1
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Chen W, Wen LQ, Lu XB, Zhou H. Iron-catalyzed selective construction of indole derivatives via oxidative C(sp 3)-H functionalization of indolin-2-ones. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:3073-3079. [PMID: 38563186 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00133h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Considering the importance of developing powerful catalysts and the pharmacophore characteristics of indole derivatives, we describe a switchable approach for the iron-catalyzed oxidative C(sp3)-H functionalization of indolin-2-ones. Selective transformations displayed excellent activity and chemoselectivity using FeCl2 as the catalyst, air as the oxidant, and alcohol as the solvent. By manipulating the reaction conditions, particularly the choice of solvent, catalyst loading, and reaction sequence, a series of valuable indole derivatives, including isatins and symmetrical and nonsymmetrical isoindigos, were selectively synthesized in good to excellent yields. Furthermore, the gram-scale synthesis of compounds with biological anticancer activity under simple conditions highlights their great potential in practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Lang-Qi Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Xiao-Bing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Hui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
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2
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Lau S, Mahon MF, Webster RL. Synthesis and Characterization of a Terminal Iron(II)-PH 2 Complex and a Series of Iron(II)-PH 3 Complexes. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:6998-7006. [PMID: 38563561 PMCID: PMC11022175 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Reported is the reaction of a series of iron(II) bisphosphine complexes with PH3 in the presence of NaBArF4 [where BArF4 = tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate]. The iron(II) bisphosphine reagents bear two chlorides or a hydride and a chloride motif. We have isolated six different cationic terminal-bound PH3 complexes and undertaken rigorous characterization by NMR spectroscopy, single crystal X-ray diffraction, and mass spectrometry, where the PH3 often remains intact during the ionization process. Unusual bis- and tris-PH3 complexes are among the compounds isolated. Changing the monophosphine from PH3 to PMe3 results in the formation of an unusual Fe7 cluster, but with no PMe3 being ligated. Finally, by using an iron(0) source, we have provided a rare example of a terminally bound iron-PH2 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Lau
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Mary F. Mahon
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Ruth L. Webster
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
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3
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Bols ML, Ma J, Rammal F, Plessers D, Wu X, Navarro-Jaén S, Heyer AJ, Sels BF, Solomon EI, Schoonheydt RA. In Situ UV-Vis-NIR Absorption Spectroscopy and Catalysis. Chem Rev 2024; 124:2352-2418. [PMID: 38408190 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
This review highlights in situ UV-vis-NIR range absorption spectroscopy in catalysis. A variety of experimental techniques identifying reaction mechanisms, kinetics, and structural properties are discussed. Stopped flow techniques, use of laser pulses, and use of experimental perturbations are demonstrated for in situ studies of enzymatic, homogeneous, heterogeneous, and photocatalysis. They access different time scales and are applicable to different reaction systems and catalyst types. In photocatalysis, femto- and nanosecond resolved measurements through transient absorption are discussed for tracking excited states. UV-vis-NIR absorption spectroscopies for structural characterization are demonstrated especially for Cu and Fe exchanged zeolites and metalloenzymes. This requires combining different spectroscopies. Combining magnetic circular dichroism and resonance Raman spectroscopy is especially powerful. A multitude of phenomena can be tracked on transition metal catalysts on various supports, including changes in oxidation state, adsorptions, reactions, support interactions, surface plasmon resonances, and band gaps. Measurements of oxidation states, oxygen vacancies, and band gaps are shown on heterogeneous catalysts, especially for electrocatalysis. UV-vis-NIR absorption is burdened by broad absorption bands. Advanced analysis techniques enable the tracking of coking reactions on acid zeolites despite convoluted spectra. The value of UV-vis-NIR absorption spectroscopy to catalyst characterization and mechanistic investigation is clear but could be expanded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max L Bols
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), University of Ghent, Technologiepark Zwijnaarde 125, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fatima Rammal
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dieter Plessers
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xuejiao Wu
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sara Navarro-Jaén
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alexander J Heyer
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Bert F Sels
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Edward I Solomon
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Robert A Schoonheydt
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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4
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Wowk V, Bauer AK, Radovic A, Chamoreau LM, Neidig ML, Lefèvre G. Divergent Fe-Mediated C-H Activation Paths Driven by Alkali Cations. JACS AU 2024; 4:512-524. [PMID: 38425937 PMCID: PMC10900209 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The association of the ferrous complex FeIICl2(dmpe)2 (1) with alkali bases M(hmds) (M = Li, Na, K) proves to be an efficient platform for the activation of Ar-H bonds. Two mechanisms can be observed, leading to either Ar-FeII species by deprotonative ferration or hydrido species Ar-FeII-H by oxidative addition of transient Fe0(dmpe)2 generated by reduction of 1. Importantly, the nature of the alkali cation in M(hmds) has a strong influence on the preferred path. Starting from the same iron precursor, diverse catalytic applications can be explored by a simple modulation of the MI cation. Possible strategies enabling cross-coupling using arenes as pro-nucleophiles, reductive dehydrocoupling, or deuteration of B-H bonds are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Wowk
- CNRS,
Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, CSB2D, Chimie
ParisTech, PSL University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Alexis K. Bauer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Aleksa Radovic
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Lise-Marie Chamoreau
- CNRS,
Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, Sorbonne Université, F-75252 Paris, France
| | - Michael L. Neidig
- Inorganic
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K.
| | - Guillaume Lefèvre
- CNRS,
Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, CSB2D, Chimie
ParisTech, PSL University, 75005 Paris, France
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5
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Semenya J, Yang Y, Picazo E. Cross-Electrophile Coupling of Benzyl Halides and Disulfides Catalyzed by Iron. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:4903-4912. [PMID: 38346333 PMCID: PMC10910570 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Cross-electrophile couplings are influential reactions that typically require a terminal reductant or photoredox conditions. We discovered an iron-catalyzed reaction that couples benzyl halides with disulfides to yield thioether products in the absence of a terminal reductant and under photoredox conditions. The disclosed platform proceeds without sulfur-induced catalyst poisoning or the use of an exogenous base, supporting a broad scope and circumventing undesired elimination pathways. We applied the developed chemistry in a new mode of disulfide bioconjugation, drug synthesis, gram-scale synthesis, and product derivatization. Lastly, we performed mechanistic experiments to better understand the stereoablative reaction between two electrophiles. Disulfides and benzylic thioethers are imperative for biological and pharmaceutical applications but remain severely understudied in comparison to their ethereal and amino counterparts. Hence, we expect this platform of iron catalysis and the downstream applications to be of interest to the greater scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Semenya
- Department of Chemistry, Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of
Southern California, 837 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Yuanjie Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of
Southern California, 837 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Elias Picazo
- Department of Chemistry, Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of
Southern California, 837 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
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6
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Zeng W, Chen AW, Yan MJ, Wang J. Sterically demanding Csp 2( ortho-substitution)-Csp 3(tertiary) bond formation via carboxylate-directed Mizoroki-Heck reaction under extra-ligand-free conditions. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 22:80-84. [PMID: 38051230 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01784b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Construction of the sterically demanding Csp2(oS)-Csp3(T) bond was achieved by carrying out the Pd-catalyzed carboxylate-directed Mizoroki-Heck reaction under extra-ligand-free aqueous conditions. The cooperative role of the presence of water with the absence of phosphine ligand was proposed to accelerate the migratory insertion process considerably, delivering a broad substrate scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zeng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ai-Wen Chen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ming-Jie Yan
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jie Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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7
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Gao Y, Smith JM. Enabling Nucleophilic Reactivity in High-Spin Fe(II) Imido Complexes: From Elementary Steps to Cooperative Catalysis. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:3392-3403. [PMID: 37955993 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusTransition metal complexes featuring an M═NR bond have received great attention as critical intermediates in the synthesis of nitrogen-containing compounds. In general, the properties of the imido ligand in these complexes are dependent on the nature of the metal center. Thus, the imido ligand tends to be nucleophilic in early transition metal complexes and electrophilic in late transition metal complexes. Nonetheless, the supporting ligand can have a dramatic effect on its reactivity. For example, there are sporadic examples of nucleophilic late transition metal imido complexes, often based on strongly donating supporting ligands. Building on these earlier works, in this Article, we show that the imido ligand in a low-coordinate high-spin bis(carbene)borate Fe(II) complex is able to access previously unknown reaction pathways, ultimately leading to new catalytic transformations. We first focus on the synthesis, characterization, and stoichiometric reactivity of a highly nucleophilic Fe(II) imido complex. The entry point for this system is the intermediate-spin three-coordinate Fe(III) imido complex, which is generated from the reaction of an Fe(I) synthon with an organic azide. Alkali metal reduction leads to a series of M+ (M = Li, Na, K) coordinated and charge-separated (M = K(18-C-6)) high-spin Fe(II) imido complexes, all of which have been isolated and fully characterized. Combined with the electronic structure calculations, these results reveal that the alkali ions moderately polarize the Fe═N bond according to K+ ≈ Na+ < Li+. As a result, the basicity of the imido ligand increases from the charged separated complex to K+, Na+, and Li+ coordinated complexes, as validated by intermolecular proton transfer equilibria. The impact of the counterion on imido ligand reactivity is demonstrated through protonation, alkylation, and hydrogen atom abstraction reactions. The counterion also directs the outcome of [2 + 2] reactions with benzophenone, where alkali coordination facilitates double bond metathesis. Building from here, we describe how the unusual nucleophilicity of the high-spin Fe(II) imido complex revealed in stoichiometric reactions can be extended to new catalytic transformations. For example, a [2 + 2] cycloaddition reaction serves as the basis for the catalytic guanylation of carbodiimides under mild conditions. More interestingly, this complex also exhibits the first ene-like reactivity of an M═NR bond in reactions with alkynes, nitriles, and alkenes. These transformations form the basis of catalytic alkyne and nitrile α-deuteration and pKa-dictated alkene transposition reactions, respectively. Mechanistic studies reveal the critical role of metal-ligand cooperativity in facilitating these catalytic transformations and suggest the new avenues for transition metal imido complexes in catalysis that extend beyond classical nitrene transfer chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Jeremy M Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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8
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Youshaw C, Yang MH, Gogoi AR, Rentería-Gómez A, Liu L, Morehead LM, Gutierrez O. Iron-Catalyzed Enantioselective Multicomponent Cross-Couplings of α-Boryl Radicals. Org Lett 2023; 25:8320-8325. [PMID: 37956189 PMCID: PMC10863393 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Despite recent interest in the development of iron-catalyzed transformations, methods that use iron-based catalysts capable of controlling the enantioselectivity in carbon-carbon cross-couplings are underdeveloped. Herein, we report a practical and simple protocol that uses commercially available and expensive iron salts in combination with chiral bisphosphine ligands to enable the regio- and enantioselective (up to 91:9) multicomponent cross-coupling of vinyl boronates, (fluoro)alkyl halides, and Grignard reagents. Preliminary mechanistic studies are consistent with rapid formation of an α-boryl radical followed by reversible radical addition to monoaryl bisphosphine-Fe(II) and subsequent enantioselective inner-sphere reductive elimination. From a broader perspective, this work provides a blueprint to develop asymmetric Fe-catalyzed multicomponent cross-couplings via the use of alkenes as linchpins to translocate alkyl radicals, modify their steric and electronic properties, and induce stereocontrol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lei Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Lukas M. Morehead
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Osvaldo Gutierrez
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
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9
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Sar D, Yin S, Grygus J, Rentería-Gómez Á, Garcia M, Gutierrez O. Expanding the chemical space of enol silyl ethers: catalytic dicarbofunctionalization enabled by iron catalysis. Chem Sci 2023; 14:13007-13013. [PMID: 38023494 PMCID: PMC10664506 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04549h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Enol silyl ethers are versatile, robust, and readily accessible substrates widely used in chemical synthesis. However, the conventional reactivity of these motifs has been limited to classical two electron (2-e) enolate-type chemistry with electrophilic partners or as radical acceptors in one electron (1-e) reactivity leading, in both cases, to exclusive α-monofunctionalization of carbonyls. Herein we describe a mild, fast, and operationally simple one-step protocol that combines readily available fluoroalkyl halides, silyl enol ethers, and, for the first time, hetero(aryl) Grignard reagents to promote selective dicarbofunctionalization of enol silyl ethers. From a broader perspective, this work expands the synthetic utility of enol silyl ethers and establishes bisphosphine-iron catalysis as enabling technology capable of orchestrating selective C-C bond formations with short-lived α-silyloxy radicals with practical implications towards sustainable chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinabandhu Sar
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University College Station Texas 77843 USA
| | - Shuai Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University College Station Texas 77843 USA
| | - Jacob Grygus
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University College Station Texas 77843 USA
| | | | - Melanie Garcia
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University College Station Texas 77843 USA
| | - Osvaldo Gutierrez
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University College Station Texas 77843 USA
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10
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Jiang Y, Zhang Y, Lee BC, Koh MJ. Diversification of Glycosyl Compounds via Glycosyl Radicals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202305138. [PMID: 37278303 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202305138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Glycosyl radical functionalization is one of the central topics in synthetic carbohydrate chemistry. Recent advances in metal-catalyzed cross-coupling chemistry and metallaphotoredox catalysis provided powerful platforms for glycosyl radical diversification. In particular, the discovery of new glycosyl radical precursors in conjunction with these advanced reaction technologies have significantly expanded the space for glycosyl compound synthesis. In this Review, we highlight the most recent progress in this area starting from 2021, and the reports included will be categorized based on different reaction types for better clarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117544, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yijun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117544, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Boon Chong Lee
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117544, Republic of Singapore
| | - Ming Joo Koh
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117544, Republic of Singapore
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11
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Hood T, Lau S, Diefenbach M, Firmstone L, Mahon M, Krewald V, Webster RL. The Complex Reactivity of [(salen)Fe] 2(μ-O) with HBpin and Its Implications in Catalysis. ACS Catal 2023; 13:11841-11850. [PMID: 37671182 PMCID: PMC10476159 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c02898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
We report a detailed study into the method of precatalyst activation during alkyne cyclotrimerization. During these studies we have prepared a homologous series of Fe(III)-μ-oxo(salen) complexes and use a range of techniques including UV-vis, reaction monitoring studies, single crystal X-ray diffraction, NMR spectroscopy, and LIFDI mass spectrometry to provide experimental evidence for the nature of the on-cycle iron catalyst. These data infer the likelihood of ligand reduction, generating an iron(salan)-boryl complex as a key on-cycle intermediate. We use DFT studies to interrogate spin states, connecting this to experimentally identified diamagnetic and paramagnetic species. The extreme conformational flexibility of the salan system appears connected to challenges associated with crystallization of likely on-cycle species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas
M. Hood
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, United Kingdom BA2 7AY
| | - Samantha Lau
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, United Kingdom BA2 7AY
| | - Martin Diefenbach
- Department
of Chemistry, TU Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Str. 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Leah Firmstone
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, United Kingdom BA2 7AY
| | - Mary Mahon
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, United Kingdom BA2 7AY
| | - Vera Krewald
- Department
of Chemistry, TU Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Str. 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Ruth L. Webster
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, United Kingdom BA2 7AY
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12
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Aguilera M, Gogoi AR, Lee W, Liu L, Brennessel WW, Gutierrez O, Neidig ML. Insight into Radical Initiation, Solvent Effects, and Biphenyl Production in Iron-Bisphosphine Cross-Couplings. ACS Catal 2023; 13:8987-8996. [PMID: 37441237 PMCID: PMC10334425 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c02008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Iron-bisphosphines have attracted broad interest as highly effective and versatile catalytic systems for two- and three-component cross-coupling strategies. While recent mechanistic studies have defined the role of organoiron(II)-bisphosphine species as key intermediates for selective cross-coupled product formation in these systems, mechanistic features that are essential for catalytic performance remain undefined. Specifically, key questions include the following: what is the generality of iron(II) intermediates for radical initiation in cross-couplings? What factors control reactivity toward homocoupled biaryl side-products in these systems? Finally, what are the solvent effects in these reactions that enable high catalytic performance? Herein, we address these key questions by examining the mechanism of enantioselective coupling between α-chloro- and α-bromoalkanoates and aryl Grignard reagents catalyzed by chiral bisphosphine-iron complexes. By employing freeze-trapped 57Fe Mössbauer and EPR studies combined with inorganic synthesis, X-ray crystallography, reactivity studies, and quantum mechanical calculations, we define the key in situ iron speciation as well as their catalytic roles. In contrast to iron-SciOPP aryl-alkyl couplings, where monophenylated species were found to be the predominant reactive intermediate or prior proposals of reduced iron species to initiate catalysis, the enantioselective system utilizes an iron(II)-(R,R)-BenzP* bisphenylated intermediate to initiate the catalytic cycle. A profound consequence of this radical initiation process is that halogen abstraction and subsequent reductive elimination result in considerable amounts of biphenyl side products, limiting the efficiency of this method. Overall, this study offers key insights into the broader role of iron(II)-bisphosphine species for radical initiation, factors contributing to biphenyl side product generation, and protocol effects (solvent, Grignard reagent addition rate) that are critical to minimizing biphenyl generation to obtain more selective cross-coupling methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria
Camila Aguilera
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Achyut Ranjan Gogoi
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Wes Lee
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Lei Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - William W. Brennessel
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Osvaldo Gutierrez
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Michael L. Neidig
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
- Inorganic
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K.
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13
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Kao SC, Bian KJ, Chen XW, Chen Y, Martí AA, West JG. Photochemical iron-catalyzed decarboxylative azidation via the merger of ligand-to-metal charge transfer and radical ligand transfer catalysis. CHEM CATALYSIS 2023; 3:100603. [PMID: 37720729 PMCID: PMC10501478 DOI: 10.1016/j.checat.2023.100603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) using stoichiometric copper salts has recently been shown to permit decarboxylative C-N bond formation via an LMCT/radical polar crossover (RPC) mechanism; however, this method is unable to function catalytically and cannot successfully engage unactivated alkyl carboxylic acids, presenting challenges to the general applicability of this approach. Leveraging the concepts of ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) and radical-ligand-transfer (RLT), we herein report the first photochemical, iron-catalyzed direct decarboxylative azidation. Simply irradiating an inexpensive iron nitrate catalyst in the presence of azidotrimethylsilane allows for a diverse array of carboxylic acids to be converted to corresponding organic azides directly with broad functional group tolerance and mild conditions. Intriguingly, no additional external oxidant is required for this reaction to proceed, simplifying the reaction protocol. Finally, mechanistic studies are consistent with a radical mechanism and suggest that the nitrate counteranion serves as an internal oxidant for turnover of the iron catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Chieh Kao
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kang-Jie Bian
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiao-Wei Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Angel A. Martí
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Julian G. West
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Lead contact
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14
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Lutovsky GA, Gockel SN, Bundesmann MW, Bagley SW, Yoon TP. Iron-mediated modular decarboxylative cross-nucleophile coupling. Chem 2023; 9:1610-1621. [PMID: 37637494 PMCID: PMC10449378 DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2023.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Carboxylic acids are valuable building blocks for pharmaceutical discovery because of their chemical stability, commercial availability, and structural diversity. Decarboxylative coupling reactions enable versatile functionalization of these feedstock chemicals, but many of the most general methods require prefunctionalization of carboxylic acids with redox-active moieties. These internal oxidants can be costly, their installation impedes rapid library synthesis, and their use results in environmentally problematic organic byproducts. We report herein a method for the direct decarboxylative cross-coupling of native carboxylic acids with nucleophilic coupling partners mediated by inexpensive, terrestrially abundant, and nontoxic Fe(III) salts. This method involves an initial photochemical decarboxylation followed by radical-polar crossover, which enables the construction of diverse carbon-carbon, carbon-oxygen, and carbon-nitrogen bonds with remarkable generality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace A. Lutovsky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Samuel N. Gockel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University Pueblo, 2200 Bonforte Boulevard, Pueblo, CO 81001, USA
| | | | - Scott W. Bagley
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Tehshik P. Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Lead contact
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15
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Peterson PO, Joannou MV, Simmons EM, Wisniewski SR, Kim J, Chirik PJ. Iron-Catalyzed C(sp 2)–C(sp 3) Suzuki–Miyaura Cross-Coupling Using an Alkoxide Base. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c05838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul O. Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Matthew V. Joannou
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Eric M. Simmons
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Steven R. Wisniewski
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Junho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Paul J. Chirik
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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16
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Matsubara K, Yamada Y, Iwasaki H, Ikeda H, Kanetsugu Y, Kawata S, Koga Y. A 1,2,3-triazole-derived pincer-type mesoionic carbene complex of iron(II): carbonyl elimination and hydrosilylation of aromatic aldehydes via the concerted reaction with hydrosilane and a base. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:572-582. [PMID: 36537300 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt03617g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Iron complexes bearing 1,2,3-triazol-5-ylidene were synthesized and applied to the reaction with hydrosilane and homogeneous catalytic hydrosilylation of aromatic ketones and aldehydes. Addition of a free carbene to a solution of Fe(CO)4Br2 yielded an octahedral, diamagnetic and cationic iron(II) complex [Fe(1,2,3-triazolylidene)(CO)2Br]+. Pyrolysis of the dicarbonyl complex eliminated the two CO ligands to form a paramagnetic four-coordinate complex. A theoretical study using DFT calculations indicated that the spin state changed from singlet to quintet during ligand elimination. Investigations of the successful hydrosilylation of acetophenone and benzaldehyde derivatives using MIC-iron(II) bromide suggested the importance of the base for efficient conversion in the catalytic process. The bromide-to-hydride exchange reaction, transmetallation, of MIC-iron(II) bromide in the presence of KOtBu and HSi(OEt)3 which could occur in the initial process of hydrosilylation was proposed, and supported by a theoretical study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouki Matsubara
- Department of Chemistry, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan.
| | - Yuji Yamada
- Department of Chemistry, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan.
| | - Haruka Iwasaki
- Department of Chemistry, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan.
| | - Hayao Ikeda
- Department of Chemistry, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan.
| | - Yuki Kanetsugu
- Department of Chemistry, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Kawata
- Department of Chemistry, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan.
| | - Yuji Koga
- Department of Chemistry, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan.
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17
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Kong WJ, Kessler SN, Wu H, Bäckvall JE. Iron-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling of α-Allenyl Esters with Grignard Reagents for the Synthesis of 1,3-Dienes. Org Lett 2023; 25:120-124. [PMID: 36599130 PMCID: PMC9841610 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Structurally diverse 1,3-dienes are valuable building blocks in organic synthesis. Herein we report the iron-catalyzed coupling between α-allenyl esters and Grignard reagents, which provides a fast and practical approach to a variety of complex substituted 1,3-dienes. The reaction involves an inexpensive iron catalyst, mild reaction conditions, and provides easy scale up.
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18
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Sequential Iron-Catalyzed C(sp 2)-C(sp 3) Cross-Coupling of Chlorobenzamides/Chemoselective Amide Reduction and Reductive Deuteration to Benzylic Alcohols. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 28:molecules28010223. [PMID: 36615417 PMCID: PMC9821805 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Benzylic alcohols are among the most important intermediates in organic synthesis. Recently, the use of abundant metals has attracted significant attention due to the issues with the scarcity of platinum group metals. Herein, we report a sequential method for the synthesis of benzylic alcohols by a merger of iron catalyzed cross-coupling and highly chemoselective reduction of benzamides promoted by sodium dispersion in the presence of alcoholic donors. The method has been further extended to the synthesis of deuterated benzylic alcohols. The iron-catalyzed Kumada cross-coupling exploits the high stability of benzamide bonds, enabling challenging C(sp2)-C(sp3) cross-coupling with alkyl Grignard reagents that are prone to dimerization and β-hydride elimination. The subsequent sodium dispersion promoted reduction of carboxamides proceeds with full chemoselectivity for the C-N bond cleavage of the carbinolamine intermediate. The method provides access to valuable benzylic alcohols, including deuterium-labelled benzylic alcohols, which are widely used as synthetic intermediates and pharmacokinetic probes in organic synthesis and medicinal chemistry. The combination of two benign metals by complementary reaction mechanisms enables to exploit underexplored avenues for organic synthesis.
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19
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Photochemical diazidation of alkenes enabled by ligand-to-metal charge transfer and radical ligand transfer. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7881. [PMID: 36564375 PMCID: PMC9789121 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35560-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vicinal diamines are privileged synthetic motifs in chemistry due to their prevalence and powerful applications in bioactive molecules, pharmaceuticals, and ligand design for transition metals. With organic diazides being regarded as modular precursors to vicinal diamines, enormous efforts have been devoted to developing efficient strategies to access organic diazide generated from olefins, themselves common feedstock chemicals. However, state-of-the-art methods for alkene diazidation rely on the usage of corrosive and expensive oxidants or complicated electrochemical setups, significantly limiting the substrate tolerance and practicality of these methods on large scale. Toward overcoming these limitations, here we show a photochemical diazidation of alkenes via iron-mediated ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) and radical ligand transfer (RLT). Leveraging the merger of these two reaction manifolds, we utilize a stable, earth abundant, and inexpensive iron salt to function as both radical initiator and terminator. Mild conditions, broad alkene scope and amenability to continuous-flow chemistry rendering the transformation photocatalytic were demonstrated. Preliminary mechanistic studies support the radical nature of the cooperative process in the photochemical diazidation, revealing this approach to be a powerful means of olefin difunctionalization.
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20
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Darù A, Martín-Fernández C, Harvey JN. Iron-Catalyzed Kumada Cross-Coupling Reaction Involving Fe 8Me 12– and Related Clusters: A Computational Study. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Darù
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California92037, United States
| | | | - Jeremy N. Harvey
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, LeuvenB-3001, Belgium
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21
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Rentería-Gómez A, Lee W, Yin S, Davis M, Gogoi AR, Gutierrez O. General and Practical Route to Diverse 1-(Difluoro)alkyl-3-aryl Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes Enabled by an Fe-Catalyzed Multicomponent Radical Cross-Coupling Reaction. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angel Rentería-Gómez
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Wes Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Shuai Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Michael Davis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Achyut Ranjan Gogoi
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Osvaldo Gutierrez
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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22
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Fey N, Lynam JM. Computational mechanistic study in organometallic catalysis: Why prediction is still a challenge. WIRES COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Fey
- School of Chemistry University of Bristol, Cantock's Close Bristol UK
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23
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Wowk V, Lefèvre G. The crucial and multifaceted roles of main-group cations and their salts in iron-mediated cross-couplings. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:10674-10680. [PMID: 35671234 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00871h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
While a broad variety of iron-catalyzed cross-couplings involve the use of main-group organometallics R-[M] as nucleophiles, the role of the [M]n+ cation in the coupling process is generally disregarded. However, several beneficial effects of [M]n+ cations by themselves or involved in ionic salts used as additives have been observed in such procedures. At the molecular level, interaction of those [M]n+ cations with on-cycle organoiron intermediates can proceed in several ways. Intermolecular interactions can be observed, and also the implication of [M]n+ in the iron's first or second coordination sphere, e.g. by ambiphilic coordination of a [M]-X salt to an R-[Fe] bond. The use of [M]n+ cations in the reaction medium is also a powerful strategy enabling control of the distribution of iron oxidation states within the coupling process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Wowk
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, CSB2D, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Guillaume Lefèvre
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, CSB2D, 75005 Paris, France.
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24
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Abstract
Arenediazonium o-benzenedisulfonimides have been used as efficient electrophilic partners in Cu(I) catalysed Ullmann-type coupling. The synthetic protocols are mild and easy, and produced either N-alkylanilines, aryl ethers, or thioethers in fairly good yields (18 positive examples, average yield 66%). o-Benzenedisulfonimide was recovered at the end of the reactions and was reused to prepare the starting salts for further reactions. It is noteworthy that diazonium salts have been used as electrophilic partners in the Ullmann-type protocol for the first time.
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25
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Jagtap RA, Pradhan C, Gonnade RG, Punji B. An Efficient Route to 3,3'-Biindolinylidene-diones by Iron-Catalyzed Dimerization of Isatins. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200414. [PMID: 35608328 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Iron-catalyzed dimerization of various isatin derivatives is described for the efficient synthesis of 3,3'-biindolinylidene-diones (isoindigos). The reaction provides easy access to self-coupled and cross-coupled 3,3'-indolinylidene-diones that have high relevance to biology and materials. This Fe(0)- or Fe(II)-catalyzed dimerization reaction tolerates a wide range of functionalities, such as fluoro, chloro, bromo, alkenyl, nitrile, ether, ester, pyrrolyl, indolyl and carbazolyl groups, including cyclic and acyclic alkyls as well as an alkyl-bearing fatty-alcohol moiety. Especially, the coupling between two distinct isatins provided excellent selectivity for the cross-dimerization with trace of self-couplings. The single-crystal X-ray diffraction study established the molecular structure of eight dimerized products. A preliminary mechanistic study of the Fe-catalyzed dimerization supported the radical pathway for the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul A Jagtap
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory: National Chemical Laboratory CSIR, Organic Chemistry Division, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, 411008, Pune, INDIA
| | - Chandini Pradhan
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory: National Chemical Laboratory CSIR, Organic Chemistry Division, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, 411008, Pune, INDIA
| | - Rajesh G Gonnade
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory: National Chemical Laboratory CSIR, Centre for Material Characterization, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, 411008, Pune, INDIA
| | - Benudhar Punji
- National Chemical Laboratory CSIR, Chemical Engineering Division, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, 411008, Pune, INDIA
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26
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González-López V, Resendiz-Lara DA, Rosas-Sánchez A, Ledesma-Olvera LG, Daran JC, Barquera-Lozada JE, López-Cortés JG, Ortega-Alfaro MC. Iodine-promoted insertion of the oxygen atom from water in η 4-vinylketene[Fe(CO) 3] complexes. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:6868-6875. [PMID: 35439809 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00674j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Iodine promotes the in situ formation of iron(II) species from η4-vinylketene[Fe(CO)3] (3a-h) as a key intermediate for the synthesis of 2(5H)-furanones (4a-h) by a sequential water-insertion/carbon-oxygen coupling under mild reaction conditions. Compounds 4a-h were obtained in good to excellent yields. A possible reaction pathway was also proposed by DFT calculations. This methodology can be extended to the synthesis of (5H)-pyrrol-2-ones using anilines, with moderate yields and a few limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vianney González-López
- Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, C.P. 04510, Cd. México, Mexico.
| | - Diego A Resendiz-Lara
- Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, C.P. 04510, Cd. México, Mexico.
| | - Alfredo Rosas-Sánchez
- Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, C.P. 04510, Cd. México, Mexico.
| | - Lydia G Ledesma-Olvera
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, C.P. 04510, Cd. México, Mexico
| | - Jean-Claude Daran
- LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), 205, route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - José E Barquera-Lozada
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, C.P. 04510, Cd. México, Mexico
| | - José G López-Cortés
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, C.P. 04510, Cd. México, Mexico
| | - M Carmen Ortega-Alfaro
- Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, C.P. 04510, Cd. México, Mexico.
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27
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Ioannou PC, Coufal R, Kakridi K, Raptopoulou CP, Trhlíková O, Psycharis V, Zedník J, Kyritsis P, Vohlídal J. Effects of the halogenido ligands on the Kumada-coupling catalytic activity of [Ni{ t BuN(PPh 2) 2-κ 2P}X 2], X = Cl, Br, I, complexes. RSC Adv 2022; 12:2227-2236. [PMID: 35425218 PMCID: PMC8979229 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04572e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel nickel(ii) complexes bearing ( t butyl)bis(diphenylphosphanyl)amine and different halogenido ligands, [Ni(P,P)X2] = [Ni{ t BuN(PPh2)2-κ2P}X2], (X = Cl, Br, I) are prepared, characterized by IR and NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and X-ray crystallography, and tested as catalysts in the Kumada cross-coupling reaction of model substituted iodobenzenes and p-tolylmagnesium bromide. The data obtained together with DFT calculations indicate that these new catalysts operate in the Ni(i)-Ni(iii) mode. The highest catalytic activity and selectivity are exhibited by [Ni(P,P)Cl2], which is most easily reduced by the used Grignard reagent to the Ni(i) state. This process is much more energy demanding in the case of the bromido and iodido complexes, causing the appearance of the induction period. [Ni(P,P)Cl2] is also very active in the cross-couplings of substrates with iodine atoms sterically shielded by ortho substituents. The data obtained are in good accordance with the described positive effect of the increased electron-releasing power of N-substituents R' on the overall catalytic performance of [Ni{R'N(PPh2)2-κ2P}X2] complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polydoros-Chrysovalantis Ioannou
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian, University of Athens Panepistimiopolis, Zografou 15771 Athens Greece
| | - Radek Coufal
- Technical University of Liberec, Faculty of Health Studies, Department of Science and Research Studentska 1402/2 CZ-461 17 Liberec 1 Czech Republic
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry Albertov 2030, CZ-128 43 Prague 2 Czech Republic
| | - Kalliopi Kakridi
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian, University of Athens Panepistimiopolis, Zografou 15771 Athens Greece
| | - Catherine P Raptopoulou
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnolgy N.C.S.R. "Demokritos", Aghia Paraskevi 15310, Attiki Greece
| | - Olga Trhlíková
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Heyrovský Sq. 2 16206 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Vassilis Psycharis
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnolgy N.C.S.R. "Demokritos", Aghia Paraskevi 15310, Attiki Greece
| | - Jiří Zedník
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry Albertov 2030, CZ-128 43 Prague 2 Czech Republic
| | - Panayotis Kyritsis
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian, University of Athens Panepistimiopolis, Zografou 15771 Athens Greece
| | - Jiří Vohlídal
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry Albertov 2030, CZ-128 43 Prague 2 Czech Republic
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28
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Guan YQ, Wang TZ, Qiao JF, Chen Z, Bai Z, Liang YF. Iron-catalysed reductive coupling for the synthesis of polyfluorinated compounds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:13915-13918. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc06022a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Iron-catalysed reductive cross-coupling of difluorobromo acetic acid derivatives with trifluoromethyl olefins to afford polyfluorinated molecules, containing a difluorenyl and difluoroalkyl group, with a broad substrate scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qiu Guan
- Center for Molecular Science and Engineering, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Tian-Zhang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jia-Fan Qiao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Zhangpei Chen
- Center for Molecular Science and Engineering, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Zhushuang Bai
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science & Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, China
| | - Yu-Feng Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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29
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Pounder A, Tam W. Iron-catalyzed domino coupling reactions of π-systems. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:2848-2893. [PMID: 34956407 PMCID: PMC8685557 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of environmentally benign, inexpensive, and earth-abundant metal catalysts is desirable from both an ecological and economic standpoint. Certainly, in the past couple decades, iron has become a key player in the development of sustainable coupling chemistry and has become an indispensable tool in organic synthesis. Over the last ten years, organic chemistry has witnessed substantial improvements in efficient synthesis because of domino reactions. These protocols are more atom-economic, produce less waste, and demand less time compared to a classical stepwise reaction. Although iron-catalyzed domino reactions require a mindset that differs from the more routine noble-metal, homogenous iron catalysis they bear the chance to enable coupling reactions that rival that of noble-metal-catalysis. This review provides an overview of iron-catalyzed domino coupling reactions of π-systems. The classifications and reactivity paradigms examined should assist readers and provide guidance for the design of novel domino reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Pounder
- Guelph-Waterloo Centre for Graduate Work in Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - William Tam
- Guelph-Waterloo Centre for Graduate Work in Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
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30
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Zheng L, Yan Z, Ren Q. DFT study on the mechanisms of α‐C cross coupling of π‐bonds catalyzed by iron complexes. Appl Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Innovative Drug Research Center Shanghai University Shanghai China
| | - Zhengwei Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Innovative Drug Research Center Shanghai University Shanghai China
| | - Qinghua Ren
- Department of Chemistry, Innovative Drug Research Center Shanghai University Shanghai China
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31
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Ma X, Wang H, Liu Y, Zhao X, Zhang J. Mixed Alkyl/Aryl Diphos Ligands for Iron‐Catalyzed Negishi and Kumada Cross Coupling Towards the Synthesis of Diarylmethane. ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202101237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xufeng Ma
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science and Technology 130 Mei Long Road Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| | - Han Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science and Technology 130 Mei Long Road Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| | - Yao Liu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science and Technology 130 Mei Long Road Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| | - Xing Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science and Technology 130 Mei Long Road Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science and Technology 130 Mei Long Road Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
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32
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Liu L, Aguilera MC, Lee W, Youshaw CR, Neidig ML, Gutierrez O. General method for iron-catalyzed multicomponent radical cascades-cross-couplings. Science 2021; 374:432-439. [PMID: 34672739 DOI: 10.1126/science.abj6005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | | | - Wes Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Cassandra R Youshaw
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Michael L Neidig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Osvaldo Gutierrez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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33
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Lefèvre G. Iron-catalyzed coupling of three reactants. Science 2021; 374:396-397. [PMID: 34672754 DOI: 10.1126/science.abl4762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Lefèvre
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, CSB2D, 75005 Paris, France
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34
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Wolford NJ, Muñoz SB, Neate PGN, Brennessel WW, Neidig ML. NHC Effects on Reduction Dynamics in Iron-Catalyzed Organic Transformations*. Chemistry 2021; 27:13651-13658. [PMID: 34214195 PMCID: PMC8463511 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The high abundance, low toxicity and rich redox chemistry of iron has resulted in a surge of iron-catalyzed organic transformations over the last two decades. Within this area, N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands have been widely utilized to achieve high yields across reactions including cross-coupling and C-H alkylation, amongst others. Central to the development of iron-NHC catalytic methods is the understanding of iron speciation and the propensity of these species to undergo reduction events, as low-valent iron species can be advantageous or undesirable from one system to the next. This study highlights the importance of the identity of the NHC on iron speciation upon reaction with EtMgBr, where reactions with SIMes and IMes NHCs were shown to undergo β-hydride elimination more readily than those with SIPr and IPr NHCs. This insight is vital to developing new iron-NHC catalyzed transformations as understanding how to control this reduction by simply changing the NHC is central to improving the reactivity in iron-NHC catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki J Wolford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Rd, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Salvador B Muñoz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Rd, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Peter G N Neate
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Rd, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - William W Brennessel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Rd, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Michael L Neidig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Rd, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
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35
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Wowk V, Rousseau L, Lefèvre G. Importance of Two-Electron Processes in Fe-Catalyzed Aryl-(hetero)aryl Cross-Couplings: Evidence of Fe 0/Fe II Couple Implication. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Wowk
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, CSB2D, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Lidie Rousseau
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, CSB2D, 75005 Paris, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Guillaume Lefèvre
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, CSB2D, 75005 Paris, France
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36
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Shahid N, Burrows KE, Howard MJ, Pask CM, Cespedes O, McGowan PC, Halcrow MA. Spin-States of Diastereomeric Iron(II) Complexes of 2,6-Bis(thiazolin-2-yl)pyridine (ThioPyBox) Ligands and a Comparison with the Corresponding PyBox Derivatives. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:14336-14348. [PMID: 34472842 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This report investigates homoleptic iron(II) complexes of thiazolinyl analogues of chiral PyBox tridentate ligands: 2,6-bis(4-phenyl-4,5-dihydrothiazol-2-yl)pyridine (L1Ph), 2,6-bis(4-isopropyl-4,5-dihydrothiazol-2-yl)pyridine (L1iPr), and 2,6-bis(4-tert-butyl-4,5-dihydrothiazol-2-yl)pyridine (L1t-Bu). Crystallographic data imply the larger and more flexible thiazolinyl rings reduce steric clashes between the R substituents in homochiral [Fe((R)-L1R)2]2+ or [Fe((S)-L1R)2]2+ (R = Ph, iPr, or t-Bu), compared to their PyBox (L2R) analogues. Conversely, the larger heterocyclic S atoms are in close contact with the R substituents in heterochiral [Fe((R)-L1Ph)((S)-L1Ph)]2+, giving it a more sterically hindered ligand environment than that in [Fe((R)-L2Ph)((S)-L2Ph)]2+ (L2Ph = 2,6-bis(4-phenyl-4,5-dihydrooxazol-2-yl)pyridine). Preformed [Fe((R)-L1Ph)((S)-L1Ph)]2+ and [Fe((R)-L1iPr)((S)-L1iPr)]2+ do not racemize by ligand redistribution in CD3CN solution, but homochiral [Fe(L1iPr)2]2+ and [Fe(L1t-Bu)2]2+ both undergo partial ligand displacement in that solvent. Homochiral [Fe(L1Ph)2]2+ and [Fe(L1iPr)2]2+ exhibit spin-crossover equilibria in CD3CN, centered at 344 ± 6 K and 277 ± 1 K respectively, while their heterochiral congeners are essentially low-spin within the liquid range of the solvent. These data imply that the diastereomers of [Fe(L1Ph)2]2+ and [Fe(L1iPr)2]2+ show a greater difference in their spin-state behaviors than was previous found for [Fe(L2Ph)2]2+. Gas-phase DFT calculations (B86PW91/def2-SVP) of the [Fe(L1R)2]2+ and [Fe(L2R)2]2+ complexes reproduce most of the observed trends, but they overstabilize the high-spin state of SCO-active [Fe(L1iPr)2]2+ by ca. 1.5 kcal mol-1. This might reflect the influence of intramolecular dispersion interactions on the spin states of these compounds. Attempts to model this with the dispersion-corrected functionals B97-D2 or PBE-D3 were less successful than our original protocol, confirming that the spin states of sterically hindered molecules are a challenging computational problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrah Shahid
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Kay E Burrows
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J Howard
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher M Pask
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Oscar Cespedes
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, E. C. Stoner Building, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick C McGowan
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm A Halcrow
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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37
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Carpenter SH, Billow BS, Tondreau AM. Diastereoselective Template Synthesis on Iron and Uranium. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Brennan S. Billow
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87544, United States
| | - Aaron M. Tondreau
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87544, United States
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38
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Auth T, Grabarics M, Schlangen M, Pagel K, Koszinowski K. Modular Ion Mobility Calibrants for Organometallic Anions Based on Tetraorganylborate Salts. Anal Chem 2021; 93:9797-9807. [PMID: 34227799 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Organometallics are widely used in catalysis and synthesis. Their analysis relies heavily on mass spectrometric methods, among which traveling-wave ion mobility spectrometry (TWIMS) has gained increasing importance. Collision cross sections (CCS) obtainable by TWIMS significantly aid the structural characterization of ions in the gas phase, but for organometallics, their accuracy has been limited by the lack of appropriate calibrants. Here, we propose tetraorganylborates and their alkali-metal bound oligomers [Mn-1(BR4)n]- (M = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs; R = aryl, Et; n = 1-6) as calibrants for electrospray ionization (ESI) TWIMS. These species chemically resemble typical organometallics and readily form upon negative-ion mode ESI of solutions of alkali-metal tetraorganylborates. By combining different tetraorganylborate salts, we have generated a large number of anions in a modular manner and determined their CCS values by drift-tube ion mobility spectrometry (DTIMS) (DTCCSHe = 81-585, DTCCSN2 = 130-704 Å2). In proof-of-concept experiments, we then applied these DTCCS values to the calibration of a TWIMS instrument and analyzed phenylcuprate and argentate anions, [Lin-1MnPh2n]- and [MnPhn+1]- (M = Cu, Ag), as prototypical reactive organometallics. The TWCCSN2 values derived from TWIMS measurements are in excellent agreement with those determined by DTIMS (<2% relative difference), demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed calibration scheme. Moreover, we used theoretical methods to predict the structures and CCS values of the anions considered. These predictions are in good agreement with the experimental results and give further insight into the trends governing the assembly of tetraorganylborate, cuprate, and argentate oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Auth
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Márkó Grabarics
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, Berlin 14195, Germany.,Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Abteilung Molekülphysik, Faradayweg 4-6, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Maria Schlangen
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 115, Berlin 10623, Germany
| | - Kevin Pagel
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, Berlin 14195, Germany.,Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Abteilung Molekülphysik, Faradayweg 4-6, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Konrad Koszinowski
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, Göttingen 37077, Germany
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39
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Xiao S, Liu C, Song B, Wang L, Qi Y, Liu Y. Samarium-based Grignard-type addition of organohalides to carbonyl compounds under catalysis of CuI. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:6169-6172. [PMID: 34047318 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc00965f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Grignard-type additions were readily achieved under the mediation of CuI (10 mol%) and samarium (2 equiv.) by employing various organohalides, e.g. benzyl, aryl, heterocyclic and aliphatic halides (Cl, Br or I), and diverse carbonyl compounds (e.g. carbonic esters, carboxylic esters, acid anhydrides, acyl chlorides, ketones, aldehydes, propylene epoxides and formamides) to afford alcohols, ketones and aldehydes, respectively, with high efficiency and chemoselectivity, in which the organosamarium intermediate might be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhuan Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Chen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Bin Song
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Liang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Changcheng Rd. #700, Qingdao 266109, P. R. China
| | - Yan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Yongjun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
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40
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Magallón C, Planas O, Roldán-Gómez S, Luis JM, Company A, Ribas X. Well-Defined Aryl-Fe II Complexes in Cross-Coupling and C–H Activation Processes. Organometallics 2021; 40:1195-1200. [PMID: 36158566 PMCID: PMC9490821 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Herein
we explore the intrinsic organometallic reactivity of iron
embedded in a tetradentate N3C macrocyclic ligand scaffold
that allows the stabilization of aryl-Fe species, which are key intermediates
in Fe-catalyzed cross-coupling and C–H functionalization processes.
This study covers C–H activation reactions using MeLH and FeCl2, biaryl C–C coupling product formation through reaction
with Grignard reagents, and cross-coupling reactions using MeLBr or HLBr in combination
with Fe0(CO)5. Synthesis under light irradiation
and moderate heating (50 °C) affords the aryl-FeII complexes [FeII(Br)(MeL)(CO)] (1Me) and [FeII(HL)(CO)2]Br (1H). Exhaustive spectroscopic characterization
of these rare low-spin diamagnetic species, including their crystal
structures, allowed the investigation of their intrinsic reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Magallón
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17003, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Oriol Planas
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17003, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Steven Roldán-Gómez
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17003, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Josep M. Luis
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17003, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anna Company
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17003, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Xavi Ribas
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17003, Catalonia, Spain
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41
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Rousseau L, Touati N, Binet L, Thuéry P, Lefèvre G. Relevance of Single-Transmetalated Resting States in Iron-Mediated Cross-Couplings: Unexpected Role of σ-Donating Additives. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:7991-7997. [PMID: 33970604 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Control of the transmetalation degree of organoiron(II) species is a critical parameter in numerous Fe-catalyzed cross-couplings to ensure the success of the process. In this report, we however demonstrate that the selective formation of a monotransmetalated FeII species during the catalytic regime counterintuitively does not alone ensure an efficient suppression of the nucleophile homocoupling side reaction. It is conversely shown that a fine control of the transmetalation degree of the transient FeIII intermediates obtained after the activation of alkyl electrophiles by a single-electron transfer (SET), achievable using σ-donating additives, accounts for the selectivity of the cross-coupling pathway. This report shows for the first time that both coordination spheres of FeII resting states and FeIII short-lived intermediates must be efficiently tuned during the catalytic regime to ensure high coupling selectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidie Rousseau
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, CSB2D, 75005 Paris, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Nadia Touati
- ChimieParisTech, Université PSL, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie-Paris, PCMTH, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Laurent Binet
- ChimieParisTech, Université PSL, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie-Paris, PCMTH, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Pierre Thuéry
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Guillaume Lefèvre
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, CSB2D, 75005 Paris, France
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42
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43
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Adak L, Hatakeyama T, Nakamura M. Iron-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions Tuned by Bulky Ortho-Phenylene Bisphosphine Ligands. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20200392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laksmikanta Adak
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Botanic Garden, Howrah 711103, India
| | - Takuji Hatakeyama
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| | - Masaharu Nakamura
- International Research Center for Elements Science, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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44
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Fürstner A. Iron Catalyzed C–C-Bond Formation: From Canonical Cross Coupling to a Quest for New Reactivity. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20200319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alois Fürstner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
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45
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He S, Li H, Chen X, Krylov IB, Terent'ev AO, Qu L, Yu B. Advances of N-Hydroxyphthalimide Esters in Photocatalytic Alkylation Reactions. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202105041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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46
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Hirscher NA, Arnett CH, Oyala PH, Agapie T. Characterization of Cr-Hydrocarbyl Species via Pulse EPR in the Study of Ethylene Tetramerization Catalysis. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathanael A. Hirscher
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Charles H. Arnett
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Paul H. Oyala
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Theodor Agapie
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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47
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Gangadurai C, Illa GT, Reddy DS. FeCl 3-catalyzed oxidative decarboxylation of aryl/heteroaryl acetic acids: preparation of selected API impurities. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:8459-8466. [PMID: 33057544 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01790f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
There is an ever-increasing demand for impurity compounds for use in impurity profiling as regulatory agencies seek information during registration. Herein, we report the FeCl3-catalyzed oxidative decarboxylation of aryl- and heteroaryl acetic acids to the corresponding carbonyl compounds. A variety of useful aldehydes and ketones were prepared in a simple one-pot transformation by employing an environmentally benign, low-cost, and readily available iron salt. The utility of this method has been demonstrated by preparing five valuable API impurities including a multi-gram-scale synthesis of ketorolac impurity B for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giri Teja Illa
- Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-411008, India.
| | - D Srinivasa Reddy
- Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-411008, India. and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
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48
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Sharma AK, Nakamura M. A DFT Study on Fe I/Fe II/Fe III Mechanism of the Cross-Coupling between Haloalkane and Aryl Grignard Reagent Catalyzed by Iron-SciOPP Complexes. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25163612. [PMID: 32784472 PMCID: PMC7465158 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
To explore plausible reaction pathways of the cross-coupling reaction between a haloalkane and an aryl metal reagent catalyzed by an iron–phosphine complex, we examine the reaction of FeBrPh(SciOPP) 1 and bromocycloheptane employing density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Besides the cross-coupling, we also examined the competitive pathways of β-hydrogen elimination to give the corresponding alkene byproduct. The DFT study on the reaction pathways explains the cross-coupling selectivity over the elimination in terms of FeI/FeII/FeIII mechanism which involves the generation of alkyl radical intermediates and their propagation in a chain reaction manner. The present study gives insight into the detailed molecular mechanic of the cross-coupling reaction and revises the FeII/FeII mechanisms previously proposed by us and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhilesh K. Sharma
- International Research Center for Elements Science (IRCELS), Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan;
| | - Masaharu Nakamura
- International Research Center for Elements Science (IRCELS), Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan;
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-774-38-3180
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49
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Liu L, Lee W, Youshaw CR, Yuan M, Geherty MB, Zavalij PY, Gutierrez O. Fe-catalyzed three-component dicarbofunctionalization of unactivated alkenes with alkyl halides and Grignard reagents. Chem Sci 2020; 11:8301-8305. [PMID: 34094183 PMCID: PMC8163237 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc02127j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A highly chemoselective iron-catalyzed three-component dicarbofunctionalization of unactivated olefins with alkyl halides (iodides and bromides) and sp2-hybridized Grignard reagents is reported. The reaction operates under fast turnover frequency and tolerates a diverse range of sp2-hybridized nucleophiles (electron-rich and electron-deficient (hetero)aryl and alkenyl Grignard reagents), alkyl halides (tertiary alkyl iodides/bromides and perfluorinated bromides), and unactivated olefins bearing diverse functional groups including tethered alkenes, ethers, protected alcohols, aldehydes, and amines to yield the desired 1,2-alkylarylated products with high regiocontrol. Further, we demonstrate that this protocol is amenable for the synthesis of new (hetero)carbocycles including tetrahydrofurans and pyrrolidines via a three-component radical cascade cyclization/arylation that forges three new C-C bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland College Park Maryland 20742 USA
| | - Wes Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland College Park Maryland 20742 USA
| | - Cassandra R Youshaw
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland College Park Maryland 20742 USA
| | - Mingbin Yuan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland College Park Maryland 20742 USA
| | - Michael B Geherty
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland College Park Maryland 20742 USA
| | - Peter Y Zavalij
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland College Park Maryland 20742 USA
| | - Osvaldo Gutierrez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland College Park Maryland 20742 USA
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Messinis AM, Finger LH, Hu L, Ackermann L. Allenes for Versatile Iron-Catalyzed C-H Activation by Weak O-Coordination: Mechanistic Insights by Kinetics, Intermediate Isolation, and Computation. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:13102-13111. [PMID: 32536163 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c04837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The iron-catalyzed hydroarylation of allenes was accomplished by weak phenone assistance. The C-H activation proceeded with excellent efficacy and high ortho-regioselectivity in proximity to the weakly coordinating carbonyl group for a range of substituted phenones and allenes. Detailed mechanistic studies, including the isolation of key intermediates, the structural characterization of an iron-metallacycle, and kinetic analysis, allowed the sound elucidation of a plausible catalytic working mode. This mechanistic rationale is supported by detailed computational density functional theory studies, which fully address multi-spin-state reactivity. Furthermore, in operando nuclear magnetic resonance monitoring of the catalytic reaction provided detailed insights into the mode of action of the iron-catalyzed C-H alkylation with allenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonis M Messinis
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Lars H Finger
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Lianrui Hu
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, Göttingen 37077, Germany.,WISCh (Wöhler-Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, Göttingen 37077, Germany
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