheric system. The transfer efficiency was found to be highly affected by the variation in electric field and the capillary geometry, revealing that the hydrodynamic and electric force were both dominant and interactional during the transmission process. The consistency of the results from the experimental analysis and simulation modeling proved the validity of the model, which was helpful for understanding ion activity in transfer capillaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Yu
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Kai Ni
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiang Qian
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Fei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instruments and Mechanology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xiaohao Wang
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instruments and Mechanology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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11
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Shi F, Flanigan PM, Archer JJ, Levis RJ. Direct analysis of intact biological macromolecules by low-energy, fiber-based femtosecond laser vaporization at 1042 nm wavelength with nanospray postionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2015; 87:3187-94. [PMID: 25688836 DOI: 10.1021/ac502563c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A fiber-based laser with a pulse duration of 435 fs and a wavelength of 1042 nm was used to vaporize biological macromolecules intact from the condensed phase into the gas phase for nanospray postionization and mass analysis. Laser vaporization of dried standard protein samples from a glass substrate by 10 Hz bursts of 20 pulses having 10 μs pulse separation and <50 μJ pulse energy resulted in signal comparable to a metal substrate. The protein signal observed from an aqueous droplet on a glass substrate was negligible compared to either a droplet on metal or a thin film on glass. The mass spectra generated from dried and aqueous protein samples by the low-energy, fiber laser were similar to the results from high-energy (500 μJ), 45-fs, 800-nm Ti:sapphire-based femtosecond laser electrospray mass spectrometry (LEMS) experiments, suggesting that the fiber-based femtosecond laser desorption mechanism involves a nonresonant, multiphoton process, rather than thermal- or photoacoustic-induced desorption. Direct analysis of whole blood performed without any pretreatment resulted in features corresponding to hemoglobin subunit-heme complex ions. The observation of intact molecular ions with low charge states from protein, and the tentatively assigned hemoglobin α subunit-heme complex from blood suggests that fiber-based femtosecond laser vaporization is a "soft" desorption source at a laser intensity of 2.39 × 10(12) W/cm(2). The low-energy, turnkey fiber laser demonstrates the potential of a more robust and affordable laser for femtosecond laser vaporization to deliver biological macromolecules into the gas phase for mass analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjian Shi
- †Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States.,‡Center for Advanced Photonics Research, Temple University, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Paul M Flanigan
- †Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States.,‡Center for Advanced Photonics Research, Temple University, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Jieutonne J Archer
- †Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States.,‡Center for Advanced Photonics Research, Temple University, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Robert J Levis
- †Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States.,‡Center for Advanced Photonics Research, Temple University, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
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12
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Compton LR, Reschke B, Friend J, Powell M, Vertes A. Remote laser ablation electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for non-proximate analysis of biological tissues. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:67-73. [PMID: 25462365 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE We introduce remote laser ablation electrospray ionization (LAESI), a novel, non-proximate ambient sampling technique. Remote LAESI allows additional analytical instrumentation to be incorporated during sample analysis. This work demonstrates the utility of remote LAESI and, when combined with optical microscopy, allows for the microscopy-guided sampling of biological tissues. METHODS Rapid prototyping using a 3D printer was applied to produce various ablation chamber geometries. A focused 5 ns, 2.94 µm laser pulse kept at 10 Hz ablated the sample within the chamber, remote to the mass spectrometer inlet. Ablated particulates were carried through a transfer tube by N2 gas, delivered to the electrospray plume and ionized. A long-distance microscope was used to capture images of tissues before, during and after ablation. RESULTS Optimized remote LAESI was found to have a 27% transport efficiency compared with conventional LAESI, sufficient for many applications. A comparable molecular coverage was obtained with remote LAESI for the analysis of plant tissue. Proof-of-principle experiments using a pansy flower and a maple leaf indicated the functionality of this approach for selecting domains of interest for analysis by optical microscopy and obtaining chemical information from those selected regions by remote LAESI-MS. CONCLUSIONS Remote LAESI is an ambient non-proximate sampling technique, proven to detect metabolites in biological tissues. When combined with optical microscopy, remote LAESI allows for the simultaneous acquisition of morphological and chemical information. This technique has important implications for histology, where chemical information for specific locations within a tissue is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laine R Compton
- Department of Chemistry, W.M. Keck Institute for Proteomics Technology and Applications, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
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13
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Cochran KH, Barry JA, Robichaud G, Muddiman DC. Analysis of trace fibers by IR-MALDESI imaging coupled with high resolving power MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:813-20. [PMID: 25081013 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8042-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Trace evidence is a significant portion of forensic cases. Textile fibers are a common form of trace evidence that are gaining importance in criminal cases. Currently, qualitative techniques that do not yield structural information are primarily used for fiber analysis, but mass spectrometry is gaining an increasing role in this field. Mass spectrometry yields more quantitative structural information about the dye and polymer that can be used for more conclusive comparisons. Matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (MALDESI) is a hybrid ambient ionization source being investigated for use in mass spectrometric fiber analysis. In this manuscript, IR-MALDESI was used as a source for mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) of a dyed nylon fiber cluster and single fiber. Information about the fiber polymer as well as the dye were obtained from a single fiber which was on the order of 10 μm in diameter. These experiments were performed directly from the surface of a tape lift of the fiber with a background of extraneous fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin H Cochran
- W.M. Keck Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
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14
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Flanigan P, Levis R. Ambient femtosecond laser vaporization and nanosecond laser desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2014; 7:229-256. [PMID: 25014343 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-071213-020343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent investigations of ambient laser-based transfer of molecules into the gas phase for subsequent mass spectral analysis have undergone a renaissance resulting from the separation of vaporization and ionization events. Here, we seek to provide a snapshot of recent femtosecond (fs) duration laser vaporization and nanosecond (ns) duration laser desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry experiments. The former employs pulse durations of <100 fs to enable matrix-free laser vaporization with little or no fragmentation. When coupled to electrospray ionization, femtosecond laser vaporization provides a universal, rapid mass spectral analysis method requiring no sample workup. Remarkably, laser pulses with intensities exceeding 10(13) W cm(-2) desorb intact macromolecules, such as proteins, and even preserve the condensed phase of folded or unfolded protein structures according to the mass spectral charge state distribution, as demonstrated for cytochrome c and lysozyme. Because of the ability to vaporize and ionize multiple components from complex mixtures for subsequent analysis, near perfect classification of explosive formulations, plant tissue phenotypes, and even the identity of the manufacturer of smokeless powders can be determined by multivariate statistics. We also review the more mature field of nanosecond laser desorption for ambient mass spectrometry, covering the wide range of systems analyzed, the need for resonant absorption, and the spatial imaging of complex systems like tissue samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Flanigan
- Center for Advanced Photonics Research, Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122; ,
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15
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Luo Z, He J, Chen Y, He J, Gong T, Tang F, Wang X, Zhang R, Huang L, Zhang L, Lv H, Ma S, Fu Z, Chen X, Yu S, Abliz Z. Air flow-assisted ionization imaging mass spectrometry method for easy whole-body molecular imaging under ambient conditions. Anal Chem 2013; 85:2977-82. [PMID: 23384246 DOI: 10.1021/ac400009s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Whole-body molecular imaging is able to directly map spatial distribution of molecules and monitor its biotransformation in intact biological tissue sections. Imaging mass spectrometry (IMS), a label-free molecular imaging method, can be used to image multiple molecules in a single measurement with high specificity. Herein, a novel easy-to-implement, whole-body IMS method was developed with air flow-assisted ionization in a desorption electrospray ionization mode. The developed IMS method can effectively image molecules in a large whole-body section in open air without sample pretreatment, such as chemical labeling, section division, or matrix deposition. Moreover, the signal levels were improved, and the spatial assignment errors were eliminated; thus, high-quality whole-body images were obtained. With this novel IMS method, in situ mapping analysis of molecules was performed in adult rat sections with picomolar sensitivity under ambient conditions, and the dynamic information of molecule distribution and its biotransformation was provided to uncover molecular events at the whole-animal level. A global view of the differential distribution of an anticancer agent and its metabolites was simultaneously acquired in whole-body rat and model mouse bearing neuroglioma along the administration time. The obtained drug distribution provided rich information for identifying the targeted organs and predicting possible tumor spectrum, pharmacological activity, and potential toxicity of drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
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16
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Badu-Tawiah AK, Eberlin LS, Ouyang Z, Cooks RG. Chemical aspects of the extractive methods of ambient ionization mass spectrometry. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2013; 64:481-505. [PMID: 23331308 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-040412-110026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Ambient ionization techniques allow complex chemical samples to be analyzed in their native state with minimal sample preparation. This brings the obvious advantages of simplicity, speed, and versatility to mass spectrometry: Desorption electrospray ionization (DESI), for example, is used in chemical imaging for tumor margin diagnosis. This review on the extractive methods of ambient ionization focuses on chemical aspects, mechanistic considerations, and the accelerated chemical reactions occurring in charged liquid droplets generated in the spray process. DESI uses high-velocity solvent droplets to extract analytes from surfaces. Nano-DESI employs liquid microjunctions for analyte dissolution, whereas paper-spray ionization uses DC potentials applied to wet porous material such as paper or biological tissue to field emit charged analyte-containing solvent droplets. These methods also operate in a reactive mode in which added reagents allow derivatization during ionization. The accelerated reaction rates seen in charged microdroplets are useful in small-scale rapid chemical synthesis.
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17
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Monge ME, Harris GA, Dwivedi P, Fernández FM. Mass Spectrometry: Recent Advances in Direct Open Air Surface Sampling/Ionization. Chem Rev 2013; 113:2269-308. [DOI: 10.1021/cr300309q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 404] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- María Eugenia Monge
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332,
United States
| | - Glenn A. Harris
- Department
of Biochemistry and
the Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Prabha Dwivedi
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332,
United States
| | - Facundo M. Fernández
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332,
United States
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18
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Yao ZP. Characterization of proteins by ambient mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2012; 31:437-47. [PMID: 21898526 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Proteins play important roles in living systems and are topics of many fundamental and applied research projects. With the introduction of electrospray ionization and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization for analysis of biomacromolecules in the late 1980s, mass spectrometry has become an important tool for characterization of proteins. Characterization of proteins in raw samples by these mass spectrometric techniques, however, usually requires extensive sample pretreatment. Ambient ionization techniques are new mass spectrometric techniques that allow direct analysis of samples with no or little sample preparation. Can these techniques facilitate or even eliminate sample preparation for mass spectrometric analysis of proteins? Apart from sample preparation, do these techniques offer any new features for characterization of proteins as compared with conventional ESI or MALDI? Recent advances in characterization of proteins by ambient mass spectrometry are summarized and commented in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Ping Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Chirosciences, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, China.
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He J, Tang F, Luo Z, Chen Y, Xu J, Zhang R, Wang X, Abliz Z. Air flow assisted ionization for remote sampling of ambient mass spectrometry and its application. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:843-850. [PMID: 21416520 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Revised: 12/27/2010] [Accepted: 12/31/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Ambient ionization methods are an important research area in mass spectrometry (MS) analysis. Under ambient conditions, the gas flow and atmospheric pressure significantly affect the transfer and focusing of ions. The design and implementation of air flow assisted ionization (AFAI) as a novel and effective, remote sampling method for ambient mass spectrometry are described herein. AFAI benefits from a high extracting air flow rate. A systematic investigation of the extracting air flow in the AFAI system has been carried out, and it has been demonstrated not only that it plays a role in the effective capture and remote transport of charged droplets, but also that it promotes desolvation and ion formation, and even prevents ion fragmentation during the ionization process. Moreover, the sensitivity of remote sampling ambient MS analysis was improved significantly by the AFAI method. Highly polar and nonpolar molecules, including dyes, pharmaceutical samples, explosives, drugs of abuse, protein and volatile compounds, have been successfully analyzed using AFAI-MS. The successful application of the technique to residue detection on fingers, large object analysis and remote monitoring in real time indicates its potential for the analysis of a variety of samples, especially large objects. The ability to couple this technique with most commercially available MS instruments with an API interface further enhances its broad applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuming He
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China
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20
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Hou K, Xu W, Xu J, Cooks RG, Ouyang Z. Sampling Wand for an Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer. Anal Chem 2011; 83:1857-61. [PMID: 21299234 DOI: 10.1021/ac102962e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keyong Hou
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, and §Center for Analytical Instrumentation Development, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, and §Center for Analytical Instrumentation Development, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, and §Center for Analytical Instrumentation Development, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - R. Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, and §Center for Analytical Instrumentation Development, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Zheng Ouyang
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, and §Center for Analytical Instrumentation Development, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
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21
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Neidholdt EL, Beauchamp JL. Switched Ferroelectric Plasma Ionizer (SwiFerr) for Ambient Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2010; 83:38-43. [DOI: 10.1021/ac1013833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evan L. Neidholdt
- Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - J. L. Beauchamp
- Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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22
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Dixon RB, Muddiman DC. Study of the ionization mechanism in hybrid laser based desorption techniques. Analyst 2010; 135:880-2. [PMID: 20419234 DOI: 10.1039/b926422a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In order to study the ionization mechanism in MALDESI, the RASTIR source was implemented to separate in space the laser desorption event from the intersecting electrospray ionization beam. Deuterated solvents were electrosprayed from the RASTIR source which resulted in a near complete shift from [M + H(+)](1+) to [M + D(+)](1+) of the monoisotopic peak for reserpine. The purpose of these experiments is to test the hypothesis that the primary ionization pathway in MALDESI is through interaction of the laser-desorbed neutral species with the intersecting electrospray ionization beam. The combination of RASTIR coupled to MALDESI can be utilized to study small organic molecules as well as peptides and proteins. Moreover, the use of RASTIR combined with MALDESI lends itself to improve the overall efficiency of ionization.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Brent Dixon
- W.M. Keck FT-ICR Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
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23
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Weston DJ. Ambient ionization mass spectrometry: current understanding of mechanistic theory; analytical performance and application areas. Analyst 2010; 135:661-8. [PMID: 20309440 DOI: 10.1039/b925579f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ambient ionization mass spectrometry allows the rapid analysis of samples or objects in their native state in the open environment with no prior preparation. Over the past six years, the ability of these techniques to provide selective analyte desorption and ionization, in combination with mass spectrometry (MS), has provided a growing number of powerful analytical alternatives across broad application areas, both quantitative and qualitative in nature, including pharmaceutical analysis, process chemistry, biological imaging, in vivo analysis, proteomics, metabolomics, forensics, and explosives detection. With the emergence of new ambient ionization methods, and the complementary nature of existing desorption and/or ionization techniques, additional hyphenated methods have been devised, which pushes the total number of documented methods to almost thirty. To cover all current ambient ionization techniques in detail would be too complex and detract from the main objective of this review. Rather, an overview of the field of ambient ionization MS will be given, followed by broad classification to allow detailed discussion of theory and common mechanistic factors underpinning a number of key techniques. Consideration will be given to experimental design, ease of implementation and analytical performance, detailing subsequent impact on a number of application areas, both established and emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Weston
- Clinical Pharmacology and DMPK, AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, UK LE11 5RH.
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24
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Huang G, Xu W, Visbal-Onufrak MA, Ouyang Z, Cooks RG. Direct analysis of melamine in complex matrices using a handheld mass spectrometer. Analyst 2010; 135:705-11. [DOI: 10.1039/b923427f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Sampson JS, Murray KK, Muddiman DC. Intact and top-down characterization of biomolecules and direct analysis using infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization coupled to FT-ICR mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2009; 20:667-73. [PMID: 19185512 PMCID: PMC3717316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2008.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Revised: 12/03/2008] [Accepted: 12/04/2008] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We report the implementation of an infrared laser onto our previously reported matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (MALDESI) source with ESI post-ionization yielding multiply charged peptides and proteins. Infrared (IR)-MALDESI is demonstrated for atmospheric pressure desorption and ionization of biological molecules ranging in molecular weight from 1.2 to 17 kDa. High resolving power, high mass accuracy single-acquisition Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectra were generated from liquid- and solid-state peptide and protein samples by desorption with an infrared laser (2.94 mum) followed by ESI post-ionization. Intact and top-down analysis of equine myoglobin (17 kDa) desorbed from the solid state with ESI post-ionization demonstrates the sequencing capabilities using IR-MALDESI coupled to FT-ICR mass spectrometry. Carbohydrates and lipids were detected through direct analysis of milk and egg yolk using both UV- and IR-MALDESI with minimal sample preparation. Three of the four classes of biological macromolecules (proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids) have been ionized and detected using MALDESI with minimal sample preparation. Sequencing of O-linked glycans, cleaved from mucin using reductive beta-elimination chemistry, is also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S. Sampson
- W.M. Keck FT-ICR Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kermit K. Murray
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - David C. Muddiman
- W.M. Keck FT-ICR Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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26
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Huang G, Ouyang Z, Cooks RG. High-throughput trace melamine analysis in complex mixtures. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:556-8. [DOI: 10.1039/b818059h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Sampson JS, Hawkridge AM, Muddiman DC. Construction of a versatile high precision ambient ionization source for direct analysis and imaging. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2008; 19:1527-34. [PMID: 18657438 PMCID: PMC2605079 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2008.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2008] [Revised: 06/19/2008] [Accepted: 06/20/2008] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The design and construction of a high precision ambient ionization source matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (MALDESI) are described in full detail, including a complete parts list. The computer controlled high precision motion control system and high repetition rate Explorer laser are demonstrated during MALDESI-FT-ICR analysis of peptides and proteins ranging from 1 to 17 kDa. The high stability ionization source platform described herein demonstrates both the advantages of the new MALDESI source and versatility for application to numerous desorption and ionization techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S. Sampson
- W.M. Keck FT-ICR Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Adam M. Hawkridge
- W.M. Keck FT-ICR Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - David C. Muddiman
- W.M. Keck FT-ICR Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
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28
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Peng IX, Ogorzalek Loo RR, Shiea J, Loo JA. Reactive-Electrospray-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization for Characterization of Peptides and Proteins. Anal Chem 2008; 80:6995-7003. [DOI: 10.1021/ac800870c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivory X. Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California—Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, and Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University and National Sun Yat-Sen University—Kaohsiung Medical University Joint Center, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Rachel R. Ogorzalek Loo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California—Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, and Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University and National Sun Yat-Sen University—Kaohsiung Medical University Joint Center, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jentaie Shiea
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California—Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, and Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University and National Sun Yat-Sen University—Kaohsiung Medical University Joint Center, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Joseph A. Loo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California—Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, and Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University and National Sun Yat-Sen University—Kaohsiung Medical University Joint Center, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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