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Zhang Y, Li J, Jiao S, Li Y, Zhou Y, Zhang X, Maryam B, Liu X. Microfluidic sensors for the detection of emerging contaminants in water: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 929:172734. [PMID: 38663621 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, numerous emerging contaminants have been identified in surface water, groundwater, and drinking water. Developing novel sensing methods for detecting diverse emerging pollutants in water is urgently needed, as even at low concentrations, these pollutants can pose a serious threat to human health and environmental safety. Traditional testing methods are based on laboratory equipment, which is highly sensitive but complex to operate, costly, and not suitable for on-site monitoring. Microfluidic sensors offer several benefits, including rapid evaluation, minimal sample usage, accurate liquid manipulation, compact size, automation, and in-situ detection capabilities. They provide promising and efficient analytical tools for high-performance sensing platforms in monitoring emerging contaminants in water. In this paper, recent research advances in microfluidic sensors for the detection of emerging contaminants in water are reviewed. Initially, a concise overview is provided about the various substrate materials, corresponding microfabrication techniques, different driving forces, and commonly used detection techniques for microfluidic devices. Subsequently, a comprehensive analysis is conducted on microfluidic detection methods for endocrine-disrupting chemicals, pharmaceuticals and personal care products, microplastics, and perfluorinated compounds. Finally, the prospects and future challenges of microfluidic sensors in this field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihao Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
| | - Jiaxuan Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
| | - Shipu Jiao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
| | - Bushra Maryam
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
| | - Xianhua Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China.
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Fang C, Luo Y, Naidu R. Advancements in Raman imaging for nanoplastic analysis: Challenges, algorithms and future Perspectives. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1290:342069. [PMID: 38246736 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.342069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While the concept of microplastic (<5 mm) is well-established, emergence of nanoplastics (<1000 nm) as a new contaminant presents a recent and evolving challenge. The field of nanoplastic research remains in its early stages, and its progress is contingent upon the development of reliable and practical analytical methods, which are currently lacking. This review aims to address the intricacies of nanoplastic analysis by providing a comprehensive overview on the application of advanced imaging techniques, with a particular focus on Raman imaging, for nanoplastic identification and simultaneous visualisation towards quantification. RESULTS Although Raman imaging via hyper spectrum is a potentially powerful tool to analyse nanoplastics, several challenges should be overcome. The first challenge lies in the weak Raman signal of nanoplastics. To address this, effective sample preparation and signal enhancement techniques can be implemented, such as by analysing the hyper spectrum that contains hundred-to-thousand spectra, rather than a single spectrum. Second challenge is the complexity of Raman hyperspectral matrix with dataset size at megabyte (MB) or even bigger, which can be adopted using different algorithms ranging from image merging to multivariate analysis of chemometrics. Third challenge is the laser size that hinders the visualisation of small nanoplastics due to the laser diffraction (λ/2NA, ∼300 nm), which can be solved with involving the use of super-resolution. Signal processing, such as colour off-setting, Gaussian fitting (via deconvolution), and re-focus or image re-construction, are reviewed herein, which show a great promise for breaking through the diffraction limit. SIGNIFICANCE Overall, current studies along with further validation are imperative to refine these approaches and enhance the reliability, not only for nanoplastics research but also for broader investigations in the realm of nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Fang
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.
| | - Yunlong Luo
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
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Azeem I, Shakoor N, Chaudhary S, Adeel M, Zain M, Ahmad MA, Li Y, Zhu G, Shah SAA, Khan K, Khan AA, Xu M, Rui Y. Analytical challenges in detecting microplastics and nanoplastics in soil-plant systems. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 204:108132. [PMID: 37918078 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPx) and nanoplastics (NPx) are increasingly accumulating in terrestrial ecosystems, heightening concerns about their potential adverse effects on human health via the food chain. Techniques aimed at recovering the most challenging colloidal fractions of MPx and NPx, especially for analytical purposes, are limited. This systematic review emphasises the absence of a universal, efficient, and cost-effective analytical method as the primary hindrance to studying MPx and NPx in soil and plant samples. The study reveals that several methods, including density separation, organic matter removal, and filtration, are utilized to detect MPx or NPx in soil through vibrational spectroscopy and visual identification. Instruments such as Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (Py-GCMS), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy, and fluorescence microscopy are employed to identify MPx and NPx in plant tissue. In extraction procedures, organic solvents and sonication are used to isolate NPx from plant tissues, while Pyrolysis GC-MS quantifies the plastics. SEM and TEM serve to observe and characterize NPx within plant tissues. Additionally, FTIR and fluorescence microscopy are utilized to identify polymers of MPx and NPx based on their spectral characteristics and fluorescence signals. The findings from this review clarify the identification and quantification methods for MPx and NPx in soil and plant systems and provide a comprehensive methodology for assessing MPx/NPx in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Azeem
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation and College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Noman Shakoor
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation and College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Sadaf Chaudhary
- Department of Botany, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Adeel
- BNU-HKUST Laboratory of Green Innovation, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, 18 Jinfeng Road, Tangjiawan, Zhuhai, Guangdong, PR China.
| | - Muhammad Zain
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China
| | - Muhammad Arslan Ahmad
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-environmental Science, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, PR China
| | - Yuanbo Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation and College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Guikai Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation and College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Syed Aizaz Ali Shah
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Kashif Khan
- College of Harbin, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Adnan Anwar Khan
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Ming Xu
- Department of Botany, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Yukui Rui
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation and College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
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Ece E, Hacıosmanoğlu N, Inci F. Microfluidics as a Ray of Hope for Microplastic Pollution. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:332. [PMID: 36979544 PMCID: PMC10046247 DOI: 10.3390/bios13030332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic (MP) pollution is rising at an alarming rate, imposing overwhelming problems for the ecosystem. The impact of MPs on life and environmental cycles has already reached a point of no return; yet global awareness of this issue and regulations regarding MP exposure could change this situation in favor of human health. Detection and separation methods for different MPs need to be deployed to achieve the goal of reversing the effect of MPs. Microfluidics is a well-established technology that enables to manipulate samples in microliter volumes in an unprecedented manner. Owing to its low cost, ease of operation, and high efficiency, microfluidics holds immense potential to tackle unmet challenges in MP. In this review, conventional MP detection and separation technologies are comprehensively reviewed, along with state-of-the-art examples of microfluidic platforms. In addition, we herein denote an insight into future directions for microfluidics and how this technology would provide a more efficient solution to potentially eradicate MP pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Ece
- UNAM-National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Nedim Hacıosmanoğlu
- UNAM-National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Fatih Inci
- UNAM-National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
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Ritschar S, Hüftlein F, Schell LM, Brehm J, Laforsch C. Taking advantage of transparency: A proof-of-principle for the analysis of the uptake of labeled microplastic particles by organisms of different functional feeding guilds using an adapted CUBIC protocol. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 832:154922. [PMID: 35364168 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of the ingestion of microplastics (MP) by biota is frequently performed through invasive procedures such as chemical digestion protocols or by histological analysis of thin sections. Different, promising approaches for the observation of ingested MP particles pose so called tissue clearing methods. They are currently applied to organs, tissue samples, or whole organisms, rendering the sample transparent and enable to look inside an otherwise opaque environment. To date, there is a lack of methods to detect labeled MP inside an opaque organism's digestive tract without interfering with the sample's integrity. Therefore, our goal was to adapt the CUBIC tissue clearing protocol (Clear, Unobstructed Brain/Body Imaging Cocktails and Computational Analysis) for aquatic and terrestrial organisms of various functional feeding groups for the analysis of the uptake of fluorescent labeled microplastic (MP) particles. We included the buff-tailed bumblebee Bombus terrestris, the compost worm Eisenia fetida, the woodlouse Porcellio scaber, the freshwater shrimp Gammarus roeselii, and the quagga mussel Dreissena bugensis in the analysis. The adapted CUBIC method has led to transparency in all normally opaque organisms. It further offers a simple way of locating fluorescent labeled MP inside the digestive system of the different organisms while leaving them intact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Ritschar
- Department of Animal Ecology I, University of Bayreuth, Germany
| | | | | | - Julian Brehm
- Department of Animal Ecology I, University of Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Christian Laforsch
- Department of Animal Ecology I, University of Bayreuth, Germany; BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Germany.
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Kotula AP, Orski SV, Brignac KC, Lynch JM, Heilala BMJ. Time-gated Raman spectroscopy of recovered plastics. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 181:113894. [PMID: 35785722 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy is a powerful non-destructive technique for the identification and characterization of plastics, but a major shortcoming of this technique is that environmental weathering, dyes, and additives in the material can generate a strong fluorescence background that overwhelms the Raman scattering. Here, we demonstrate that time-gated Raman spectroscopy can be used to successfully reduce the fluorescence signal and measure Raman spectra of recovered plastics. Time-gating removes a significant amount of background signal from the Raman spectra such that the polymers and color additives can be identified using similar measurement times compared to continuous-wave Raman spectroscopy. Examples of this are shown for a small subset of samples recovered from Hawaiian marine environments and a nonweathered commercial plastic. Time-gated Raman spectroscopy can also be used to characterize samples that are black in color due to carbon-based additives like graphite, which can be challenging to characterize via other common vibrational spectroscopic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Kotula
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States of America.
| | - Sara V Orski
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States of America
| | - Kayla C Brignac
- Center for Marine Debris Research, Hawai'i Pacific University, Waimānalo, HI 96795, United States of America
| | - Jennifer M Lynch
- Center for Marine Debris Research, Hawai'i Pacific University, Waimānalo, HI 96795, United States of America; Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Waimānalo, HI 96795, United States of America
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Ly NH, Kim MK, Lee H, Lee C, Son SJ, Zoh KD, Vasseghian Y, Joo SW. Advanced microplastic monitoring using Raman spectroscopy with a combination of nanostructure-based substrates. JOURNAL OF NANOSTRUCTURE IN CHEMISTRY 2022; 12:865-888. [PMID: 35757049 PMCID: PMC9206222 DOI: 10.1007/s40097-022-00506-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Micro(nano)plastic (MNP) pollutants have not only impacted human health directly, but are also associated with numerous chemical contaminants that increase toxicity in the natural environment. Most recent research about increasing plastic pollutants in natural environments have focused on the toxic effects of MNPs in water, the atmosphere, and soil. The methodologies of MNP identification have been extensively developed for actual applications, but they still require further study, including on-site detection. This review article provides a comprehensive update on the facile detection of MNPs by Raman spectroscopy, which aims at early diagnosis of potential risks and human health impacts. In particular, Raman imaging and nanostructure-enhanced Raman scattering have emerged as effective analytical technologies for identifying MNPs in an environment. Here, the authors give an update on the latest advances in plasmonic nanostructured materials-assisted SERS substrates utilized for the detection of MNP particles present in environmental samples. Moreover, this work describes different plasmonic materials-including pure noble metal nanostructured materials and hybrid nanomaterials-that have been used to fabricate and develop SERS platforms to obtain the identifying MNP particles at low concentrations. Plasmonic nanostructure-enhanced materials consisting of pure noble metals and hybrid nanomaterials can significantly enhance the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra signals of pollutant analytes due to their localized hot spots. This concise topical review also provides updates on recent developments and trends in MNP detection by means of SERS using a variety of unique materials, along with three-dimensional (3D) SERS substrates, nanopipettes, and microfluidic chips. A novel material-assisted spectral Raman technique and its effective application are also introduced for selective monitoring and trace detection of MNPs in indoor and outdoor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyễn Hoàng Ly
- Department of Chemistry, Gachon University, Seongnam, 13120 Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Kyung Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyewon Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seokyeong University, Seoul, 02713 Republic of Korea
| | - Cheolmin Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seokyeong University, Seoul, 02713 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Jun Son
- Department of Chemistry, Gachon University, Seongnam, 13120 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Duk Zoh
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Yasser Vasseghian
- Department of Chemistry, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Woo Joo
- Department of Chemistry, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978 Republic of Korea
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Ma C, Chen Q, Li J, Li B, Liang W, Su L, Shi H. Distribution and translocation of micro- and nanoplastics in fish. Crit Rev Toxicol 2022; 51:740-753. [PMID: 35166176 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2021.2024495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) are regarded as emerging particulate contaminants. Here, we first summarize the distribution of plastic particles in fish. Field investigations verify the presence of various kinds of fibrous, spherical, and fragmentary MPs in fish gastrointestinal tract and gills, and specifically in muscle and liver. Laboratory works demonstrate that NPs even penetrate into blood vessels of fish and pass onto next generations. Second, we systematically discuss the translocation ability of MPs and NPs in fish. MPs can enter early-developing fish through adherence, and enter adult fish internal organs by intestine absorption or epidermis infiltration. NPs can not only penetrate into fish embryo blastopores, but also reach adult fish internal organs through blood circulation. Third, the cellular basis for translocation of plastic particles, NPs in particular, into cells are critically reviewed. Endocytosis and paracellular penetration are two main pathways for them to enter cells and intercellular space, respectively. Finally, we compare the chemical and physical properties among various particular pollutants (MPs, NPs, settleable particulate matters, and manufactured nanomaterials) and their translocation processes at different biological levels. In future studies, it is urgent to break through the bottleneck techniques for NPs quantification in field environmental matrix and organisms, re-confirm the existence of MPs and NPs in field organisms, and develop more detailed translocating mechanisms of MPs and NPs by applying cutting-edge tracking techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuizhu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiqing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiawei Li
- Department of Geography, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Bowen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiwenhui Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Su
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huahong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Eco-Chongming, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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Liu G, Hua Y, Gras R, Luong J. Targeted Analysis of Microplastics Using Discrete Frequency Infrared Imaging. Anal Chem 2022; 94:3029-3034. [PMID: 35133804 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An analytical strategy to improve sample throughput with discrete frequency infrared image-based targeted analysis of microplastics using a laser direct infrared chemical imaging system was successfully developed and implemented. Leveraging a quantum cascade laser as a light source, the system could lock the frequency at predetermined wavelengths and use a discrete frequency infrared imaging technique to identify particles with absorption at desired wavelengths. In this way, targeted analysis can be achieved by selectively characterizing these particles. In the concept demonstration study, the targeted analysis was able to identify 87.7% of spiked polyethylene particles by scanning only 20% of the particles in the sample. The technique substantially improves sample throughput by at least a factor of 4 under conditions used. In the tests performed with real environmental samples, the targeted analysis workflow correctly identified eight types of common microplastics by only investigating around 60% of the particles and less than 30% of the sample area. Results obtained demonstrated that this scanning strategy is a game changer to enhance sample throughput in microplastic analysis. The technique has the potential of being applied to other infrared-based analytical platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Liu
- Dow Canada ULC, P.O. Bag 16, Hwy 15, Fort Saskatchewan, AB T8L 2P4, Canada
| | - Yujuan Hua
- Dow Canada ULC, P.O. Bag 16, Hwy 15, Fort Saskatchewan, AB T8L 2P4, Canada
| | - Ronda Gras
- Dow Canada ULC, P.O. Bag 16, Hwy 15, Fort Saskatchewan, AB T8L 2P4, Canada
| | - Jim Luong
- Dow Canada ULC, P.O. Bag 16, Hwy 15, Fort Saskatchewan, AB T8L 2P4, Canada
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