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Fu XK, Han SQ, Ha W, Shi YP. Click Chemoselective Probe with a Photoswitchable Handle for Highly Sensitive Determination of Steroid Hormones in Food Samples. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:14814-14824. [PMID: 37782472 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Residues of endocrine disrupting steroid hormones in food might cause various diseases like cardiovascular diseases and breast and prostate cancers. Monitoring steroid hormone levels plays a vital role in ensuring food safety and exploring the pathogenic mechanism of steroid hormone-related diseases. Based on the Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) click reaction, a novel chemoselective probe, Azo-N3, which contains a reactive site N3, an imidazolium salt-based MS tag, and an azobenzene-based photoswitchable handle, was designed and synthesized to label ethynyl-bearing steroid hormones. The probe Azo-N3 was applied for the highly selective and sensitive detection of four ethynyl-bearing steroid hormones in food samples (milk, egg, and pork) by using ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The ionization efficiency of the labeled analytes could be increased by 6-105-fold, and such a labeled method exhibited satisfactory detection limits (0.04-0.2 μg/L), recovery (80.6-122.4%), and precision (RSDs% lower than 6.9%). Interestingly, the efficient immobilization of the probe Azo-N3 onto α-cyclodextrin (α-CD)-modified magnetic particles to construct a solid supported chemoselective probe Fe3O4-CD-Azo-N3 and UV light-controlled release of the labeled analytes from a magnetic support can be achieved by taking advantage of the photoswitched host-guest inclusion between the azobenzene unit and α-CD. The potential applications of Fe3O4-CD-Azo-N3 for labeling, capturing, and the photocontrolled release of the labeled steroid hormones were fully investigated by mass spectrometry imaging analysis. This work not only provides a sensitive and accurate method to detect steroid hormones in food but also opens a new avenue in designing solid supported chemoselective probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Kang Fu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources, Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Si-Qi Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources, Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Wei Ha
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources, Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Ping Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources, Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
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An LC-APCI +-MS/MS-based method for determining the concentration of neurosteroids in the brain of male mice with different gut microbiota. J Neurosci Methods 2021; 360:109268. [PMID: 34171313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the interaction between the gut microbiota and central nervous system (CNS) is well-known, the effects of gut microbiota on different brain regions remain obscure. NEW METHOD In present study, we developed a simple and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization in positive mode (LC-APCI+-MS/MS) for simultaneous detection of 12 analytes in the rodent' brain with different housing conditions RESULTS: The results showed that male mice in XZ group had significantly higher brain levels of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), androstenedione (A4), testosterone (T), progesterone (P), corticosterone (CORT), aldosterone (ALD) and 11-dehydrocorticosterone (11-DHC) than those in SPF group. CORT level was higher in the left prefrontal cortex, whereas ALD and 11-DHC levels were higher in the left hypothalamus than in the right symmetrical areas in both groups. DHEA and CORT levels were highest in the striatum than in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, regardless of the region and group (XZ and SPF). COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS These results demonstrated that the method developed in this study provides, for the first time, direct quantitation of neurosteroids in male mice brain. CONCLUSIONS DHEA levels showed a left-lateralized pattern in the hippocampus and hypothalamus. Mice in the XZ group showed significantly elevated levels of CORT and/or its metabolites, ALD and 11-DHC in brain than mice in the SPF group. Insanitation living conditions increased more diverse gut microbiota.
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Wang R, Hartmann MF, Wudy SA. Targeted LC-MS/MS analysis of steroid glucuronides in human urine. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 205:105774. [PMID: 33172831 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Conjugation with glucuronic acid is one of the major metabolic reactions in human steroid hormone catabolism. Recently, increasing interest has been raised concerning the biological roles of steroid glucuronides. We have therefore developed and validated a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the simultaneous quantification of 15 urinary steroid hormone glucuronides in human urine: androsterone glucuronide (An-G), etiocholanolone glucuronide (Etio-G), epiandrosterone glucuronide (epiAn-G), dihydrotestosterone glucuronide (DHT-G), dehydroepiandrosterone glucuronide (DHEA-G), testosterone glucuronide (T-G), epitestosterone glucuronide (epiT-G), estrone glucuronide (E1-3 G), 17β-estradiol 17-glucuronide (E2-17 G), 17β-estradiol 3-glucuronide (E2-3 G), estriol 16-glucuronide (E3-16 G), pregnenolone glucuronide (Preg-G), tetrahydro-11-deoxycorticosterone 3-glucuronide (THDOC-3 G), cortisol 21-glucuronide (F-G) and pregnanediol glucuronide (PD-G). Sample workup included protein precipitation and solid phase extraction. Internal standards were used to correct for the loss of analytes during sample preparation and analysis. The method showed good linearity (R2≥0.99) and recovery ranged from 89.6 % to 113.8 %. Limit of quantification ranged from 1.9 nmol/L for F-G to 21.4 nmol/L for An-G. Intra-day and inter-day accuracy and precision were below 15 % for all quality controls. The method was successfully applied to 67 urine samples from children and adolescents in whom total concentrations of free and conjugated steroids had been previously determined by GC-MS after enzymatic hydrolysis. Free and sulfated steroids were also measured by LC-MS/MS. In general, the sums of the respective glucuronidated, sulfated and free forms of an analyte corresponded well with its total amount determined after enzymatic hydrolysis by GC-MS. Regarding the most prominent steroid metabolites, the total mean levels of androsterone and etiocholanolone showed an increase up to 5820.0 nmol/L and 4017.8 nmol/L in the group of 15-20 year-old children, respectively. Glucuronide conjugates (4374.3 nmol/L and 3588.5 nmol/L, respectively) dominated. DHEA was excreted mostly as sulfate (0-1 month of age: 184.5 nmol/L; 15-20 years of age: 1618.4 nmol/L) in all age groups. Cortisol was present predominantly as sulfate (mean: 173.8 nmol/L) in newborns. Levels of sulfated cortisol decreased with age, its glucuronidated form increased. The levels of free cortisol were relatively constant throughout childhood. Sex hormones were preferably excreted as glucuronides. In general, steroid hormone metabolites were conjugated to various extents with glucuronic acid or sulfuric acid and their ratio changed over lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wang
- Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Laboratory for Translational Hormone Analytics in Pediatric Endocrinology, Pediatric Endocrinology& Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - M F Hartmann
- Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Laboratory for Translational Hormone Analytics in Pediatric Endocrinology, Pediatric Endocrinology& Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - S A Wudy
- Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Laboratory for Translational Hormone Analytics in Pediatric Endocrinology, Pediatric Endocrinology& Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany.
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Ivanova B, Spiteller M. Stochastic dynamic mass spectrometric quantification of steroids in mixture - Part II. Steroids 2020; 164:108750. [PMID: 33069721 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2020.108750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This paper deals with quantification of the following steroids in mixture: hydrocortisone (1), deoxycorticosterone (2), progesterone (3) and methyltestosterone (4) by means of mass spectrometry and implementing our innovative stochatic dynamic functional relationship between the analyte concentration in solution and the experimental variable intensity. The mass spectrometric data are correlated independently using chromatography. Chemometric analysis is carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojidarka Ivanova
- Lehrstuhl für Analytische Chemie, Institut für Umweltforschung, Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44221 Dortmund, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany.
| | - Michael Spiteller
- Lehrstuhl für Analytische Chemie, Institut für Umweltforschung, Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44221 Dortmund, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
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Wang Q, Shimizu K, Maehata K, Pan Y, Sakurai K, Hikida T, Fukada Y, Takao T. Lithium ion adduction enables UPLC-MS/MS-based analysis of multi-class 3-hydroxyl group-containing keto-steroids. J Lipid Res 2020; 61:570-579. [PMID: 32102801 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d119000588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Steroids that contain a 3-hydroxyl group (3-OH steroids) are widely distributed in nature. During analysis with ESI-MS, they easily become dehydrated while in the protonated form, resulting in the production of several precursor ions and leading to low sensitivity of detection. To address this analytical challenge, here, we developed a method for the quantitation of 3-OH steroids by LC-MS/MS coupled with post-column addition of lithium (Li) ions to the mobile phase. The Li ion has a high affinity for the keto group of steroids, stabilizing their structures during ionization and permitting detection of analytes exclusively as the lithiated form. This not only improved the intensities of the precursor ions, but also promoted the formation of typical lithiated fragment ions. This improvement made the quantitation by multiple reaction monitoring more sensitive and reliable, as evidenced by 1.53-188 times enhanced detection sensitivity of 13 steroids that contained at least one keto and two hydroxyl groups or one keto and one 5-olefinic double bond, among 16 different 3-OH steroids. We deployed our newly developed method for profiling steroids in mouse brain tissue and identified six steroids in one tissue sample. Among these, 16-hydroxyestrone, tetrahydrocorticosterone, and 17α-hydroxypregnenolone were detected for the first time in the mouse brain. In summary, the method described here enables the detection of lithiated steroids by LC-MS/MS, including three 3-OH steroids not previously reported in the mouse brain. We anticipate that this new method may allow the determination of 3-OH steroids in different brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyi Wang
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kimiko Shimizu
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kanako Maehata
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yue Pan
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Koki Sakurai
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Hikida
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Fukada
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Takao
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Brown AK, Wong CS. Distribution and fate of pharmaceuticals and their metabolite conjugates in a municipal wastewater treatment plant. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 144:774-783. [PMID: 30176575 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Some pharmaceutical conjugates can be excreted into wastewaters at levels rivalling those of the parent compounds; however, little is known about this potential reservoir of pharmaceuticals to aquatic systems. We evaluated the occurrence and distribution of four different classes of pharmaceuticals and their metabolite conjugates in a wastewater treatment plant over four months. Aqueous and suspended solids fractions of primary, mixed liquor, secondary, and final effluent, along with return activated sludge, and waste activated sludge were assessed. The only conjugate not found in the final effluent was acetaminophen sulfate. Moreover, thyroxine and thyroxine glucuronide were the only compounds quantified in the suspended solids in the final effluent. Propranolol, propranolol sulfate, thyroxine, and thyroxine glucuronide all had no significant decreases in concentration going through the wastewater treatment process, from primary to final effluent. However, there were significant decreases observed for acetaminophen (99.8%), sulfamethoxazole (71%), N-acetyl sulfamethoxazole (59%), and sulfamethoxazole glucuronide (79%). The mean (±SEM) mass loadings in the aqueous fraction of the final effluent for each compound ranged from 0.84 ± 0.2 g/d for thyroxine to 45.3 ± 4.2 g/d for acetaminophen. At least as much conjugate was released into receiving waters, if not more: 1.6 ± 0.2 g/d for thyroxine glucuronide to 18.5 ± 4.5 g/d for sulfamethoxazole glucuronide, and 61.2 ± 9.6 g/d for N-acetyl sulfamethoxazole. Additionally, the mean loading of thyroxine was 0.29 ± 0.025 g/day and thyroxine glucuronide 1.8 ± 0.59 g/day in the suspended solids. This equates to 26% of total thyroxine and 53% of total thyroxine glucuronide associated with suspended particulate matter that reaches receiving waters. This study reflects the importance of including phase II conjugates in assessing overall compound load of pharmaceutical discharge from wastewaters, and also that substantial amounts of such contaminants are associated with wastewater solids when drugs are in the pg/L to μg/L range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair K Brown
- University of Manitoba, Department of Chemistry, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Charles S Wong
- University of Manitoba, Department of Chemistry, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada; The University of Winnipeg, Departments of Chemistry and Environmental Studies and Sciences, Richardson College for the Environment, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2E9, Canada.
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Konings G, Brentjens L, Delvoux B, Linnanen T, Cornel K, Koskimies P, Bongers M, Kruitwagen R, Xanthoulea S, Romano A. Intracrine Regulation of Estrogen and Other Sex Steroid Levels in Endometrium and Non-gynecological Tissues; Pathology, Physiology, and Drug Discovery. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:940. [PMID: 30283331 PMCID: PMC6157328 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the intracrine (or local) regulation of estrogen and other steroid synthesis and degradation expanded in the last decades, also thanks to recent technological advances in chromatography mass-spectrometry. Estrogen responsive tissues and organs are not passive receivers of the pool of steroids present in the blood but they can actively modify the intra-tissue steroid concentrations. This allows fine-tuning the exposure of responsive tissues and organs to estrogens and other steroids in order to best respond to the physiological needs of each specific organ. Deviations in such intracrine control can lead to unbalanced steroid hormone exposure and disturbances. Through a systematic bibliographic search on the expression of the intracrine enzymes in various tissues, this review gives an up-to-date view of the intracrine estrogen metabolisms, and to a lesser extent that of progestogens and androgens, in the lower female genital tract, including the physiological control of endometrial functions, receptivity, menopausal status and related pathological conditions. An overview of the intracrine regulation in extra gynecological tissues such as the lungs, gastrointestinal tract, brain, colon and bone is given. Current therapeutic approaches aimed at interfering with these metabolisms and future perspectives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonda Konings
- GROW–School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Linda Brentjens
- GROW–School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Bert Delvoux
- GROW–School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | | | - Karlijn Cornel
- GROW–School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | | | - Marlies Bongers
- GROW–School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Roy Kruitwagen
- GROW–School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Sofia Xanthoulea
- GROW–School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Andrea Romano
- GROW–School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
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8
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Blokland MH, van Tricht EF, van Ginkel LA, Sterk SS. Applicability of an innovative steroid-profiling method to determine synthetic growth promoter abuse in cattle. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 174:265-275. [PMID: 29030156 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A robust LC-MS/MS method was developed to quantify a large number of phase I and phase II steroids in urine. The decision limit is for most compounds lower than 1ngml-1 with a measurement uncertainty smaller than 30%. The method is fully validated and was applied to assess the influence of administered synthetic steroids and beta-agonists on the steroidogenesis. From three animal experiments, clenbuterol, diethylstilbestrol and stanozolol, the steroid profiles in urine of bovine animals were compared before and after treatment. It was demonstrated that the steroid profiles were altered due to these treatments. A predictive multivariate model was built to identify deviations from normal population steroid profiles. The abuse of synthetic steroids can be detected in urine samples from bovine animals using this model. The samples from the animal experiments were randomly analysed using this method and predictive model. It was shown that these samples were predicted correctly in the exogenous steroids group.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Blokland
- RIKILT Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 230, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - E F van Tricht
- RIKILT Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 230, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - L A van Ginkel
- RIKILT Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 230, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - S S Sterk
- RIKILT Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 230, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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9
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Asai Y, Sakakibara Y, Kondo M, Nadai M, Katoh M. Species and Tissue Differences in β-Estradiol 17-Glucuronidation. Biol Pharm Bull 2017; 40:1754-1758. [PMID: 28966247 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b17-00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Uridine 5'-diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) is expressed in the liver and extrahepatic tissues. One of the major metabolic pathways of β-estradiol (E2) is glucuronidation at the 17-hydroxy position by UGTs. This study was performed to determine E2 17-glucuronidation kinetics in human and rodent liver, small intestine, and kidney microsomes and to clarify the species and tissue differences. In the human liver and small intestine, Eadie-Hofstee plots exhibited biphasic kinetics, suggesting that E2 17-glucuronide (E17G) formation was catalyzed by more than two UGT isoforms in both tissues. The Km values for E17G formation by the high-affinity enzymes in the human liver and small intestine were 1.79 and 1.12 µM, respectively, and corresponding values for the low-affinity enzymes were 3.72 and 11.36 µM, respectively. Meanwhile, E17G formation in the human kidney was fitted to the Hill equation (S50=1.73 µM, n=1.63), implying that the UGT isoform catalyzing E17G formation in the kidney differed from that in the liver and small intestine. The maximum clearance for E17G formation in the human kidney was higher than the intrinsic clearance in the liver. E17G formation in the rat liver and kidney exhibited biphasic kinetics, whereas that in the small intestine was fitted to the Hill equation. In mice, all 3 tissues exhibited biphasic kinetics. In conclusion, we reported species and tissue differences in E2 17-glucuronidation, which occurred not only in the human liver but also in the extrahepatic tissues particularly the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Asai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University
| | | | - Miyabi Kondo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University
| | - Masayuki Nadai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University
| | - Miki Katoh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University
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Tan Y, Hu X, Liu M, Liu X, Lv X, Li Z, Wang J, Yuan Q. Simultaneous Visualization and Quantitation of Multiple Steroid Hormones Based on Signal-Amplified Biosensing with Duplex Molecular Recognition. Chemistry 2017; 23:10683-10689. [PMID: 28608953 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The simultaneous quantitation of multiple steroid hormones in real time is of great importance in medical diagnosis. In this study, a portable hormone biosensor based on duplex molecular recognition coupled with a signal-amplified substrate was successfully developed for the simultaneous visualization and quantitation of multiple steroid hormones. Aptamer-functionalized upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) with different emission peaks are immobilized on the photonic crystal (PC) substrate as the nanoprobes, leading to the specific and simultaneous assay of multiple steroid hormones. Coupled with the luminescence-enhanced effect of the PC substrate, nanomolar quantification limits of multiple hormones are achieved. This well-designed biosensor is also promising in the quantification of multiple hormones in serum samples. The amplified luminescence signals can be visualized with the naked eye and captured by an unmodified phone camera. This hormone quantitation biosensor exhibits the advantages of multi-detection, visualization, high sensitivity, and selectivity for potential applications in clinical disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaning Tan
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxia Hu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Meng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Xinwen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobo Lv
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Zhihao Li
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Quan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
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11
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Locci A, Pinna G. Neurosteroid biosynthesis down-regulation and changes in GABA A receptor subunit composition: a biomarker axis in stress-induced cognitive and emotional impairment. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:3226-3241. [PMID: 28456011 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
By rapidly modulating neuronal excitability, neurosteroids regulate physiological processes, such as responses to stress and development. Excessive stress affects their biosynthesis and causes an imbalance in cognition and emotions. The progesterone derivative, allopregnanolone (Allo) enhances extrasynaptic and postsynaptic inhibition by directly binding at GABAA receptors, and thus, positively and allosterically modulates the function of GABA. Allo levels are decreased in stress-induced psychiatric disorders, including depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and elevating Allo levels may be a valid therapeutic approach to counteract behavioural dysfunction. While benzodiazepines are inefficient, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) represent the first choice treatment for depression and PTSD. Their mechanisms to improve behaviour in preclinical studies include neurosteroidogenic effects at low non-serotonergic doses. Unfortunately, half of PTSD and depressed patients are resistant to current prescribed 'high' dosage of these drugs that engage serotonergic mechanisms. Unveiling novel biomarkers to develop more efficient treatment strategies is in high demand. Stress-induced down-regulation of neurosteroid biosynthesis and changes in GABAA receptor subunit expression offer a putative biomarker axis to develop new PTSD treatments. The advantage of stimulating Allo biosynthesis relies on the variety of neurosteroidogenic receptors to be targeted, including TSPO and endocannabinoid receptors. Furthermore, stress favours a GABAA receptor subunit composition with higher sensitivity for Allo. The use of synthetic analogues of Allo is a valuable alternative. Pregnenolone or drugs that stimulate its levels increase Allo but also sulphated steroids, including pregnanolone sulphate which, by inhibiting NMDA tonic neurotransmission, provides neuroprotection and cognitive benefits. In this review, we describe current knowledge on the effects of stress on neurosteroid biosynthesis and GABAA receptor neurotransmission and summarize available pharmacological strategies that by enhancing neurosteroidogenesis are relevant for the treatment of SSRI-resistant patients. Linked Articles This article is part of a themed section on Pharmacology of Cognition: a Panacea for Neuropsychiatric Disease? To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.19/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Locci
- The Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Graziano Pinna
- The Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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12
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Naldi AC, Fayad PB, Prévost M, Sauvé S. Analysis of steroid hormones and their conjugated forms in water and urine by on-line solid-phase extraction coupled to liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Chem Cent J 2016; 10:30. [PMID: 27158261 PMCID: PMC4859969 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-016-0174-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In recent years, endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) have been found in rivers that receive significant inputs of wastewater. Among EDCs, natural and synthetic steroid hormones are recognized for their potential to mimic or interfere with normal hormonal functions (development, growth and reproduction), even at ultratrace levels (ng L−1). Although conjugated hormones are less active than free hormones, they can be cleaved and release the unconjugated estrogens through microbial processes before or during the treatment of wastewater. Due to the need to identify and quantify these compounds, a new fully automated method was developed for the simultaneous determination of the two forms of several steroid hormones (free and conjugated) in different water matrixes and in urine. Results The method is based on online solid phase extraction coupled with liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (SPE–LC–MS/MS). Several parameters were assessed in order to optimize the efficiency of the method, such as the type and flow rate of the mobile phase, the various SPE columns, chromatography as well as different sources and ionization modes for MS. The method demonstrated good linearity (R2 > 0.993) and precision with a coefficient of variance of less than 10 %. The quantification limits vary from a minimum of 3–15 ng L−1 for an injection volume of 1 and 5 mL, respectively, with the recovery values of the compounds varying from 72 to 117 %. Conclusion The suggested method has been validated and successfully applied for the simultaneous analysis of several steroid hormones in different water matrixes and in urine. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13065-016-0174-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Naldi
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - P B Fayad
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - M Prévost
- Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - S Sauvé
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC Canada
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13
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Methods used to increase the comprehensive coverage of urinary and plasma metabolomes by MS. Bioanalysis 2016; 8:981-97. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2015-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics, focusing on comprehensive analysis of all the metabolites in a biological system, provides a direct signature of biochemical activity. Using emerging technologies in MS, it is possible to simultaneously and rapidly analyze thousands of metabolites. However, due to the chemical and physical diversity of metabolites, it is difficult to acquire a comprehensive and reliable profiling of the whole metabolome. Here, we summarize the state of the art in metabolomics research, focusing on efforts to provide a more comprehensive metabolome coverage via improvements in two fundamental processes: sample preparation and MS analysis. Additionally, the reliable analysis is also highlighted via the combinations of multiple methods (e.g., targeted and untargeted approaches), and analytical quality control and calibration methods.
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14
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Yang B, Liu Z, Shang S, Qin X, Xia P. Quantification of neomangiferin in rat plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and its application to bioavailability study. J Pharm Anal 2016; 6:335-340. [PMID: 29404001 PMCID: PMC5762620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Neomangiferin, a natural C-glucosyl xanthone, has recently received a great deal of attention due to its multiple biological activities. In this study, a rapid and sensitive ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method for the quantification of neomangiferin in rat plasma was developed. Using chloramphenicol as an internal standard (IS), plasma samples were subjected to a direct protein precipitation process using methanol (containing 0.05% formic acid). Quantification was performed by multiple reactions monitoring (MRM) method, with the transitions of the parent ions to the product ions of m/z 583.1→330.9 for NG and m/z 321.1→151.9 for IS. The assay was shown to be linear over the range of 0.2-400 ng/mL, with a lower limit of quantification of 0.2 ng/mL. Mean recovery of neomangiferin in plasma was in the range of 97.76%-101.94%. Relative standard deviations (RSDs) of intra-day and inter-day precision were both <10%. The accuracy of the method ranged from 94.20% to 108.72%. This method was successfully applied to pharmacokinetic study of neomangiferin after intravenous (2 mg/kg) and intragastric (10 mg/kg) administration for the first time. The oral absolute bioavailability of neomangiferin was estimated to be 0.53%±0.08% with an elimination half-life (t1/2) value of 2.74±0.92 h, indicating its poor absorption and/or strong metabolism in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Zhirui Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Shenglan Shang
- Department of Pharmacy, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Xiaojian Qin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Peiyuan Xia
- Department of Pharmacy, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
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15
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Higashi T, Aiba N, Tanaka T, Yoshizawa K, Ogawa S. Methods for differential and quantitative analyses of brain neurosteroid levels by LC/MS/MS with ESI-enhancing and isotope-coded derivatization. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 117:155-62. [PMID: 26355769 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of changes in the brain neurosteroid (NS) levels due to various stimuli can contribute to the elucidation of their physiological roles, and the discovery and development of new antipsychotic agents targeting neurosteroidogenesis. We developed methods for the differential and quantitative analyses of the brain levels of allopregnanolene (AP) and its precursor, pregnenolone (PREG), using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS) combined with derivatization using 2-hydrazino-1-methylpyridine (HMP) and its isotope-coded analogue, (2)H3-HMP (d-HMP). For the differential analysis, the brain sample of an untreated rat was derivatized with HMP, while the brain sample of a treated (stressed or drug-administered) rat was derivatized with d-HMP. The two derivatives were mixed and then subjected to LC/ESI-MS/MS. The stress- and drug (clozapine and fluoxetine)-evoked increases in the brain AP and PREG levels were accurately analyzed by the developed method. It was also possible to determine the absolute concentrations of the brain steroids when a deuterium-coded moiety was introduced to the standard steroids of known amounts by the derivatization and the resulting derivatives were used as internal standards. The HMP-derivatization enabled the highly sensitive detection and the use of d-HMP significantly improved the assay precision [the intra- (n=5) and inter-assay (n=5) relative standard deviations did not exceed 13.7%] and accuracy (analytical recovery ranged from 98.7 to 106.7%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Higashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.
| | - Naoto Aiba
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Tomoya Tanaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Kazumi Yoshizawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Shoujiro Ogawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
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16
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Abstract
Dopamine sulfate (DA-3- and DA-4-S) have been determined in the human brain, but it is unclear whether they are locally formed in the central nervous system (CNS), or transported into the CNS from peripheral sources. In the current study, permeation of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) by DA-S was studied by injecting 13C6-labelled regioisomers of DA-S (13DA-3-S and 13DA-4-S) and dopamine (DA) subcutaneously (s.c.) in anesthetized rats, then analyzing brain microdialysis and plasma samples by UPLC-MS/MS. The results in the microdialysis samples demonstrated that brain concentrations of 13DA-S regioisomers clearly increased after the s.c. injections. The concentration of DA did not change, indicating the permeation of DA-S through an intact BBB. The analysis of plasma samples, however, showed that DA-S only permeates the BBB to a small extent, as the concentrations in plasma were substantially higher than in the microdialysis samples. The results also showed that the concentrations of DA-3-S were around three times higher than the concentrations of DA-4-S in rat brain, as well as in the plasma samples after the s.c. injections, indicating that DA-3-S and DA-4-S permeate the BBB with similar efficiency. The fate of 13DA-S in brain was followed by monitoring 13C6-labelled DA-S hydrolysis products, i.e. 13DA and its common metabolites; however, no 13C6-labelled products were detected. This suggests that DA-S either permeates through the BBB back to the peripheral circulation or is dissociated or metabolized by unexpected mechanisms.
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17
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Lu X, Jiang K, Han L, Zhang M, Zhou Y, Ma Y, Zhou Y, Meng S. Sulfonation of curcuminoids: Characterization and contribution of individual SULT enzymes. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 59:634-45. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyue Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutics; School of Pharmacy; China Medical University; Shenyang Liaoning P. R. China
| | - Kunyu Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutics; School of Pharmacy; China Medical University; Shenyang Liaoning P. R. China
| | - Long Han
- Department of Pharmaceutics; School of Pharmacy; China Medical University; Shenyang Liaoning P. R. China
| | - Maofan Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics; School of Pharmacy; China Medical University; Shenyang Liaoning P. R. China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutics; School of Pharmacy; China Medical University; Shenyang Liaoning P. R. China
| | - Yinglin Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutics; School of Pharmacy; China Medical University; Shenyang Liaoning P. R. China
| | - Yiping Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutics; School of Pharmacy; China Medical University; Shenyang Liaoning P. R. China
| | - Shengnan Meng
- Department of Pharmaceutics; School of Pharmacy; China Medical University; Shenyang Liaoning P. R. China
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18
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Smith CC, Gibbs TT, Farb DH. Pregnenolone sulfate as a modulator of synaptic plasticity. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:3537-56. [PMID: 24997854 PMCID: PMC4625978 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3643-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The neurosteroid pregnenolone sulfate (PregS) acts as a cognitive enhancer and modulator of neurotransmission, yet aligning its pharmacological and physiological effects with reliable measurements of endogenous local concentrations and pharmacological and therapeutic targets has remained elusive for over 20 years. OBJECTIVES New basic and clinical research concerning neurosteroid modulation of the central nervous system (CNS) function has emerged over the past 5 years, including important data involving pregnenolone and various neurosteroid precursors of PregS that point to a need for a critical status update. RESULTS Highly specific actions of PregS affecting excitatory N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)-mediated synaptic transmission and the pharmacological effects of PregS on various receptors and ion channels are discussed. The discovery of a high potency (nanomolar) signal transduction pathway for PregS-induced NMDAR trafficking to the cell surface via a Ca(2+)- and G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-dependent mechanism and a potent (EC50 ~ 2 pM) direct enhancement of intracellular Ca(2+) levels is discussed in terms of its agonist effects on long-term potentiation (LTP) and memory. Lastly, preclinical and clinical studies assessing the promnestic effects of PregS and pregnenolone toward cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia, and altered serum levels in epilepsy and alcohol dependence, are reviewed. CONCLUSIONS PregS is present in human and rodent brain at physiologically relevant concentrations and meets most of the criteria for an endogenous neurotransmitter/neuromodulator. PregS likely plays a significant role in modulation of glutamatergic excitatory synaptic transmission underlying learning and memory, yet the molecular target(s) for its action awaits identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor C. Smith
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord St., Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Terrell T. Gibbs
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord St., Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - David H. Farb
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord St., Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Smith CC, Martin SC, Sugunan K, Russek SJ, Gibbs TT, Farb DH. A role for picomolar concentrations of pregnenolone sulfate in synaptic activity-dependent Ca2+ signaling and CREB activation. Mol Pharmacol 2014; 86:390-8. [PMID: 25057049 DOI: 10.1124/mol.114.094128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fast excitatory synaptic transmission that is contingent upon N-methyl d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) function contributes to core information flow in the central nervous system and to the plasticity of neural circuits that underlie cognition. Hypoactivity of excitatory NMDAR-mediated neurotransmission is hypothesized to underlie the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, including the associated cognitive deficits. The neurosteroid pregnenolone (PREG) and its metabolites pregnenolone sulfate (PregS) and allopregnanolone in serum are inversely associated with cognitive improvements after oral PREG therapy, raising the possibility that brain neurosteroid levels may be modulated therapeutically. PregS is derived from PREG, the precursor of all neurosteroids, via a single sulfation step and is present at low nanomolar concentrations in the central nervous system. PregS, but not PREG, augments long-term potentiation and cognitive performance in animal models of learning and memory. In this report, we communicate the first observation that PregS, but not PREG, is a potent (EC50 ∼2 pM) enhancer of intracellular Ca(2+) that is contingent upon neuronal activity, NMDAR-mediated synaptic activity, and L-type Ca(2+) channel activity. Low picomolar PregS similarly activates cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation (within 10 minutes), an essential memory molecule, via an extracellular-signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction pathway. Taken together, the results are consistent with a novel biologic role for the neurosteroid PregS that acts at picomolar concentrations to intensify the intracellular response to glutamatergic signaling at synaptic but not extrasynaptic, NMDARs by differentially augmenting CREB activation. This provides a genomic signal transduction mechanism by which PregS could participate in memory consolidation of relevance to cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor C Smith
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology (C.C.S., S.C.M., K.S., T.T.G., D.H.F.), Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Laboratory of Translational Epilepsy (S.J.R.), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stella C Martin
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology (C.C.S., S.C.M., K.S., T.T.G., D.H.F.), Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Laboratory of Translational Epilepsy (S.J.R.), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kavitha Sugunan
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology (C.C.S., S.C.M., K.S., T.T.G., D.H.F.), Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Laboratory of Translational Epilepsy (S.J.R.), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shelley J Russek
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology (C.C.S., S.C.M., K.S., T.T.G., D.H.F.), Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Laboratory of Translational Epilepsy (S.J.R.), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Terrell T Gibbs
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology (C.C.S., S.C.M., K.S., T.T.G., D.H.F.), Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Laboratory of Translational Epilepsy (S.J.R.), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David H Farb
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology (C.C.S., S.C.M., K.S., T.T.G., D.H.F.), Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Laboratory of Translational Epilepsy (S.J.R.), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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20
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Galuska CE, Hartmann MF, Sánchez-Guijo A, Bakhaus K, Geyer J, Schuler G, Zimmer KP, Wudy SA. Profiling intact steroid sulfates and unconjugated steroids in biological fluids by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). Analyst 2013; 138:3792-801. [PMID: 23671909 DOI: 10.1039/c3an36817c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Within the combined DFG research project "Sulfated Steroids in Reproduction" an analytical method was needed for determining sulfated and unconjugated steroids with highest specificity out of different biological matrices such as aqueous solution, cell lysate and serum. With regard to this analytical challenge, LC-MS-MS presents the technique of choice because it permits (1) analysis of the intact steroid conjugate, (2) allows for simultaneous determination of multiple analytes (profiling, targeted metabolomics approach) and (3) is independent of phenomena such as cross-reactivity. Sample work up consisted of incubation of sample with internal standards (deuterium labeled steroids) followed by solid phase extraction. Only serum samples required a protein precipitation step prior to solid phase extraction. The extract was divided in two parts: six steroid sulfates (E1S, E2S, AS, 16-OH-DHEAS, PREGS, DHEAS) were analyzed by C18aQ-ESI-MS-MS in negative ion mode and eleven unconjugated steroids (E3, 16-OH-DHEA, E1, E2, (4)A, DHEA, T, 17-OH-PREG, Prog, An, PREG) were analyzed by C18-APCI-MS-MS in positive ion mode. For steroid sulfates, we found high sensitivities with LoQ values ranging from 0.08 to 1 ng mL(-1). Unconjugated steroids showed LoQ values between 0.5 and 10 ng mL(-1). Calibration plots showed excellent linearity. Mean intra- and inter-assay CVs were 2.4% for steroid sulfates and 6.4% for unconjugated steroids. Accuracy - determined in a two-level spike experiment - showed mean relative errors of 5.9% for steroid sulfates and 6.1% for unconjugated steroids. In summary, we describe a novel LC-MS-MS procedure capable of profiling six steroid sulfates and eleven unconjugated steroids from various biological matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina E Galuska
- Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetlogy, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Feulgenstrasse 12, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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21
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Steroid and steroid glucuronide profiles in urine during pregnancy determined by liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 802:56-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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22
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Simultaneous determination of pregnenolone sulphate, dehydroepiandrosterone and allopregnanolone in rat brain areas by liquid chromatography–electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 930:62-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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23
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Suominen T, Uutela P, Ketola RA, Bergquist J, Hillered L, Finel M, Zhang H, Laakso A, Kostiainen R. Determination of Serotonin and Dopamine Metabolites in Human Brain Microdialysis and Cerebrospinal Fluid Samples by UPLC-MS/MS: Discovery of Intact Glucuronide and Sulfate Conjugates. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68007. [PMID: 23826355 PMCID: PMC3694921 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
An UPLC-MS/MS method was developed for the determination of serotonin (5-HT), dopamine (DA), their phase I metabolites 5-HIAA, DOPAC and HVA, and their sulfate and glucuronide conjugates in human brain microdialysis samples obtained from two patients with acute brain injuries, ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples obtained from four patients with obstructive hydrocephalus, and a lumbar CSF sample pooled mainly from patients undergoing spinal anesthesia in preparation for orthopedic surgery. The method was validated by determining the limits of detection and quantification, linearity, repeatability and specificity. The direct method enabled the analysis of the intact phase II metabolites of 5-HT and DA, without hydrolysis of the conjugates. The method also enabled the analysis of the regioisomers of the conjugates, and several intact glucuronide and sulfate conjugates were identified and quantified for the first time in the human brain microdialysis and CSF samples. We were able to show the presence of 5-HIAA sulfate, and that dopamine-3-O-sulfate predominates over dopamine-4-O-sulfate in the human brain. The quantitative results suggest that sulfonation is a more important phase II metabolism pathway than glucuronidation in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Suominen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Päivi Uutela
- Centre for Drug Research, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Raimo A. Ketola
- Centre for Drug Research, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jonas Bergquist
- Analytical Chemistry and Neurochemistry, Department of Chemistry – BMC and Science for Life Laboratory, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Hillered
- Neurosurgery, Department of Neuroscience, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Moshe Finel
- Centre for Drug Research, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Centre for Drug Research, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aki Laakso
- Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Risto Kostiainen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
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24
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Liu Z, Liu M, Qi Y, Zhu Z, Chai Y, Yuan C, Lin Y. Plasma pharmacochemistry combined with microdialysis to screen potential bioactive components and their metabolites in Anemarrhena asphodeloides
saponin extract using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:1659-66. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201201116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhirui Liu
- School of Pharmacy; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai P. R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Min Liu
- School of Pharmacy; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai P. R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research; Shanghai P. R. China
- Drug Control Institute of Nanjing Military Area Command; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Yunpeng Qi
- School of Pharmacy; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai P. R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Zhenyu Zhu
- School of Pharmacy; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai P. R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Yifeng Chai
- School of Pharmacy; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai P. R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Chao Yuan
- Shenyang Medical Depot; Shenyang Military Area Command; Shenyang P. R. China
| | - Yang Lin
- Shenyang Medical Depot; Shenyang Military Area Command; Shenyang P. R. China
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25
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Non-targeted metabolomic approach reveals urinary metabolites linked to steroid biosynthesis pathway after ingestion of citrus juice. Food Chem 2013; 136:938-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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26
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Dai W, Huang Q, Yin P, Li J, Zhou J, Kong H, Zhao C, Lu X, Xu G. Comprehensive and Highly Sensitive Urinary Steroid Hormone Profiling Method Based on Stable Isotope-Labeling Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2012; 84:10245-51. [DOI: 10.1021/ac301984t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory
of Separation Science for Analytical
Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Qiang Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory
of Separation Science for Analytical
Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Peiyuan Yin
- CAS Key Laboratory
of Separation Science for Analytical
Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jia Li
- CAS Key Laboratory
of Separation Science for Analytical
Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jia Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory
of Separation Science for Analytical
Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Hongwei Kong
- CAS Key Laboratory
of Separation Science for Analytical
Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Chunxia Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory
of Separation Science for Analytical
Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xin Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory
of Separation Science for Analytical
Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Guowang Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory
of Separation Science for Analytical
Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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27
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Liu Z, Zhu D, Lv L, Li Y, Dong X, Zhu Z, Chai Y. Metabolism profile of timosaponin B-II in urine after oral administration to rats by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:1955-1964. [PMID: 22847693 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Timosaponin B-II (TB-II) is one of the major bioactive steroid glycosides isolated from Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bge. (Fam. Liliaceae). It has been regarded as a potential lead compound, which may be further developed into a promising new drug for preventing dementia. To fully understand the action mechanism of TB-II, it is important to study the metabolism profile of this compound in vivo. METHODS Herein, a rapid and sensitive method based on ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC)/quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (QTOFMS) was established to comprehensively investigate the metabolism of TB-II in Sprague-Dawley rat urine following oral administration of a single dose of TB-II at 500.4 mg·kg(-1). RESULTS A total of twelve metabolites were detected and identified by means of comparing molecular mass, retention time and spectral pattern of the analytes with those of the parent drug. A possible metabolic pathway on the biotransformation of TB-II was also investigated and proposed. CONCLUSIONS Oxidation, deglycosylation and E-ring cleavage were found to be the major metabolic processes of the compound in rat. It is the first report on a mammalian metabolism study of timosaponin, a common member of steroid glycosides, in rat urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhirui Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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28
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Quantification of steroids and endocrine disrupting chemicals in rat ovaries by LC-MS/MS for reproductive toxicology assessment. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:1629-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5990-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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29
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Multi-residue analysis of free and conjugated hormones and endocrine disruptors in rat testis by QuEChERS-based extraction and LC-MS/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 402:2777-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5723-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2011] [Revised: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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30
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Saldanha CJ, Remage-Healey L, Schlinger BA. Synaptocrine signaling: steroid synthesis and action at the synapse. Endocr Rev 2011; 32:532-49. [PMID: 21622487 PMCID: PMC3369574 DOI: 10.1210/er.2011-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Sex steroids have long been recognized for their dramatic impact on brain and behavior, including rapid modulation of membrane excitability. It is a widely held perception that these molecules are largely derived from peripheral sources and lack the spatial and temporal specificity ascribed to classical neuromodulatory systems. Neuromodulatory systems, in contrast, are defined by their regulated neuronal presynaptic secretion and by their functional modulation of perisynaptic events. Here we provide evidence for regulated presynaptic estrogen synthesis and functional postsynaptic actions. These results meet all the criteria for a neuromodulatory system and shift our perception of estrogens from that of peripheral signals exclusively to include that of a signaling system intrinsic to the brain itself. We apply the term synaptocrine to describe this form of neuromodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin J Saldanha
- Departments of Integrative Biology and Physiology, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California-Los Angeles, USA
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31
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Taves MD, Ma C, Heimovics SA, Saldanha CJ, Soma KK. Measurement of steroid concentrations in brain tissue: methodological considerations. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2011; 2:39. [PMID: 22654806 PMCID: PMC3356067 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2011.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well recognized that steroids are synthesized de novo in the brain (neurosteroids). In addition, steroids circulating in the blood enter the brain. Steroids play numerous roles in the brain, such as influencing neural development, adult neuroplasticity, behavior, neuroinflammation, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. In order to understand the regulation and functions of steroids in the brain, it is important to directly measure steroid concentrations in brain tissue. In this brief review, we discuss methods for the detection and quantification of steroids in the brain. We concisely present the major advantages and disadvantages of different technical approaches at various experimental stages: euthanasia, tissue collection, steroid extraction, steroid separation, and steroid measurement. We discuss, among other topics, the potential effects of anesthesia and saline perfusion prior to tissue collection; microdissection via Palkovits punch; solid phase extraction; chromatographic separation of steroids; and immunoassays and mass spectrometry for steroid quantification, particularly the use of mass spectrometry for "steroid profiling." Finally, we discuss the interpretation of local steroid concentrations, such as comparing steroid levels in brain tissue with those in the circulation (plasma vs. whole blood samples; total vs. free steroid levels). We also present reference values for a variety of steroids in different brain regions of adult rats. This brief review highlights some of the major methodological considerations at multiple experimental stages and provides a broad framework for designing studies that examine local steroid levels in the brain as well as other steroidogenic tissues, such as thymus, breast, and prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Taves
- Department of Psychology, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Zoology, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Matthew D. Taves, Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4. e-mail:
| | - Chunqi Ma
- Department of Psychology, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sarah A. Heimovics
- Department of Psychology, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Colin J. Saldanha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh UniversityBethlehem, PA, USA
- Program in Cognitive Science, Lehigh UniversityBethlehem, PA, USA
| | - Kiran K. Soma
- Department of Psychology, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Zoology, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
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32
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Remage-Healey L, Saldanha CJ, Schlinger BA. Estradiol synthesis and action at the synapse: evidence for "synaptocrine" signaling. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2011; 2:28. [PMID: 22654800 PMCID: PMC3356004 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2011.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Classically, the modulation of brain function and behavior by steroid hormones was linked exclusively to secretion by peripheral endocrine glands. Subsequently, steroid actions within the brain were shown dependent upon either synthesis and secretion by peripheral organs or by production within the CNS itself using peripheral sources of precursors. Discovery of the estrogen-synthetic enzyme aromatase in brain further bolstered the latter view and served as a catalyst for expanding concepts of neurosteroidogenesis. In parallel research, several steroids, including estradiol, were found to have rapid effects on neuronal excitability, partially explained by novel actions at neuronal membranes. Recent findings from multiple levels of analysis and labs necessitate an updated view on how steroids are delivered to neural circuits. There is now considerable evidence for expression of the aromatase enzyme within synaptic boutons in the vertebrate CNS. Furthermore, additional work now directly couples rapid regulation of neuroestrogen synthesis with neurophysiological and behavioral outcomes. In this review we summarize evidence for targeted and acute synaptic estrogen synthesis and perisynaptic estrogen actions in the CNS of songbirds. We evaluate these findings in the context of criteria associated with classic neuromodulatory signaling. We term this novel form of signaling "synaptocrine," and discuss its implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Remage-Healey
- Neuroscience and Behavior Program, Center for Neuroendocrine Studies, University of MassachusettsAmherst, MA, USA
| | | | - Barney A. Schlinger
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California at Los AngelesLos Angeles, CA, USA
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California at Los AngelesLos Angeles, CA, USA
- Laboratory for Neuroendocrinology, University of California at Los AngelesLos Angeles, CA, USA
- *Correspondence: Barney A. Schlinger, Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology and Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California at Los Angeles, 621 Charles E Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. e-mail:
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