1
|
Araújo-Gomes N, Zambito G, Johnbosco C, Calejo I, Leijten J, Löwik C, Karperien M, Mezzanotte L, Teixeira LM. Bioluminescence imaging on-chip platforms for non-invasive high-content bioimaging. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 237:115510. [PMID: 37442028 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Incorporating non-invasive biosensing features in organ-on-chip models is of paramount importance for a wider implementation of these advanced in vitro microfluidic platforms. Optical biosensors, based on Bioluminescence Imaging (BLI), enable continuous, non-invasive, and in-situ imaging of cells, tissues or miniaturized organs without the drawbacks of conventional fluorescence imaging. Here, we report the first-of-its-kind integration and optimization of BLI in microfluidic chips, for non-invasive imaging of multiple biological readouts. The cell line HEK293T-GFP was engineered to express NanoLuc® luciferase under the control of a constitutive promoter and were cultured on-chip in 3D, in standard ECM-like hydrogels, to assess optimal cell detection conditions. Using real-time in-vitro dual-color microscopy, Bioluminescence (BL) and fluorescence (FL) were detectable using distinct imaging setups. Detection of the bioluminescent signals were observed at single cell resolution on-chip 20 min post-addition of Furimazine substrate and under perfusion. All hydrogels enabled BLI with higher signal-to-noise ratios as compared to fluorescence. For instance, agarose gels showed a ∼5-fold greater BL signal over background after injection of the substrate as compared to the FL signal. The use of BLI with microfluidic chip technologies opens up the potential for simultaneous in situ detection with continuous monitoring of multicolor cell reporters. Moreover, this can be achieved in a non-invasive manner. BL has great promise as a highly desirable biosensor for studying organ-on-chip platforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Araújo-Gomes
- Department of Developmental Bioengineering, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Giorgia Zambito
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Castro Johnbosco
- Department of Developmental Bioengineering, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Isabel Calejo
- Department of Developmental Bioengineering, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Leijten
- Department of Developmental Bioengineering, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Clemens Löwik
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel Karperien
- Department of Developmental Bioengineering, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Laura Mezzanotte
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Liliana Moreira Teixeira
- Department of Advanced Organ Bioengineering and Therapeutics, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pinon L, Ruyssen N, Pineau J, Mesdjian O, Cuvelier D, Chipont A, Allena R, Guerin CL, Asnacios S, Asnacios A, Pierobon P, Fattaccioli J. Phenotyping polarization dynamics of immune cells using a lipid droplet-cell pairing microfluidic platform. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2022; 2:100335. [PMID: 36452873 PMCID: PMC9701611 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2022.100335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The immune synapse is the tight contact zone between a lymphocyte and a cell presenting its cognate antigen. This structure serves as a signaling platform and entails a polarization of intracellular components necessary to the immunological function of the cell. While the surface properties of the presenting cell are known to control the formation of the synapse, their impact on polarization has not yet been studied. Using functional lipid droplets as tunable artificial presenting cells combined with a microfluidic pairing device, we simultaneously observe synchronized synapses and dynamically quantify polarization patterns of individual B cells. By assessing how ligand concentration, surface fluidity, and substrate rigidity impact lysosome polarization, we show that its onset and kinetics depend on the local antigen concentration at the synapse and on substrate rigidity. Our experimental system enables a fine phenotyping of monoclonal cell populations based on their synaptic readout.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Léa Pinon
- École Normale Supérieure, UMR 8640, Laboratoire PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
- Institut Curie, U932, Immunology and Cancer, INSERM, 75005 Paris, France
- Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes pour la Microfluidique, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Ruyssen
- Arts et Métiers Institute of Technology, Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, IBHGC, HESAM Université, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Judith Pineau
- Institut Curie, U932, Immunology and Cancer, INSERM, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Mesdjian
- École Normale Supérieure, UMR 8640, Laboratoire PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
- Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes pour la Microfluidique, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Damien Cuvelier
- Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes pour la Microfluidique, 75005 Paris, France
- Institut Curie, UMR 144, PSL Research University, CNRS, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie, UFR 926 Chemistry, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Anna Chipont
- Institut Curie, Cytometry Platform, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Rachele Allena
- Arts et Métiers Institute of Technology, Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, IBHGC, HESAM Université, 75013 Paris, France
- LJAD, UMR 7351, Université Côte d’Azur, 06100 Nice, France
| | - Coralie L. Guerin
- Institut Curie, Cytometry Platform, 75005 Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM, Innovative Therapies in Haemostasis, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Sophie Asnacios
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057, 75013 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie, UFR 925 Physics, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Atef Asnacios
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Paolo Pierobon
- Institut Curie, U932, Immunology and Cancer, INSERM, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jacques Fattaccioli
- École Normale Supérieure, UMR 8640, Laboratoire PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
- Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes pour la Microfluidique, 75005 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Huang GL, Nampe DP, Yi J, Gabrelow GB, Negri KR, Kamb A, Xu H. A multivariate, quantitative assay that disentangles key kinetic parameters of primary human T cell function in vitro. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241421. [PMID: 33166305 PMCID: PMC7652339 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell therapy is poised to play a larger role in medicine, most notably for immuno-oncology. Despite the recent success of CAR-T therapeutics in the treatment of blood tumors and the rapid progress toward improved versions of both CAR- and TCR-Ts, important analytical aspects of preclinical development and manufacturing of engineered T cells remain immature. One limiting factor is the absence of robust multivariate assays to disentangle key parameters related to function of engineered effector cells, especially in the peptide-MHC (pMHC) target realm, the natural ligand for TCRs. Here we describe an imaging-based primary T cell assay that addresses several of these limitations. To our knowledge, this assay is the first quantitative, high-content assay that separates the key functional parameters of time- and antigen-dependent T cell proliferation from cytotoxicity. We show that the assay sheds light on relevant biology of CAR- and TCR-T cells, including response kinetics and the influence of effector:target ratio.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grace L. Huang
- Discovery Research, A2 Biotherapeutics, Inc., Agoura Hills, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel P. Nampe
- Discovery Research, A2 Biotherapeutics, Inc., Agoura Hills, California, United States of America
| | - Jason Yi
- Discovery Research, A2 Biotherapeutics, Inc., Agoura Hills, California, United States of America
| | - Grant B. Gabrelow
- Discovery Research, A2 Biotherapeutics, Inc., Agoura Hills, California, United States of America
| | - Kathleen R. Negri
- Discovery Research, A2 Biotherapeutics, Inc., Agoura Hills, California, United States of America
| | - Alexander Kamb
- Discovery Research, A2 Biotherapeutics, Inc., Agoura Hills, California, United States of America
| | - Han Xu
- Discovery Research, A2 Biotherapeutics, Inc., Agoura Hills, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Olmos CM, Peñaherrera A, Rosero G, Vizuete K, Ruarte D, Follo M, Vaca A, Arroyo CR, Debut A, Cumbal L, Pérez MS, Lerner B, Mertelsmann R. Cost-effective fabrication of photopolymer molds with multi-level microstructures for PDMS microfluidic device manufacture. RSC Adv 2020; 10:4071-4079. [PMID: 35492655 PMCID: PMC9048755 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra07955f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper describes a methodology of photopolymer mold fabrication with multi-level microstructures for polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic device manufacture.
Collapse
|
5
|
Szalai P, Engedal N. An Image-based Assay for High-throughput Analysis of Cell Proliferation and Cell Death of Adherent Cells. Bio Protoc 2018; 8:e2835. [PMID: 34286042 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.2835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In this protocol, we describe a method to monitor cell proliferation and death by live-cell imaging of propidium iodide (PI)-stained adherent mammalian cells. PI is widely used to assess cell death. However, it is usually used in end-point assays. Recently, we implemented the use of PI for real-time cell death assessment by automated imaging. Cells are seeded in a 96-well format, and after attachment, the treatments are added directly to the wells together with PI. Thereafter, cells are subjected to automated time-lapse imaging and quantification by computer software. Combined analyses of phase-contrast and fluorescence images allow assessment of treatment effects on cell proliferation as well as the extent and kinetics of cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Szalai
- The Autophagy Team, Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo, N-0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Nikolai Engedal
- The Autophagy Team, Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo, N-0318 Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Shrirao AB, Fritz Z, Novik EM, Yarmush GM, Schloss RS, Zahn JD, Yarmush ML. Microfluidic flow cytometry: The role of microfabrication methodologies, performance and functional specification. TECHNOLOGY 2018; 6:1-23. [PMID: 29682599 PMCID: PMC5907470 DOI: 10.1142/s2339547818300019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Flow cytometry is an invaluable tool utilized in modern biomedical research and clinical applications requiring high throughput, high resolution particle analysis for cytometric characterization and/or sorting of cells and particles as well as for analyzing results from immunocytometric assays. In recent years, research has focused on developing microfluidic flow cytometers with the motivation of creating smaller, less expensive, simpler, and more autonomous alternatives to conventional flow cytometers. These devices could ideally be highly portable, easy to operate without extensive user training, and utilized for research purposes and/or point-of-care diagnostics especially in limited resource facilities or locations requiring on-site analyses. However, designing a device that fulfills the criteria of high throughput analysis, automation and portability, while not sacrificing performance is not a trivial matter. This review intends to present the current state of the field and provide considerations for further improvement by focusing on the key design components of microfluidic flow cytometers. The recent innovations in particle focusing and detection strategies are detailed and compared. This review outlines performance matrix parameters of flow cytometers that are interdependent with each other, suggesting trade offs in selection based on the requirements of the applications. The ongoing contribution of microfluidics demonstrates that it is a viable technology to advance the current state of flow cytometry and develop automated, easy to operate and cost-effective flow cytometers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anil B Shrirao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599, Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Zachary Fritz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599, Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Eric M Novik
- Hurel Corporation, 671, Suite B, U.S. Highway 1, North Brunswick, NJ 08902
| | - Gabriel M Yarmush
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599, Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Rene S Schloss
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599, Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Jeffrey D Zahn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599, Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Martin L Yarmush
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599, Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Time-resolved, single-cell analysis of induced and programmed cell death via non-invasive propidium iodide and counterstain perfusion. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32104. [PMID: 27580964 PMCID: PMC5007472 DOI: 10.1038/srep32104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional propidium iodide (PI) staining requires the execution of multiple steps prior to analysis, potentially affecting assay results as well as cell vitality. In this study, this multistep analysis method has been transformed into a single-step, non-toxic, real-time method via live-cell imaging during perfusion with 0.1 μM PI inside a microfluidic cultivation device. Dynamic PI staining was an effective live/dead analytical tool and demonstrated consistent results for single-cell death initiated by direct or indirect triggers. Application of this method for the first time revealed the apparent antibiotic tolerance of wild-type Corynebacterium glutamicum cells, as indicated by the conversion of violet fluorogenic calcein acetoxymethyl ester (CvAM). Additional implementation of this method provided insight into the induced cell lysis of Escherichia coli cells expressing a lytic toxin-antitoxin module, providing evidence for non-lytic cell death and cell resistance to toxin production. Finally, our dynamic PI staining method distinguished necrotic-like and apoptotic-like cell death phenotypes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae among predisposed descendants of nutrient-deprived ancestor cells using PO-PRO-1 or green fluorogenic calcein acetoxymethyl ester (CgAM) as counterstains. The combination of single-cell cultivation, fluorescent time-lapse imaging, and PI perfusion facilitates spatiotemporally resolved observations that deliver new insights into the dynamics of cellular behaviour.
Collapse
|
8
|
Sarkar S, Cohen N, Sabhachandani P, Konry T. Phenotypic drug profiling in droplet microfluidics for better targeting of drug-resistant tumors. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:4441-50. [PMID: 26456240 PMCID: PMC4666301 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00923e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Acquired drug resistance is a key factor in the failure of chemotherapy. Due to intratumoral heterogeneity, cancer cells depict variations in intracellular drug uptake and efflux at the single cell level, which may not be detectable in bulk assays. In this study we present a droplet microfluidics-based approach to assess the dynamics of drug uptake, efflux and cytotoxicity in drug-sensitive and drug-resistant breast cancer cells. An integrated droplet generation and docking microarray was utilized to encapsulate single cells as well as homotypic cell aggregates. Drug-sensitive cells showed greater death in the presence or absence of Doxorubicin (Dox) compared to the drug-resistant cells. We observed heterogeneous Dox uptake in individual drug-sensitive cells while the drug-resistant cells showed uniformly low uptake and retention. Dox-resistant cells were classified into distinct subsets based on their efflux properties. Cells that showed longer retention of extracellular reagents also demonstrated maximal death. We further observed homotypic fusion of both cell types in droplets, which resulted in increased cell survival in the presence of high doses of Dox. Our results establish the applicability of this microfluidic platform for quantitative drug screening in single cells and multicellular interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Sarkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, 02115 MA, USA.
| | - N Cohen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, 02115 MA, USA.
| | - P Sabhachandani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, 02115 MA, USA.
| | - T Konry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, 02115 MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yeo KB, Kim HB, Choi YS, Pack SP. Highly effective detection of inflamed cells using a modified bradykinin ligand labeled with FITC fluorescence. Enzyme Microb Technol 2015; 82:191-196. [PMID: 26672467 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Detection of inflammation in live cells is important because long-lasting inflammation is considered to be a primary cause of several diseases. However, few reports have been published on imaging analysis of inflammation in live cells. In this study, we developed an effective imaging system for detection of inflamed cells using a bradykinin ligand (BK) or a modified BK (mBK), which has specific affinity with the cellular B1R receptor. Synthetic BK or mBK labeled with FITC at the N-terminus was employed for discriminating between inflamed and normal cells; this method was found to be effective for detection of inflammation in live cells. In addition, using the mBK-based cell imaging system, we successfully performed flow-based analysis of live cell inflammation on a micro-chip channel, composed of a Starna flow cell and PDMS (Polydimethylsiloxane) walls. The BK-based cell imaging methods designed here would be a useful platform for development of a high-throughput live cell analysis system for investigating the factors underlying inflammation or for screening of anti-inflammation candidate drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ki Baek Yeo
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong-Ro 2511, Sejong 339-700, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyong Bai Kim
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong-Ro 2511, Sejong 339-700, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo Seong Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung Pil Pack
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong-Ro 2511, Sejong 339-700, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kulla E, Chou J, Simmons G, Wong J, McRae MP, Patel R, Floriano PN, Christodoulides N, Leach RJ, Thompson IM, McDevitt JT. Enhancement of performance in porous bead-based microchip sensors: Effects of chip geometry on bio-agent capture. RSC Adv 2015; 5:48194-48206. [PMID: 26097696 PMCID: PMC4470495 DOI: 10.1039/c5ra07910a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Measuring low concentrations of clinically-important biomarkers using porous bead-based lab-on-a-chip (LOC) platforms is critical for the successful implementation of point-of-care (POC) devices. One way to meet this objective is to optimize the geometry of the bead holder, referred to here as a micro-container. In this work, two geometric micro-containers were explored, the inverted pyramid frustum (PF) and the inverted clipped pyramid frustum (CPF). Finite element models of this bead array assay system were developed to optimize the micro-container and bead geometries for increased pressure, to increase analyte capture in porous bead-based fluorescence immunoassays. Custom micro-milled micro-container structures containing an inverted CPF geometry resulted in a 28% reduction in flow-through regions from traditional anisotropically-etched pyramidal geometry derived from Si-111 termination layers. This novel "reduced flow-through" design resulted in a 33% increase in analyte penetration into the bead and twofold increase in fluorescence signal intensity as demonstrated with C-Reactive Protein (CRP) antigen, an important biomarker of inflammation. A consequent twofold decrease in the limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) of a proof-of-concept assay for the free isoform of Prostate-Specific Antigen (free PSA), an important biomarker for prostate cancer detection, is also presented. Furthermore, a 53% decrease in the bead diameter is shown to result in a 160% increase in pressure and 2.5-fold increase in signal, as estimated by COMSOL models and confirmed experimentally by epi-fluorescence microscopy. Such optimizations of the bead micro-container and bead geometries have the potential to significantly reduce the LODs and reagent costs for spatially programmed bead-based assay systems of this type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eliona Kulla
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
| | - Jie Chou
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
| | - Glennon Simmons
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
| | - Jorge Wong
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
| | - Michael P. McRae
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
| | - Rushi Patel
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
| | | | - Nicolaos Christodoulides
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
| | - Robin J. Leach
- Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Ian M. Thompson
- Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - John T. McDevitt
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ortega M, Hanrahan G, Arceo M, Gomez FA. Application of a computational neural network to optimize the fluorescence signal from a receptor-ligand interaction on a microfluidic chip. Electrophoresis 2014; 36:393-7. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ortega
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; California State University; Los Angeles CA USA
| | - Grady Hanrahan
- Department of Chemistry; California Lutheran University; Thousand Oaks CA USA
- Hugh and Hazel Darling Center for Applied Scientific Computing; California Lutheran University; Thousand Oaks CA USA
| | - Marilyn Arceo
- Department of Chemistry; California Lutheran University; Thousand Oaks CA USA
| | - Frank A. Gomez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; California State University; Los Angeles CA USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Byrd TF, Hoang LT, Kim EG, Pfister ME, Werner EM, Arndt SE, Chamberlain JW, Hughey JJ, Nguyen BA, Schneibel EJ, Wertz LL, Whitfield JS, Wikswo JP, Seale KT. The microfluidic multitrap nanophysiometer for hematologic cancer cell characterization reveals temporal sensitivity of the calcein-AM efflux assay. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5117. [PMID: 24873950 PMCID: PMC4038811 DOI: 10.1038/srep05117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytometric studies utilizing flow cytometry or multi-well culture plate fluorometry are often limited by a deficit in temporal resolution and a lack of single cell consideration. Unfortunately, many cellular processes, including signaling, motility, and molecular transport, occur transiently over relatively short periods of time and at different magnitudes between cells. Here we demonstrate the multitrap nanophysiometer (MTNP), a low-volume microfluidic platform housing an array of cell traps, as an effective tool that can be used to study individual unattached cells over time with precise control over the intercellular microenvironment. We show how the MTNP platform can be used for hematologic cancer cell characterization by measuring single T cell levels of CRAC channel modulation, non-translational motility, and ABC-transporter inhibition via a calcein-AM efflux assay. The transporter data indicate that Jurkat T cells exposed to indomethacin continue to accumulate fluorescent calcein for over 60 minutes after calcein-AM is removed from the extracellular space.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Byrd
- 1] Searle Systems Biology and Bioengineering Undergraduate Research Experience, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA [2] University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Loi T Hoang
- Searle Systems Biology and Bioengineering Undergraduate Research Experience, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Eric G Kim
- Searle Systems Biology and Bioengineering Undergraduate Research Experience, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Matthew E Pfister
- Searle Systems Biology and Bioengineering Undergraduate Research Experience, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Erik M Werner
- Searle Systems Biology and Bioengineering Undergraduate Research Experience, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Stephen E Arndt
- Searle Systems Biology and Bioengineering Undergraduate Research Experience, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Chamberlain
- Searle Systems Biology and Bioengineering Undergraduate Research Experience, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Jacob J Hughey
- Searle Systems Biology and Bioengineering Undergraduate Research Experience, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Bao A Nguyen
- Searle Systems Biology and Bioengineering Undergraduate Research Experience, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Erik J Schneibel
- Searle Systems Biology and Bioengineering Undergraduate Research Experience, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Laura L Wertz
- Searle Systems Biology and Bioengineering Undergraduate Research Experience, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Jonathan S Whitfield
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - John P Wikswo
- 1] Searle Systems Biology and Bioengineering Undergraduate Research Experience, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA [2] Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA [3] Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA [4] Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA [5] Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Kevin T Seale
- 1] Searle Systems Biology and Bioengineering Undergraduate Research Experience, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA [2] Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA [3] Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tu TY, Wang Z, Bai J, Sun W, Peng WK, Huang RYJ, Thiery JP, Kamm RD. Rapid prototyping of concave microwells for the formation of 3D multicellular cancer aggregates for drug screening. Adv Healthc Mater 2014; 3:609-16. [PMID: 23983140 PMCID: PMC4038742 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201300151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Microwell technology has revolutionized many aspects of in vitro cellular studies from 2D traditional cultures to 3D in vivo-like functional assays. However, existing lithography-based approaches are often costly and time-consuming. This study presents a rapid, low-cost prototyping method of CO2 laser ablation of a conventional untreated culture dish to create concave microwells used for generating multicellular aggregates, which can be readily available for general laboratories. Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), and polystyrene (PS) microwells are investigated, and each produces distinctive microwell features. Among these three materials, PS cell culture dishes produce the optimal surface smoothness and roundness. A549 lung cancer cells are grown to form cancer aggregates of controllable size from ≈40 to ≈80 μm in PS microwells. Functional assays of spheroids are performed to study migration on 2D substrates and in 3D hydrogel conditions as a step towards recapitulating the dissemination of cancer cells. Preclinical anti-cancer drug screening is investigated and reveals considerable differences between 2D and 3D conditions, indicating the importance of assay type as well as the utility of the present approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Yuan Tu
- BioSystems and Micromechanics IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Center 1 CREATE Way, #04-13/14 Enterprise Wing, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Zhe Wang
- BioSystems and Micromechanics IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Center 1 CREATE Way, #04-13/14 Enterprise Wing, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Jing Bai
- BioSystems and Micromechanics IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Center 1 CREATE Way, #04-13/14 Enterprise Wing, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Wei Sun
- BioSystems and Micromechanics IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Center 1 CREATE Way, #04-13/14 Enterprise Wing, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Weng Kung Peng
- BioSystems and Micromechanics IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Center 1 CREATE Way, #04-13/14 Enterprise Wing, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Ruby Yun-Ju Huang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore MD6, Medical Drive, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Jean-Paul Thiery
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology (IMCB), A-STAR Departement of Biochemistry School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Proteos, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Roger D. Kamm
- BioSystems and Micromechanics IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Center 1 CREATE Way, #04-13/14 Enterprise Wing, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wlodkowic D, Cooper JM. Microfluidic cell arrays in tumor analysis: new prospects for integrated cytomics. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 10:521-30. [DOI: 10.1586/erm.10.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
15
|
|
16
|
Akagi J, Kordon M, Zhao H, Matuszek A, Dobrucki J, Errington R, Smith PJ, Takeda K, Darzynkiewicz Z, Wlodkowic D. Real-time cell viability assays using a new anthracycline derivative DRAQ7®. Cytometry A 2012; 83:227-34. [PMID: 23165976 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The exclusion of charged fluorescent dyes by intact cells has become a well-established assay for determining viability of cells. In search for a noninvasive fluorescent probe capable of long-term monitoring of cell death in real-time, we evaluated a new anthracycline derivative DRAQ7. The novel probe does not penetrate the plasma membrane of living cells but when the membrane integrity is compromised, it enters and binds readily to nuclear DNA to report cell death. It proved to be nontoxic to a panel of cancer cell lines grown continuously for up to 72 h and did not induce any detectable DNA damage signaling when analyzed using laser scanning microscopy and flow cytometry. The DRAQ7 provided a sensitive, real-time readout of cell death induced by a variety of stressors such as hypoxia, starvation, and drug-induced cytotoxicity. The overall responses to anticancer agents and resulting pharmacological dose-response profiles were not affected by the growth of tumor cells in the presence DRAQ7. Moreover, we for the first time introduced a near real-time microflow cytometric assay based on combination of DRAQ7 and mitochondrial inner membrane potential (ΔΨ(m) ) sensitive probe TMRM. We provide evidence that this low-dosage, real-time labeling procedure provides multiparameter and kinetic fingerprint of anticancer drug action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Akagi
- The BioMEMS Research Group, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gao D, Li H, Wang N, Lin JM. Evaluation of the Absorption of Methotrexate on Cells and Its Cytotoxicity Assay by Using an Integrated Microfluidic Device Coupled to a Mass Spectrometer. Anal Chem 2012; 84:9230-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac301966c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory
of Microanalytical Method and
Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Haifang Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory
of Microanalytical Method and
Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Niejun Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory
of Microanalytical Method and
Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jin-Ming Lin
- Beijing Key Laboratory
of Microanalytical Method and
Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wlodkowic D, Skommer J, Darzynkiewicz Z. Cytometry of apoptosis. Historical perspective and new advances. Exp Oncol 2012; 34:255-262. [PMID: 23070010 PMCID: PMC3476471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Characteristic changes in cell morphology paralleled by the appearance of a multitude of molecular and biochemical markers occur during apoptosis. These changes vary depending on the cell type, mechanism of induction of apoptosis, and the time-window at which the process of apoptosis is analyzed. By virtue of the capability of rapid measurement of individual cells the flow- and imaging-cytometry become preferred technologies to detect, identify and record incidence of apoptosis in large cell populations. It also provided a valuable tool to investigate molecular mechanisms in field of necrobiology. This review outlines the progress in development of the most commonly used cytometric methods probing cells death based on analysis of fragmentation of DNA, activation of caspases, analysis of mitochondrial potential, alterations in plasma membrane structure and other features that characterize programmed cell death. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Apoptosis: Four Decades Later"
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D. Wlodkowic
- The BioMEMS Research Group, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - J. Skommer
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Z. Darzynkiewicz
- Brander Cancer Research Institute and Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sauer R, Froimowicz P, Schöller K, Cramer JM, Ritz S, Mailänder V, Landfester K. Design, synthesis, and miniemulsion polymerization of new phosphonate surfmers and application studies of the resulting nanoparticles as model systems for biomimetic mineralization and cellular uptake. Chemistry 2012; 18:5201-12. [PMID: 22461235 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201103256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Heterophase polymerizations have gained increasing attention in the past decades, especially as the decoration and functionalization of the particle surface for further applications gets more and more into focus. One promising approach for the functionalization exclusively on the particle surface is the use of surfmers (surfactant and monomer). Herein, we present the synthesis of a new family of surfmers and their use for decorating nanoparticles with phosphonate groups through miniemulsion polymerization. Furthermore the synthesis of a dye-labeled functional surfmer provided an elegant manner to evaluate and get deeper insights about its copolymerization. Additionally, potential applications of the synthesized particles in biological studies as well as their use as template for biomimetic mineralization are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger Sauer
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Faley S, Copland M, Reboud J, Cooper JM. Intracellular protein trafficking kinetics in chronic myeloid leukemia stem cells using a microfluidic platform. Integr Biol (Camb) 2012; 4:368-73. [PMID: 22344285 DOI: 10.1039/c2ib00086e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The oncogenic fusion protein BCR-ABL is produced by chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cells and functions as an abnormal, constitutively active tyrosine kinase that interferes with normal migratory and apoptotic behaviour of cells. Small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), such as dasatinib, eliminate CML progenitor cells, but fail to target the stem cell fraction resulting in persistent disease. In order to achieve a cure for CML in the majority of patients, we need an improved understanding of intracellular signalling dynamics, including the shuttling of BCR-ABL between cytosolic and nuclear compartments. In the past, the instability of BCR-ABL in assays using conventional immunohistochemical techniques has made this difficult and has not allowed for reliable analysis at the single cell level. Here we show how the utilization of rapid on-chip cell fixation within a microfluidic platform provides a means to immunofluorescently analyze the spatiotemporal localization of both BCR-ABL and c-ABL, as well as the linked apoptosis mediator, BCL-XL, in arrays of single CD34+ CML stem/progenitor cells, without cell loss. We demonstrate this proceeds up to 4 times faster than benchtop methods. Our results indicate that whilst both BCR-ABL and c-ABL shuttle from the cytoplasm to the nucleus following dasatinib treatment, the temporal dynamics are not synchronized. The microfluidic platform has the potential to provide insights into the intracellular signalling events in single cells. The ability to examine signalling events and assess BCR-ABL expression/activity in isolated cells in "real-time" may help elucidate the characteristics of rare CML stem cell events, which lead to the resistance of CML stem cells to TKIs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Faley
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Dong M, Martinez MM, Mayer MF, Pappas D. Single molecule fluorescence correlation spectroscopy of single apoptotic cells using a red-fluorescent caspase probe. Analyst 2012; 137:2997-3003. [PMID: 22314869 DOI: 10.1039/c2an16173g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The detection of single molecules in single cells has enabled biochemical analyses to be conducted with high sensitivity and high temporal resolution. In this work, detection of apoptosis was studied by single molecule fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) in single living cells. Caspase activity was assayed using a new red fluorogenic probe that avoids the spectral overlap of green fluorescent probes and cell autofluorescence. This new probe, 2SBPO-Casp, was synthesized by coupling a water-soluble Nile Blue derivative (2SBPO) to an aspartic acid residue. Upon apoptosis induction and caspase activation, free 2SBPO dye is shown to accumulate inside the cell after probe cleavage. In previous work in our lab, single molecule fluorescence in single apoptotic cells was detected 45 min after induction using a rhodamine 110-based probe. However, significant statistical analysis was needed to exclude false positives. The use of 2SBPO-Casp overcomes the autofluorescence problem and offers a steady fluorescence signal. In our single molecule FCS measurements, Ramos cells were determined apoptotic on the basis of their correlation coefficient value (R(2)). Cells that contain an R(2) ≥ 0.65 were identified as highly correlated and therefore determined to be apoptotic. Single apoptotic cells identified in this manner were found as early as 30 min after induction and the number of apoptotic cells reached a peak value at the 3rd hour, which is consistent with other techniques. Using single molecule techniques and a new apoptosis probe, the temporal dynamics were elucidated with better sensitivity and resolution than in previous studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meicong Dong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bogojevic D, Chamberlain MD, Barbulovic-Nad I, Wheeler AR. A digital microfluidic method for multiplexed cell-based apoptosis assays. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:627-34. [PMID: 22159547 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc20893h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Digital microfluidics (DMF), a fluid-handling technique in which picolitre-microlitre droplets are manipulated electrostatically on an array of electrodes, has recently become popular for applications in chemistry and biology. DMF devices are reconfigurable, have no moving parts, and are compatible with conventional high-throughput screening infrastructure (e.g., multiwell plate readers). For these and other reasons, digital microfluidics has been touted as being a potentially useful new tool for applications in multiplexed screening. Here, we introduce the first digital microfluidic platform used to implement parallel-scale cell-based assays. A fluorogenic apoptosis assay for caspase-3 activity was chosen as a model system because of the popularity of apoptosis as a target for anti-cancer drug discovery research. Dose-response profiles of caspase-3 activity as a function of staurosporine concentration were generated using both the digital microfluidic method and conventional techniques (i.e., pipetting, aspiration, and 96-well plates.) As expected, the digital microfluidic method had a 33-fold reduction in reagent consumption relative to the conventional technique. Although both types of methods used the same detector (a benchtop multiwell plate reader), the data generated by the digital microfluidic method had lower detection limits and greater dynamic range because apoptotic cells were much less likely to de-laminate when exposed to droplet manipulation by DMF relative to pipetting/aspiration in multiwell plates. We propose that the techniques described here represent an important milestone in the development of digital microfluidics as a useful tool for parallel cell-based screening and other applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dario Bogojevic
- Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College St., Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Analytical technologies for integrated single-cell analysis of human immune responses. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 853:211-35. [PMID: 22323150 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-567-1_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The immune system is a network of cells in which the constitutive members interact through dense and sometimes overlapping connections. The extreme complexity of this network poses a significant challenge for monitoring pathological conditions (e.g., food allergies, autoimmunity, and other chronic inflammatory diseases) and for discovering robust signatures of immunological responses that correlate with or predict the efficacy of interventions. The diversity among immune cells found in clinical samples (variations in cellular functions, lineages, and clonotypic breadth) requires approaches for monitoring immune responses with single-cell resolution.In this chapter, we present an engineering approach for integrated single-cell analysis that uses interchangeable modular operations to provide a comprehensive characterization of the phenotypic, functional, and genetic variations for individual cells. We focus on the use of microfabricated devices to isolate and interrogate single cells, and on the analytical components that enable subsequent detection, correlation, and interpretation of multidimensional sets of data. We discuss specific challenges and opportunities in the realization of this concept, and review two examples where it has been implemented. The presented approach should provide a basis for the design and implementation of nonconventional bioanalytical processes for studying specific responses of an immune system.
Collapse
|
24
|
Jedrych E, Chudy M, Dybko A, Brzozka Z. The microfluidic system for studies of carcinoma and normal cells interactions after photodynamic therapy (PDT) procedures. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2011; 5:41101-411016. [PMID: 22662052 PMCID: PMC3364799 DOI: 10.1063/1.3658842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This study reports on the use of a microsystem for evaluation of photodynamic therapy (PDT) procedures on the "mixed" (carcinoma-normal) cultures. Balb/3T3 (normal mouse embryo) and A549 (human lung carcinoma) cells were tested in separated and "mixed" cultures. Interactions and migration of cells cultured together were observed. The PDT procedures were examined in the hybrid (PDMS/glass) microsystem which contains cell culture microchambers integrated with network of microchannels. We investigated that the number of dead cells after PDT procedures is dependent on the kind of cell culture. Moreover, the influence of the carcinoma cells on the viability of normal cells in the "mixed" culture was observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Jedrych
- Department of Microbioanalytics, Institute of Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wlodkowic D, Khoshmanesh K, Sharpe JC, Darzynkiewicz Z, Cooper JM. Apoptosis goes on a chip: advances in the microfluidic analysis of programmed cell death. Anal Chem 2011; 83:6439-46. [PMID: 21630641 PMCID: PMC3251906 DOI: 10.1021/ac200588g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have brought enormous progress in cell-based lab-on-a-chip technologies, allowing dynamic studies of cell death with an unprecedented accuracy. As interest in the microfabricated technologies for cell-based bioassays is rapidly gaining momentum, we highlight the most promising technologies that provide a new outlook for the rapid assessment of programmed and accidental cell death and are applicable in drug discovery, high-content drug screening, and personalized clinical diagnostics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donald Wlodkowic
- The BioMEMS Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hatanaka H, Yasukawa T, Mizutani F. Detection of Surface Antigens on Living Cells through Incorporation of Immunorecognition into the Distinct Positioning of Cells with Positive and Negative Dielectrophoresis. Anal Chem 2011; 83:7207-12. [DOI: 10.1021/ac201789m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hironobu Hatanaka
- Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Kouto, Kamigori, Ako, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Yasukawa
- Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Kouto, Kamigori, Ako, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
- JST-CREST, 5, Sanbancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
| | - Fumio Mizutani
- Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Kouto, Kamigori, Ako, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
Microfluidic devices exhibit a great promising development in clinical diagnosis and disease screening due to their advantages of precise controlling of fluid flow, requirement of miniamount sample, rapid reaction speed and convenient integration. In this paper, the improvements of microfluidic diagnostic technologies in recent years are reviewed. The applications and developments of on-chip disease marker detection, microfluidic cell selection and cell drug metabolism, and diagnostic micro-devices are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haifang Li
- School of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hosokawa M, Hayashi T, Mori T, Yoshino T, Nakasono S, Matsunaga T. Microfluidic device with chemical gradient for single-cell cytotoxicity assays. Anal Chem 2011; 83:3648-54. [PMID: 21526753 DOI: 10.1021/ac2000225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report the fabrication of a chemical gradient microfluidic device for single-cell cytotoxicity assays. This device consists of a microfluidic chemical gradient generator and a microcavity array that enables entrapment of cells with high efficiency at 88 ± 6% of the loaded cells. A 2-fold logarithmic chemical gradient generator that is capable of generating a serial 2-fold gradient was designed and then integrated with the microcavity array. High density single-cell entrapment was demonstrated in the device without cell damage, which was performed in 30 s. Finally, we validated the feasibility of this device to perform cytotoxicity assays by exposing cells to potassium cyanide (0-100 μM KCN). The device captured images of 4000 single cells affected by 6 concentrations of KCN and determined cell viability by counting the effected cells. Image scanning of the microcavity array was completed within 10 min using a 10× objective lens and a motorized stage. Aligning cells on the microcavity array eases cell counting, observation, imaging, and evaluation of singular cells. Thus, this platform was able to determine the cytotoxicity of chemicals at a single-cell level, as well as trace the cytotoxicity over time. This device and method will be useful for cytotoxicity analysis and basic biomedical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Hosokawa
- Department of Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Khoshmanesh K, Akagi J, Nahavandi S, Kalantar-zadeh K, Baratchi S, Williams DE, Cooper JM, Wlodkowic D. Interfacing Cell-Based Assays in Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy Using Dielectrophoresis. Anal Chem 2011; 83:3217-21. [DOI: 10.1021/ac2002142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khashayar Khoshmanesh
- Department of Chemistry and MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Intelligent Systems Research, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Australia
| | - Jin Akagi
- Department of Chemistry and MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Saeid Nahavandi
- Centre for Intelligent Systems Research, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Australia
| | | | - Sara Baratchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - David E. Williams
- Department of Chemistry and MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan M. Cooper
- The Bioelectronics Research Centre, Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Donald Wlodkowic
- Department of Chemistry and MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Khoshmanesh K, Akagi J, Nahavandi S, Skommer J, Baratchi S, Cooper JM, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Williams DE, Wlodkowic D. Dynamic analysis of drug-induced cytotoxicity using chip-based dielectrophoretic cell immobilization technology. Anal Chem 2011; 83:2133-44. [PMID: 21344868 DOI: 10.1021/ac1029456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Quantification of programmed and accidental cell death provides useful end-points for the anticancer drug efficacy assessment. Cell death is, however, a stochastic process. Therefore, the opportunity to dynamically quantify individual cellular states is advantageous over the commonly employed static, end-point assays. In this work, we describe the development and application of a microfabricated, dielectrophoretic (DEP) cell immobilization platform for the real-time analysis of cancer drug-induced cytotoxicity. Microelectrode arrays were designed to generate weak electro-thermal vortices that support efficient drug mixing and rapid cell immobilization at the delta-shape regions of strong electric field formed between the opposite microelectrodes. We applied this technology to the dynamic analysis of hematopoietic tumor cells that represent a particular challenge for real-time imaging due to their dislodgement during image acquisition. The present study was designed to provide a comprehensive mechanistic rationale for accelerated cell-based assays on DEP chips using real-time labeling with cell permeability markers. In this context, we provide data on the complex behavior of viable vs dying cells in the DEP fields and probe the effects of DEP fields upon cell responses to anticancer drugs and overall bioassay performance. Results indicate that simple DEP cell immobilization technology can be readily applied for the dynamic analysis of investigational drugs in hematopoietic cancer cells. This ability is of particular importance in studying the outcome of patient derived cancer cells, when exposed to therapeutic drugs, as these cells are often rare and difficult to collect, purify and immobilize.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khashayar Khoshmanesh
- Department of Chemistry and MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Khanal G, Chung K, Solis-Wever X, Johnson B, Pappas D. Ischemia/reperfusion injury of primary porcine cardiomyocytes in a low-shear microfluidic culture and analysis device. Analyst 2011; 136:3519-26. [PMID: 21271001 DOI: 10.1039/c0an00845a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury was induced in primary porcine cardiomyocytes in a low-shear microfluidic culture chip. The chip was capable of sustaining the cardiomyocyte culture and inducing I/R injury by subjecting the cells to periods of hypoxia lasting 3-4 hours followed by normoxia. Mitochondrial membrane potential was assayed using MitoTracker Red to follow mitochondrial depolarization, the earliest stage of apoptosis. Cell adhesion and morphology were also determined simultaneously with fluorescence measurements. Changes in membrane potential were observed earlier than previously reported, with mitochondria becoming depolarized as early as 2 hours into the ischemia period. The cells with depolarized mitochondria were deemed apoptotic. Out of 38-61 cells per time frame, the fraction of apoptotic cells was found to be similar to control samples (3%) at two hours of ischemia, which increased up to 22% at the end of the ischemia period as compared to 0% in the control samples. Morphological analysis of cells showed that 4 hours of ischemia followed by reperfusion produced blebbing cells within 2 hours of restoring oxygen to the chip. This approach is a versatile method for cardiomyocyte stress, and in future work additional analytical probes can be incorporated for a multi-analyte assay of cardiomyocyte apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grishma Khanal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Warnes G, Martins S. Real-time flow cytometry for the kinetic analysis of oncosis. Cytometry A 2011; 79:181-91. [PMID: 21254392 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.21022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Revised: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The standard method of distinguishing apoptotic and oncotic cells has been by microscopic analysis of nuclei and cell membrane morphology. Thus a rapid test for analyzing large numbers of cells in the study of cell necrobiology has not been possible until the recent advent of the Amnis Image-stream and real-time Lab-on-a-Chip technologies. An interesting difference between apoptosis and oncosis is that they are ATP dependent and independent processes, respectively. Here we describe an assay measuring real-time kinetic changes in the potential differences of the inner mitochondrial membrane (mmp) and the plasma membrane (pmp) in cells immediately before and after the addition of the inducing agent. Live cells were loaded with carbocyanine dye DiIC(1) (5) and bis-oxonol (DiBAC(4) (5)) to measure mmp and pmp in conjunction with annexin V-FITC and DAPI labeling for gating out annexin V binding cells and dead cells respectively. Live cells gave specific membrane signatures in response to apoptotic or oncotic reagents in real-time. Apoptosis showed little change in mmp and pmp signals over the course of 25 min, the mitochondria only showed a slight hyperpolarization. In contrast chemical treatment with oxidative phosphorylation blocker, sodium azide (SA) caused an immediate hyperpolarization spike followed by a complete abrogation of mmp over a 25 min time course. Treatment with SA (1%) also caused plasma membrane depolarization. Likewise detergent (0.01% Triton X-100) treatments also caused abrogation of mmp and depolarization of pmp. Whereas heat shock (42°C) treatment showed only a slight mitochondrial membrane potential depolarization. These flow cytometric observations were confirmed by confocal microscopy. This novel real-time kinetic assay measuring mitochondrial and plasma membrane potential changes has important implications in the field of cell necrobiology in that it allows the researcher to differentiate apoptotic and oncotic processes in an immediate manner for the first time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Warnes
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, The Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and The Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London University, London, United Kingdom.
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Wlodkowic D, Darzynkiewicz Z. Rise of the micromachines: microfluidics and the future of cytometry. Methods Cell Biol 2011; 102:105-25. [PMID: 21704837 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-374912-3.00005-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The past decade has brought many innovations to the field of flow and image-based cytometry. These advancements can be seen in the current miniaturization trends and simplification of analytical components found in the conventional flow cytometers. On the other hand, the maturation of multispectral imaging cytometry in flow imaging and the slide-based laser scanning cytometers offers great hopes for improved data quality and throughput while proving new vistas for the multiparameter, real-time analysis of cells and tissues. Importantly, however, cytometry remains a viable and very dynamic field of modern engineering. Technological milestones and innovations made over the last couple of years are bringing the next generation of cytometers out of centralized core facilities while making it much more affordable and user friendly. In this context, the development of microfluidic, lab-on-a-chip (LOC) technologies is one of the most innovative and cost-effective approaches toward the advancement of cytometry. LOC devices promise new functionalities that can overcome current limitations while at the same time promise greatly reduced costs, increased sensitivity, and ultra high throughputs. We can expect that the current pace in the development of novel microfabricated cytometric systems will open up groundbreaking vistas for the field of cytometry, lead to the renaissance of cytometric techniques and most importantly greatly support the wider availability of these enabling bioanalytical technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donald Wlodkowic
- The BioMEMS Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
Validation of new therapeutic targets calls for the advance in innovative assays that probe both spatial and temporal relationships in signaling networks. Cell death assays have already found a widespread use in pharmacological profiling of anticancer drugs. Such assays are, however, predominantly restricted to end point DEAD/LIVE parameter that provides only a snapshot of inherently stochastic process such as tumor cell death. Development of new methods that can offer kinetic real-time analysis would be highly advantageous for the pharmacological screening and predictive toxicology. In the present work we outline innovative protocols for the real-time analysis of tumor cell death, based on propidium iodide (PI) and SYTOX Green probes. These can be readily adapted to both flow cytometry and time-lapse fluorescence imaging. Considering vast time savings and kinetic data acquisition such assays have the potential to be applied in a number of areas including accelerated anticancer drug discovery and high-throughput screening routines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donald Wlodkowic
- The BioMEMS Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Wlodkowic D, Darzynkiewicz Z. Microfluidics: Emerging prospects for anti-cancer drug screening. World J Clin Oncol 2010; 1:18-23. [PMID: 21603306 PMCID: PMC3095457 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v1.i1.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Revised: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer constitutes a heterogenic cellular system with a high level of spatio-temporal complexity. Recent discoveries by systems biologists have provided emerging evidence that cellular responses to anti-cancer modalities are stochastic in nature. To uncover the intricacies of cell-to-cell variability and its relevance to cancer therapy, new analytical screening technologies are needed. The last decade has brought forth spectacular innovations in the field of cytometry and single cell cytomics, opening new avenues for systems oncology and high-throughput real-time drug screening routines. The up-and-coming microfluidic Lab-on-a-Chip (LOC) technology and micro-total analysis systems (μTAS) are arguably the most promising platforms to address the inherent complexity of cellular systems with massive experimental parallelization and 4D analysis on a single cell level. The vast miniaturization of LOC systems and multiplexing enables innovative strategies to reduce drug screening expenditures while increasing throughput and content of information from a given sample. Small cell numbers and operational reagent volumes are sufficient for microfluidic analyzers and, as such, they enable next generation high-throughput and high-content screening of anti-cancer drugs on patient-derived specimens. Herein we highlight the selected advancements in this emerging field of bioengineering, and provide a snapshot of developments with relevance to anti-cancer drug screening routines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donald Wlodkowic
- Donald Wlodkowic, Auckland Microfabrication Facility, Department of Chemistry, University of Auckland, 1142 Auckland, New Zealand
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Salieb-Beugelaar GB, Simone G, Arora A, Philippi A, Manz A. Latest developments in microfluidic cell biology and analysis systems. Anal Chem 2010; 82:4848-64. [PMID: 20462184 DOI: 10.1021/ac1009707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
37
|
Zhao H, Oczos J, Janowski P, Trembecka D, Dobrucki J, Darzynkiewicz Z, Wlodkowic D. Rationale for the real-time and dynamic cell death assays using propidium iodide. Cytometry A 2010; 77:399-405. [PMID: 20131407 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We have recently reported an innovative approach to use charged fluorochromes such as propidium iodide (PI) in the real-time, dynamic cell viability assays. This study was designed to provide a mechanistic rationale for the kinetic assays using cell permeability markers. Uptake of PI by live cells, effect on the cell cycle, long-term proliferation capacity, DNA damage response, and pharmacologic interactions with anticancer drugs were studied using both laser scanning microscopy and laser scanning cytometry. Exposure of human carcinomic alveolar basal epithelial A549 cells in cultures to 1.5 or 7.5 microM of PI for 24 h had minimal effect on cell cycle progression including DNA replication as measured by incorporation of 5'-ethynyl-2-deoxyuridine (EdU) detected by the "click chemistry" approach and measured by laser scanning cytometry. A modest reduction, from 44 to 40% or 33%, in frequency of DNA replicating cells was seen after 48 h at 1.5 or 7.5 microM concentration of PI. There was no evidence of increased phosphorylation of histone gammaH2AX in cells growing in the presence of 1.5 or 7.5 microM of PI for up to 48 h. Confocal image analysis of HeLa and NIH 3T3 mouse embryonic fibroblasts growing in the presence of PI showed granular distribution in cell cytoplasm suggesting PI accumulation in endosomes and progressive increase in fluorescence of nucleoli reflecting PI binding to nucleolar RNA. The overall responses of cells to cytotoxic agents were also not affected by the growth in the presence PI. Our data lend further support to the notion that PI can be effectively used in real-time, kinetic viability assays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhao
- Brander Cancer Research Institute and Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Skommer J, Darzynkiewicz Z, Wlodkowic D. Cell death goes LIVE: technological advances in real-time tracking of cell death. Cell Cycle 2010; 9:2330-41. [PMID: 20519963 DOI: 10.4161/cc.9.12.11911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell population can be viewed as a quantum system, which like Schrödinger's cat exists as a combination of survival- and death-allowing states. Tracking and understanding cell-to-cell variability in processes of high spatio-temporal complexity such as cell death is at the core of current systems biology approaches. As probabilistic modeling tools attempt to impute information inaccessible by current experimental approaches, advances in technologies for single-cell imaging and omics (proteomics, genomics, metabolomics) should go hand in hand with the computational efforts. Over the last few years we have made exciting technological advances that allow studies of cell death dynamically in real-time and with the unprecedented accuracy. These approaches are based on innovative fluorescent assays and recombinant proteins, bioelectrical properties of cells, and more recently also on state-of-the-art optical spectroscopy. Here, we review current status of the most innovative analytical technologies for dynamic tracking of cell death, and address the interdisciplinary promises and future challenges of these methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Skommer
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Wlodkowic D, Cooper JM. Microfabricated analytical systems for integrated cancer cytomics. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:193-209. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3722-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
40
|
|
41
|
Skommer J, Brittain T, Raychaudhuri S. Bcl-2 inhibits apoptosis by increasing the time-to-death and intrinsic cell-to-cell variations in the mitochondrial pathway of cell death. Apoptosis 2010; 15:1223-33. [PMID: 20563668 PMCID: PMC2948171 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-010-0515-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BH3 mimetics have been proposed as new anticancer therapeutics. They target anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins, up-regulation of which has been implicated in the resistance of many cancer cells, particularly leukemia and lymphoma cells, to apoptosis. Using probabilistic computational modeling of the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis, verified by single-cell experimental observations, we develop a model of Bcl-2 inhibition of apoptosis. Our results clarify how Bcl-2 imparts its anti-apoptotic role by increasing the time-to-death and cell-to-cell variability. We also show that although the commitment to death is highly impacted by differences in protein levels at the time of stimulation, inherent stochastic fluctuations in apoptotic signaling are sufficient to induce cell-to-cell variability and to allow single cells to escape death. This study suggests that intrinsic cell-to-cell stochastic variability in apoptotic signaling is sufficient to cause fractional killing of cancer cells after exposure to BH3 mimetics. This is an unanticipated facet of cancer chemoresistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Skommer
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Thomas Bld., 3a Symonds Street, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Tom Brittain
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Thomas Bld., 3a Symonds Street, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Subhadip Raychaudhuri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, 2521 Genome and Biomedical Sciences Bld., 451 Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616-5294 USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Naoghare PK, Ki HA, Paek SM, Tak YK, Suh YG, Kim SG, Lee KH, Song JM. Simultaneous quantitative monitoring of drug-induced caspase cascade pathways in carcinoma cells. Integr Biol (Camb) 2009; 2:46-57. [PMID: 20473412 DOI: 10.1039/b916481b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Caspases are the key mediators of apoptosis. The caspase cascade includes a series of events leading to the activation of initiator and downstream caspases in a cell. Analysis of the caspase cascade in intact cells, however, has generally been limited as the simultaneous monitoring of upstream and downstream caspases is not well executed. In an effort to monitor the activation of caspase cascades in an intact cell, high-content cellular imaging that allows simultaneous quantitative monitoring of caspase activation has been developed. This has great significance for the exploration of various cellular caspases involved in apoptotic pathways as possible therapeutic targets in the process of drug discovery. To explore the potential of simultaneous monitoring of caspase-mediated apoptotic pathways, human myeloid leukemia HL-60 cells were treated with SH-03 {(7S,7aR,13aS)-9,10-dimethoxy-3,3-dimethyl-7,7a,13,13a-tetrahydro-3H-chromeno [3,4-b]pyrano[2,3-h]chromen-7-ol} (a newly synthesized candidate), camptothecin or naringenin (agents known to induce apoptosis) with or without caspase inhibitors. SH-03 or naringenin treatment initiated the caspase cascade through an intrinsic apoptotic pathway, whereas camptothecin treatment triggered both intrinsic and extrinsic caspase cascades. We now report a new approach based on uniform threshold intensity distribution that facilitates rapid, quantitative monitoring of drug-induced caspase cascades through multi-spectral and multicolor imaging cytometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pravin K Naoghare
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|