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Aghaamoo M, Cardenas-Benitez B, Lee AP. A High-Throughput Microfluidic Cell Sorter Using a Three-Dimensional Coupled Hydrodynamic-Dielectrophoretic Pre-Focusing Module. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1813. [PMID: 37893250 PMCID: PMC10609158 DOI: 10.3390/mi14101813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Dielectrophoresis (DEP) is a powerful tool for label-free sorting of cells, even those with subtle differences in morphological and dielectric properties. Nevertheless, a major limitation is that most existing DEP techniques can efficiently sort cells only at low throughputs (<1 mL h-1). Here, we demonstrate that the integration of a three-dimensional (3D) coupled hydrodynamic-DEP cell pre-focusing module upstream of the main DEP sorting region enables cell sorting with a 10-fold increase in throughput compared to conventional DEP approaches. To better understand the key principles and requirements for high-throughput cell separation, we present a comprehensive theoretical model to study the scaling of hydrodynamic and electrostatic forces on cells at high flow rate regimes. Based on the model, we show that the critical cell-to-electrode distance needs to be ≤10 µm for efficient cell sorting in our proposed microfluidic platform, especially at flow rates ≥ 1 mL h-1. Based on those findings, a computational fluid dynamics model and particle tracking analysis were developed to find optimum operation parameters (e.g., flow rate ratios and electric fields) of the coupled hydrodynamic-DEP 3D focusing module. Using these optimum parameters, we experimentally demonstrate live/dead K562 cell sorting at rates as high as 10 mL h-1 (>150,000 cells min-1) with 90% separation purity, 85% cell recovery, and no negative impact on cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Aghaamoo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (M.A.); (B.C.-B.)
- Center for Advanced Design & Manufacturing of Integrated Microfluidics (CADMIM), University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Braulio Cardenas-Benitez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (M.A.); (B.C.-B.)
- Center for Advanced Design & Manufacturing of Integrated Microfluidics (CADMIM), University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Abraham P. Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (M.A.); (B.C.-B.)
- Center for Advanced Design & Manufacturing of Integrated Microfluidics (CADMIM), University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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2
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Gholizadeh E, Jafari B, Golmohammadi S. Graphene-based optofluidic tweezers for refractive-index and size-based nanoparticle sorting, manipulation, and detection. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1975. [PMID: 36737494 PMCID: PMC9898258 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29122-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This work proposes a novel design composed of graphene nanoribbons-based optofluidic tweezers to manipulate and sort bio-particles with radii below 2.5 nm. The suggested structure has been numerically investigated by the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method employing Maxwell's stress tensor analysis (MST). The finite element method (FEM) has been used to obtain the electrostatic response of the proposed structure. The tweezer main path is a primary channel in the center of the structure, where the microfluidic flow translates the nanoparticle toward this channel. Concerning the microfluid's drag force, the nanoparticles tend to move along the length of the main channel. The graphene nanoribbons are fixed near the main channel at different distances to exert optical forces on the moving nanoparticles in the perpendicular direction. In this regard, sub-channels embedding in the hBN layer on the Si substrate deviate bio-particles from the main path for particular nanoparticle sizes and indices. Intense hotspots with electric field enhancements up to 900 times larger than the incident light are realized inside and around the graphene ribbons. Adjusting the gap distance between the graphene nanoribbon and the main channel allows us to separate the individual particle with a specific size from others, thus guiding that in the desired sub-channel. Furthermore, we demonstrated that in a structure with a large gap between channels, particles experience weak field intensity, leading to a low optical force that is insufficient to detect, trap, and manipulate nanoparticles. By varying the chemical potential of graphene associated with the electric field intensity variations in the graphene ribbons, we realized tunability in sorting nanoparticles while structural parameters remained constant. In fact, by adjusting the graphene Fermi level via the applied gate voltage, nanoparticles with any desired radius will be quickly sorted. Moreover, we exhibited that the proposed structure could sort nanoparticles based on their refractive indices. Therefore, the given optofluidic tweezer can easily detect bio-particles, such as cancer cells and viruses of tiny size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Gholizadeh
- Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, 5166616471, Iran
| | - Behnam Jafari
- Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, 5166616471, Iran.
| | - Saeed Golmohammadi
- Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, 5166616471, Iran
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Lee S, Lee W, Lee AC, Nam J, Lee J, Kim H, Jeong Y, Yeom H, Kim N, Song SW, Kwon S. I-LIFT (image-based laser-induced forward transfer) platform for manipulating encoded microparticles. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2022; 16:061101. [PMID: 36483021 PMCID: PMC9726220 DOI: 10.1063/5.0131733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Encoded microparticles have great potential in small-volume multiplexed assays. It is important to link the micro-level assays to the macro-level by indexing and manipulating the microparticles to enhance their versatility. There are technologies to actively manipulate the encoded microparticles, but none is capable of directly manipulating the encoded microparticles with homogeneous physical properties. Here, we report the image-based laser-induced forward transfer system for active manipulation of the graphically encoded microparticles. By demonstrating the direct retrieval of the microparticles of interest, we show that this system has the potential to expand the usage of encoded microparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumin Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Wooseok Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Amos Chungwon Lee
- Bio-MAX Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhong Nam
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - JinYoung Lee
- Division of Engineering Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Hamin Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunjin Jeong
- Bio-MAX Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Huiran Yeom
- Bio-MAX Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Namphil Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Woo Song
- Bio-MAX Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghoon Kwon
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed: and
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4
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Farasat M, Aalaei E, Kheirati Ronizi S, Bakhshi A, Mirhosseini S, Zhang J, Nguyen NT, Kashaninejad N. Signal-Based Methods in Dielectrophoresis for Cell and Particle Separation. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:510. [PMID: 35884313 PMCID: PMC9313092 DOI: 10.3390/bios12070510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Separation and detection of cells and particles in a suspension are essential for various applications, including biomedical investigations and clinical diagnostics. Microfluidics realizes the miniaturization of analytical devices by controlling the motion of a small volume of fluids in microchannels and microchambers. Accordingly, microfluidic devices have been widely used in particle/cell manipulation processes. Different microfluidic methods for particle separation include dielectrophoretic, magnetic, optical, acoustic, hydrodynamic, and chemical techniques. Dielectrophoresis (DEP) is a method for manipulating polarizable particles' trajectories in non-uniform electric fields using unique dielectric characteristics. It provides several advantages for dealing with neutral bioparticles owing to its sensitivity, selectivity, and noninvasive nature. This review provides a detailed study on the signal-based DEP methods that use the applied signal parameters, including frequency, amplitude, phase, and shape for cell/particle separation and manipulation. Rather than employing complex channels or time-consuming fabrication procedures, these methods realize sorting and detecting the cells/particles by modifying the signal parameters while using a relatively simple device. In addition, these methods can significantly impact clinical diagnostics by making low-cost and rapid separation possible. We conclude the review by discussing the technical and biological challenges of DEP techniques and providing future perspectives in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malihe Farasat
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Tehran University, Tehran 14399-57131, Iran; (M.F.); (A.B.); (S.M.)
| | - Ehsan Aalaei
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71936-16548, Iran; (E.A.); (S.K.R.)
| | - Saeed Kheirati Ronizi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71936-16548, Iran; (E.A.); (S.K.R.)
| | - Atin Bakhshi
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Tehran University, Tehran 14399-57131, Iran; (M.F.); (A.B.); (S.M.)
| | - Shaghayegh Mirhosseini
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Tehran University, Tehran 14399-57131, Iran; (M.F.); (A.B.); (S.M.)
| | - Jun Zhang
- Queensland Micro-Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia; (J.Z.); (N.-T.N.)
| | - Nam-Trung Nguyen
- Queensland Micro-Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia; (J.Z.); (N.-T.N.)
| | - Navid Kashaninejad
- Queensland Micro-Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia; (J.Z.); (N.-T.N.)
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Menze L, Duarte PA, Haddon L, Chu M, Chen J. Selective Single-Cell Sorting Using a Multisectorial Electroactive Nanowell Platform. ACS NANO 2022; 16:211-220. [PMID: 34559518 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c05668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Current approaches in targeted patient treatments often require the rapid isolation of specific rare target cells. Stream-based dielectrophoresis (DEP) based cell sorters have the limitation that the maximum number of sortable cell types is equivalent to the number of output channels, which makes upscaling to a higher number of different cell types technically challenging. Here, we present a microfluidic platform for selective single-cell sorting that bypasses this limitation. The platform consists of 10 000 nanoliter wells which are placed on top of interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) that facilitate dielectrophoresis-driven capture of cells. By use of a multisectorial design formed by 10 individually addressable IDE structures, our platform can capture a large number of different cell types. The sectorial approach allows for fast and straightforward modification to sort complex samples as different cell types are captured in different sectors and therefore removes the need for individual output channels per cell type. Experimental results obtained with a mixed sample of benign (MCF-10A) and malignant (MDA-MB-231) breast cells showed a target to nontarget sorting accuracy of over 95%. We envision that the high accuracy of our platform, in addition to its versatility and simplicity, will aid clinical environments where reliable sorting of varying complex samples is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Menze
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Pedro A Duarte
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Lacey Haddon
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Michael Chu
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
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6
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Nieuwelink AE, Vollenbroek JC, Tiggelaar RM, Bomer JG, van den Berg A, Odijk M, Weckhuysen BM. High-throughput activity screening and sorting of single catalyst particles with a droplet microreactor using dielectrophoresis. Nat Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-021-00718-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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7
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Stucki A, Vallapurackal J, Ward TR, Dittrich PS. Droplet Microfluidics and Directed Evolution of Enzymes: An Intertwined Journey. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:24368-24387. [PMID: 33539653 PMCID: PMC8596820 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202016154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Evolution is essential to the generation of complexity and ultimately life. It relies on the propagation of the properties, traits, and characteristics that allow an organism to survive in a challenging environment. It is evolution that shaped our world over about four billion years by slow and iterative adaptation. While natural evolution based on selection is slow and gradual, directed evolution allows the fast and streamlined optimization of a phenotype under selective conditions. The potential of directed evolution for the discovery and optimization of enzymes is mostly limited by the throughput of the tools and methods available for screening. Over the past twenty years, versatile tools based on droplet microfluidics have been developed to address the need for higher throughput. In this Review, we provide a chronological overview of the intertwined development of microfluidics droplet-based compartmentalization methods and in vivo directed evolution of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Stucki
- Department of Biosystems Science and EngineeringETH ZurichMattenstrasse 26CH-4058BaselSwitzerland
- National Competence Center in Research (NCCR)Molecular Systems EngineeringBaselSwitzerland
| | - Jaicy Vallapurackal
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BaselMattenstrasse 24aCH-4058BaselSwitzerland
- National Competence Center in Research (NCCR)Molecular Systems EngineeringBaselSwitzerland
| | - Thomas R. Ward
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BaselMattenstrasse 24aCH-4058BaselSwitzerland
- National Competence Center in Research (NCCR)Molecular Systems EngineeringBaselSwitzerland
| | - Petra S. Dittrich
- Department of Biosystems Science and EngineeringETH ZurichMattenstrasse 26CH-4058BaselSwitzerland
- National Competence Center in Research (NCCR)Molecular Systems EngineeringBaselSwitzerland
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8
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Tayebi M, Yang D, Collins DJ, Ai Y. Deterministic Sorting of Submicrometer Particles and Extracellular Vesicles Using a Combined Electric and Acoustic Field. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:6835-6842. [PMID: 34355908 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c01827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Sorting of extracellular vesicles has important applications in early stage diagnostics. Current exosome isolation techniques, however, suffer from being costly, having long processing times, and producing low purities. Recent work has shown that active sorting via acoustic and electric fields are useful techniques for microscale separation activities, where combining these has the potential to take advantage of multiple force mechanisms simultaneously. In this work, we demonstrate an approach using both electrical and acoustic forces to manipulate bioparticles and submicrometer particles for deterministic sorting, where we find that the concurrent application of dielectrophoretic (DEP) and acoustophoretic forces decreases the critical diameter at which particles can be separated. We subsequently utilize this approach to sort subpopulations of extracellular vesicles, specifically exosomes (<200 nm) and microvesicles (>300 nm). Using our combined acoustic/electric approach, we demonstrate exosome purification with more than 95% purity and 81% recovery, well above comparable approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnoush Tayebi
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Dahou Yang
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - David J Collins
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vitctoria 3010, Australia
| | - Ye Ai
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
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9
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Stucki A, Vallapurackal J, Ward TR, Dittrich PS. Droplet Microfluidics and Directed Evolution of Enzymes: An Intertwined Journey. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202016154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Stucki
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering ETH Zurich Mattenstrasse 26 CH-4058 Basel Switzerland
- National Competence Center in Research (NCCR) Molecular Systems Engineering Basel Switzerland
| | - Jaicy Vallapurackal
- Department of Chemistry University of Basel Mattenstrasse 24a CH-4058 Basel Switzerland
- National Competence Center in Research (NCCR) Molecular Systems Engineering Basel Switzerland
| | - Thomas R. Ward
- Department of Chemistry University of Basel Mattenstrasse 24a CH-4058 Basel Switzerland
- National Competence Center in Research (NCCR) Molecular Systems Engineering Basel Switzerland
| | - Petra S. Dittrich
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering ETH Zurich Mattenstrasse 26 CH-4058 Basel Switzerland
- National Competence Center in Research (NCCR) Molecular Systems Engineering Basel Switzerland
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10
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Nath D, Das S, Ghangrekar MM. High throughput techniques for the rapid identification of electroactive microorganisms. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 285:131489. [PMID: 34265713 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Electroactive microorganisms (EAM), capable of executing extracellular electron transfer (EET) in/out of a cell, are employed in microbial electrochemical technologies (MET) and bioelectronics for harnessing electricity from wastewater, bioremediation and as biosensors. Thus, investigation on EAM is becoming a topic of interest for multidisciplinary areas, such as environmental science, energy and health sectors. Though, EAM are widespread in three domains of life, nevertheless, only a few hundred EAM have been identified so far and hence, the rapid identification of EAM is imperative. In this review, the techniques that are developed for the direct identification of EAM, such as azo dye and WO3 based techniques, dielectrophoresis, potentiostatic/galvanometric techniques, and other indirect methods, such as spectroscopy and molecular biology techniques, are highlighted with a special focus on time required for the detection of these EAM. The bottlenecks for identifying EAM and the knowledge gaps based on the present investigations are also discussed. Thus, this review is intended to encourage researchers for devolving high-throughput techniques for identifying EAM with more accuracy, while consuming less time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibyojyoty Nath
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Sovik Das
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - M M Ghangrekar
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India; Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India.
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11
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Yamaguchi Y, Yamamoto T. One-Dimensional Flow of Bacteria on an Electrode Rail by Dielectrophoresis: Toward Single-Cell-Based Analysis. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12020123. [PMID: 33498919 PMCID: PMC7911595 DOI: 10.3390/mi12020123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Many applications in biotechnology and medicine, among other disciplines, require the rapid enumeration of bacteria, preferably using miniaturized portable devices. Microfluidic technology is expected to solve this miniaturization issue. In the enumeration of bacteria in microfluidic devices, the technique of aligning bacteria in a single line prior to counting is the key to an accurate count at single-bacterium resolution. Here, we describe the numerical and experimental evaluation of a device utilizing a dielectrophoretic force to array bacteria in a single line, allowing their facile numeration. The device comprises a channel to flow bacteria, two counter electrodes, and a capture electrode several microns or less in width for arranging bacteria in a single line. When the capture electrode is narrower than the diameter of a bacterium, the entrapment efficiency of the one-dimensional array is 80% or more within 2 s. Furthermore, since some cell-sorting applications require bacteria to move against the liquid flow, we demonstrated that bacteria can move in a single line in the off-axial direction tilted 30° from the flow direction. Our findings provide the basis for designing miniature, portable devices for evaluating bacteria with single-cell accuracy.
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12
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Dielectrophoresis-field flow fractionation for separation of particles: A critical review. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1637:461799. [PMID: 33385744 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Dielectrophoresis-field flow fractionation (DEP-FFF) has emerged as an efficient in-vitro, non-invasive, and label-free mechanism to manipulate a variety of nano- and micro-scaled particles in a continuous-flow manner. The technique is mainly used to fractionate particles/cells based on differences in their sizes and/or dielectric properties by employing dielectrophoretic force as an external force field applied perpendicular to the flow direction. The dielectrophoretic force is the result of a spatially non-uniform electric field in the microchannel that can be generated either by exploiting microchannel geometry or using special arrangements of microelectrode arrays. Several two-dimensional (e.g., coplanar interdigitated, castellated) and three-dimensional (e.g., top-bottom, side-wall) microelectrode designs have been successfully utilized to perform fractionation of heterogeneous samples. Although originally introduced as a separation technique, DEP-FFF has attracted increasing interest in performing other important operations such as switching, focusing, dipping, and surface functionalization of target particles. Nonetheless, the technique still suffers from limitations such as low throughput and joule heating. By comparatively analyzing recent developments that address these shortcomings, this work is a step forward towards realizing the full potential of DEP-FFF as an ideal candidate for point-of-care (POC) devices with diverse applications in the fields of biomedical, chemical, and environmental engineering.
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13
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Microfluidic Separation of Blood Cells Based on the Negative Dielectrophoresis Operated by Three Dimensional Microband Electrodes. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11090833. [PMID: 32878221 PMCID: PMC7570220 DOI: 10.3390/mi11090833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A microfluidic device is presented for the continuous separation of red blood cells (RBCs) and white blood cells (WBCs) in a label-free manner based on negative dielectrophoresis (n-DEP). An alteration of the electric field, generated by pairs of slanted electrodes (separators) that is fabricated by covering parts of single slanted electrodes with an insulating layer is used to separate cells by their sizes. The repulsive force of n-DEP formed by slanted electrodes prepared on both the top and bottom substrates led to the deflection of the cell flow in lateral directions. The presence of gaps covered with an insulating layer for the electric field on the electrodes allows the passing of RBCs through gaps, while relatively large WBCs (cultured cultured human acute monocytic leukemia cell line (THP-1 cells)) flowed along the slanted separator without passing through the gaps and arrived at an edge in the channel. The passage efficiency for RBCs through the gaps and the arrival efficiency for THP-1 cells to the upper edge in the channel were estimated and found to be 91% and 93%, respectively.
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14
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Dalili A, Taatizadeh E, Tahmooressi H, Tasnim N, Rellstab-Sánchez PI, Shaunessy M, Najjaran H, Hoorfar M. Parametric study on the geometrical parameters of a lab-on-a-chip platform with tilted planar electrodes for continuous dielectrophoretic manipulation of microparticles. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11718. [PMID: 32678180 PMCID: PMC7366698 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68699-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in lab-on-a-chip (LOC) devices have led to significant improvements in the on-chip manipulation, separation, sorting, and isolation of particles and cells. Among various LOC-based approaches such as inertia-based methods, acoustophoresis, and magnetophoresis, the planar-slanted-electrode dielectrophoresis (DEP) method has demonstrated great potential as a label-free, cost-effective, and user-friendly approach. However, the devices built based on this method suffer from low flow throughput compared to devices functioning based on other LOC-based manipulation approaches. In order to overcome this obstacle, the geometrical parameters of these types of DEP-based devices must be studied to increase the effectiveness of DEP manipulation. With the consideration of both numerical and experimental studies, this paper studies the geometrical factors of a LOC platform consisting of tilted planar electrodes with the goal of achieving higher throughput in continuous manipulation of polystyrene particles. COMSOL Multiphysics software was used to study the effect of the electrodes geometry on the induced electric field. The simulation results show that by increasing the electrode's width and decreasing the electrode's spacing, higher DEP force is generated. Furthermore, the experimental outcomes indicated that lower channel height, higher voltage, and larger particle size resulted in the most improvement to DEP manipulation. Additionally, the experimental results demonstrated that slanted electrodes with an angle of 8° with respect to the direction of flow provide a more effective configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Dalili
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Erfan Taatizadeh
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Hamed Tahmooressi
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Nishat Tasnim
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Pamela Inés Rellstab-Sánchez
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Matthew Shaunessy
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Homayoun Najjaran
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Mina Hoorfar
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada.
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15
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Rabbani MT, Schmidt CF, Ros A. Length-Selective Dielectrophoretic Manipulation of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. Anal Chem 2020; 92:8901-8908. [PMID: 32447955 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) possess unique physical, optical, and electrical properties with great potential for future nanoscale device applications. Common synthesis procedures yield SWNTs with large length polydispersity and varying chirality. Electrical and optical applications of SWNTs often require specific lengths, but the preparation of SWNTs with the desired length is still challenging. Insulator-based dielectrophoresis (iDEP) integrated into a microfluidic device has the potential to separate SWNTs by length. Semiconducting SWNTs of varying length suspended with sodium deoxycholate (NaDOC) show unique dielectrophoretic properties at low frequencies (<1 kHz) that were exploited here using an iDEP-based microfluidic constriction sorter device for length-based sorting. Specific migration directions in the constriction sorter were induced for long SWNTs (≥1000 nm) with negative dielectrophoretic properties compared to short (≤300 nm) SWNTs with positive dielectrophoretic properties. We report continuous fractionation conditions for length-based iDEP migration of SWNTs, and we characterize the dynamics of migration of SWNTs in the microdevice using a finite element model. Based on the length and dielectrophoretic characteristics, sorting efficiencies for long and short SWNTs recovered from separate channels of the constriction sorter amounted to >90% and were in excellent agreement with a numerical model for the sorting process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad T Rabbani
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States.,Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States.,Third Institute of Physics - Biophysics, Department of Physics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christoph F Schmidt
- Third Institute of Physics - Biophysics, Department of Physics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Physics and Soft Matter Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Alexandra Ros
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States.,Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
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16
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Yee MO, Deutzmann J, Spormann A, Rotaru AE. Cultivating electroactive microbes-from field to bench. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:174003. [PMID: 31931483 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab6ab5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Electromicrobiology is an emerging field investigating and exploiting the interaction of microorganisms with insoluble electron donors or acceptors. Some of the most recently categorized electroactive microorganisms became of interest to sustainable bioengineering practices. However, laboratories worldwide typically maintain electroactive microorganisms on soluble substrates, which often leads to a decrease or loss of the ability to effectively exchange electrons with solid electrode surfaces. In order to develop future sustainable technologies, we cannot rely solely on existing lab-isolates. Therefore, we must develop isolation strategies for environmental strains with electroactive properties superior to strains in culture collections. In this article, we provide an overview of the studies that isolated or enriched electroactive microorganisms from the environment using an anode as the sole electron acceptor (electricity-generating microorganisms) or a cathode as the sole electron donor (electricity-consuming microorganisms). Next, we recommend a selective strategy for the isolation of electroactive microorganisms. Furthermore, we provide a practical guide for setting up electrochemical reactors and highlight crucial electrochemical techniques to determine electroactivity and the mode of electron transfer in novel organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mon Oo Yee
- Nordcee, Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, DK-5230, Denmark
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17
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Waheed W, Alazzam A, Al-Khateeb AN, Abu-Nada E. Multiple Particle Manipulation under Dielectrophoresis Effect: Modeling and Experiments. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:3016-3028. [PMID: 32142298 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) technique was employed to design multiple microfluidic devices for investigating the motion of bioparticles at low Reynolds numbers. A DPD in-house FORTRAN code was developed to simulate the trajectories of two microparticles in the presence of hydrodynamic and transverse deflecting force fields via considering interparticle interaction forces. The particle-particle interactions were described by using a simplified version of the Morse potential. The transverse deflecting force considered in this microfluidic application was the dielectrophoresis (DEP) force. Multiple microfluidic devices with different configurations of microelectrodes were numerically designed to investigate the dielectrophoretic behavior of bioparticles for their trajectories and the focusing of bioparticles into a single stream in the middle of the microchannel. The DPD simulation results were verified and validated against previously reported numerical and experimental works in the literature. The computationally designed microdevices were fabricated by employing standard lithographic techniques, and experiments were conducted via taking red blood cells as the representative bioparticles. The experimental results for the trajectories and focusing showed good agreement with the numerical results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqas Waheed
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE
| | - Anas Alazzam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE
- System on Chip Center, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE
| | - Ashraf N Al-Khateeb
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE
| | - Eiyad Abu-Nada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE
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18
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Zhang T, Hong ZY, Tang SY, Li W, Inglis DW, Hosokawa Y, Yalikun Y, Li M. Focusing of sub-micrometer particles in microfluidic devices. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:35-53. [PMID: 31720655 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00785g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sub-micrometer particles (0.10-1.0 μm) are of great significance to study, e.g., microvesicles and protein aggregates are targets for therapeutic intervention, and sub-micrometer fluorescent polystyrene (PS) particles are used as probes for diagnostic imaging. Focusing of sub-micrometer particles - precisely control over the position of sub-micrometer particles in a tightly focused stream - has a wide range of applications in the field of biology, chemistry and environment, by acting as a prerequisite step for downstream detection, manipulation and quantification. Microfluidic devices have been attracting great attention as desirable tools for sub-micrometer particle focusing, due to their small size, low reagent consumption, fast analysis and low cost. Recent advancements in fundamental knowledge and fabrication technologies have enabled microfluidic focusing of particles at sub-micrometer scale in a continuous, label-free and high-throughput manner. Microfluidic methods for the focusing of sub-micrometer particles can be classified into two main groups depending on whether an external field is applied: 1) passive methods, which utilize intrinsic fluidic properties without the need of external actuation, such as inertial, deterministic lateral displacement (DLD), viscoelastic and hydrophoretic focusing; and 2) active methods, where external fields are used, such as dielectrophoretic, thermophoretic, acoustophoretic and optical focusing. This article mainly reviews the studies on the focusing of sub-micrometer particles in microfluidic devices over the past 10 years. It aims to bridge the gap between the focusing of micrometer and nanometer scale (1.0-100 nm) particles and to improve the understanding of development progress, current advances and future prospects in microfluidic focusing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianlong Zhang
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara 630-0192, Japan. and School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney 2122, Australia.
| | - Zhen-Yi Hong
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara 630-0192, Japan.
| | - Shi-Yang Tang
- School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, Australia
| | - Weihua Li
- School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, Australia
| | - David W Inglis
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney 2122, Australia.
| | - Yoichiroh Hosokawa
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara 630-0192, Japan.
| | - Yaxiaer Yalikun
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara 630-0192, Japan.
| | - Ming Li
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney 2122, Australia.
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19
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Sequential Cell-Processing System by Integrating Hydrodynamic Purification and Dielectrophoretic Trapping for Analyses of Suspended Cancer Cells. MICROMACHINES 2019; 11:mi11010047. [PMID: 31905986 PMCID: PMC7019789 DOI: 10.3390/mi11010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices employing dielectrophoresis (DEP) have been widely studied and applied in the manipulation and analysis of single cells. However, several pre-processing steps, such as the preparation of purified target samples and buffer exchanges, are necessary to utilize DEP forces for suspended cell samples. In this paper, a sequential cell-processing device, which is composed of pre-processing modules that employ deterministic lateral displacement (DLD) and a single-cell trapping device employing an electroactive microwell array (EMA), is proposed to perform the medium exchange followed by arraying single cells sequentially using DEP. Two original microfluidic devices were efficiently integrated by using the interconnecting substrate containing rubber gaskets that tightly connect the inlet and outlet of each device. Prostate cancer cells (PC3) suspended in phosphate-buffered saline buffer mixed with microbeads were separated and then resuspended into the DEP buffer in the integrated system. Thereafter, purified PC3 cells were trapped in a microwell array by using the positive DEP force. The achieved separation and trapping efficiencies exceeded 94% and 93%, respectively, when using the integrated processing system. This study demonstrates an integrated microfluidic device by processing suspended cell samples, without the requirement of complex preparation steps.
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20
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Abstract
Cancer drug resistance mechanisms such as tumor heterogeneity and adaptable feedback loops are prevalent issues facing cancer therapy development. Drug resistance can be unique to a cancer type and, most importantly, to each individual cancer patient. Consequently, testing different dosages and therapeutics directly on each individual patient sample (i.e., tumor and cancer cells) has compelling advantages compared to large scale in vitro drug testing and is a step toward personalized drug selection and effective treatment development. Recently, microfluidic-based chemo-sensitivity assays on patient biopsies have been proposed. Despite their novelty, these platforms usually rely on optical labels, optical equipment, or complex microfabricated channel geometries and structures. In this work, we proposed a novel lab on a chip platform capable of real-time and continuous screening of drug efficacy on (cancer) cell subpopulations without the need of labels or bulky readout optical equipment. In this platform, several label-free and rapid techniques have been implemented for the precise capturing of cells of interest in parallel with the real-time measurement and characterization of the effectiveness of candidate therapeutic agents. To demonstrate the utility of the platform, the effect of an apoptotic inducer, topoisomerase I inhibitor, 7-ethyl-10-hydrocamptothecin (SN38) on human colorectal carcinoma cancer cells (HCT 116) was used as a study model. Additionally, electrical results were optically verified to examine the continuous measurements of the biological mechanisms, specifically, apoptosis and necrosis, during therapeutic agent characterizations. The proposed device is a versatile platform which can also be easily redesigned for the automated and arrayed analysis of cell-drug interaction down to the single cell level. Our platform is another step toward enabling the personalized screening of drug efficacy on individual patients' samples that potentially leads to a better understanding of drug resistance and the optimization of patients' treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Velasco
- Biochemistry Department , Stanford University , Palo Alto , California 94305 , United States
| | - Kushal Joshi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of California Irvine , Irvine , California 92617 , United States
| | - Jiamin Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology , Stanford University School of Medicine , Palo Alto , California 94305 , United States
| | - Rahim Esfandyarpour
- Department of Electrical Engineering , University of California Irvine , Irvine , California 92617 , United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of California Irvine , Irvine , California 92617 , United States.,Henry Samueli School of Engineering , University of California Irvine , Irvine , California 92617 , United States
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21
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Nakano M, Ding Z, Matsuda K, Xu J, Inaba M, Suehiro J. Simple microfluidic device for detecting the negative dielectrophoresis of DNA labeled microbeads. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2019; 13:064109. [PMID: 31737158 PMCID: PMC6850969 DOI: 10.1063/1.5124419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We propose a new microfluidic device that can be used to determine the change in the negative dielectrophoresis (n-DEP) of dielectric microbeads when a small amount of DNA is attached to them. We previously proposed a DNA detection method based on changes in the DEP of microbeads induced by the attachment of DNA. When target DNA is attached to the microbeads having n-DEP property, the DEP changes from negative to positive. This occurs because electric charges of the DNA increase the surface conductance of the microbeads. Thus, only the DNA-labeled microbeads are attracted to a microelectrode by positive DEP. The trapped DNA-labeled microbeads can be counted by dielectrophoretic impedance measurements. A large amount of DNA (approximately 105 DNA molecules) is required to change the DEP from negative to positive. Even though this method can be combined with DNA amplification, reducing the amount of DNA required can help us to shorten the reaction time. In this study, we aimed to detect DNA less than 105 DNA molecules by determining the change in the n-DEP change. To achieve this, we proposed a simple microfluidic device consisting of a single microchannel and a single pair of microelectrodes. Numerical simulations revealed that the device can identify the slight change in the n-DEP of the microbeads corresponding to the attachment of a small amount of DNA. In practical experiments, the fabricated device distinguished 10-1000 DNA molecules per microbead. This method represents a fast and easy method of DNA detection when combined with DNA amplification techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihiko Nakano
- Faculty of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Zhenhao Ding
- Graduate School of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kenya Matsuda
- Graduate School of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Jingwen Xu
- Graduate School of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masafumi Inaba
- Faculty of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Junya Suehiro
- Faculty of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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22
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Kumar M, Yadav S, Kumar A, Sharma NN, Akhtar J, Singh K. MEMS impedance flow cytometry designs for effective manipulation of micro entities in health care applications. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 142:111526. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Shkolnikov V, Xin D, Chen CH. Continuous dielectrophoretic particle separation via isomotive dielectrophoresis with bifurcating stagnation flow. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:2988-2995. [PMID: 31538669 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We present a novel technique for continuous label-free separation of particles based on their dielectrophoretic crossover frequencies. Our technique relies on our unique microfluidic geometry which performs hydrodynamic focusing, generates a stagnation flow with two outlets, and simultaneously produces an isomotive dielectrophoretic field via wall-situated electrodes. To perform particle separation, we hydrodynamically focus particles onto stagnation streamlines and use isomotive dielectrophoretic force to nudge the particles off these streamlines and direct them into appropriate outlets. Focusing particles onto stagnation streamlines obviates the need for large forces to be applied to the particles and therefore increases system throughput. The use of isomotive (spatially uniform) dielectrophoretic force increases system reliability. To guide designers, we develop and describe a simple scaling model for the particle separation dynamics of our technique. The model predicts the range of particle sizes that can be separated as well as the processing rate that can be achieved as a function of system design parameters: channel size, flow rate, and applied potential. Finally, as a proof-of-principle, we use this technique to separate polystyrene bead and cell mixtures of the same diameters as well as mixtures of both particles with varying diameters.
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24
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Tatsumi K, Kawano K, Shintani H, Nakabe K. Particle Timing Control and Alignment in Microchannel Flow by Applying Periodic Force Control Using Dielectrophoretic Force. Anal Chem 2019; 91:6462-6470. [PMID: 30933475 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a technique for particle streamwise timing, spacing and velocity control (alignment) in microchannel flow by controlling the forces exerted on the particle in space and time, was developed. In the present technique, the timing of particles crossing a certain position in microchannel flow with a specific interval and the particle velocity are controlled by applying acceleration and deceleration forces periodically in the streamwise direction and activating them periodically. The force is produced by a dielectrophoretic force using ladder-type electrodes embedded in the microfluidic device and is turned on and off in a cycle. The timing of particles crossing a certain position can be changed by adjusting the phase of the on-off cycle, i.e., the phase of the voltage signal. In the experiment, timing and velocity were measured at the inlet and outlet of ladder-type regions for Jurkat cells and particles of some variation in size, and probability density functions for the deviation of these values from the equilibrium (aligned) state were evaluated. Further, we will discuss the motion characteristics of the particles numerically and experimentally to understand the mechanism and evaluate the performance of the particle timing control and alignment using the present technique. The results confirm that the particles randomly distributed at the inlet of ladder-type electrode regions are controlled to flow with even spacing at a specific velocity. Moreover, the timing of the particles passing a specific location in the ladder-type electrode region was synchronized with the activated/nonactivated cycle of the applied force and could be specified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Tatsumi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Science , Kyoto University , Kyotodaigakukatsura, Kyoto , Kyoto 615-8540 , Japan
| | - Koki Kawano
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Science , Kyoto University , Kyotodaigakukatsura, Kyoto , Kyoto 615-8540 , Japan
| | - Hiromichi Shintani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Science , Kyoto University , Kyotodaigakukatsura, Kyoto , Kyoto 615-8540 , Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Nakabe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Science , Kyoto University , Kyotodaigakukatsura, Kyoto , Kyoto 615-8540 , Japan
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25
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Cottet J, Kehren A, Lasli S, van Lintel H, Buret F, Frénéa-Robin M, Renaud P. Dielectrophoresis-assisted creation of cell aggregates under flow conditions using planar electrodes. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:1498-1509. [PMID: 30706961 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We present a microfluidic platform allowing dielectrophoresis-assisted formation of cell aggregates of controlled size and composition under flow conditions. When specific experimental conditions are met, negative dielectrophoresis allows efficient concentration of cells towards electric field minima and subsequent aggregation. This bottom-up assembly strategy offers several advantages with respect to the targeted application: first, dielectrophoresis offers precise control of spatial cell organization, which can be adjusted by optimizing electrode design. Then, it could contribute to accelerate the establishment of cell-cell interactions by favoring close contact between neighboring cells. The trapping geometry of our chip is composed of eight electrodes arranged in a circle. Several parameters have been tested in simulations to find the best configurations for trapping in flow. Those configurations have been tested experimentally with both polystyrene beads and human embryonic kidney cells. The final design and experimental setup have been optimized to trap cells and release the created aggregates on demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Cottet
- Univ Lyon, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, CNRS, Ampère, Ecully, France.,École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-STI-IMT-LMIS4, Station 17, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Kehren
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-STI-IMT-LMIS4, Station 17, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Soufian Lasli
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-STI-IMT-LMIS4, Station 17, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Harald van Lintel
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-STI-IMT-LMIS4, Station 17, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - François Buret
- Univ Lyon, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, CNRS, Ampère, Ecully, France
| | - Marie Frénéa-Robin
- Univ Lyon, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, CNRS, Ampère, Ecully, France
| | - Philippe Renaud
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-STI-IMT-LMIS4, Station 17, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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26
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Xing X, Ng CN, Chau ML, Yobas L. Railing cells along 3D microelectrode tracks for continuous-flow dielectrophoretic sorting. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:3760-3769. [PMID: 30403217 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00805a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a unique microfluidic device for continuous-flow cell sorting by railing target cells along physical tracks (electrode sidewalls) based on the combined effect of dielectrophoresis and hydrodynamic drag. The tracks are the raised digits of comb-like structures made of conducting bulk silicon as the electrodes. Unlike other volumetric electrodes, the structures feature a segmented sidewall profile with linear and concave segments forming the tracks and supporting columns, respectively. The interdigitated bulk electrodes lead to a built-in flow chamber in which the digits (tracks) extend downstream at a characteristic angle with respect to the flow, which runs through the passages between the columns. Target cells leaving the passages are levitated and docked against the tracks under positive dielectrophoresis and railed under hydrodynamic drag. Railing efficiency, as high as >95%, is reported against the activation voltage and flow rate for the designs 7°, 16°, and 26° as the track angles. A collection efficiency of about 86% is noted for both target (HCT116) and non-target cells (K562) in the 16° design at a sample flow rate of 8.3 μL min-1 and an activation voltage of 12.5 Vp at 200 kHz. This performance is comparable if not better than those obtained with thin-film surface microelectrodes and yet achieved here at an order of magnitude higher sample flow rate. This enhancement mainly arises from a considerably low drag along the tracks in relation to the chamber top or bottom surface where the thin-film electrodes would be typically placed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxing Xing
- College of Information Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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27
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Wu Y, Ren Y, Tao Y, Hou L, Jiang H. High-Throughput Separation, Trapping, and Manipulation of Single Cells and Particles by Combined Dielectrophoresis at a Bipolar Electrode Array. Anal Chem 2018; 90:11461-11469. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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28
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Lu S, Dugan CE, Kennedy RT. Microfluidic Chip with Integrated Electrophoretic Immunoassay for Investigating Cell-Cell Interactions. Anal Chem 2018; 90:5171-5178. [PMID: 29578696 PMCID: PMC6943824 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b05304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidics have been used to create "body-on-chip" systems to mimic in vivo cellular interactions with a high level of control. Most such systems rely on optical observation of cells as a readout. In this work we integrated a cell-cell interaction chip with online microchip electrophoresis immunoassay to monitor the effects of the interaction on protein secretion dynamics. The system was used to investigate the effects of adipocytes on insulin secretion. Chips were loaded with 190 000 3T3-L1 adipocytes and a single islet of Langerhans in separate chambers. The chambers were perfused at 300-600 nL/min so that adipocyte secretions flowed over the islets for 3 h. Adipocytes produced 80 μM of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs), a factor known to impact insulin secretion, at the islets. After perfusion, islets were challenged with a step change in glucose from 3 to 11 mM while monitoring insulin secretion at 8 s intervals by online immunoassay. Adipocyte treatment augmented insulin secretion by 6-fold compared to controls. The effect was far greater than comparable concentrations of NEFA applied to the islets demonstrating that adipocytes release multiple factors that can strongly potentiate insulin secretion. The experiments reveal that integration of chemical analysis with cell-cell interaction can provide valuable insights into cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shusheng Lu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , 930 North University Avenue , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Colleen E Dugan
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , 930 North University Avenue , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Robert T Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , 930 North University Avenue , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
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29
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Mogi K. A Visualization Technique of a Unique pH Distribution around an Ion Depletion Zone in a Microchannel by Using a Dual-Excitation Ratiometric Method. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:mi9040167. [PMID: 30424100 PMCID: PMC6187760 DOI: 10.3390/mi9040167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The ion depletion zone of ion concentration polarization has a strong potential to act as an immaterial barrier, separating delicate submicron substances, including biomolecules, without causing physical damage. However, the detailed mechanisms of the barrier effect remain incompletely understood because it is difficult to visualize the linked behavior of protons, cations, anions, and charged molecules in the thin ion depletion zone. In this study, pH distribution in an ion depletion zone was measured to estimate the role of proton behavior. This was done in order to use it as a tool with good controllability for biomolecule handling in the future. As a result, a unique pH peak was observed at several micrometers distance from the microchannel wall. The position of the peak appeared to be in agreement with the boundary of the ion depletion zone. From this agreement, it is expected that the pH peak has a causal connection to the barrier effect of the ion depletion zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuo Mogi
- Molecular Profiling Research Center for Drug Discovery (Molprof), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-4-7 Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan.
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30
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Abstract
The widespread interest in cell synchronization is maintained by the studies of control mechanism involved in cell cycle regulation. During the synchronization distinct subpopulations of cells are obtained representing different stages of the cell cycle. These subpopulations are then used to study regulatory mechanisms of the cycle at the level of macromolecular biosynthesis (DNA synthesis, gene expression, protein synthesis), protein phosphorylation, development of new drugs, etc. Although several synchronization methods have been described, it is of general interest that scientists get a compilation and an updated view of these synchronization techniques. This introductory chapter summarizes: (1) the basic concepts and principal criteria of cell cycle synchronizations, (2) the most frequently used synchronization methods, such as physical fractionation (flow cytometry, dielectrophoresis, cytofluorometric purification), chemical blockade, (3) synchronization of embryonic cells, (4) synchronization at low temperature, (5) comparison of cell synchrony techniques, (6) synchronization of unicellular organisms, and (7) the effect of synchronization on transfection.
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Chan JY, Ahmad Kayani AB, Md Ali MA, Kok CK, Yeop Majlis B, Hoe SLL, Marzuki M, Khoo ASB, Ostrikov K(K, Ataur Rahman M, Sriram S. Dielectrophoresis-based microfluidic platforms for cancer diagnostics. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2018; 12:011503. [PMID: 29531634 PMCID: PMC5825230 DOI: 10.1063/1.5010158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The recent advancement of dielectrophoresis (DEP)-enabled microfluidic platforms is opening new opportunities for potential use in cancer disease diagnostics. DEP is advantageous because of its specificity, low cost, small sample volume requirement, and tuneable property for microfluidic platforms. These intrinsic advantages have made it especially suitable for developing microfluidic cancer diagnostic platforms. This review focuses on a comprehensive analysis of the recent developments of DEP enabled microfluidic platforms sorted according to the target cancer cell. Each study is critically analyzed, and the features of each platform, the performance, added functionality for clinical use, and the types of samples, used are discussed. We address the novelty of the techniques, strategies, and design configuration used in improving on existing technologies or previous studies. A summary of comparing the developmental extent of each study is made, and we conclude with a treatment of future trends and a brief summary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yuan Chan
- Center for Advanced Materials and Green Technology, Multimedia University, 75450 Melaka, Malaysia
| | | | - Mohd Anuar Md Ali
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, 43600 Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chee Kuang Kok
- Center for Advanced Materials and Green Technology, Multimedia University, 75450 Melaka, Malaysia
| | - Burhanuddin Yeop Majlis
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, 43600 Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Susan Ling Ling Hoe
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, 50588 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Marini Marzuki
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, 50588 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Md. Ataur Rahman
- Functional Materials and Microsystems Research Group, Micro Nano Research Facility, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Sharath Sriram
- Functional Materials and Microsystems Research Group, Micro Nano Research Facility, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
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32
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Bullock J, Ota H, Wang H, Xu Z, Hettick M, Yan D, Samundsett C, Wan Y, Essig S, Morales-Masis M, Cuevas A, Javey A. Microchannel contacting of crystalline silicon solar cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9085. [PMID: 28831077 PMCID: PMC5567299 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08913-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
There is tremendous interest in reducing losses caused by the metal contacts in silicon photovoltaics, particularly the optical and resistive losses of the front metal grid. One commonly sought-after goal is the creation of high aspect-ratio metal fingers which provide an optically narrow and low resistance pathway to the external circuit. Currently, the most widely used metal contact deposition techniques are limited to widths and aspect-ratios of ~40 μm and ~0.5, respectively. In this study, we introduce the use of a micropatterned polydimethylsiloxane encapsulation layer to form narrow (~20 μm) microchannels, with aspect-ratios up to 8, on the surface of solar cells. We demonstrate that low temperature metal pastes, electroless plating and atomic layer deposition can all be used within the microchannels. Further, we fabricate proof-of-concept structures including simple planar silicon heterojunction and homojunction solar cells. While preliminary in both design and efficiency, these results demonstrate the potential of this approach and its compatibility with current solar cell architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Bullock
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Hiroki Ota
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Hanchen Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Zhaoran Xu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Mark Hettick
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Di Yan
- Research School of Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Christian Samundsett
- Research School of Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Yimao Wan
- Research School of Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Stephanie Essig
- Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institute of Micro Engineering (IMT), Photovoltaics and Thin Film Electronic Laboratory (PVLab), Maladiere 71b, CH-200, Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Monica Morales-Masis
- Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institute of Micro Engineering (IMT), Photovoltaics and Thin Film Electronic Laboratory (PVLab), Maladiere 71b, CH-200, Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Andrés Cuevas
- Research School of Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Ali Javey
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA. .,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA.
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33
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Magneto-Hydrodynamic Fractionation (MHF) for continuous and sheathless sorting of high-concentration paramagnetic microparticles. Biomed Microdevices 2017; 19:39. [DOI: 10.1007/s10544-017-0178-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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34
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High-throughput, low-loss, low-cost, and label-free cell separation using electrophysiology-activated cell enrichment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:4591-4596. [PMID: 28408395 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1700773114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, cell separation occurs almost exclusively by density gradient methods and by fluorescence- and magnetic-activated cell sorting (FACS/MACS). These variously suffer from lack of specificity, high cell loss, use of labels, and high capital/operating cost. We present a dielectrophoresis (DEP)-based cell-separation method, using 3D electrodes on a low-cost disposable chip; one cell type is allowed to pass through the chip whereas the other is retained and subsequently recovered. The method advances usability and throughput of DEP separation by orders of magnitude in throughput, efficiency, purity, recovery (cells arriving in the correct output fraction), cell losses (those which are unaccounted for at the end of the separation), and cost. The system was evaluated using three example separations: live and dead yeast; human cancer cells/red blood cells; and rodent fibroblasts/red blood cells. A single-pass protocol can enrich cells with cell recovery of up to 91.3% at over 300,000 cells per second with >3% cell loss. A two-pass protocol can process 300,000,000 cells in under 30 min, with cell recovery of up to 96.4% and cell losses below 5%, an effective processing rate >160,000 cells per second. A three-step protocol is shown to be effective for removal of 99.1% of RBCs spiked with 1% cancer cells while maintaining a processing rate of ∼170,000 cells per second. Furthermore, the self-contained and low-cost nature of the separator device means that it has potential application in low-contamination applications such as cell therapies, where good manufacturing practice compatibility is of paramount importance.
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35
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Jones PV, Salmon GL, Ros A. Continuous Separation of DNA Molecules by Size Using Insulator-Based Dielectrophoresis. Anal Chem 2017; 89:1531-1539. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul V. Jones
- School of Molecular
Sciences, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871604, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- Center
for Applied Structural
Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| | - Gabriel L. Salmon
- School of Molecular
Sciences, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871604, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- Center
for Applied Structural
Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| | - Alexandra Ros
- School of Molecular
Sciences, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871604, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- Center
for Applied Structural
Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
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36
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Alazzam A, Mathew B, Khashan S. Microfluidic Platforms for Bio-applications. ADVANCED MECHATRONICS AND MEMS DEVICES II 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-32180-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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37
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38
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Tanaka S, Tsutsui M, Theodore H, Yuhui H, Arima A, Tsuji T, Doi K, Kawano S, Taniguchi M, Kawai T. Tailoring particle translocation via dielectrophoresis in pore channels. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31670. [PMID: 27527126 PMCID: PMC4985646 DOI: 10.1038/srep31670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding and controlling electrophoretic motions of nanoscopic objects in fluidic channels are a central challenge in developing nanopore technology for molecular analyses. Although progress has been made in slowing the translocation velocity to meet the requirement for electrical detections of analytes via picoampere current measurements, there exists no method useful for regulating particle flows in the transverse directions. Here, we report the use of dielectrophoresis to manipulate the single-particle passage through a solid-state pore. We created a trap field by applying AC voltage between electrodes embedded in a low-aspect-ratio micropore. We demonstrated a traffic control of particles to go through center or near side surface via the voltage frequency. We also found enhanced capture efficiency along with faster escaping speed of particles by virtue of the AC-mediated electroosmosis. This method is compatible with nanopore sensing and would be widely applied for reducing off-axis effects to achieve single-molecule identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoji Tanaka
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
- Department of Mechanical Science and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Makusu Tsutsui
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Hu Theodore
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luo Yu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - He Yuhui
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luo Yu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Akihide Arima
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Tsuji
- Department of Mechanical Science and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Kentaro Doi
- Department of Mechanical Science and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Satoyuki Kawano
- Department of Mechanical Science and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Masateru Taniguchi
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Tomoji Kawai
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
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39
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Kumar V, Rezai P. Sheathless and high throughput sorting of paramagnetic microparticles in a magneto-hydrodynamic microfluidic device. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2016; 2016:473-476. [PMID: 28268374 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2016.7590742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Sorting of microorganisms and particles from a mixture is critical for numerous biotechnological and medical applications. Several sorting methods such as pinched flow fractionation (PFF), optical sorting, dielectrophoresis, acoustic separation, magnetophoresis and deterministic lateral displacement (DLD) have been reported in literature. But most of these methods lack ideal characteristics of a sorter such as ability to process at high throughput, simple design, non-complicated fabrication method, sheathless operation and high purity in separation. In this paper, we have introduced a novel sorting technique by integrating focusing of magnetic particles in a narrow microchannel with their hydrodynamic separation at a downstream expansion channel which meets majority of the aforementioned characteristics. To achieve this, the sheathless focusing of paramagnetic microparticles in the narrow microchannel and their deflection at the expansion channel were first studied at various flow rates (0.5-5 ml h-1). Then, a mixture of 5 and 11 μm paramagnetic particles was introduced into the device and their separation was examined quantitatively. It was found that the magnetic particles were focused along the wall of channel, however their centers were positioned on two distinct streamlines owing to difference in their sizes. Hence, these two particles were found separated from each other as they flew into the expansion region. This technique of size based separation of paramagnetic particles works at a high throughput of 107 particles per hour and offers more than 98% purity in sorting.
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40
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Karle M, Vashist SK, Zengerle R, von Stetten F. Microfluidic solutions enabling continuous processing and monitoring of biological samples: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 929:1-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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41
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42
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Suh S, Traore MA, Behkam B. Bacterial chemotaxis-enabled autonomous sorting of nanoparticles of comparable sizes. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:1254-1260. [PMID: 26940033 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00059b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
High throughput sorting of micro/nanoparticles of similar sizes is of significant interest in many biological and chemical applications. In this work, we report a simple and cost-effective sorting technique for separation of similarly-sized particles of dissimilar surface properties within a diffusion-based microfluidic platform using chemotaxis in Escherichia coli bacteria. Differences in surface chemistry of two groups of similarly-sized nanoparticles in a mixture were exploited to selectively assemble one particle group onto motile E. coli, through either specific or non-specific adhesion, and separate them from the remaining particle group via chemotaxis of the attached bacteria. To enable optimal operation of the sorting platform, the chemotaxis behavior of E. coli bacteria in response to casamino acids, the chemoeffector of choice was first characterized. The chemical concentration gradient range within which the bacteria exhibit a positive chemotactic response was found to be within 0.25 × 10(-7)-1.0 × 10(-3) g ml(-1) mm(-1). We demonstrate that at the optimum concentration gradient of 5.0 × 10(-4) g ml(-1) mm(-1), a sorting efficiency of up to 81% at a throughput of 2.4 × 10(5) particles per min can be achieved. Sensitivity of the sorting efficiency to the adhesion mechanism and particle size in the range of 320-1040 nm was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- SeungBeum Suh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
| | - Mahama A Traore
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
| | - Bahareh Behkam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA.
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43
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SUZUKI M, NAKANO R, IRIBE Y. High Efficient Cell Leading into Microwell Array by Using Positive Dielectrophoresis. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.84.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Masayasu SUZUKI
- Department of Electric and Electronic Engineering, University of Toyama
| | - Ryota NAKANO
- Department of Electric and Electronic Engineering, University of Toyama
| | - Yasunori IRIBE
- Department of Electric and Electronic Engineering, University of Toyama
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44
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Weng PY, Chen IA, Yeh CK, Chen PY, Juang JY. Size-dependent dielectrophoretic crossover frequency of spherical particles. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2016; 10:011909. [PMID: 26909121 PMCID: PMC4752537 DOI: 10.1063/1.4941853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Dielectrophoresis (DEP) has been extensively used in lab-on-a-chip systems for trapping, separating, and manipulating of micro particles suspended in a liquid medium. The most widely used analytic model, the dipole model, provides an accurate prediction on the crossover frequency of submicron particles, but cannot explain the significant drop in crossover frequency of larger particles. Here, we present numerical simulations using the Maxwell stress tensor (MST) and finite element method to study the size effect of the DEP crossover frequency of spherical polystyrene particles suspended in de-ionized water. Our results show that the surface conductance due to the electrical double layer plays a key role, and the size dependency of crossover frequency obtained by the MST method agrees reasonably well with published experimental data. The exponents of the power law are approximately -1.0 and -4.3 for smaller (diameter < 4.6 μm) and larger particles (diameter > 4.6 μm), respectively. The free surface charge distribution reveals that the charge begins accumulating on the particle equator for particle diameters larger than a critical diameter of 4.6 μm, a result not captured by the dipolar approximation. This method may be extended to analyze bioparticles with complex shapes and composition, and provides new insights into the interpretation of dielectrophoresis applications using lab-on-a-chip systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-You Weng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - I-An Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Che-Kai Yeh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Yi Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Yang Juang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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45
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Nawaz AA, Chen Y, Nama N, Nissly RH, Ren L, Ozcelik A, Wang L, McCoy JP, Levine SJ, Huang TJ. Acoustofluidic Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorter. Anal Chem 2015; 87:12051-8. [PMID: 26331909 PMCID: PMC4888785 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Selective isolation of cell subpopulations with defined biological characteristics is crucial for many biological studies and clinical applications. In this work, we present the development of an acoustofluidic fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) device that simultaneously performs on-demand, high-throughput, high-resolution cell detection and sorting, integrated onto a single chip. Our acoustofluidic FACS device uses the "microfluidic drifting" technique to precisely focus cells/particles three dimensionally and achieves a flow of single-file particles/cells as they pass through a laser interrogation region. We then utilize short bursts (150 μs) of standing surface acoustic waves (SSAW) triggered by an electronic feedback system to sort fluorescently labeled particles/cells with desired biological properties. We have demonstrated continuous isolation of fluorescently labeled HeLa cells from unlabeled cells at a throughput of ∼1200 events/s with a purity reaching 92.3 ± 3.39%. Furthermore, 99.18% postsort cell viability indicates that our acoustofluidic sorting technique maintains a high integrity of cells. Therefore, our integrated acoustofluidic FACS device is demonstrated to achieve two-way cell sorting with high purity, biocompatibility, and biosafety. We believe that our device has significant potential for use as a low-cost, high-performance, portable, and user-friendly FACS instrument.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Ahsan Nawaz
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering (SMME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad H-12, Pakistan
| | - Yuchao Chen
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Nitesh Nama
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Ruth Helmus Nissly
- Microscopy and Cytometry Facility, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Liqiang Ren
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Adem Ozcelik
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Lin Wang
- Ascent Bio-Nano Technologies Inc., State College, Pennsylvania 16801, United States
| | - J. Philip McCoy
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Stewart J. Levine
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Tony Jun Huang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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46
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering; University of Adelaide; Adelaide Australia
| | - Xiaolin Cui
- School of Chemical Engineering; University of Adelaide; Adelaide Australia
| | - Jingxiu Bi
- School of Chemical Engineering; University of Adelaide; Adelaide Australia
| | - Sheng Dai
- School of Chemical Engineering; University of Adelaide; Adelaide Australia
| | - Haitao Ye
- School of Engineering and Applied Science; Aston University; Birmingham United Kingdom
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47
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Zhang X, Qin R. Controlled motion of electrically neutral microparticles by pulsed direct current. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10162. [PMID: 25955864 PMCID: PMC4424834 DOI: 10.1038/srep10162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A controlled motion of electrically neutral microparticles in a conductive liquid at high temperatures has not yet been realized under the uniform direct electric current field. We propose a simple method, which employs pulsed direct current to a conductive liquid metal containing low-conductivity objects at high temperature. The electric current enables the low-conductivity particles to pass from the centre towards the various surfaces of the high-conductivity liquid metal. Most interestingly, the directionality of microparticles can be controlled and their speed can be easily regulated by adjusting pulsed current density. We find that the movement may arise from the configuration of electrical domains which generates a driving force which exceeds the force of gravity and viscous friction. All of these features are of potential benefit in separating the particles of nearly equal density but distinctly different electrical conductivities, and also offer considerable promise for the precise and selective positioning of micro-objects or the controlled motion of minute quantities of surrounding fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinfang Zhang
- Department of Engineering and Innovation, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, United Kingdom
| | - Rongshan Qin
- Department of Engineering and Innovation, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, United Kingdom
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48
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Xing X, Yobas L. Dielectrophoretic isolation of cells using 3D microelectrodes featuring castellated blocks. Analyst 2015; 140:3397-405. [PMID: 25857455 DOI: 10.1039/c5an00167f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present 3D microelectrodes featuring castellated blocks for dielectrophoretically isolating cells. These electrodes provide a more effective dielectrophoretic force field than thin-film surface electrodes and yet immobilize cells near stagnation points across a parabolic flow profile for enhanced cell viability and separation efficiency. Unlike known volumetric electrodes with linear profiles, the electrodes with structural variations introduced along their depth scale are versatile for constructing monolithic structures with readily integrated fluidic paths. This is exemplified here in the design of an interdigitated comb array wherein electrodes with castellated surfaces serve as building blocks and form digits with an array of fluidic pores. Activation of the design with low-voltage oscillations (±5 Vp, 400 kHz) is found adequate for retaining most viable cells (90.2% ± 3.5%) while removing nonviable cells (88.5% ± 5%) at an increased throughput (5 × 10(5) cells h(-1)). The electrodes, despite their intricate profile, are structured into single-crystal silicon through a self-aligned etching process without a precision layer-by-layer assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxing Xing
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
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49
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Rodrigues GMC, Rodrigues CAV, Fernandes TG, Diogo MM, Cabral JMS. Clinical-scale purification of pluripotent stem cell derivatives for cell-based therapies. Biotechnol J 2015; 10:1103-14. [PMID: 25851544 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201400535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have the potential to revolutionize cell-replacement therapies because of their ability to self renew and differentiate into nearly every cell type in the body. However, safety concerns have delayed the clinical translation of this technology. One cause for this is the capacity that hPSCs have to generate tumors after transplantation. Because of the challenges associated with achieving complete differentiation into clinically relevant cell types, the development of safe and efficient strategies for purifying committed cells is essential for advancing hPSC-based therapies. Several purification strategies have now succeeded in generating non-tumorigenic and homogeneous cell-populations. These techniques typically enrich for cells by either depleting early committed populations from teratoma-initiating hPSCs or by positively selecting cells after differentiation. Here we review the working principles behind separation methods that have facilitated the safe and controlled application of hPSC-derived cells in laboratory settings and pre-clinical research. We underscore the need for improving and integrating purification strategies within differentiation protocols in order to unlock the therapeutic potential of hPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonçalo M C Rodrigues
- Department of Bioengineering and IBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carlos A V Rodrigues
- Department of Bioengineering and IBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Tiago G Fernandes
- Department of Bioengineering and IBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria Margarida Diogo
- Department of Bioengineering and IBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Joaquim M S Cabral
- Department of Bioengineering and IBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Du E, Dao M, Suresh S. Quantitative Biomechanics of Healthy and Diseased Human Red Blood Cells using Dielectrophoresis in a Microfluidic System. EXTREME MECHANICS LETTERS 2014; 1:35-41. [PMID: 26029737 PMCID: PMC4445737 DOI: 10.1016/j.eml.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We present an experimental method to quantitatively characterize the mechanical properties of a large number of biological cells by introducing controlled deformation through dielectrophoresis in a microfluidic device. We demonstrate the capability of this technique by determining the force versus deformation characteristics of healthy human red blood cells (RBCs) and RBCs infected in vitro with Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites. These experiments clearly distinguish uninfected and healthy RBCs from infected ones, and the mechanical signatures extracted from these tests are in agreement with data from other independent methods. The method developed here thus provides a potentially helpful tool to characterize quickly and effectively the isolated biomechanical response of cells in a large population, for probing the pathological states of cells, disease diagnostics, and drug efficacy assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Du
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ming Dao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Correspondence: (M. Dao)
| | - Subra Suresh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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