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Lemmink IB, Straub LV, Bovee TFH, Mulder PPJ, Zuilhof H, Salentijn GI, Righetti L. Recent advances and challenges in the analysis of natural toxins. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2024; 110:67-144. [PMID: 38906592 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2024.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Natural toxins (NTs) are poisonous secondary metabolites produced by living organisms developed to ward off predators. Especially low molecular weight NTs (MW<∼1 kDa), such as mycotoxins, phycotoxins, and plant toxins, are considered an important and growing food safety concern. Therefore, accurate risk assessment of food and feed for the presence of NTs is crucial. Currently, the analysis of NTs is predominantly performed with targeted high pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) methods. Although these methods are highly sensitive and accurate, they are relatively expensive and time-consuming, while unknown or unexpected NTs will be missed. To overcome this, novel on-site screening methods and non-targeted HPLC high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) methods have been developed. On-site screening methods can give non-specialists the possibility for broad "scanning" of potential geographical regions of interest, while also providing sensitive and specific analysis at the point-of-need. Non-targeted chromatography-HRMS methods can detect unexpected as well as unknown NTs and their metabolites in a lab-based approach. The aim of this chapter is to provide an insight in the recent advances, challenges, and perspectives in the field of NTs analysis both from the on-site and the laboratory perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ids B Lemmink
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Leonie V Straub
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Toine F H Bovee
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick P J Mulder
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Han Zuilhof
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Gert Ij Salentijn
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Laura Righetti
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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2
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Sorokin AA, Pekov SI, Zavorotnyuk DS, Shamraeva MM, Bormotov DS, Popov IA. Modern machine-learning applications in ambient ionization mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024. [PMID: 38671553 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
This article provides a comprehensive overview of the applications of methods of machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) in ambient ionization mass spectrometry (AIMS). AIMS has emerged as a powerful analytical tool in recent years, allowing for rapid and sensitive analysis of various samples without the need for extensive sample preparation. The integration of ML/AI algorithms with AIMS has further expanded its capabilities, enabling enhanced data analysis. This review discusses ML/AI algorithms applicable to the AIMS data and highlights the key advancements and potential benefits of utilizing ML/AI in the field of mass spectrometry, with a focus on the AIMS community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly A Sorokin
- Laboratory of Molecular Medical Diagnostics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Stanislav I Pekov
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
- Translational Medicine Laboratory, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia
- Department for Molecular and Biological Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Denis S Zavorotnyuk
- Laboratory of Molecular Medical Diagnostics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Mariya M Shamraeva
- Laboratory of Molecular Medical Diagnostics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Denis S Bormotov
- Laboratory of Molecular Medical Diagnostics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Igor A Popov
- Laboratory of Molecular Medical Diagnostics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
- Translational Medicine Laboratory, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia
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3
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Ji J, Zhang Y, Zou B, Dong L, Wang A, Wu X, Zhou H, Chen Z, Zhang Y, Liu Y. Rapid determination of glyphosate and glufosinate in human blood by probe electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1722:464846. [PMID: 38579612 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
In forensic science, glyphosate (GLYP) and glufosinate (GLUF), a class of non-selective broad-spectrum herbicides, have been frequently encountered in many fatal poisoning and suicide cases due to their widespread availability. Therefore, it is essential to develop an effective method for detecting these compounds. Some conventional methods, such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) or liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), have been reported to detect these compounds. However, these methods are not ideal for their time-consuming and non-sensitive feature. Herein, probe electrospray ionization (PESI) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), a fast and sensitive technique, was applied for the determination of GLYP and GLUF in human blood, which can obtain analytical results within 0.5 min without derivatization and chromatographic separation. After protein precipitation of blood samples, the supernatant was mixed with isopropanol and ultra-pure water (1:1 v/v). Then, 8 μL of the mixture was introduced into the plastic sample plate for PESI-MS/MS analysis. The limits of detection (LODs) of the method were 0.50 μg/mL and 0.25 μg/mL for two analytes, and the limits of quantitation (LOQs) were both 1.00 μg/mL, which are higher than the concentration of reported poisoning and fatal cases. In the linear range of 1-500 μg/mL, the regression coefficients (r2) for GLYP and GLUF were over 0.99. The matrix effects ranged from 94.8 % to 119.5 %, and the biases were below 4.3 %. The recoveries ranged between 84.8 % and 107.4 %, and the biases were below 7.6 %. Meanwhile, the method was effectively utilized to detect and quantify the blood, urine, and other samples. Consequently, the results suggest that PESI-MS/MS is a straightforward, fast, and sensitive method for detecting GLUF and GLYP in forensics. In the future, PESI-MS/MS will become an indispensable technique for polar substances in grassroots units of public security where rapid detection is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahua Ji
- School of Criminal Investigation, People's Public Security University of China, Beijing 100038, China; Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Yunfeng Zhang
- Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing 100038, China; State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bo Zou
- Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Linpei Dong
- Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Aihua Wang
- Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Zhenhe Chen
- Shimadzu China Innovation Center, Shimadzu China, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Forensic Science Service of Beijing Public Security Bureau, Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing 100192, China
| | - Yao Liu
- Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing 100038, China.
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4
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Mathias S, Amerio-Cox M, Jackson T, Douce D, Sage A, Luke P, Sleeman R, Crean C, Sears P. Selectivity of Explosives Analysis with Ambient Ionization Single Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry: Implications for Trace Detection. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024; 35:50-61. [PMID: 38086767 PMCID: PMC10767746 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Ambient ionization (AI) is a rapidly growing field in mass spectrometry (MS). It allows for the direct analysis of samples without any sample preparation, making it a promising technique for the detection of explosives. Previous studies have shown that AI can be used to detect a variety of explosives, but the exact gas-phase reactions that occur during ionization are not fully understood. This is further complicated by differences in mass spectrometers and individual experimental set ups between researchers. This study investigated the gas-phase ion reactions of five different explosives using a variety of AI techniques coupled to a Waters QDa mass spectrometer to identify selective ions for explosive detection and identification based on the applied ambient ionization technique. The results showed that the choice of the ion source can have a significant impact on the number of ions observed. This can affect the sensitivity and selectivity of the data produced. The findings of this study provide new insights into the gas-phase ion reactions of explosives and could lead to the development of more sensitive and selective AI-based methods for their detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Mathias
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University
of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, U.K.
| | - Marius Amerio-Cox
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University
of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, U.K.
| | - Toni Jackson
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University
of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, U.K.
| | - David Douce
- Waters
Corporation, Stamford
Avenue, Wilmslow SK9 4AX, U.K.
| | - Ashley Sage
- Waters
Corporation, Stamford
Avenue, Wilmslow SK9 4AX, U.K.
| | - Peter Luke
- Mass
Spec Analytical, Future Space UWE North Gate, Bristol BS34 8RB, U.K.
| | - Richard Sleeman
- Mass
Spec Analytical, Future Space UWE North Gate, Bristol BS34 8RB, U.K.
| | - Carol Crean
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University
of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, U.K.
| | - Patrick Sears
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University
of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, U.K.
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5
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Braga KBN, Maciel LÍL, Vaz BG, Pinto L, Santos JM. A rapid and direct method for dating blue pen ink in documents using multiset modeling of infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry data. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:6523-6530. [PMID: 37987504 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay01732j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The dating of documents is crucial in forensic chemistry, particularly for verifying their authenticity. This study aimed to develop a rapid and direct method for the dating of pen ink in documents, using a combination of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in attenuated reflectance mode (FTIR-ATR), desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DESI-MS) and multiple ensemble data modeling. Two sets of paper document samples containing writing in blue pen ink were investigated: (I) artificially aged documents and (II) real documents dating from 1960 to 2022. The FTIR-ATR spectra of both sets of samples showed a decrease in absorbance at ∼1584 cm-1, related to the chemical modification of the CN bond in the molecular structure of Basic Violet 3 (BV3), one of the main dyes used in blue pen ink. DESI-MS confirmed the presence of BV3 and its degradation by-products in all the samples, indicating its widespread utilization in blue pen ink production. Moreover, DESI-MS detected combinations of dyes within the ink composition. The models were built using the DESI-MS and FTIR-ATR data separately, but the error and trend were significantly reduced when both sets of data were used. The combination of DESI-MS and FTIR-ATR spectral information resulted in a final predictive model with low error for pen inks from real documents in writing from the years 1960 to 2022. These analyses proved to be effective for the dating of pen inks and are suitable for use in routine forensic analysis, providing a direct and rapid method that allows for accurate prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kauanny B N Braga
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Petróleo, Energia e Espectrometria de Massas (PEM), Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco - UFRPE, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, Recife, Pernambuco, 52171-131, Brazil.
| | - Lanaia Í L Maciel
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Boniek G Vaz
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Licarion Pinto
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, R. São Francisco Xavier, 524, Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20550-013, Brazil
| | - Jandyson M Santos
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Petróleo, Energia e Espectrometria de Massas (PEM), Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco - UFRPE, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, Recife, Pernambuco, 52171-131, Brazil.
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6
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Zacometti C, Tata A, Stella R, Leone S, Pallante I, Merenda M, Catania S, Pozzato N, Piro R. DART-HRMS allows the detection of toxic alkaloids in animal autopsy specimens and guides the selection of confirmatory methods in accidental plant poisoning. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1264:341309. [PMID: 37230724 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In cases of suspected animal poisonings or intoxications, there is the need for high-throughput, rapid and accurate analytical tools capable of giving rapid answers and, thus, speeding up the early stages of investigations. Conventional analyses are very precise, but do not meet the need for rapid answers capable of orienting the decisions and the choice of appropriate countermeasures. In this context, the use of ambient mass spectrometry (AMS) screening methods in toxicology laboratories could satisfy the requests of forensic toxicology veterinarians in a timely manner. RESULTS As a proof of principle, direct analysis in real time high resolution mass spectrometry (DART-HRMS) was applied to a veterinary forensic case in which 12 of a group of 27 sheep and goats died with an acute neurological onset. Because of evidence in the rumen contents, the veterinarians hypothesized an accidental intoxication after ingestion of vegetable materials. The DART-HRMS results showed abundant signals of the alkaloids calycanthine, folicanthidine and calycanthidine, both in the rumen content and at the liver level. The DART-HRMS phytochemical fingerprinting of detached Chimonanthus praecox seeds was also compared with those acquired from the autopsy specimens. Liver, rumen content and seed extracts were then subjected to LC-HRMS/MS analysis to gather additional insights and confirm the putative assignment of calycanthine anticipated by DART-HRMS. HPLC-HRMS/MS confirmed the presence of calycanthine in both rumen contents and liver specimens and allowed its quantification, ranging from 21.3 to 46.9 mg kg-1 in the latter. This is the first report detailing the quantification of calycanthine in liver after a deadly intoxication event. SIGNIFICANCE AND NOVELTY Our study illustrates the potential of DART-HRMS to offer a rapid and complementary alternative to guide the selection of confirmatory chromatography-MSn strategies in the analysis of autopsy specimens from animals with suspected alkaloid intoxication. This method offers the consequent saving of time and resources over those needed for other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Zacometti
- Laboratorio di Chimica Sperimentale, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale Fiume, 78, 36100, Vicenza, VI, Italy
| | - Alessandra Tata
- Laboratorio di Chimica Sperimentale, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale Fiume, 78, 36100, Vicenza, VI, Italy.
| | - Roberto Stella
- Laboratorio Farmaci Veterinari e Ricerca, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università, 10, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Stefania Leone
- Laboratorio di Diagnostica Clinica e Sierologia di Piano, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, via Bovolino, 1/C, 37060, Buttapietra, VR, Italy; Laboratorio di Medicina Forense Veterinaria, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale Fiume, 78, 36100, Vicenza, VI, Italy
| | - Ivana Pallante
- Laboratorio di Medicina Forense Veterinaria, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale Fiume, 78, 36100, Vicenza, VI, Italy
| | - Marianna Merenda
- Laboratorio di Diagnostica Clinica e Sierologia di Piano, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, via Bovolino, 1/C, 37060, Buttapietra, VR, Italy
| | - Salvatore Catania
- Laboratorio di Diagnostica Clinica e Sierologia di Piano, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, via Bovolino, 1/C, 37060, Buttapietra, VR, Italy
| | - Nicola Pozzato
- Laboratorio di Medicina Forense Veterinaria, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale Fiume, 78, 36100, Vicenza, VI, Italy
| | - Roberto Piro
- Laboratorio di Chimica Sperimentale, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale Fiume, 78, 36100, Vicenza, VI, Italy
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7
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Araujo dos Santos N, Kerpel dos Santos M, Almirall J, Romão W. Cannabinomics studies – A review from colorimetric tests to modern analytical techniques: Part II. Forensic Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2023.100477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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8
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Boronat Ena MDM, Cowan DA, Abbate V. Ambient ionization mass spectrometry applied to new psychoactive substance analysis. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023; 42:3-34. [PMID: 34036620 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade a plethora of drugs with similar effects to controlled psychoactive drugs, like cannabis, amfetamine (amphetamine), or lysergic acid diethylamide, have been synthesized. These drugs can collectively be classified under the term new psychoactive substances (NPS) and are used for recreational purposes. The novelty of the substances, alongside the rapid rate of emergence and structural variability, makes their detection as well as their legal control highly challenging, increasing the demand for rapid and easy-to-use analytical techniques for their detection and identification. Therefore, interest in ambient ionization mass spectrometry applied to NPS has grown in recent years, which is largely because it is relatively fast and simple to use and has a low operating cost. This review aims to provide a critique of the suitability of current ambient ionization techniques for the analysis of NPS in the forensic and clinical toxicology fields. Consideration is given to analytical performance and ease of implementation, including ionization efficiency, selectivity, sensitivity, quantification, analyte chemistry, molecular coverage, validation, and practicality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Del Mar Boronat Ena
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, London, UK
| | - David A Cowan
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, London, UK
| | - Vincenzo Abbate
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, London, UK
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9
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Hassoun A, Anusha Siddiqui S, Smaoui S, Ucak İ, Arshad RN, Bhat ZF, Bhat HF, Carpena M, Prieto MA, Aït-Kaddour A, Pereira JA, Zacometti C, Tata A, Ibrahim SA, Ozogul F, Camara JS. Emerging Technological Advances in Improving the Safety of Muscle Foods: Framing in the Context of the Food Revolution 4.0. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2022.2149776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdo Hassoun
- Univ. Littoral Côte d’Opale, UMRt 1158 BioEcoAgro, USC ANSES, INRAe, Univ. Artois, Univ. Lille, Univ. Picardie Jules Verne, Univ. Liège, Junia, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
- Sustainable AgriFoodtech Innovation & Research (SAFIR), Arras, France
| | - Shahida Anusha Siddiqui
- Department of Biotechnology and Sustainability, Technical University of Munich, Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Straubing, Germany
- German Institute of Food Technologies (DIL e.V.), Quakenbrück, Germany
| | - Slim Smaoui
- Laboratory of Microbial, Enzymatic Biotechnology and Biomolecules (LBMEB), Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax-Tunisia, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - İ̇lknur Ucak
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Nigde Omer Halisdemir University, Nigde, Turkey
| | - Rai Naveed Arshad
- Institute of High Voltage & High Current, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Zuhaib F. Bhat
- Division of Livestock Products Technology, SKUASTof Jammu, Jammu, Kashmir, India
| | - Hina F. Bhat
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, SKUASTof Kashmir, Kashmir, India
| | - María Carpena
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department. Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Prieto
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department. Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense, Spain
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolonia, Bragança, Portugal
| | | | - Jorge A.M. Pereira
- CQM—Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Carmela Zacometti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Laboratorio di Chimica Sperimentale, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Alessandra Tata
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Laboratorio di Chimica Sperimentale, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Salam A. Ibrahim
- Food and Nutritional Sciences Program, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | - Fatih Ozogul
- Department of Seafood Processing Technology, Faculty of Fisheries, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - José S. Camara
- CQM—Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e Engenharia, Campus da Penteada, Universidade da Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
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10
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Sabino AA, Chanteau SH, Henrique Astolfi Ferreira J, Camacho Santos A, Canevari TC, Tour JM, Eberlin MN. Fragmenting nanoPutians: Capturing admiration to the rationality, predictability, and beauty of ion chemistry in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2022; 57:e4881. [PMID: 36102123 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The fragmentation chemistry of the protonated and ionized nanoPutian 1 has been studied in the gas phase via electrospray ionization and tandem mass spectrometry. A direct analogy was observed between the fragmentation chemistry of this fascinating "humanoid molecule" and "cleavages" at certain parts of the human body. We argue that such direct analogy and illustrative schemes for the fragmentation of molecular ions of 1 offer a ludic and efficient tool to teach and capture attention to ion chemistry in mass spectrometry. Using the changes in mass for the two heavier nanoPutians with different head styles but the same body design, the analogy has also been used to predict mass spectra. The concepts of isotopic labelling and dissociation thresholds have also been illustrated. For many years, the approach has been successfully used by one of us in classes and lectures, mainly when presenting ion chemistry to students and audiences from fields other than Chemistry, most particularly from Biology, Medicine, and Forensic Chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adão A Sabino
- Institute of Chemistry - Federal University of Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Stephanie H Chanteau
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, the Smalley-Curl Institute and NanoCarbon Center, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - João Henrique Astolfi Ferreira
- NAHM: Laboratory of Multifunctional Hybrid Nanomaterials - School of Engineering - PPGEMN, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alicia Camacho Santos
- MackMass Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry, School of Engineering - PPGEMN, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Thiago C Canevari
- NAHM: Laboratory of Multifunctional Hybrid Nanomaterials - School of Engineering - PPGEMN, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - James M Tour
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, the Smalley-Curl Institute and NanoCarbon Center, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Marcos N Eberlin
- MackMass Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry, School of Engineering - PPGEMN, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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11
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Chen L, Ghiasvand A, Lam SC, Rodriguez ES, Innis PC, Paull B. Thread-based isotachophoresis coupled with desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for clean-up, preconcentration, and determination of alkaloids in biological fluids. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1193:338810. [PMID: 35058003 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
A thread-based isotachophoresis method coupled with desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (TB-ITP-DESI-MS) was developed and applied for clean-up, preconcentration, and determination of alkaloids in biological fluids. This simple approach enables the focusing and rapid analysis of analytes of interest in complex matrices that are otherwise challenging using direct ambient mass spectrometry. The TB-ITP platform components were rapidly and reproducibly fabricated at low-cost using 3D printing. A single string of nylon 6 thread was used as the electrophoresis substrate and a cotton knot, tied to the nylon thread, was used as the trapping zone of the ITP focused model analytes (coptisine, berberine and palmatine). The trapping efficiency was evaluated upon different commercially available threads with different chemical properties and cotton was selected as the best material due to its highest trapping efficiency and subsequent DESI-MS ionization efficiency. Up to 11.6-fold increase in signal to noise ratio (S/N) was obtained using the proposed method compared to direct DESI-MS detection, due to the reduced matrix interference and focusing. The results demonstrated that the TB-ITP-DESI-MS approach is a viable solution for the analysis of complicated biological fluid samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 7001, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Sciences (ACES), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - Alireza Ghiasvand
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 7001, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Sciences (ACES), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - Shing Chung Lam
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 7001, Australia
| | - Estrella Sanz Rodriguez
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 7001, Australia
| | - Peter C Innis
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Brett Paull
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 7001, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Sciences (ACES), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia.
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12
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Simon D, Oleschuk R. The liquid micro junction-surface sampling probe (LMJ-SSP); a versatile ambient mass spectrometry interface. Analyst 2021; 146:6365-6378. [PMID: 34553725 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00725d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ambient ionization methods have become important tools in mass spectrometry. The LMJ-SSP can significantly simplify/reduce lengthy sample preparation requirements associated with mass spectrometry analysis. Samples may be introduced through direct contact, insertion and droplet injection, enabling applications from drug discovery and surface analysis to tissue profiling and metabolic mapping. This review examines the underlying principles associated with the LMJ-SSP interface and highlights modifications of the original design that have extended its capability. We summarize different application areas that have exploited the method and describe potential future directions for the adaptable ambient ionization source.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Simon
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada.
| | - Richard Oleschuk
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada.
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13
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Evans-Nguyen K, Stelmack AR, Clowser PC, Holtz JM, Mulligan CC. FIELDABLE MASS SPECTROMETRY FOR FORENSIC SCIENCE, HOMELAND SECURITY, AND DEFENSE APPLICATIONS. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2021; 40:628-646. [PMID: 32722885 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry is commonly used in forensic chemistry laboratories for sensitive, definitive analysis. There have been significant efforts to bring mass spectrometry analysis on-site through the development of ruggedized, fieldable instruments. Testing samples in the field is of particular interest in forensic science, homeland security, and defense applications. In forensic chemistry, testing seized drugs in the field can significantly improve efficiencies in processing of related criminal cases. The screening of passengers and luggage at transportation hubs is a critical need for homeland security for which mass spectrometry is well suited to provide definitive answers with low false positive rates. Mass spectrometry can yield reliable data for military personnel testing sites for potential chemical weapons release. To meet the needs of the forensic and security communities fieldable mass spectrometers based on membrane inlet systems and hybrid gas chromatography systems have been developed and commercialized. More recently developed ambient ionization mass spectrometry methods can eliminate the time, equipment, and expertise associated with sample preparation, and so are especially appealing for on-site analysis. We describe the development of fieldable mass spectrometry systems, with emphasis on commercially available systems that have been deployed for on-site analysis of seized drugs, chemical warfare agents, explosives, and other analytes of interest to the forensic and security communities. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Mass Spec Rev.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenyon Evans-Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, University of Tampa, Tampa, FL
| | | | | | - Jessica M Holtz
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL
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14
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Zhang D, Latif M, Gamez G. Instantaneous Differentiation of Functional Isomers via Reactive Flowing Atmospheric Pressure Afterglow Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2021; 93:9986-9994. [PMID: 34251188 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Ambient mass spectrometry (AMS) allows direct desorption and ionization of analytes in real time with minimal-to-no sample preparation. However, it may present inadequate capabilities for differentiating isomers. Here, a reactive flowing atmospheric-pressure afterglow (reactive-FAPA) AMS source is developed for rapid isomer differentiation by derivatization of analytes in real time. The effects of the reactive-FAPA operating conditions on the reagent and product ions were studied and optimized for highly volatile and non-volatile model compounds with different carbonyl functional groups. In addition, two functional isomers of valproic acid (VPA) metabolites, 4-ene VPA and γ-valprolactone, are successfully differentiated for the first time by incorporating methylamine (MA) reagent vapor into the plasma effluent used for desorption/ionization. Reactive-FAPAMS for 4-ene VPA shows only detectable peaks of the protonated acylation product [M + MA-H2O + H]+, while for γ-valprolactone, it shows detectable peaks for both protonated acylation product [M + MA-H2O + H]+ and protonated intermediate [M + MA + H]+. A method for quantitative characterization of mixtures of 4-ene VPA and γ-valprolactone is also developed and validated. In addition, reactive-FAPAMS also shows better detection sensitivity compared to nonreactive-FAPAMS for some larger analyte types, such as UV filters and steroids. The limit of detection (LOD) of pregnenolone acetate in reactive-FAPAMS is 310 ng/mL, which is about 10 times better than its LOD in nonreactive-FAPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Mohsen Latif
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Gerardo Gamez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
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15
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Feider CL, Gatmaitan AN, Hooper T, Chakraborty A, Gowda P, Buchanan E, Eberlin LS. Integrating the MasSpec Pen with Sub-Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization for Rapid Chemical Analysis and Forensic Applications. Anal Chem 2021; 93:7549-7556. [PMID: 34008955 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Analytical methods that allow rapid, sensitive, and specific chemical measurements are central to forensic analysis and essential to accelerating compound screening and confirmation. We have previously reported the development of the MasSpec Pen technology as an easy-to-use and disposable hand-held device integrated to a mass spectrometer for direct analysis and molecular profiling of biological samples. In this Technical Note, we describe a new apparatus that integrates the MasSpec Pen device with a subatmospheric pressure chemical ionization (sub-APCI) source and an ion trap mass spectrometer for detection and semiquantitative analysis of forensic-related compounds. Coupling the MasSpec Pen device to a sub-APCI source allowed semiquantitative analysis of the drugs cocaine and oxycodone, the agrochemicals atrazine and azoxystrobin, and the explosives trinitrotoluene and dinitroglycerin in under 20 s. Using chemical ionization, improved reproducibility and sensitivity for targeted chemical detection and compound identification was achieved while maintaining the user-friendly features of the hand-held MasSpec Pen device. Limits of detection in the high picogram to low nanogram range were obtained for the compounds analyzed, which are within the range of federal screening cutoffs and those reported for other ambient ionization MS techniques. Altogether, the MasSpec Pen sub-APCI system described enabled rapid and semiquantitative chemical analysis for forensic applications and could be further adapted and applied to other areas of chemical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara L Feider
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Abigail N Gatmaitan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Tim Hooper
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Ashish Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Prajwal Gowda
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Emily Buchanan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Livia S Eberlin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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16
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Brown HM, Fedick PW. Rapid, low-cost, and in-situ analysis of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in soils and sediments by ambient 3D-printed cone spray ionization mass spectrometry. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 272:129708. [PMID: 35534952 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A rapid method to empirically determine the presence of trace per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in solid media, such as soils, sands, and sediments, without any sample preparation, through ambient ionization mass spectrometry (MS), is described. 3D-printed cone spray ionization (3D-PCSI) is an ambient ionization technique that employs a 3D-printed conductive plastic cone to perform both sampling and ionization. The 3D-PCSI sources are fabricated in the shape of a hollowed square pyramid to hold bulk matrices, and consist of rigid walls to aid in the uniformity and consistency of sampling and ionization. Solid samples are placed within the hollowed pyramid and a solvent is added to perform an in-situ extraction, followed by spray-based ionization when a voltage is applied. The low cost of 3D-printing, its reproducibility at scale, and lack of sample preparation, enables 3D-PCSI-MS to rapidly and efficiently screen for trace PFAS, in-situ, in bulk samples. Demonstrated here is the detection of trace PFAS that were doped into six different soil and sediment matrices, by 3D-PCSI-MS, to validate the universality of the method, irrespective of matrix composition. All PFAS were identified by their indicative MS3 spectra and ranged in detection limits from 100 ppt to 10 ppb depending on the compound and soil classification. Legacy aqueous film forming foams (AFFF) were analyzed in soil by 3D-PCSI-MS, as were soil samples collected around an AFFF testing facility. The sampling rate for 3D-PCSI-MS was less than 2 min per sample, demonstrating the applicability to high-throughput mapping of a contaminated area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary M Brown
- Research Department, Chemistry Division, United States Navy - Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR). Naval Air Warfare Center, Weapons Division (NAWCWD), 1900 N. Knox Road, China Lake, California, 93555, United States
| | - Patrick W Fedick
- Research Department, Chemistry Division, United States Navy - Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR). Naval Air Warfare Center, Weapons Division (NAWCWD), 1900 N. Knox Road, China Lake, California, 93555, United States.
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17
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Oliveira LFC, de Morais DR, Correa DN, de Morais Campêlo J, Sussulini A, Eberlin MN, Santos JM. Rapid and direct detection of artificially aged papers employing easy ambient sonic-spray ionization mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35:e9046. [PMID: 33434951 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The effort to make fake documents look real leads to the use of crickets and beverages to produce artificially aged papers, as land titles, based on yellowing caused by the use of these methods. An old practice in Brazil, called "cricketing", has led to the misappropriation of Brazilian land using these documents. We propose a rapid, simple, instantaneous and non-destructive method to identify artificially aged papers by easy ambient sonic-spray ionization mass spectrometry (EASI-MS) analysis. METHODS Three typical aging procedures were used to obtain artificially aged papers using coffee, cola drink, and crickets, with the papers being analyzed by EASI-MS. Multivariate statistical analyses were performed on the data to find the sample groups and to study the most relevant ions of each ageing procedure. High-resolution MS (HRMS) was used to obtain the exact masses and attribute formulae to relevant ions present in the samples. RESULTS The combination of EASI-MS and multivariate statistical analyses allowed us to identify the most relevant ions to classify the adulteration of documents and HRMS identified most of these relevant ions. TMS fingerprinting in combination with multivariate analysis also demonstrated that this approach can qualitatively differentiate all the examined paper samples. CONCLUSIONS We developed a cheap, fast and easy method that can help to elucidate counterfeit documents that have been artificially aged, helping to identify chemical additives and one that can be used in forensic laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luan Felipe Campos Oliveira
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
- LaBIOmics, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Damila Rodrigues de Morais
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Deleon Nascimento Correa
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
- Technical-Scientific Police Superintendency, Criminalistic Institute Dr. Octávio Eduardo de Brito Alvarenga -IC-SPTC-SP, São Paulo, SP, 05507-060, Brazil
| | | | - Alessandra Sussulini
- LaBIOmics, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Marcos Nogueira Eberlin
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
- Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, SP, 01302-907, Brazil
| | - Jandyson Machado Santos
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
- Department of Chemistry, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco-UFRPE, Recife, PE, 52171-900, Brazil
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18
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Woolman M, Katz L, Tata A, Basu SS, Zarrine-Afsar A. Breaking Through the Barrier: Regulatory Considerations Relevant to Ambient Mass Spectrometry at the Bedside. Clin Lab Med 2021; 41:221-246. [PMID: 34020761 DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Rapid characterization of tissue disorder using ambient mass spectrometry (MS) techniques, requiring little to no preanalytical preparations of sampled tissues, has been shown using a variety of ion sources and with many disease classes. A brief overview of ambient MS in clinical applications, the state of the art in regulatory affairs, and recommendations to facilitate adoption for use at the bedside are presented. Unique challenges in the validation of untargeted MS methods and additional safety and compliance requirements for deployment within a clinical setting are further discussed. Development of a harmonized validation strategy for ambient MS methods is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Woolman
- Techna Institute for the Advancement of Technology for Health, University Health Network, 100 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1P5, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Lauren Katz
- Techna Institute for the Advancement of Technology for Health, University Health Network, 100 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1P5, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Alessandra Tata
- Laboratorio di Chimica Sperimentale, Istituto Zooprofilattico delle Venezie, Viale Fiume 78, 36100 Vicenza, Italy
| | - Sankha S Basu
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Arash Zarrine-Afsar
- Techna Institute for the Advancement of Technology for Health, University Health Network, 100 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1P5, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, 149 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1P5, Canada; Keenan Research Center for Biomedical Science & the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada.
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19
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Zhao J, Yan H, Shi Y, Sheng B, Xiang P. Rapid Characterization of Drugs in Biological Fluid and Seized Material Using Thermal-Assisted Carbon Fiber Ionization Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:969-976. [PMID: 33779186 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Developing a rapid, simple, and sensitive method to analyze drugs is critical to forensic research study because of the widespread occurrence of the matrix effect. Herein, we develop a method using thermal-assisted carbon fiber ionization mass spectrometry that can be used to directly analyze drugs in biological fluid. The key feature of this technique is that the biological samples such as urine and blood can be achieved online as precipitated protein on the carbon fiber tip and thermally desorbed by the metal ceramics heater, which can reduce the matrix effects and improve the sensitivity. Analytes including raw urine, blood, oral fluid, drink, tobacco tar, drug tablets, and paper cards can be rapidly identified and analyzed within a few minutes regardless of their physical variations. Due to its simplicity and noninvasive analysis, this method can be used for drugged driving analysis and to achieve point-of-care drug testing in clinical and forensic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junbo Zhao
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200063, China
| | - Hui Yan
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200063, China
| | - Yan Shi
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200063, China
| | - Baohua Sheng
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200063, China
| | - Ping Xiang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200063, China
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20
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Gatmaitan AN, Lin JQ, Zhang J, Eberlin LS. Rapid Analysis and Authentication of Meat Using the MasSpec Pen Technology. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:3527-3536. [PMID: 33719440 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Food authenticity and safety are major public concerns due to the increasing number of food fraud cases. Meat fraud is an economically motivated practice of covertly replacing one type of meat with a cheaper alternative raising health, safety, and ethical concerns for consumers. In this study, we implement the MasSpec Pen technology for rapid and direct meat analysis and authentication. The MasSpec Pen is an easy-to-use handheld device connected to a mass spectrometer that employs a solvent droplet for gentle chemical analysis of samples. Here, MasSpec Pen analysis was performed directly on several meat and fish types including grain-fed beef, grass-fed beef, venison, cod, halibut, Atlantic salmon, sockeye salmon, and steelhead trout, with a total analysis time of 15 s per sample. Statistical models developed with the Lasso method using a training set of samples yielded per-sample accuracies of 95% for the beef model, 100% for the beef versus venison model, and 84% for the multiclass fish model. Predictors of meat type selected included several molecules previously reported in the skeletal muscles of animals, including carnosine, anserine, succinic acid, xanthine, and taurine. When testing the models on independent test sets of samples, per-sample accuracies of 100% were achieved for all models, demonstrating the robustness of our method for unadulterated meat authentication. MasSpec Pen feasibility testing for classifying venison and grass-fed beef samples adulterated with grain-fed beef achieved per-sample prediction accuracies of 100% for both classifiers using test sets of samples. Altogether, the results obtained in this study provide compelling evidence that the MasSpec Pen technology is a powerful alternative analytical method for meat analysis and investigation of meat fraud.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail N Gatmaitan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - John Q Lin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jialing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Livia S Eberlin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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21
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Pozzato N, Piva E, Pallante I, Bombana D, Stella R, Zanardello C, Tata A, Piro R. Rapid detection of asperphenamate in a hay batch associated with constipation and deaths in dairy cattle. The application of DART-HRMS to veterinary forensic toxicology. Toxicon 2020; 187:122-128. [PMID: 32891666 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Direct analysis in real time (DART) coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) was applied for the first time to veterinary forensic toxicology to investigate the presence of toxic compounds in hay after an episode of acute intoxication in a dairy cattle farm. In addition to gross field necropsy and histological examination, microbial cultures, and heavy metals analysis, the molecular fingerprinting of the suspected hay batch was investigated by DART-HRMS. DART-HRMS revealed a distinct signal of m/z 507.2289 in the hay batch thought to be associated with the digestive complications. A search on chemical structure databases matched the ion with asperphenamate, a toxin produced by Penicillium spp. and Aspergillus spp. Liquid Chromatography-HMRS analysis and electrospray-HRMS-MS/MS of the hay extracts further characterized the structure and confirmed the identification of the compound as asperphenamate. Asperphenamate is fungal metabolite which can have cytotoxic and antitumor activity in humans, and it is classified as acute toxicant and harmful if swallowed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Pozzato
- Laboratorio di Diagnostica Clinica e Sierologia di Piano, SCT1 Verona e Vicenza, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Via San Giacomo, 5, Verona, 37135, Italy.
| | - Elena Piva
- Laboratorio di Chimica Sperimentale, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale Fiume, 78, Vicenza, 36100, Italy.
| | - Ivana Pallante
- Laboratorio di Diagnostica Clinica e Sierologia di Piano, SCT1 Verona e Vicenza, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Via San Giacomo, 5, Verona, 37135, Italy.
| | - Dino Bombana
- Veterinary Practitioner, Villafranca di Verona, 37069, Italy.
| | - Roberto Stella
- Laboratorio residui e farmaci, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università, 10, Legnaro, 35020, Italy.
| | - Claudia Zanardello
- Laboratorio di Diagnostica Specialistica e istopatologia, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università, 10, Legnaro, 35020, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Tata
- Laboratorio di Chimica Sperimentale, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale Fiume, 78, Vicenza, 36100, Italy.
| | - Roberto Piro
- Laboratorio di Chimica Sperimentale, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale Fiume, 78, Vicenza, 36100, Italy.
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22
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Bonnar C, Popelka-Filcoff R, Kirkbride KP. Armed with the Facts: A Method for the Analysis of Smokeless Powders by Ambient Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:1943-1956. [PMID: 32872785 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The work presented here follows several others in investigating what capabilities, if any, ambient mass spectrometry might have toward the analysis of compounds commonly associated with smokeless propellant powders. This family of instrumental techniques has attracted curiosity from the field of forensic science due to its desirable properties such as rapid collection of information-rich data, combined with minimal requirements for sample mass and preparation. Experiments were conducted with a "Direct Sample Analysis" ion source integrated with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The ionization behaviors of nitroglycerin, methyl and ethyl centralite, akardite, diphenylamine, nitrosodiphenylamine, and nitrated diphenylamine derivatives were investigated specifically, with accurate-mass data presented for each. Diphenylamine standards were used to demonstrate the performance of this instrument, which exhibited good response linearity across 1 order of magnitude and sub-nanogram detection limits. Thirty smokeless powder extracts, recovered from ammunition potentially in circulation within Australia, were analyzed to determine whether the technique is appropriate for rapid analysis of smokeless powder particles. Results demonstrated that the technique might be applied to compare individual particles with each other or to a database. Such a capability may be of value in the examination of explosive devices containing smokeless powder, postblast residues therefrom, or muzzle discharge from a close-range shooting. However, when efforts were made to detect residues from the hands of a volunteer shooter, only some returned positive results, and a high background signal from the sample collection stub indicates that detection using this instrument is thus far insufficiently reliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callum Bonnar
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Rachel Popelka-Filcoff
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
- School of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3053, Australia
| | - K Paul Kirkbride
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
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Borden SA, Palaty J, Termopoli V, Famiglini G, Cappiello A, Gill CG, Palma P. MASS SPECTROMETRY ANALYSIS OF DRUGS OF ABUSE: CHALLENGES AND EMERGING STRATEGIES. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2020; 39:703-744. [PMID: 32048319 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry has been the "gold standard" for drugs of abuse (DoA) analysis for many decades because of the selectivity and sensitivity it affords. Recent progress in all aspects of mass spectrometry has seen significant developments in the field of DoA analysis. Mass spectrometry is particularly well suited to address the rapidly proliferating number of very high potency, novel psychoactive substances that are causing an alarming number of fatalities worldwide. This review surveys advancements in the areas of sample preparation, gas and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, as well as the rapidly emerging field of ambient ionization mass spectrometry. We have predominantly targeted literature progress over the past ten years and present our outlook for the future. © 2020 Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Borden
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, V9R 5S5, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Jan Palaty
- LifeLabs Medical Laboratories, Burnaby, BC, V3W 1H8, Canada
| | - Veronica Termopoli
- LC-MS Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Giorgio Famiglini
- LC-MS Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Achille Cappiello
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, V9R 5S5, Canada
- LC-MS Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Chris G Gill
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, V9R 5S5, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195
| | - Pierangela Palma
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, V9R 5S5, Canada
- LC-MS Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029, Urbino, Italy
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Filho JFA, Dos Santos NA, Borges KB, Lacerda V, Pelição FS, Romão W. Fiber spray ionization mass spectrometry in forensic chemistry: A screening of drugs of abuse and direct determination of cocaine in urine. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34 Suppl 3:e8747. [PMID: 32056289 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Ambient mass spectrometry techniques are much required in forensic chemistry to evaluate evidence with low analytical interference, high confidence, and accuracy. However, traditional methodologies, such as paper spray ionization, have been shown to present low sensitivity in the analysis of illicit drugs from biological matrices. METHODS Fiber spray ionization mass spectrometry (FSI-MS) was developed using a capillary polypropylene (PP) hollow fiber. Seized samples of drugs, i.e. a tablet, blotter paper, hashish, and cocaine powder, were analyzed. Cocaine was quantified from whole urine by dipping the fiber directly into solution. FSI-MS was tested for the analysis of a sample of urine obtained from a drug abuse suspect. RESULTS The FSI(+) analysis showed the detection of different types of synthetic drugs in tablet and blotter paper samples, e.g. amphetamine, cathinones, phenethylamines, and opioids, while pure cocaine and different types of coca alkaloids were identified from cocaine powder with good sensitivity and high mass accuracy. The hashish analysis by FSI(-) revealed signals of cannabinoids, cannabinoid acids, and cannabinoid derivatives, detected mainly as [M - H]- ions or chlorine adducts [M + Cl]- . The quantification of cocaine in whole urine showed good sensitivity and precision with limits of detection and quantification of 5.16 and 17.21 ng/mL, respectively, linearity above 0.999, and relative standard deviation below 2.71%. The evaluation of seized sample of urine showed the detection of cocaine with relative ion intensity greater than 36%, as well as the metabolites benzoylecgonine and cocaethylene with a relative intensity of 1.4% and 6%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The developed FSI-MS method has the potential to be applied to forensic sample evaluation as well as to determine illicit drugs from biological matrices in toxicological analysis. The use of a capillary PP fiber has advantages as an extractor agent and ionizing substrate, and also the feature of it being dipped directly into the sample, thus preserving the integrity of the sample, which makes this a very promising ambient mass spectrometry method and relevant to forensic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Francisco Allochio Filho
- Laboratório de Petroleômica e Química Forense, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, 29075-910, Brazil
- Instituto Federal do Espírito Santo, São Mateus, ES, 29932-540, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Forense (INCT Forense), Brazil
| | - Nayara A Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Petroleômica e Química Forense, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, 29075-910, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Forense (INCT Forense), Brazil
| | - Keyller Bastos Borges
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, São João del-Rei, MG, 36301-160, Brazil
| | - Valdemar Lacerda
- Laboratório de Petroleômica e Química Forense, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, 29075-910, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Souza Pelição
- Departamento Médico Legal, Polícia Civil do Espírito Santo (PC-ES), Vitória, ES, 29045-402, Brazil
| | - Wanderson Romão
- Laboratório de Petroleômica e Química Forense, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, 29075-910, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Forense (INCT Forense), Brazil
- Instituto Federal do Espírito Santo, Vila Velha, ES, 29106-010, Brazil
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25
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Brown HM, McDaniel TJ, Fedick PW, Mulligan CC. The current role of mass spectrometry in forensics and future prospects. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:3974-3997. [PMID: 32720670 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay01113d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) techniques are highly prevalent in crime laboratories, particularly those coupled to chromatographic separations like gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC). These methods are considered "gold standard" analytical techniques for forensic analysis and have been extensively validated for producing prosecutorial evidentiary data. However, factors such as growing evidence backlogs and problematic evidence types (e.g., novel psychoactive substance (NPS) classes) have exposed limitations of these stalwart techniques. This critical review serves to delineate the current role of MS methods across the broad sub-disciplines of forensic science, providing insight on how governmental steering committees guide their implementation. Novel, developing techniques that seek to broaden applicability and enhance performance will also be highlighted, from unique modifications to traditional hyphenated MS methods to the newer "ambient" MS techniques that show promise for forensic analysis, but need further validation before incorporation into routine forensic workflows. This review also expounds on how recent improvements to MS instrumental design, scan modes, and data processing could cause a paradigm shift in how the future forensic practitioner collects and processes target evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary M Brown
- Chemistry Division, Research Department, Naval Air Warfare Center, Weapons Division (NAWCWD), United States Navy Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR), China Lake, California 93555, USA.
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26
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Fedick PW, Pu F, Morato NM, Cooks RG. Identification and Confirmation of Fentanyls on Paper using Portable Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy and Paper Spray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:735-741. [PMID: 32126777 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fentanyl and its analogues play a major role in the current opioid epidemic. In particular, these highly potent opioids have become a health hazard due to their use as additives in street drugs. Consequently, rapid on-site procedures for the analysis of this class of seized drugs are needed, especially considering the reported backlog of drug samples, which must undergo identification and confirmation tests to validate the presence of an illicit substance. Paper based devices are cheap sampling and analysis vehicles that have been shown capable of allowing rapid identification and confirmation of drugs of abuse. Modifying paper substrates by imprinting nanoparticles enables surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) as well as a second analysis from the same substrate, namely paper spray ionization mass spectrometry. While such a procedure has been described for laboratory use, these illicit drug samples are typically collected in the field and this is where testing should be done. We combine paper SERS and paper spray MS on field-portable and commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) devices for the rapid and low-cost identification and confirmation of fentanyl and its analogues, enabling in situ analysis at the point of seizure of suspect samples. The commercial nature of both instruments moves this technology from the academic realm to a setting where the criminal justice system can realistically utilize it. The capabilities of this single-substrate dual-analyzer technique are further examined by sampling a variety of surfaces of forensic interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick W Fedick
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Research Department, Chemistry Division, United States Navy-Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR), Naval Air Warfare Center, Weapons Division (NAWCWD), China Lake, California 93555, United States
| | - Fan Pu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Nicolás M Morato
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - R Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Fatigante WL, Mukta S, Lawton ZE, Bruno AM, Traub A, Gasa AJ, Stelmack AR, Wilson-Frank CR, Mulligan CC. Filter Cone Spray Ionization Coupled to a Portable MS System: Application to On-Site Forensic Evidence and Environmental Sample Analysis. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:336-346. [PMID: 32031391 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.9b00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The complexity of field-borne sample matrices and the instrumental constraints of portable mass spectrometers (MS) often necessitate that preparative steps are added prior to ambient MS methods when operated on-site, but the corresponding decrease in throughput and experimental simplicity can make field operation impractical. To this end, we report a modified ambient MS method, filter cone spray ionization (FCSI), specifically designed for simple, yet robust, processing of bulk forensic evidence and environmental samples using a fieldable MS system. This paper-crafted source utilizes low-cost laboratory consumables to produce a conical structure that serves as a disposable, spray-based ionization source. Integrated extraction and filtration capabilities mitigate sample heterogeneity and carryover concerns and expedite sample processing, as characterized through the analysis of a variety of authentic forensic evidence types (e.g., abused pharma tablets, counterfeit/adulterated tablets, crystal-based drugs, synthetic marijuana, toxicological specimens) and contaminated soil samples. The data presented herein suggests that the FCSI-MS design could prove robust to the rigors of field-borne, bulk sample screening, overcoming the inefficiencies of other ambient MS methods for these sample classes. Novel applications of FCSI-MS are also examined, such as the coupling to trace evidence vacuum filtration media.
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Affiliation(s)
- William L Fatigante
- Department of Chemistry , Illinois State University , Normal , Illinois 61790 , United States
| | - Shahnaz Mukta
- Department of Chemistry , Illinois State University , Normal , Illinois 61790 , United States
| | - Zachary E Lawton
- Department of Chemistry , Illinois State University , Normal , Illinois 61790 , United States
| | - Alessandra M Bruno
- Department of Chemistry , Illinois State University , Normal , Illinois 61790 , United States
| | - Angelica Traub
- Department of Chemistry , Illinois State University , Normal , Illinois 61790 , United States
| | - Alyssa J Gasa
- Department of Chemistry , Illinois State University , Normal , Illinois 61790 , United States
| | - Ashley R Stelmack
- Department of Chemistry , Illinois State University , Normal , Illinois 61790 , United States
| | - Christina R Wilson-Frank
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Christopher C Mulligan
- Department of Chemistry , Illinois State University , Normal , Illinois 61790 , United States
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28
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Lehmann EL, Arruda MAZ. Minimalist strategies applied to analysis of forensic samples using elemental and molecular analytical techniques - A review. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1063:9-17. [PMID: 30967190 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Forensic science is an emerging field driven by a number of factors, and the development of different methods of analyses, instruments, and techniques is of great help to experts in the field. Sampling and sample preparation in forensic cases are of utmost importance, and therefore, the methods for processing (or not) the samples are critical for acquiring accurate results. Some alternatives for attaining the minimalist concept, i.e. little or no sample treatment, are discussed in this review. For elemental analysis, analytical techniques, such as X-ray spectrometry, laser-ablation mass spectrometry, laser-induced breakdown spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and optical emission spectrometry, and Mössbauer spectrometry are overviewed. Molecular analysis, such as Raman spectroscopy, and ambient ionization mass spectrometry are discussed. Some representative examples are presented that involve in situ analysis, counterfeit bank notes and documents, post-mortem and bone analyses, and forensic analysis of drugs, glass, fingerprints, biological fluids and explosives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eraldo Luiz Lehmann
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT for Bioanalytics, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Unicamp, P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Group of Spectrometry, Sample Preparation and Mechanization - GEPAM, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Unicamp, P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Zezzi Arruda
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT for Bioanalytics, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Unicamp, P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Group of Spectrometry, Sample Preparation and Mechanization - GEPAM, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Unicamp, P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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29
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Gaiffe G, Cole RB, Sonnette A, Floch N, Bridoux MC. Identification of Postblast Residues by DART-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry Combined with Multivariate Statistical Analysis of the Kendrick Mass Defect. Anal Chem 2019; 91:8093-8100. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Gaiffe
- Sorbonne Université, Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris, Cedex 05, France
- CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France
| | - Richard B. Cole
- Sorbonne Université, Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris, Cedex 05, France
| | | | - Nolwenn Floch
- Laboratoire Central de la Préfecture de Police, 39 bis rue de Dantzig, 75015 Paris, France
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30
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Wang H, Li L, Xing R, Zhang Y, Wu T, Chen B, Li Z, Fei Z, Liu Z, Ding H. Screening of antimicrobials in animal-derived foods with desorption corona beam ionization (DCBI) mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2019; 272:411-417. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.08.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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Bain RM, Fedick PW, Dilger JM, Cooks RG. Analysis of Residual Explosives by Swab Touch Spray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.201800122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M. Bain
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana 47907 United States
| | - Patrick W. Fedick
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana 47907 United States
| | - Jonathan M. Dilger
- Naval Surface Warfare Center Crane Division Crane, Indiana 47522 United States
| | - R. Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana 47907 United States
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32
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Ostrinskaya A, Kunz RR, Clark M, Kingsborough RP, Ong T, Deneault S. Rapid Quantitative Analysis of Multiple Explosive Compound Classes on a Single Instrument via Flow‐Injection Analysis Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J Forensic Sci 2018; 64:223-230. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alla Ostrinskaya
- Chemical, Microsystem, and Nanoscale Technology Group MIT‐Lincoln Laboratory 244 Wood Street Lexington MA 02421
| | - Roderick R. Kunz
- Chemical, Microsystem, and Nanoscale Technology Group MIT‐Lincoln Laboratory 244 Wood Street Lexington MA 02421
| | - Michelle Clark
- Chemical, Microsystem, and Nanoscale Technology Group MIT‐Lincoln Laboratory 244 Wood Street Lexington MA 02421
| | - Richard P. Kingsborough
- Chemical, Microsystem, and Nanoscale Technology Group MIT‐Lincoln Laboratory 244 Wood Street Lexington MA 02421
| | - Ta‐Hsuan Ong
- Chemical, Microsystem, and Nanoscale Technology Group MIT‐Lincoln Laboratory 244 Wood Street Lexington MA 02421
| | - Sandra Deneault
- Chemical, Microsystem, and Nanoscale Technology Group MIT‐Lincoln Laboratory 244 Wood Street Lexington MA 02421
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33
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McBride EM, Verbeck GF. Investigation by direct-infusion ESI-MS and GC-MS of an alleged Leuckart route-specific impurity of methamphetamine. Forensic Sci Int 2018; 288:278-282. [PMID: 29787972 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Impurity profiling has been used as a useful tool for analyzing nearly every drug class currently known on the illicit market. Impurities present within seized samples have the potential to determine source of origin, route of synthesis used, as well as provide a useful clue into the potential reaction mechanisms that are present for each synthetic procedure. Perhaps the most well studied of these impurity profiles exists for methamphetamine, including information to more than one route of synthesis. Within the present study, a complete synthesis of methamphetamine was performed, including a reductive amination of phenylpropanone (P2P) using methylamine hydrochloride and sodium triacetoxyborohydride (STAB) rather than the conventional aluminum mercury amalgam commonly found in the literature. During the analysis of the final product from this reaction, a major impurity within the reaction, bis(1-phenylpropan-2-yl)amine (m/z 253), was detected by GC-MS as well as direct-infusion ESI-MS. This impurity has been previously reported as a Leuckart route-specific impurity. Its detection within the reductive amination of P2P points towards the use of impure methylamine hydrochloride containing some traces of acid, and provides further insight into the reductive amination of P2P. In both the Leuckart reaction and this reductive amination via STAB, the presence of acid and ammonia leads to this impurity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan M McBride
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, United States
| | - Guido F Verbeck
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, United States.
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34
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Abstract
Ambient mass spectrometry has evolved rapidly over the past decade, yielding a plethora of platforms and demonstrating scientific advancements across a range of fields from biological imaging to rapid quality control. These techniques have enabled real-time detection of target analytes in an open environment with no sample preparation and can be coupled to any mass analyzer with an atmospheric pressure interface; capabilities of clear interest to the defense, customs and border control, transportation security, and forensic science communities. This review aims to showcase and critically discuss advances in ambient mass spectrometry for the trace detection of explosives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Forbes
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Materials Measurement Science Division, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
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35
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Wang H, Fei Z, Li Z, Xing R, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Ding H. Coupling laser desorption with corona beam ionization for ambient mass spectrometric analysis of solution and powder samples. Talanta 2018; 179:364-368. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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36
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Skriba A, Havlicek V. Mass spectrometry imaging of illicit drugs in latent fingerprints by matrix-free and matrix-assisted desorption/ionization techniques. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2018; 24:124-128. [PMID: 29232991 DOI: 10.1177/1469066717728007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Compared with classical matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI), the matrix free-based strategies generate a cleaner background, without significant noise or interference coming from an applied matrix, which is beneficial for the analysis of small molecules, such as drugs of abuse. In this work, we probed the detection efficiency of methamphetamine, heroin and cocaine in nanostructure-assisted laser desorption-ionization (NALDI) and desorption electrospray ionization and compared the sensitivity of these two matrix-free tools with a standard MALDI mass spectrometry experiment. In a typical mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) setup, papillary line latent fingerprints were recorded as a mixture a common skin fatty acid or interfering cosmetics with a drug. In a separate experiment, all drugs (1 µL of 1 μM standard solution) were detected by all three ionization techniques on a target. In the case of cocaine and heroin, NALDI mass spectrometry was the most sensitive and revealed signals even from 0.1 μM solution. The drug/drug contaminant (fatty acid or cosmetics) MSI approach could be used by law enforcement personnel to confirm drug abusers of having come into contact with the suspected drug by use of fingerprint scans at time of apprehension which can aid in reducing the work of lab officials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Skriba
- Laboratory of Molecular Structure Characterization, Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Havlicek
- Laboratory of Molecular Structure Characterization, Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, Prague, Czech Republic
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Vasiljevic T, Gómez-Ríos GA, Pawliszyn J. Single-Use Poly(etheretherketone) Solid-Phase Microextraction–Transmission Mode Devices for Rapid Screening and Quantitation of Drugs of Abuse in Oral Fluid and Urine via Direct Analysis in Real-Time Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2017; 90:952-960. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tijana Vasiljevic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | | | - Janusz Pawliszyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
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38
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Teunissen SF, Fedick PW, Berendsen BJA, Nielen MWF, Eberlin MN, Graham Cooks R, van Asten AC. Novel Selectivity-Based Forensic Toxicological Validation of a Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry Method for the Quantitative Determination of Eight Amphetamines in Whole Blood. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:2665-2676. [PMID: 28879579 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1790-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Paper spray tandem mass spectrometry is used to identify and quantify eight individual amphetamines in whole blood in 1.3 min. The method has been optimized and fully validated according to forensic toxicology guidelines, for the quantification of amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine (MDMA), 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine (MDEA), para-methoxyamphetamine (PMA), para-methoxymethamphetamine (PMMA), and 4-fluoroamphetamine (4-FA). Additionally, a new concept of intrinsic and application-based selectivity is discussed, featuring increased confidence in the power to discriminate the amphetamines from other chemically similar compounds when applying an ambient mass spectrometric method without chromatographic separation. Accuracy was within ±15% and average precision was better than 15%, and better than 20% at the LLOQ. Detection limits between 15 and 50 ng/mL were obtained using only 12 μL of whole blood. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan F Teunissen
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, 13083-970, Brazil
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Analytical Instrumentation, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Patrick W Fedick
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Analytical Instrumentation, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Bjorn J A Berendsen
- RIKILT, Wageningen Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michel W F Nielen
- RIKILT, Wageningen Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcos N Eberlin
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - R Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Analytical Instrumentation, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Arian C van Asten
- Netherlands Forensic Institute, P.O. Box 24044, 2490 AA, The Hague, The Netherlands.
- Faculty of Science, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94157, 1090 GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- CLHC, Amsterdam Center for Forensic Science and Medicine, P.O. Box 94157, 1090 GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Fedick PW, Bills BJ, Manicke NE, Cooks RG. Forensic Sampling and Analysis from a Single Substrate: Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Followed by Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2017; 89:10973-10979. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick W. Fedick
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Brandon J. Bills
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University—Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Nicholas E. Manicke
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University—Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - R. Graham Cooks
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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40
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de Morais DR, Barbosa IL, Cunha KF, Tripodi GL, Angolini CFF, Franco MF, de Aquino EM, Eberlin MN, Costa JL. EASI-IMS an expedite and secure technique to screen for 25I-NBOH in blotter papers. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2017; 52:701-706. [PMID: 28746793 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The increasing number of new psychoactive substances (NPS) and their quick worldwide spreading, often only slightly modified in the form of new derivatives and analogues, have brought the need for fast, wide-ranging, and unequivocal identification methods in clinical and forensic investigations. Because it usually provides secure results, gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) has been routinely employed as the standard technique for the detection of NPS in blotter papers. For 25I-NBOH (N-(2-hydroxybenzyl)-2-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethan-1-aminium), however, GC-MS analysis of an blotter paper extract leads to incorrect results. In this work, we investigated whether easy ambient sonic-spray mass spectrometry imaging (EASI-IMS), and ambient ionization MS method can be applied directly to the surface of the sample requiring therefore no extraction or sample preparations, would serve as an efficient, sensitive, and secure alternative for 25I-NBOH screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damila Rodrigues de Morais
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Campinas, Institute of Chemistry, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Ingrid Lopes Barbosa
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Campinas, Institute of Chemistry, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Kelly Francisco Cunha
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-859, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Lucas Tripodi
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Campinas, Institute of Chemistry, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | | | - Marcos Fernando Franco
- Technical-Scientific Police Superintendency, SPTC, São Paulo, São Paulo, 05507-060, Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13084-971, Brazil
| | | | - Marcos Nogueira Eberlin
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Campinas, Institute of Chemistry, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Jose Luiz Costa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-859, Brazil
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41
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Fedick PW, Bain RM. Swab touch spray mass spectrometry for rapid analysis of organic gunshot residue from human hand and various surfaces using commercial and fieldable mass spectrometry systems. Forensic Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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42
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Kern SE, Crowe JB, Litzau JJ, Heitkemper DT. Forensic Analysis of Stains on Fabric Using Direct Analysis in Real-time Ionization with High-Resolution Accurate Mass-Mass Spectrometry. J Forensic Sci 2017; 63:592-597. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara E. Kern
- US Food and Drug Administration; Forensic Chemistry Center; 6751 Steger Drive Cincinnati OH 45237
| | - John B. Crowe
- US Food and Drug Administration; 555 Winderley Place Suite 200 Maitland FL 32751
| | - Jonathan J. Litzau
- US Food and Drug Administration; Forensic Chemistry Center; 6751 Steger Drive Cincinnati OH 45237
| | - Douglas T. Heitkemper
- US Food and Drug Administration; Forensic Chemistry Center; 6751 Steger Drive Cincinnati OH 45237
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43
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Lawton ZE, Traub A, Fatigante WL, Mancias J, O'Leary AE, Hall SE, Wieland JR, Oberacher H, Gizzi MC, Mulligan CC. Analytical Validation of a Portable Mass Spectrometer Featuring Interchangeable, Ambient Ionization Sources for High Throughput Forensic Evidence Screening. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:1048-1059. [PMID: 28000107 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-016-1562-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Forensic evidentiary backlogs are indicative of the growing need for cost-effective, high-throughput instrumental methods. One such emerging technology that shows high promise in meeting this demand while also allowing on-site forensic investigation is portable mass spectrometric (MS) instrumentation, particularly that which enables the coupling to ambient ionization techniques. While the benefits of rapid, on-site screening of contraband can be anticipated, the inherent legal implications of field-collected data necessitates that the analytical performance of technology employed be commensurate with accepted techniques. To this end, comprehensive analytical validation studies are required before broad incorporation by forensic practitioners can be considered, and are the focus of this work. Pertinent performance characteristics such as throughput, selectivity, accuracy/precision, method robustness, and ruggedness have been investigated. Reliability in the form of false positive/negative response rates is also assessed, examining the effect of variables such as user training and experience level. To provide flexibility toward broad chemical evidence analysis, a suite of rapidly-interchangeable ion sources has been developed and characterized through the analysis of common illicit chemicals and emerging threats like substituted phenethylamines. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary E Lawton
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, 61790, USA
| | - Angelica Traub
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, 61790, USA
| | | | - Jose Mancias
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, 61790, USA
| | - Adam E O'Leary
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, 61790, USA
| | - Seth E Hall
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, 61790, USA
| | - Jamie R Wieland
- Department of Management and Quantitative Methods, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, 61790, USA
| | - Herbert Oberacher
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Core Facility Metabolomics, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael C Gizzi
- Department of Criminal Justice Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, 61790, USA
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44
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Jagerdeo E, Wriston A. Rapid analysis of forensic-related samples using two ambient ionization techniques coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometers. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2017; 31:782-790. [PMID: 28263006 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE This paper highlights the versatility of interfacing two ambient ionization techniques, Laser Diode Thermal Desorption (LDTD) and Atmospheric Solids Analysis Probe (ASAP), to high-resolution mass spectrometers and demonstrate the method's capability to rapidly generate high-quality data from multiple sample types with minimal, if any, sample preparation. METHODS For ASAP-MS analysis of solid and liquid samples, the material was transferred to a capillary surface before being introduced into the mass spectrometer. For LDTD-MS analysis, samples were solvent extracted, spotted in a 96-well plate, and the solvent was evaporated before being introduced into the mass spectrometer. All analyses were performed using Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization in positive mode. RESULTS Seven consumer "Spice" packets were combined and analyzed by both ASAP and LDTD, which identified 11 synthetic cannabinoids/cathinones by full MS and MS/MS experiments. To further show the usefulness of these techniques, black tar heroin was analyzed, which resulted in the identification of heroin and its impurities (monoacetylmorphine, papaverine, and noscapine). These experiments were performed on the LTQ-Orbitrap to demonstrate the ability to perform both parallel and serial MS and MSn experiments. CONCLUSIONS Interfacing LDTD and ASAP to high-resolution mass spectrometers allows for expeditious analysis of a wide range of samples, with minimal or no sample preparation. Both allow for rapid full scan, MS/MS, and/or MSn experiments from a single sample introduction. Published in 2017. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eshwar Jagerdeo
- Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory, Quantico, VA, 22135, USA
| | - Amanda Wriston
- Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory, Quantico, VA, 22135, USA
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46
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Van Berkel GJ, Kertesz V. Rapid sample classification using an open port sampling interface coupled with liquid introduction atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2017; 31:281-291. [PMID: 27862458 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE An "Open Access"-like mass spectrometric platform to fully utilize the simplicity of the manual open port sampling interface for rapid characterization of unprocessed samples by liquid introduction atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry has been lacking. The in-house developed integrated software with a simple, small and relatively low-cost mass spectrometry system introduced here fills this void. METHODS Software was developed to operate the mass spectrometer, to collect and process mass spectrometric data files, to build a database and to classify samples using such a database. These tasks were accomplished via the vendor-provided software libraries. Sample classification based on spectral comparison utilized the spectral contrast angle method. RESULTS Using the developed software platform near real-time sample classification is exemplified using a series of commercially available blue ink rollerball pens and vegetable oils. In the case of the inks, full scan positive and negative ion ESI mass spectra were both used for database generation and sample classification. For the vegetable oils, full scan positive ion mode APCI mass spectra were recorded. The overall accuracy of the employed spectral contrast angle statistical model was 95.3% and 98% in case of the inks and oils, respectively, using leave-one-out cross-validation. CONCLUSIONS This work illustrates that an open port sampling interface/mass spectrometer combination, with appropriate instrument control and data processing software, is a viable direct liquid extraction sampling and analysis system suitable for the non-expert user and near real-time sample classification via database matching. Published in 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary J Van Berkel
- Mass Spectrometry and Laser Spectroscopy Group, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6131, USA
| | - Vilmos Kertesz
- Mass Spectrometry and Laser Spectroscopy Group, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6131, USA
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47
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Trace-Level Screening of Chemicals Related to Clandestine Desomorphine Production with Ambient Sampling, Portable Mass Spectrometry. J CHEM-NY 2017. [DOI: 10.1155/2017/8571928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Desomorphine is a semisynthetic opioid that is responsible for the psychoactive effects of a dangerous homemade injectable mixture that goes by street name “Krokodil.” Desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) and paper spray ionization (PSI) are implemented on a portable mass spectrometer for the direct analysis of desomorphine and precursor reagent codeine from multiple substrates of potential relevance to clandestine drug laboratory synthesis and paraphernalia seizure. Minimal sample preparation required for analysis and portability of the instrument suggest the potential for rapid, on-site analysis of evidence, a highly desired benefit for forensic science and law enforcement practitioners. Both DESI-MS and PSI-MS can generate spectra consistent with preceding data obtained using traditional ionization methods, while demonstrating detection limits in the low- to sub-ng levels.
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48
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Dutkiewicz EP, Urban PL. Quantitative mass spectrometry of unconventional human biological matrices. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2016; 374:20150380. [PMID: 27644966 PMCID: PMC5031645 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2015.0380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of sensitive and versatile mass spectrometric methodology has fuelled interest in the analysis of metabolites and drugs in unconventional biological specimens. Here, we discuss the analysis of eight human matrices-hair, nail, breath, saliva, tears, meibum, nasal mucus and skin excretions (including sweat)-by mass spectrometry (MS). The use of such specimens brings a number of advantages, the most important being non-invasive sampling, the limited risk of adulteration and the ability to obtain information that complements blood and urine tests. The most often studied matrices are hair, breath and saliva. This review primarily focuses on endogenous (e.g. potential biomarkers, hormones) and exogenous (e.g. drugs, environmental contaminants) small molecules. The majority of analytical methods used chromatographic separation prior to MS; however, such a hyphenated methodology greatly limits analytical throughput. On the other hand, the mass spectrometric methods that exclude chromatographic separation are fast but suffer from matrix interferences. To enable development of quantitative assays for unconventional matrices, it is desirable to standardize the protocols for the analysis of each specimen and create appropriate certified reference materials. Overcoming these challenges will make analysis of unconventional human biological matrices more common in a clinical setting.This article is part of the themed issue 'Quantitative mass spectrometry'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina P Dutkiewicz
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Rd, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Pawel L Urban
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Rd, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan Institute of Molecular Science, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Rd, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
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49
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Wu MX, Wang HY, Zhang JT, Guo YL. Multifunctional Carbon Fiber Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2016; 88:9547-9553. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Xi Wu
- State Key
Laboratory of Organometallic
Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai,
Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, CAS, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hao-Yang Wang
- State Key
Laboratory of Organometallic
Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai,
Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, CAS, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jun-Ting Zhang
- State Key
Laboratory of Organometallic
Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai,
Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, CAS, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yin-Long Guo
- State Key
Laboratory of Organometallic
Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai,
Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, CAS, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
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