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Grasselli G, Arigò A, Palma P, Famiglini G, Cappiello A. Latest Developments in Direct and Non-Direct LC-MS Methods Based on Liquid Electron Ionization (LEI). Crit Rev Anal Chem 2024:1-18. [PMID: 39046707 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2024.2381543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) enables precise identification and quantification of molecules, particularly when combined with chromatography. The advent of atmospheric pressure ionization (API) techniques allowed the efficient coupling of liquid chromatography with MS (LC-MS), extending analyses to nonvolatile and thermolabile compounds. API techniques present limitations such as low informative capacity and reproducibility of mass spectra, increasing instrument complexity and costs. Other challenges include analyzing poorly polar molecules and matrix effects (ME), which negatively impact quantitative analyses, necessitating extensive sample purification or using expensive labeled standards. These limitations prompted the exploration of alternative solutions, leading to the development of the Liquid Electron Ionization (LEI) interface. The system has demonstrated excellent robustness and reproducibility. LEI has been employed to analyze various compounds, including pesticides, drugs of abuse, phenols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phthalates, and many others. Its versatility has been validated with single quadrupole, triple quadrupole, and QToF detectors, operating in electron ionization (EI) or chemical ionization (CI) modes and with both reverse phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) and normal phase liquid chromatography (NPLC). LEI has also been successfully integrated with the Microfluidic Open Interface (MOI), Membrane Introduction Mass Spectrometry (MIMS), and Microfluidic Water-Assisted Trap Focusing (M-WATF), broadening its application scope and consistently demonstrating promising results in terms of sensitivity and identification power. The most recent advancement is the development of Extractive-Liquid Sampling Electron Ionization-Mass Spectrometry (E-LEI-MS), a surface sampling and real-time analysis technique based on the LEI concept. This review article offers a comprehensive and up-to-date picture of the potential of LEI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genny Grasselli
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Adriana Arigò
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Pierangela Palma
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Giorgio Famiglini
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Achille Cappiello
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
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2
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Ma X. Recent Advances in Mass Spectrometry-Based Structural Elucidation Techniques. Molecules 2022; 27:6466. [PMID: 36235003 PMCID: PMC9572214 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) has become the central technique that is extensively used for the analysis of molecular structures of unknown compounds in the gas phase. It manipulates the molecules by converting them into ions using various ionization sources. With high-resolution MS, accurate molecular weights (MW) of the intact molecular ions can be measured so that they can be assigned a molecular formula with high confidence. Furthermore, the application of tandem MS has enabled detailed structural characterization by breaking the intact molecular ions and protonated or deprotonated molecules into key fragment ions. This approach is not only used for the structural elucidation of small molecules (MW < 2000 Da), but also crucial biopolymers such as proteins and polypeptides; therefore, MS has been extensively used in multiomics studies for revealing the structures and functions of important biomolecules and their interactions with each other. The high sensitivity of MS has enabled the analysis of low-level analytes in complex matrices. It is also a versatile technique that can be coupled with separation techniques, including chromatography and ion mobility, and many other analytical instruments such as NMR. In this review, we aim to focus on the technical advances of MS-based structural elucidation methods over the past five years, and provide an overview of their applications in complex mixture analysis. We hope this review can be of interest for a wide range of audiences who may not have extensive experience in MS-based techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ma
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Dr NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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3
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Vargas Medina DA, Pereira dos Santos NG, Maciel EVS, Lanças FM. Current prospects on nano liquid chromatography coupled to electron ionization mass spectrometry (nanoLC-EI-MS). J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2022.2110114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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4
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Maciel EVS, Pereira dos Santos NG, Vargas Medina DA, Lanças FM. Electron ionization mass spectrometry: Quo vadis? Electrophoresis 2022; 43:1587-1600. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Fernando Mauro Lanças
- Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos University of São Paulo São Carlos São Paulo Brazil
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5
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Cappiello A, Termopoli V, Palma P, Famiglini G, Saeed M, Perry S, Navarro P. Liquid Chromatography-Electron Capture Negative Ionization-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Detection of Pesticides in a Commercial Formulation. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:141-148. [PMID: 34898195 PMCID: PMC8739837 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Negative chemical ionization (NCI) and electron-capture negative ionization (ECNI) are gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques that generate negative ions in the gas phase for compounds containing electronegative atoms or functional groups. In ECNI, gas-phase thermal electrons can be transferred to electrophilic substances to produce M-• ions and scarce fragmentation. As a result of the electrophilicity requirements, ECNI is characterized by high-specificity and low background noise, generally lower than EI, offering lower detection limits. The aim of this work is to explore the possibility of extending typical advantages of ECNI to liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The LC is combined with the novel liquid-EI (LEI) LC-EIMS interface, the eluent is vaporized and transferred inside a CI source, where it is mixed with methane as a buffer gas. As proof of concept, dicamba and tefluthrin, agrochemicals with herbicidal and insecticidal activity, respectively, were chosen as model compounds and detected together in a commercial formulation. The pesticides have different chemical properties, but both are suitable analytes for ECNI due to the presence of electronegative atoms in the molecules. The influence of the mobile phase and other LC- and MS-operative parameters were methodically evaluated. Part-per-trillion (ppt) detection limits were obtained. Ion abundances were found to be stable with quantitative linear detection, reliable, and reproducible, with no influence from coeluting interfering compounds from the sample matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achille Cappiello
- University
of Urbino, Department of Pure
and Applied Sciences, LC−MS Laboratory, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy
- Department
of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada V9R 5S5
| | - Veronica Termopoli
- University
of Urbino, Department of Pure
and Applied Sciences, LC−MS Laboratory, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Pierangela Palma
- University
of Urbino, Department of Pure
and Applied Sciences, LC−MS Laboratory, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy
- Department
of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada V9R 5S5
| | - Giorgio Famiglini
- University
of Urbino, Department of Pure
and Applied Sciences, LC−MS Laboratory, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Mansoor Saeed
- Jealott’s
Hill International Research Centre, Syngenta, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, U.K.
| | - Simon Perry
- Jealott’s
Hill International Research Centre, Syngenta, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, U.K.
| | - Pablo Navarro
- Jealott’s
Hill International Research Centre, Syngenta, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, U.K.
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6
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Deng Z, Zhang W, Zheng S, Xu Z. Metal-organic framework-101 grafted with amino groups as solid-phase extraction adsorbent coupled with liquid chromatography for the determination of phenoxycarboxylic acids in environmental samples. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1657:462569. [PMID: 34614471 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Metal-Organic Framework (MOF) MIL-101 and three amino-modified MIL-101s were synthesized and used as adsorbents for solid-phase extraction of trace-level polar phenoxycarboxylic acids (PCAs) from environmental water samples for quantification by liquid chromatography. The four MOFs were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm, pore structure analysis and powder X-ray diffraction analysis. Parameters which play important roles in the process of solid phase extraction were optimized. MIL-101-ethylenediamine (ED) was chosen as the optimum adsorbent for the extraction of PCAs due to electron donation of alkyl groups in aliphatic amino groups and the smaller steric hindrance. The extraction efficiency using MIL-101-ED compacted column was compared with three commercial columns and the influence of humic acid (HA) on extraction was investigated. The merits of newly-built SPE-LC method based on MIL-101-ED are as follows: (a) low limits of detection (0.052-0.160 ng mL-1), (b) wide linear ranges (0.5-1000 ng mL-1), (c) good repeatabilities (1.33-3.35%) and reproducibilities (2.51-3.49%) and (d) excludability of HA. This method has been applied to the determination of PCAs in environmental water samples successfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehui Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shourong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhaoyi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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7
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Chen H, Luo S, Huang X. Development of monolith/aminated carbon nanotubes composite-based solid-phase microextraction of phenoxycarboxylic acids herbicides in water and soil samples. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:4284-4294. [PMID: 34598310 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a new adsorbent based on monolith/aminated carbon nanotubes composite was facilely prepared and employed as the extraction phase of multiple monolithic fibers solid-phase microextraction for the capture of phenoxycarboxylic acids herbicides. The adsorbent was fabricated by mingling aminated carbon nanotubes in the poly (allylthiourea-co-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) monolith. Various techniques were employed to characterize the morphology, structure, and pore size of the prepared adsorbent. The proposed microextraction method displayed satisfactory capture performance towards studied analytes through multi-interactions such as hydrogen-bonding, hydrophobic and π-π interactions. Under the optimized conditions, a sensitive and reliable method to quantify trace analytes in water and soil samples was developed. The limits of detection were in the ranges of 0.13-0.25 μg/L and 0.20-0.61 μg/kg for water and soil samples, respectively. The practicality of the introduced method was demonstrated by applying it to monitor the contents of studied analytes in environmental water and soil samples. Satisfactory fortified recoveries (76.4-119%) and reproducibility were obtained. The achieved results well demonstrated that the suggested microextraction technique can efficiently extract phenoxycarboxylic acids and the developed method exhibits a promising potential for reliable and sensitive quantification of trace analytes in complex samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hexun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, P. R. China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Coastal Pollution Prevention and Control, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, P. R. China
| | - Siyu Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, P. R. China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Coastal Pollution Prevention and Control, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojia Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, P. R. China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Coastal Pollution Prevention and Control, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, P. R. China
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8
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Famiglini G, Palma P, Termopoli V, Cappiello A. The history of electron ionization in LC-MS, from the early days to modern technologies: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1167:338350. [PMID: 34049632 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This review article traces the history of the use of liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) using electron ionization (EI) from the first attempts up to the present day. At the time of the first efforts to couple LC to MS, 70 eV EI was the most common ionization technique, typically used in gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and providing highly reproducible mass spectra that could be collated in libraries. Therefore, it was obvious to transport this dominant approach to the early LC-MS coupling attempts. The use of LC coupled to EI-MS is challenging mainly due to restrictions related to high-vacuum and high-temperature conditions required for the operation of EI and the need to remove the eluent carrying the analyte before entering the ion source. The authors will take readers through a journey of about 50 years, showing how through the succession of different attempts it has been possible to successfully couple LC with EI-MS, which in principle appear to be incompatible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Famiglini
- LC-MS Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy.
| | - Pierangela Palma
- LC-MS Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy
| | - Veronica Termopoli
- LC-MS Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy
| | - Achille Cappiello
- LC-MS Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy.
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9
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Tsizin S, Fialkov AB, Amirav A. Electron Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Both Liquid and Gas Chromatography in One System without the Need for Hardware Adjustments. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:1713-1721. [PMID: 32543199 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A new instrument that bridges the gap between gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) mass spectrometry (MS) was developed. In this instrument GC-MS and electron ionization LC-MS were combined in one MS system with method based mode changing. The LC pneumatic spray formation interface to MS was mounted on top of an otherwise unused GC detector slot and was connected with a flow restriction capillary to the MS through the GC oven and into the MS transfer line, parallel to the GC capillary column. The LC output mobile phase flow is directed into a spray formation and vaporization chamber. The pneumatic spray results in fine spray droplets that are thermally vaporized at a pressure equal to or greater than ambient. A portion of the vaporized mixture is directed into the heated flow restriction capillary that connects the spray formation and vaporization chamber into the electron ionization (EI) ion source, while most of the vaporized spray is released to the atmosphere. The combined GC-MS and LC-MS system can work either with standard EI or with cold EI via interfacing the flow restriction capillary into a supersonic nozzle forming a supersonic molecular beam of a vibrationally cold sample compound. We found that EI-LC-MS with cold EI has many benefits when compared with standard EI. The EI-LC-MS interface can also serve for flow injection analysis. The performance of the combined system is demonstrated in the analysis of a few sample mixtures by both GC-MS and LC-MS analysis, sequentially without hardware adjustments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Tsizin
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | | | - Aviv Amirav
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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10
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Miniaturized liquid chromatography focusing on analytical columns and mass spectrometry: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1103:11-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.12.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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11
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Abonamah JV, Eckenrode BA, Moini M. On-site detection of fentanyl and its derivatives by field portable nano-liquid chromatography-electron lonization-mass spectrometry (nLC-EI-MS). Forensic Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2019.100180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Rigano F, Russo M, Arigò A, Dugo P, Mondello L. Combining linear retention index and electron ionization mass spectrometry for a reliable identification in nano liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1610:460581. [PMID: 31610919 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The present research is focused on the object to improve identification capability in liquid chromatography (LC), by creating a system as similar as possible to gas chromatography (GC), where the combination/complementarity of Linear Retention Index (LRI) and Electron Ionization Mass Spectrometry (EI-MS) data makes the identification process easy, automatic and reliable. Conversely, in LC the untargeted characterization of real-world samples is still a challenge, due to the not repeatable and poorly informative nature of typical atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry, normally hyphenated to LC. In the last decades the miniaturization of LC instrumentation together with the considerable progresses in MS vacuum pump capability has made the LC-EI-MS hyphenation more feasible. In the present work, a prototypal nanoLC-EI-MS system was used for the determination of typically LC-amenable compunds, such as coumarins, furocoumarins and polymethoxyflavones in citrus essential oils. All the compounds provided high quality EI-MS spectra, evaluated by the comparison with thousands of spectra present in commercial EI-MS libraries. Spectral similarities major than 80% were achieved. Furthermore, an LRI system, based on the use of an alkyl aryl ketone homologue reference series, was proposed as additional filter to achieve a univocal identification. Then, a novel dual-filter LRI/EI-MS library was built and resulted very helpful in the case of isomeric compounds characterized by identical EI-MS spectrum, but different retention behaviour. The very low inter-day variability attained for each LRI value, together with the satisfactory chromatographic resolution of the developed method, led to a 100% reliability of the identification process based on LRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Rigano
- Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Marina Russo
- Unit of Food Science and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Adriana Arigò
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Paola Dugo
- Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Unit of Food Science and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy; Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy; BeSep s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Luigi Mondello
- Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Unit of Food Science and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy; Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy; BeSep s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
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13
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Rigano F, Tranchida PQ, Dugo P, Mondello L. High-performance liquid chromatography combined with electron ionization mass spectrometry: A review. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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14
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Guo T, Wang X, Wang H, Hu Y, Zhang S, Zhao R. Determination of Phenoxy Acid Herbicides in Cereals Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J Food Prot 2019; 82:1160-1165. [PMID: 31233361 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
HIGHLIGHTS Phenoxy acid herbicide residues were found in cereals. A QuEChERS HPLC-MS/MS method was used for analysis of these herbicide residues. This technique could be used effectively for monitoring the safety of cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Guo
- 1 Shandong Rice Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- 2 Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Haifeng Wang
- 1 Shandong Rice Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yufen Hu
- 2 Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiyong Zhang
- 1 Shandong Rice Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Rusong Zhao
- 2 Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, People's Republic of China
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15
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Ma JQ, Liu L, Wang X, Chen LZ, Lin JM, Zhao RS. Development of dispersive solid-phase extraction with polyphenylene conjugated microporous polymers for sensitive determination of phenoxycarboxylic acids in environmental water samples. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 371:433-439. [PMID: 30875570 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
High-performance capturing polar phenoxycarboxylic acids herbicides (PCAs) from water samples remains a great challenge because PCAs form salt easily and dissolve. Polyphenylene-based conjugated microporous polymers (PP-CMPs), a fascinating type of polymers, bear π-conjugation over 3D polyphenylene scaffolds, inherent micropore, and large surface area, which are essential for capturing trace PCAs in complex samples. This work developed a novel approach to quantify trace PCAs using PP-CMPs as an efficient dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE) adsorbent. The developed method based on PP-CMPs achieved high sensitivity with limits of detection of 0.55-3.84 ng L-1, satisfactory correlation coefficients (≥ 0.9912), good linearity (50-10,000 ng L-1), and good precisions (2.0-9.0%). Moreover, this method was used for simultaneous monitoring of the amounts of five PCAs in environmental water samples with satisfactory spiked recoveries (86.9-101.3%). All these fact demonstrated that this new d-SPE technique based on PP-CMPs exhibited a promising potential for highly sensitive analysis of trace PCAs in complex samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Qing Ma
- Shandong Public Analytical Platform of Emerging Organic Pollutants, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Shandong Public Analytical Platform of Emerging Organic Pollutants, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Shandong Public Analytical Platform of Emerging Organic Pollutants, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Li-Zong Chen
- Shandong Public Analytical Platform of Emerging Organic Pollutants, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Jin-Ming Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Ru-Song Zhao
- Shandong Public Analytical Platform of Emerging Organic Pollutants, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China.
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16
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Evaluation of a liquid electron ionization liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry interface. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1591:120-130. [PMID: 30660440 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Liquid Electron Ionization (LEI), is an innovative liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) interface that converts liquid HPLC eluent to the gas-phase in a mass spectrometer equipped with an electron ionization (EI) source. LEI extends the electronic spectra libraries access to liquid chromatography, providing a powerful tool in the untargeted approacssh. Negligible matrix effects allow accurate quantitative information. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the main aspects concerning the interfacing process. These fundamental studies were necessary to understand the mechanism of LEI in details, and improve the interfacing process, especially regarding robustness and sensitivity. Hardware components were installed to prevent analytes precipitation, reduce thermal decomposition of sensitive compounds, and to stabilize the nano-flow delivery with different mobile-phase compositions. Particular attention was devoted to insulating the heated vaporization area from the LC part of the system. Experiments were performed to optimize the interface inner capillary dimensions, and other operative parameters, including temperature, gas and liquid flow rates. Test compounds of environmental interest were selected based on molecular weight, thermal stability, volatility, and polarity. Robustness was evaluated with a set of replicated injections and calibration experiments using a soil matrix as a test sample. MRM detection limits in the low-picogram range were obtained for five pesticides belonging to different classes in a soil sample. High-quality electron ionization mass spectra of a mixture of pesticides were also obtained.
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A highly sensitive and selective method for determination of phenoxy carboxylic acids from environmental water samples by dispersive solid-phase extraction coupled with ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2019; 191:313-323. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Electron Ionization LC-MS. ADVANCES IN THE USE OF LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS SPECTROMETRY (LC-MS) - INSTRUMENTATION DEVELOPMENTS AND APPLICATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.coac.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Rigano F, Albergamo A, Sciarrone D, Beccaria M, Purcaro G, Mondello L. Nano Liquid Chromatography Directly Coupled to Electron Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Free Fatty Acid Elucidation in Mussel. Anal Chem 2016; 88:4021-8. [PMID: 26937891 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Recently the miniaturization of liquid chromatography (LC) systems and progresses in mass spectrometry instrumentation have enabled direct introduction of the effluent coming from a nanoLC column into the high-vacuum region of an electron ionization source. In the present research, a nanoLC system was directly coupled to an electron ionization mass spectrometer (EI-MS) without any interface or modification of the ion source. The advantage with respect to atmospheric pressure ionization techniques, normally coupled with LC, is major identification power because of a more extensive and reproducible fragmentation pattern, without any matrix effect or mobile-phase interference. In particular, a nanoLC/EI-MS method was developed for elucidation of the free fatty acid profile in mussel samples, avoiding a previous derivatization step, required when gas chromatographic analysis is involved. A total of 20 fatty acids were reliably identified through the comparison with commercial libraries. A quantitative determination was also carried out by using the response factors approach along with the internal standard method, allowing for quantification of 14 fatty acids. Among them, palmitic acid resulted the most abundant, followed by ω6 arachidonic acid. The quantitative data were compared with those obtained by a well-established technique, such as gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID). Both nanoLC/EI-MS and GC-FID methods were validated and similar results were obtained in terms of limit of detection and quantification, resulting in the picomole range, and sensitivity as well was not significantly different, as demonstrated by comparing the slope values of the calibration curves (p < 0.05, from a t-test).
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Rigano
- "Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali", University of Messina , Polo Annunziata, viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy.,Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o, University of Messina , , Polo Annunziata, viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Ambrogina Albergamo
- "Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali", University of Messina , Polo Annunziata, viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy.,Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o, University of Messina , , Polo Annunziata, viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Danilo Sciarrone
- "Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali", University of Messina , Polo Annunziata, viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy.,Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o, University of Messina , , Polo Annunziata, viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Marco Beccaria
- "Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali", University of Messina , Polo Annunziata, viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy.,Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o, University of Messina , , Polo Annunziata, viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Giorgia Purcaro
- "Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali", University of Messina , Polo Annunziata, viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy.,Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o, University of Messina , , Polo Annunziata, viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Luigi Mondello
- "Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali", University of Messina , Polo Annunziata, viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy.,Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o, University of Messina , , Polo Annunziata, viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
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Famiglini G, Termopoli V, Palma P, Cappiello A. Liquid chromatography-electron ionization tandem mass spectrometry with the Direct-EI interface in the fast determination of diazepam and flunitrazepam in alcoholic beverages. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:1048-54. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Famiglini
- Department SPeA, LC-MS Laboratory; University of Urbino Carlo Bo; Urbino Italy
| | - Veronica Termopoli
- Department SPeA, LC-MS Laboratory; University of Urbino Carlo Bo; Urbino Italy
| | - Pierangela Palma
- Department SPeA, LC-MS Laboratory; University of Urbino Carlo Bo; Urbino Italy
| | - Achille Cappiello
- Department SPeA, LC-MS Laboratory; University of Urbino Carlo Bo; Urbino Italy
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Magrini L, Famiglini G, Palma P, Termopoli V, Cappiello A. Boosting the Detection Potential of Liquid Chromatography-Electron Ionization Mass Spectrometry Using a Ceramic Coated Ion Source. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2016; 27:153-60. [PMID: 26350384 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-015-1257-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Detection of target and non-target substances and their characterization in complex samples is a challenging task. Here we demonstrate that coating the electron ionization (EI) ion source of an LC-MS system with a sol-gel ceramic film can drastically improve the detection of high-molecular weight and high-boiling analytes. A new ion source coated with a ceramic material was developed and tested with a mixture of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) with an increasing number of rings. Comparison of the results obtained with those for an uncoated stainless steel (SS) ion source shows a dramatic improvement in the MS signals, with a nearly 40-fold increase of the signal-to-noise ratio. We also demonstrate the ability of the new system to produce excellent chromatographic profiles for hard-to-detect hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Magrini
- Department STeVA, LC-MS Laboratory, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Giorgio Famiglini
- Department STeVA, LC-MS Laboratory, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Pierangela Palma
- Department STeVA, LC-MS Laboratory, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Veronica Termopoli
- Department STeVA, LC-MS Laboratory, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Achille Cappiello
- Department STeVA, LC-MS Laboratory, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029, Urbino, Italy.
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Seemann B, Alon T, Tsizin S, Fialkov AB, Amirav A. Electron ionization LC-MS with supersonic molecular beams--the new concept, benefits and applications. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2015; 50:1252-63. [PMID: 26505770 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A new type of electron ionization LC-MS with supersonic molecular beams (EI-LC-MS with SMB) is described. This system and its operational methods are based on pneumatic spray formation of the LC liquid flow in a heated spray vaporization chamber, full sample thermal vaporization and subsequent electron ionization of vibrationally cold molecules in supersonic molecular beams. The vaporized sample compounds are transferred into a supersonic nozzle via a flow restrictor capillary. Consequently, while the pneumatic spray is formed and vaporized at above atmospheric pressure the supersonic nozzle backing pressure is about 0.15 Bar for the formation of supersonic molecular beams with vibrationally cold sample molecules without cluster formation with the solvent vapor. The sample compounds are ionized in a fly-though EI ion source as vibrationally cold molecules in the SMB, resulting in 'Cold EI' (EI of vibrationally cold molecules) mass spectra that exhibit the standard EI fragments combined with enhanced molecular ions. We evaluated the EI-LC-MS with SMB system and demonstrated its effectiveness in NIST library sample identification which is complemented with the availability of enhanced molecular ions. The EI-LC-MS with SMB system is characterized by linear response of five orders of magnitude and uniform compound independent response including for non-polar compounds. This feature improves sample quantitation that can be approximated without compound specific calibration. Cold EI, like EI, is free from ion suppression and/or enhancement effects (that plague ESI and/or APCI) which facilitate faster LC separation because full separation is not essential. The absence of ion suppression effects enables the exploration of fast flow injection MS-MS as an alternative to lengthy LC-MS analysis. These features are demonstrated in a few examples, and the analysis of the main ingredients of Cannabis on a few Cannabis flower extracts is demonstrated. Finally, the advantages of EI-LC-MS with SMB are listed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boaz Seemann
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Tal Alon
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Svetlana Tsizin
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | | | - Aviv Amirav
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
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Quick and label-free detection for Coumaphos by using surface plasmon resonance biochip. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104689. [PMID: 25122502 PMCID: PMC4133234 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Coumaphos is a common organophosphorus pesticide used in agricultural products. It is harmful to human health and has a strictly stipulated maximum residue limit (MRL) on fruits and vegetables. Currently existing methods for detection are complex in execution, require expensive tools and are time consuming and labor intensive. The surface plasmon resonance method has been widely used in biomedicine and many other fields. This study discusses a detection method based on surface plasmon resonance in organophosphorus pesticide residues. As an alternative solution, this study proposes a method to detect Coumaphos. The method, which is based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and immune reaction, belongs to the suppression method. A group of samples of Coumaphos was detected by this method. The concentrations of Coumaphos in the samples were 0 µg/L, 50 µg/L, 100 µg/L, 300 µg/L, 500 µg/L, 1000 µg/L, 3000 µg/L and 5000 µg/L, respectively. Through detecting a group of samples, the process of kinetic reactions was analyzed and the corresponding standard curve was obtained. The sensibility is less than 25 µg/L, conforming to the standard of the MRL of Coumaphos stipulated by China. This method is label-free, using an unpurified single antibody only and can continuously test at least 80 groups of samples continuously. It has high sensitivity and specificity. The required equipments are simple, environmental friendly and easy to control. So this method is promised for a large number of samples quick detection on spot and for application prospects.
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Prieto A, Rodil R, Quintana JB, Cela R, Möder M, Rodríguez I. Evaluation of polyethersulfone performance for the microextraction of polar chlorinated herbicides from environmental water samples. Talanta 2014; 122:264-71. [PMID: 24720994 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the suitability of bulk polyethersulfone (PES) for sorptive microextraction of eight polar, chlorinated phenoxy acids and dicamba from environmental water samples is assessed and the analytical features of the optimized method are compared to those reported for other microextraction techniques. Under optimized conditions, extractions were performed with samples (18 mL) adjusted at pH 2 and containing a 30% (w/v) of sodium chloride, using a tubular PES sorbent (1 cm length × 0.7 mm o.d., sorbent volume 8 µL). Equilibrium conditions were achieved after 3h of direct sampling, with absolute extraction efficiencies ranging from 39 to 66%, depending on the compound. Analytes were recovered soaking the polymer with 0.1 mL of ethyl acetate, derivatized and determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Achieved quantification limits (LOQs) varied between 0.005 and 0.073 ng mL(-1). After normalization with the internal surrogate (IS), the efficiency of the extraction was only moderately affected by the particular characteristics of different water samples (surface and sewage water); thus, pseudo-external calibration, using spiked ultrapure water solutions, can be used as quantification technique. The reduced cost of the PES polymer allowed considering it as a disposable sorbent, avoiding variations in the performance of the extraction due to cross-contamination problems and/or surface modification with usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailette Prieto
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country, P.K. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, IIAA-Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, IIAA-Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rafael Cela
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, IIAA-Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Monika Möder
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Isaac Rodríguez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, IIAA-Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Wang S, Ge L, Li L, Yan M, Ge S, Yu J. Molecularly imprinted polymer grafted paper-based multi-disk micro-disk plate for chemiluminescence detection of pesticide. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 50:262-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Xu C, Armstrong DW. High-performance liquid chromatography with paired ion electrospray ionization (PIESI) tandem mass spectrometry for the highly sensitive determination of acidic pesticides in water. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 792:1-9. [PMID: 23910961 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel method based on the paired ion electrospray ionization (PIESI) mass spectrometry has been developed for determination of acidic pesticides at ultratrace levels in surface and ground waters. The proposed approach provides greatly enhanced sensitivity for acidic pesticides and overcomes the drawbacks of the less sensitive negative ion mode ESI-MS. The limits of detection (LODs) of 19 acidic pesticides were evaluated with four types of dicationic ion-pairing reagent (IPR) in both single ion monitoring (SIM) and selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode. The LOD of 19 pesticides obtained with the use the optimal dicationic ion-pairing reagent ranged from 0.6pg to 19pg, indicating the superior sensitivity provided by this method. The transition pathways for different pesticide-IPR complexes during the collision induced dissociation (CID) were identified. To evaluate and eliminate any matrix effects and further decrease the detection limits, off-line solid-phase extraction (SPE) was performed for DI water and a river water matrix spiked with 2000ng L(-1) and 20ng L(-1) pesticides standards respectively, which showed an average percent recovery of 93%. The chromatographic separation of the acidic pesticides was conducted by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a C18 column (250mm×2.1mm) in the reversed phase mode using linear gradient elution. The optimized HPLC-PIESI-MS/MS method was utilized for determination of acidic pesticide at ng L(-1) level in stream/pond water samples. This experimental approach is 1-3 orders of magnitude more sensitive for these analytes than other reported methods performed in the negative ion mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengdong Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
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Zhang L, Wang M, Wang C, Hu X, Wang G. Label-free impedimetric immunosensor for sensitive detection of 2,4-dichlorophenoxybutyric acid (2,4-DB) in soybean. Talanta 2012; 101:226-32. [PMID: 23158316 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical impedance immunosensor, with its high sensitivity from electrochemical impedance analysis and ideal specificity from the immunoassay, is increasingly used in the detection of a kind of phenoxy acid herbicides which is 2,4-Dichlorophenoxybutyric acid (2,4-DB). In this experiment, synthetic 2,4-DB antibodies were immobilized on the electrode by the crosslinking of L-Cysteine/glutaraldehyde, and 2,4-DB were measured by the increase of electron-transfer resistance when the immune reaction occurred, with Fe(CN)(6)(3-)/Fe(CN)(6)(4-) as the probe. Under optimal conditions, the change of resistance is in a linear relationship with the logarithm of the concentration in the range of 1.0×10(-7)-1.0×10(-3) g/L (R=0.994) with the detection limit of 1.0×10(-7) g/L (0.1 ppb). This method bears such merits as simplicity in operation, high sensitivity, wide linear range, specificity, reproducibility and good stability. The actual soybean samples were analyzed with the recovery of 82.8%-102.3%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of environmental engineering and monitoring, Yangzhou University, 180 Si-Wang-Ting Road, Yangzhou 225002, China
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Cappiello A, Famiglini G, Palma P, Termopoli V, Trufelli H. A new liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry approach for generic screening and quantitation of potential genotoxic alkylation compounds without derivatization. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1255:286-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.12.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Multi-residue analytical methods for the determination of pesticides and PPCPs in water by LC-MS/MS: a review. OPEN CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.2478/s11532-012-0028-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractResidues of pesticides, pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) are contaminants of world-wide concern. Consequently, there is a growing need to develop reliable analytical methods, which enable rapid, sensitive and selective determination of these pollutants in environmental samples, at trace levels. In this paper, a review of the liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) based methods for the determination of pesticides and PPCPs in the environment is presented. Advanced aspects of current LC-MS/MS methodology, including sample preparation and matrix effects, are discussed.
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Cappiello A, Tirillini B, Famiglini G, Trufelli H, Termopoli V, Flender C. Determination of natural pyrethrins by liquid chromatography-electron ionisation-mass spectrometry. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2012; 23:191-196. [PMID: 21774016 DOI: 10.1002/pca.1342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Revised: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pyrethrum extract is a mixture of six insecticidal compounds from the flower heads of Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium L.. Since they only have low to moderate mammalian toxicity they can be used as natural insecticides in agriculture or to develop low cost and safe dermatological formulations. Because of the thermal instability of pyrethrins, analytical methods based on liquid chromatography (LC) are preferred over those based on gas chromatography (GC). A few applications using LC with mass spectrometry detection are presented in the literature. Current protocols for their characterisation by LC rely on the use of less sophisticated detectors such as UV detection. OBJECTIVE To develop the first liquid chromatography-electron ionisation-mass spectrometry (LC-EI-MS) method for pyrethrins detection and quantitation in pyrethrum extracts. METHODOLOGY A commercial pyrethrum extract and various samples of flower heads from C. cinerariaefolium L. were investigated using reversed-phase nano-liquid chromatography coupled to direct electron ionisation-mass spectrometry (nanoLC-direct EI-MS). The eluted compounds were identified through searches of the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) library, exploiting the direct EI capability to produce high quality EI mass spectra. RESULTS The method demonstrated satisfactory sensitivity (limit of detection (LOD) range: 0.04-0.38 mg/g), linearity (R² range: 0.9740-0.9983) and precision (RSD% range: 4-13%) for the quantitation of the natural pyrethrins in extracts from C. cinerariaefolium L. CONCLUSION The nanoLC-direct EI-MS technique can be a useful tool for the detection of pyrethrins.
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Gilbert-López B, García-Reyes JF, Meyer C, Michels A, Franzke J, Molina-Díaz A, Hayen H. Simultaneous testing of multiclass organic contaminants in food and environment by liquid chromatography/dielectric barrier discharge ionization-mass spectrometry. Analyst 2012; 137:5403-10. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an35705d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Cappiello A, Famiglini G, Palma P, Pierini E, Termopoli V, Trufelli H. Direct-EI in LC-MS: towards a universal detector for small-molecule applications. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:1242-55. [PMID: 21387356 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
This review article will give an up-to-date and exhaustive overview on the efficient use of electron ionization (EI) to couple liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC-MS) with an innovative interface called Direct-EI. EI is based on the gas-phase ionization of the analytes, and it is suitable for many applications in a wide range of LC-amenable compounds. In addition, thanks to its operating principles, it prevents unwelcome matrix effects (ME). In fact, although atmospheric pressure ionization (API) methodologies have boosted the use of LC-MS, the related analytical methods are sometime affected by inaccurate quantitative results, due to unavoidable and unpredictable ME. In addition, API's soft ionization spectra always demand for costly and complex tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) instruments, which are essential to acquire an "information-rich" spectrum and to obtain accurate quantitative information. In EI a one-stage analyzer is sufficient for a qualitative investigation and MS/MS detection is only used to improve sensitivity and to cut chemical noise. The technology illustrated here provides a robust and straightforward access to classical, well-characterized EI data for a variety of LC applications, and readily interpretable spectra for a wide range of areas of research. The Direct-EI interface can represent the basis for a forthcoming universal LC-MS detector for small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achille Cappiello
- DiSTeVA, Università degli Studi di Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza Rinascimento, 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy.
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Cappiello A, Famiglini G, Termopoli V, Trufelli H, Zazzeroni R, Jacquoilleot S, Radici L, Saib O. Application of Liquid Chromatography-Direct-Electron Ionization-MS in an in Vitro Dermal Absorption Study: Quantitative Determination of trans-Cinnamaldehyde. Anal Chem 2011; 83:8537-42. [DOI: 10.1021/ac201839x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Helga Trufelli
- LC-MS Laboratory, DiSTeVA, University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy
| | - Raniero Zazzeroni
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Bedford, MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Sandrine Jacquoilleot
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Bedford, MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Lucia Radici
- LC-MS Laboratory, DiSTeVA, University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy
| | - Ouarda Saib
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Bedford, MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
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Chung SW, Chen BL. Determination of organochlorine pesticide residues in fatty foods: A critical review on the analytical methods and their testing capabilities. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:5555-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.06.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Trufelli H, Palma P, Famiglini G, Cappiello A. An overview of matrix effects in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:491-509. [PMID: 21500246 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 512] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Revised: 01/28/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Matrix-dependent signal suppression or enhancement represents a major drawback in quantitative analysis with liquid chromatography coupled to atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry (LC-API-MS). Because matrix effects (ME) might exert a detrimental impact on important method parameters (limit of detection, limit of quantification, linearity, accuracy, and precision), they have to be tested and evaluated during validation procedure. This review gives a detailed description on when these phenomena might be expected, and how they can be evaluated. The major sources of ME are discussed and illustrated with examples from bioanalytical, pharmaceutical, environmental, and food analysis. Because there is no universal solution for ME, the main strategies to overcome these phenomena are described in detail. Special emphasis is devoted to the sample-preparation procedures as well as to the recent improvements on chromatographic and mass spectrometric conditions. An overview of the main calibration techniques to compensate for ME is also presented. All these solutions can be used alone or in combination to retrieve the performance of the LC-MS for a particular matrix-analyte combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helga Trufelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Geologiche, Tecnologie Chimiche e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza Rinascimento, 6-61029 Urbino, Italy
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Trufelli H, Famiglini G, Termopoli V, Cappiello A. Profiling of non-esterified fatty acids in human plasma using liquid chromatography-electron ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:2933-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4955-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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An SPE Method for the Concurrent Extraction of Organochlorine and Phenoxy Acidic Pesticides in River Water. Chromatographia 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-011-1971-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Electron ionization in LC-MS: recent developments and applications of the direct-EI LC-MS interface. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 399:2683-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4637-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Revised: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Cappiello A, Famiglini G, Palma P, Trufelli H. MATRIX EFFECTS IN LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2010.484314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Achille Cappiello
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Geologiche , Tecnologie Chimiche e Ambientali a Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo” , Urbino , Italy
| | - Giorgio Famiglini
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Geologiche , Tecnologie Chimiche e Ambientali a Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo” , Urbino , Italy
| | - Pierangela Palma
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Geologiche , Tecnologie Chimiche e Ambientali a Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo” , Urbino , Italy
| | - Helga Trufelli
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Geologiche , Tecnologie Chimiche e Ambientali a Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo” , Urbino , Italy
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