1
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Zappe A, Miller RL, Struwe WB, Pagel K. State-of-the-art glycosaminoglycan characterization. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022; 41:1040-1071. [PMID: 34608657 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are heterogeneous acidic polysaccharides involved in a range of biological functions. They have a significant influence on the regulation of cellular processes and the development of various diseases and infections. To fully understand the functional roles that GAGs play in mammalian systems, including disease processes, it is essential to understand their structural features. Despite having a linear structure and a repetitive disaccharide backbone, their structural analysis is challenging and requires elaborate preparative and analytical techniques. In particular, the extent to which GAGs are sulfated, as well as variation in sulfate position across the entire oligosaccharide or on individual monosaccharides, represents a major obstacle. Here, we summarize the current state-of-the-art methodologies used for GAG sample preparation and analysis, discussing in detail liquid chromatograpy and mass spectrometry-based approaches, including advanced ion activation methods, ion mobility separations and infrared action spectroscopy of mass-selected species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Zappe
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rebecca L Miller
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Copenhagen Centre for Glycomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Kevin Pagel
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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2
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Grabarics M, Lettow M, Kirschbaum C, Greis K, Manz C, Pagel K. Mass Spectrometry-Based Techniques to Elucidate the Sugar Code. Chem Rev 2022; 122:7840-7908. [PMID: 34491038 PMCID: PMC9052437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cells encode information in the sequence of biopolymers, such as nucleic acids, proteins, and glycans. Although glycans are essential to all living organisms, surprisingly little is known about the "sugar code" and the biological roles of these molecules. The reason glycobiology lags behind its counterparts dealing with nucleic acids and proteins lies in the complexity of carbohydrate structures, which renders their analysis extremely challenging. Building blocks that may differ only in the configuration of a single stereocenter, combined with the vast possibilities to connect monosaccharide units, lead to an immense variety of isomers, which poses a formidable challenge to conventional mass spectrometry. In recent years, however, a combination of innovative ion activation methods, commercialization of ion mobility-mass spectrometry, progress in gas-phase ion spectroscopy, and advances in computational chemistry have led to a revolution in mass spectrometry-based glycan analysis. The present review focuses on the above techniques that expanded the traditional glycomics toolkit and provided spectacular insight into the structure of these fascinating biomolecules. To emphasize the specific challenges associated with them, major classes of mammalian glycans are discussed in separate sections. By doing so, we aim to put the spotlight on the most important element of glycobiology: the glycans themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márkó Grabarics
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Molecular Physics, Fritz Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4−6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maike Lettow
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Molecular Physics, Fritz Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4−6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carla Kirschbaum
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Molecular Physics, Fritz Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4−6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kim Greis
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Molecular Physics, Fritz Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4−6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Manz
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Molecular Physics, Fritz Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4−6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kevin Pagel
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Molecular Physics, Fritz Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4−6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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3
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Cavallero GJ, Zaia J. Resolving Heparan Sulfate Oligosaccharide Positional Isomers Using Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography-Cyclic Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2022; 94:2366-2374. [PMID: 35090117 PMCID: PMC8943687 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is a linear polysaccharide covalently attached to proteoglycans on cell surfaces and within extracellular matrices in all animal tissues. Many biological processes are triggered by the interactions among HS binding proteins and short structural motifs in HS chains. The determination of HS oligosaccharide structures using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is made challenging by the existence of positional sulfation and acetylation isomers. The determination of uronic acid epimer positions is even more challenging. While hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) separates HS saccharides based on their composition, there is a very limited resolution of positional isomers. This lack of resolution places a burden on the tandem mass spectrometry step for assigning saccharide isomers. In this work, we explored the use of the ion mobility dimension to separate HS saccharide isomers based on molecular shape in the gas phase. We showed that the combination of HILIC and cyclic ion mobility mass spectrometry (cIM-MS) was extremely useful for resolving HS positional isomers including uronic acid epimers and sulfate positions. Furthermore, HILIC-cIM-MS differentiated multicomponent HS isomeric saccharide mixtures. In summary, HILIC-cIM-MS provided high-quality data for analysis of HS oligosaccharide isomeric mixtures that may prove useful in the discovery of new structural motifs for HS binding proteins and for the targeted quality control analysis of commercial HS products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo J Cavallero
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Joseph Zaia
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
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4
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De Novo Sequencing of Heparin /Heparan Sulfate Oligosaccharides by Chemical Derivatization and LC-MS /MS. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2303:163-172. [PMID: 34626378 PMCID: PMC8788297 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1398-6_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The biological function of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) oligosaccharides is dictated in part by the pattern of modifications (sulfation, acetylation/deacetylation, and epimerization of uronic acids) occurring in oligosaccharide regions of the polysaccharide. The sequencing of the pattern of modifications of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) oligosaccharides is highly challenging due to the heterogeneity of most naturally occurring GAGs. While liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is widely used to determine GAG oligosaccharide composition, the high lability of sulfates in the gas phase makes structural interrogation by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) unlikely to yield useful sequence information. Here we describe a method for the chemical derivatization of GAG oligosaccharides that replaces sulfate groups in a site-specific manner. The resulting derivatized GAG oligosaccharides can be chromatographically separated with high efficiency using C18 reversed-phase chromatography and sequenced using standard LC-MS/MS methods.
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5
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Várnai B, Grabarics M, Szakács Z, Pagel K, Malanga M, Sohajda T, Béni S. Structural characterization of fondaparinux interaction with per-6-amino-beta-cyclodextrin: An NMR and MS study. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 197:113947. [PMID: 33601159 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.113947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The highly anionic synthetic pentasaccharide fondaparinux (FDPX) - representing the antithrombin binding sequence of heparin - is in clinical use as a potent anticoagulant. Contrary to the unfractionated heparin, FDPX lacks potent antidote completely reversing its anticoagulant activity, therefore it is of great importance to identify new structures exhibiting strong intermolecular interactions towards FDPX. The polycationic heptakis(6-amino-6-deoxy)-beta-cyclodextrin (NH2-β-CD) can serve as an excellent model compound to mimic these interactions between the oppositely charged oligosaccharides. Herein, extensive NMR spectroscopic and nano-electrospray ionization mass spectrometric (nESI-MS) studies were conducted to understand the molecular-level interactions in the FDPX - NH2-β-CD systems. NMR experiments were performed at pD 7.4 and 2.0. Job's method of continuous variation and 1H NMR titration experiments suggested the formation of FDPX∙NH2-β-CD complex at pD 7.4, while the presence of multiple complexes was assumed at pD 2.0. Stability constants were determined by separate 1H NMR titrations, yielding log β11=3.65 ± 0.02 at pD 7.4, while log β11 ≥ 4.9 value suggested a high-affinity system at pD 2.0. 2D NOESY NMR studies indicated spatial proximities between the anomeric resonance α-l-iduronic acid residue and the cyclodextrin's methylene unit in the proximity of the cationic amino function. Acidic degradation of FDPX was investigated by NMR and MS for the first time in detail confirming that desulfation occurs involving one to two sulfate moieties. The desulfation of FDPX was inhibited by the cationic cyclodextrin in the case of equimolar ratio at pD 2.0. This is the first report on the stabilizing effect of cyclodextrin complexation on heparin degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianka Várnai
- Semmelweis University, Department of Pharmacognosy, Üllői út. 26, H-1085, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Márkó Grabarics
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany; Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Department of Molecular Physics, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Zoltán Szakács
- Gedeon Richter Plc., Spectroscopic Research Department, H-1475, Budapest, P.O.B. 27, Hungary
| | - Kevin Pagel
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany; Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Department of Molecular Physics, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Milo Malanga
- CycloLab, Cyclodextrin R&D Ltd, Budapest, H-1097, Illatos út 7, Hungary
| | - Tamás Sohajda
- CycloLab, Cyclodextrin R&D Ltd, Budapest, H-1097, Illatos út 7, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Béni
- Semmelweis University, Department of Pharmacognosy, Üllői út. 26, H-1085, Budapest, Hungary.
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6
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Song Y, Zhang F, Linhardt RJ. Analysis of the Glycosaminoglycan Chains of Proteoglycans. J Histochem Cytochem 2021; 69:121-135. [PMID: 32623943 PMCID: PMC7841699 DOI: 10.1369/0022155420937154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are heterogeneous, negatively charged, macromolecules that are found in animal tissues. Based on the form of component sugar, GAGs have been categorized into four different families: heparin/heparan sulfate, chondroitin/dermatan sulfate, keratan sulfate, and hyaluronan. GAGs engage in biological pathway regulation through their interaction with protein ligands. Detailed structural information on GAG chains is required to further understanding of GAG-ligand interactions. However, polysaccharide sequencing has lagged behind protein and DNA sequencing due to the non-template-driven biosynthesis of glycans. In this review, we summarize recent progress in the analysis of GAG chains, specifically focusing on techniques related to mass spectroscopy (MS), including separation techniques coupled to MS, tandem MS, and bioinformatics software for MS spectrum interpretation. Progress in the use of other structural analysis tools, such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and hyphenated techniques, is included to provide a comprehensive perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuefan Song
- National R & D Branch Center for Seaweed Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, P.R. China
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
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7
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Pepi LE, Sanderson P, Stickney M, Amster IJ. Developments in Mass Spectrometry for Glycosaminoglycan Analysis: A Review. Mol Cell Proteomics 2021; 20:100025. [PMID: 32938749 PMCID: PMC8724624 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.r120.002267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This review covers recent developments in glycosaminoglycan (GAG) analysis via mass spectrometry (MS). GAGs participate in a variety of biological functions, including cellular communication, wound healing, and anticoagulation, and are important targets for structural characterization. GAGs exhibit a diverse range of structural features due to the variety of O- and N-sulfation modifications and uronic acid C-5 epimerization that can occur, making their analysis a challenging target. Mass spectrometry approaches to the structure assignment of GAGs have been widely investigated, and new methodologies remain the subject of development. Advances in sample preparation, tandem MS techniques (MS/MS), online separations, and automated analysis software have advanced the field of GAG analysis. These recent developments have led to remarkable improvements in the precision and time efficiency for the structural characterization of GAGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Pepi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Morgan Stickney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - I Jonathan Amster
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.
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8
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Liu H, Liang Q, Sharp JS. Peracylation Coupled with Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Structural Sequencing of Sulfated Glycosaminoglycan Mixtures without Depolymerization. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:2061-2072. [PMID: 32902282 PMCID: PMC7664153 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The structures of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), especially the patterns of modification, are crucial to modulate interactions with various protein targets. It is very challenging to determine the fine structures using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) due in large part to the gas-phase sulfate losses upon collisional activation. Previously, our group reported a method for fine structure analysis that required permethylation of the GAG oligosaccharide. However, uncontrolled depolymerization during the permethylation process due to esterification of uronic acid lowers the reliability of the method to resolve structures of GAGs, especially for larger oligosaccharides. Here, we describe a simplified derivatization method using propionylation and desulfation. The oligosaccharides have all hydroxyl and amine groups protected with propionyl groups and then have sulfate groups removed to generate unprotected hydroxyl and amine groups at all sites that were previously sulfated. This derivatized oligosaccharide generates informative fragments during collision-induced dissociation that resolve the original sulfation patterns. This method is demonstrated to enable accurate determination of sulfation patterns of even the highly sulfated pentasaccharide fondaparinux by MS2 and MS3. Using a mixture of dp6 from porcine heparin, we demonstrate that this method allows for structural characterization of complex mixtures, including clear chromatographic separation and sequencing of structural isomers, all at high yields without evidence of depolymerization. This represents a marked improvement in the reliability to structurally characterize GAG oligosaccharides over permethylation-based derivatization schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
| | - Quntao Liang
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, University of Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Joshua S. Sharp
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
- Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to J.S.S. ()
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9
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Ultraviolet photodissociation of fondaparinux generates signature antithrombin-like 3-O-sulfated -GlcNS3S6S- monosaccharide fragment (Y3/C3). Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:7925-7935. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02925-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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10
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Jiang Q, Wang Y, Li H, Chen DDY. Combining online size exclusion chromatography and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry to characterize plant polysaccharides. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 246:116591. [PMID: 32747250 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Characterizing polysaccharides with large molecular weights and isomeric heterogeneity with mass spectrometry (MS) is generally difficult. In this work, we demonstrate how coupling size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and high-resolution MS with source-induced dissociation (SID) can be used for the separation and direct structural evaluation of intact polysaccharides. The analytical method was successfully developed using dextran standards up to 3755 kDa. This method was used to separate naturally occurring plant polysaccharides based on size, after which numerous polysaccharide fragments were identified from the resulting MS spectra. The results provided strong evidence for structural diversity, complexity, and heterogeneity among polysaccharides. MS showed superior sensitivity and reliability for the polysaccharides in eluted fractions when compared to a refractive index detector. Putative compositions for the fragments were proposed based on exact mass values. The work demonstrated that SEC-SID-MS is a feasible alternative for obtaining valuable structural information from the analysis of intact polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Jiang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hongli Li
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - David D Y Chen
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1, Canada.
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11
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Miller RL, Guimond SE, Schwörer R, Zubkova OV, Tyler PC, Xu Y, Liu J, Chopra P, Boons GJ, Grabarics M, Manz C, Hofmann J, Karlsson NG, Turnbull JE, Struwe WB, Pagel K. Shotgun ion mobility mass spectrometry sequencing of heparan sulfate saccharides. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1481. [PMID: 32198425 PMCID: PMC7083916 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15284-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite evident regulatory roles of heparan sulfate (HS) saccharides in numerous biological processes, definitive information on the bioactive sequences of these polymers is lacking, with only a handful of natural structures sequenced to date. Here, we develop a “Shotgun” Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry Sequencing (SIMMS2) method in which intact HS saccharides are dissociated in an ion mobility mass spectrometer and collision cross section values of fragments measured. Matching of data for intact and fragment ions against known values for 36 fully defined HS saccharide structures (from di- to decasaccharides) permits unambiguous sequence determination of validated standards and unknown natural saccharides, notably including variants with 3O-sulfate groups. SIMMS2 analysis of two fibroblast growth factor-inhibiting hexasaccharides identified from a HS oligosaccharide library screen demonstrates that the approach allows elucidation of structure-activity relationships. SIMMS2 thus overcomes the bottleneck for decoding the informational content of functional HS motifs which is crucial for their future biomedical exploitation. Heparan sulfates (HS) contain functionally relevant structural motifs, but determining their monosaccharide sequence remains challenging. Here, the authors develop an ion mobility mass spectrometry-based method that allows unambiguous characterization of HS sequences and structure-activity relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Miller
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, N 2200, Denmark. .,Centre for Glycobiology, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK. .,Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.
| | - Scott E Guimond
- Centre for Glycobiology, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK.,Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, School of Medicine, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Ralf Schwörer
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Road, Gracefield, Lower Hutt, 5010, New Zealand
| | - Olga V Zubkova
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Road, Gracefield, Lower Hutt, 5010, New Zealand
| | - Peter C Tyler
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Road, Gracefield, Lower Hutt, 5010, New Zealand
| | - Yongmei Xu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Jian Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Pradeep Chopra
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.,Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Science, and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Márkó Grabarics
- Freie Universitaet Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Takustrasse 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany.,Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Manz
- Freie Universitaet Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Takustrasse 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany.,Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johanna Hofmann
- Freie Universitaet Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Takustrasse 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany.,Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Niclas G Karlsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jeremy E Turnbull
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, N 2200, Denmark.,Centre for Glycobiology, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Weston B Struwe
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Kevin Pagel
- Freie Universitaet Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Takustrasse 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany.,Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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12
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Cao WQ, Liu MQ, Kong SY, Wu MX, Huang ZZ, Yang PY. Novel methods in glycomics: a 2019 update. Expert Rev Proteomics 2020; 17:11-25. [PMID: 31914820 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2020.1708199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Glycomics, which aims to define the glycome of a biological system to better assess the biological attributes of the glycans, has attracted increasing interest. However, the complexity and diversity of glycans present challenging barriers to glycome definition. Technological advances are major drivers in glycomics.Areas covered: This review summarizes the main methods and emphasizes the most recent advances in mass spectrometry-based methods regarding glycomics following the general workflow in glycomic analysis.Expert opinion: Recent mass spectrometry-based technological advances have significantly lowered the barriers in glycomics. The field of glycomics is moving toward both generic and precise analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Qian Cao
- Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming-Qi Liu
- Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Si-Yuan Kong
- Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng-Xi Wu
- Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng-Ze Huang
- Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng-Yuan Yang
- Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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13
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Liu H, Joshi A, Chopra P, Liu L, Boons GJ, Sharp JS. Salt-free fractionation of complex isomeric mixtures of glycosaminoglycan oligosaccharides compatible with ESI-MS and microarray analysis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16566. [PMID: 31719635 PMCID: PMC6851191 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53070-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin and heparan sulfate (Hp/HS) are linear complex glycosaminoglycans which are involved in diverse biological processes. The structural complexity brings difficulties in separation, making the study of structure-function relationships challenging. Here we present a separation method for Hp/HS oligosaccharide fractionation with cross-compatible solvent and conditions, combining size exclusion chromatography (SEC), ion-pair reversed phase chromatography (IPRP), and hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) as three orthogonal separation methods that do not require desalting or extensive sample handling. With this method, the final eluent is suitable for structure-function relationship studies, including tandem mass spectrometry and microarray printing. Our data indicate that high resolution is achieved on both IPRP and HILIC for Hp/HS isomers. In addition, the fractions co-eluted in IPRP could be further separated by HILIC, with both separation dimensions capable of resolving some isomeric oligosaccharides. We demonstrate this method using both unpurified reaction products from isomeric synthetic hexasaccharides and an octasaccharide fraction from enoxaparin, identifying isomers resolved by this multi-dimensional separation method. We demonstrate both structural analysis by MS, as well as functional analysis by microarray printing and screening using a prototypical Hp/HS binding protein: basic-fibroblast growth factor (FGF2). Collectively, this method provides a strategy for efficient Hp/HS structure-function characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Apoorva Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.,Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Pradeep Chopra
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Lin Liu
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.,Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.,Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joshua S Sharp
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, 38677, USA.
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14
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Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) mediates a wide range of protein binding interactions key to normal and pathological physiology. Though liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) based disaccharide composition analysis is able to profile changes in HS composition, the heterogeneity of modifications and the labile sulfate group present major challenges for liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) sequencing of the HS oligosaccharides that represent protein binding determinants. Here, we report online LC-MS/MS sequencing of HS oligosaccharides using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) and negative electron transfer dissociation (NETD). A series of synthetic HS oligosaccharides varying in chain length (tetramers and hexamers), number of sulfate groups (3-7), sulfate patterns (sulfate positional isomers), and uronic acid epimerization (epimers) were separated and sequenced. The LC elution order of isomeric compounds was associated with their fine structure. The application of an online cation exchange device (ion suppressor) enhanced the precursor charge states, and the subsequent NETD produced abundant glycosidic fragments, allowing the characterization of both lowly sulfated and highly sulfated HS oligosaccharides. Furthermore, the diagnostic cross-ring ions differentiated the 6-O sulfation and 3-O sulfation, allowing unambiguous structural assignment. Collectively, this LC-NETD-MS/MS method is a powerful tool for sequencing of heterogeneous HS mixtures and is applicable for the differentiation of both isomers and epimers, for the characterization of saccharide mixtures with a varying extent of sulfation and even for the determination of both predominant and rare modification motifs. Thus, LC-NETD-MS/MS has great potential for further application to biological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiandong Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Juan Wei
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Pradeep Chopra
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CG, Netherlands
| | - Cheng Lin
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Joseph Zaia
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
- Corresponding Author: Tel.: 617-358-2429.
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15
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Guo Q, Reinhold VN. Advancing MSn spatial resolution and documentation for glycosaminoglycans by sulfate-isotope exchange. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:5033-5045. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01899-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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16
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Recent advances in glycosaminoglycan analysis by various mass spectrometry techniques. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:3731-3741. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01722-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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17
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Compagnon I, Schindler B, Renois-Predelus G, Daniel R. Lasers and ion mobility: new additions to the glycosaminoglycanomics toolkit. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2018; 50:171-180. [PMID: 30005299 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans are biopolymers present in mammalian cells or in the extracellular matrix. To address their structure, the nature of the hexuronic acids and the position of sulfate groups must be determined. Tandem mass spectrometry using collision induced dissociation or electron-based fragmentation techniques, is a well-established approach for the identification of glycans but suffers from the frequent lack of diagnostic fragments in the case of glycosaminoglycans. This review presents alternative fragmentation techniques, namely photofragmentation in the IR and the UV ranges. Alternative approaches based on the direct analysis of the molecular structure, including ion mobility spectrometry and ion spectroscopies are reviewed. The potential of future multidimensional workflows for glycosaminoglycanomics is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Compagnon
- Institut Universitaire de France IUF, 103 Boulevard St Michel, Paris F-75005, France; Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Baptiste Schindler
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Gina Renois-Predelus
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Régis Daniel
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, CEA, Univ Evry, Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l'Environnement, F-91025 Evry, France
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18
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Liang Q, Chopra P, Boons GJ, Sharp JS. Improved de novo sequencing of heparin/heparan sulfate oligosaccharides by propionylation of sites of sulfation. Carbohydr Res 2018; 465:16-21. [PMID: 29920400 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The structure of heparin and heparan sulfate (Hep/HS) oligosaccharides, as determined by the length and the pattern of sulfation, acetylation, and uronic acid epimerization, dictates their biological function through modulating interactions with protein targets. But fine structural determination is a very challenging task due to the lability of the sulfate modifications and difficulties in separating isomeric HS chains. Previously, we reported a strategy for chemical derivatization involving permethylation, desulfation, and trideuteroperacetylation, combined with standard reverse phase LC-MS/MS that enables the structural sequencing for heparin/HS oligosaccharides of sizes up to dodecasaccharide by positionally replacing all sulfates with more stable trideuteroacetyl groups, allowing for robust MS/MS sequencing. However, isomeric oligosaccharides that contain both N-sulfation and N-acetylation become isotopomers after labeling, differing only in the sites of deuteration. This prevents chromatographic separation of these different mixed domain sequences post-derivatization, and makes sequencing by MS/MS difficult due to co-fragmentation of the isotopomers leading to chimeric product ion spectra. In order to improve chromatographic separation of mixed domain oligosaccharides, we have introduced a propionylation step in place of trideuteroacetylation for labeling of sites of sulfation. HS standard disaccharides have been used to evaluate the efficiency of this improved chemical derivatization. The results show that we can quantitatively replace sulfation with propionyl groups with the same high efficiency as the previously reported trideuteroacetylation. After derivatization, we demonstrate the ability to chromatographically separate two mixed domain tetrasaccharide isomers differing solely by the order of N-sulfation and N-acetylation, allowing for full sequencing of each by MS/MS. These results represent a marked improvement in the ability of our previously reported derivatization strategy to analyze complex mixtures of Hep/HS oligosaccharides without a decrease in sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quntao Liang
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Pradeep Chopra
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Joshua S Sharp
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS, 38677, USA.
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19
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Wu J, Wei J, Hogan JD, Chopra P, Joshi A, Lu W, Klein J, Boons GJ, Lin C, Zaia J. Negative Electron Transfer Dissociation Sequencing of 3-O-Sulfation-Containing Heparan Sulfate Oligosaccharides. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:1262-1272. [PMID: 29564812 PMCID: PMC6004244 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-1907-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Among dissociation methods, negative electron transfer dissociation (NETD) has been proven the most useful for glycosaminoglycan (GAG) sequencing because it produces informative fragmentation, a low degree of sulfate losses, high sensitivity, and translatability to multiple instrument types. The challenge, however, is to distinguish positional sulfation. In particular, NETD has been reported to fail to differentiate 4-O- versus 6-O-sulfation in chondroitin sulfate decasaccharide. This raised the concern of whether NETD is able to differentiate the rare 3-O-sulfation from predominant 6-O-sulfation in heparan sulfate (HS) oligosaccharides. Here, we report that NETD generates highly informative spectra that differentiate sites of O-sulfation on glucosamine residues, enabling structural characterizations of synthetic HS isomers containing 3-O-sulfation. Further, lyase-resistant 3-O-sulfated tetrasaccharides from natural sources were successfully sequenced. Notably, for all of the oligosaccharides in this study, the successful sequencing is based on NETD tandem mass spectra of commonly observed deprotonated precursor ions without derivatization or metal cation adduction, simplifying the experimental workflow and data interpretation. These results demonstrate the potential of NETD as a sensitive analytical tool for detailed, high-throughput structural analysis of highly sulfated GAGs. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiandong Wu
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry and Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany Street, 5th Floor, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Juan Wei
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry and Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany Street, 5th Floor, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - John D Hogan
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Pradeep Chopra
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Apoorva Joshi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Weigang Lu
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Joshua Klein
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, 3584, Utrecht, CG, Netherlands
| | - Cheng Lin
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry and Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany Street, 5th Floor, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Joseph Zaia
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry and Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany Street, 5th Floor, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
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20
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21
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Liu Y, Palma AS, Feizi T, Chai W. Insights Into Glucan Polysaccharide Recognition Using Glucooligosaccharide Microarrays With Oxime-Linked Neoglycolipid Probes. Methods Enzymol 2018; 598:139-167. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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22
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Miller RL, Guimond SE, Prescott M, Turnbull JE, Karlsson N. Versatile Separation and Analysis of Heparan Sulfate Oligosaccharides Using Graphitized Carbon Liquid Chromatography and Electrospray Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2017; 89:8942-8950. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. Miller
- Centre
for Glycobiology, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative
Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, U.K
- Oncology
Department, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, U.K
| | - Scott E. Guimond
- Centre
for Glycobiology, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative
Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, U.K
| | - Mark Prescott
- Centre
for Glycobiology, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative
Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, U.K
| | - Jeremy E. Turnbull
- Centre
for Glycobiology, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative
Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, U.K
| | - Niclas Karlsson
- Department
of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine,
Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 440, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
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23
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Abstract
Heparin and heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans are long, linear polysaccharides that are made up of alternating dissacharide sequences of sulfated uronic acid and amino sugars. Unlike heparin, which is only found in mast cells, heparan sulfate is ubiquitously expressed on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix of all animal cells. These negatively-charged glycans play essential roles in important cellular functions such as cell growth, adhesion, angiogenesis, and blood coagulation. These biomolecules are also involved in pathophysiological conditions such as pathogen infection and human disease. This review discusses past and current methods for targeting these complex biomolecules as a novel therapeutic strategy to treating disorders such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Weiss
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Esko
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA
| | - Yitzhak Tor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA.
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24
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Anti-Obesity Effect of Bombus ignitus Queen Glycosaminoglycans in Rats on a High-Fat Diet. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18030681. [PMID: 28327528 PMCID: PMC5372691 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of functional insect glycosaminoglycan (GAG) on obesity caused a high fat diet has not yet been elucidated. Therefore, insect glycosaminoglycans derived from Isaria sinclairii, Bombus ignitus (a type of bumblebee) queen, and Gryllus bimaculatus were purified and investigated as a potential functional food. 14-week old male Wistar rats were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 6 weeks. There were five groups that received daily intraperitoneal administration of phosphate buffered saline (PBS, control), GbG (GAG from Gryllus bimaculatus) 10 mg/kg, ISG (GAG from Isaria sinclairii) 10 mg/kg, IQG (GAG from Bombus ignites) 10 mg/kg, or Pravastatin (2 mg/kg). All treatments were performed for one month. IQG produced a potential anti-inflammatory effect with the inhibition of c-reactive protein and sero-biochemical parameters of phospholipids and free fatty acids indicative of an anti-hyperlipidemic effect. Abdominal and epididymidal fat weight were reduced in conjunction with a mild increase in body weight. The level of laminin in HMVEC-C cells or fibronectin in HFD rat hepatocytes was significantly affected by these GAG treatments, which regulated adipogenesis and adipocyte function. Compared to the control rats, IQG-treated rats displayed up-regulation of 87 genes (test:control ratio >2.0) including fatty acid synthase and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, with the down-regulation of 47 genes including the uridine diphosphate (UDP) glycosyltransferase 2 families, polypeptidase B, and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1. The data suggest that IQG could potentially prevent or treat fatty liver or hyperlipidemia.
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25
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Patel VN, Pineda DL, Hoffman MP. The function of heparan sulfate during branching morphogenesis. Matrix Biol 2017; 57-58:311-323. [PMID: 27609403 PMCID: PMC5329135 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Branching morphogenesis is a fundamental process in the development of diverse epithelial organs such as the lung, kidney, liver, pancreas, prostate, salivary, lacrimal and mammary glands. A unifying theme during organogenesis is the importance of epithelial cell interactions with the extracellular matrix (ECM) and growth factors (GFs). The diverse developmental mechanisms giving rise to these epithelial organs involve many organ-specific GFs, but a unifying paradigm during organogenesis is the regulation of GF activity by heparan sulfates (HS) on the cell surface and in the ECM. This primarily involves the interactions of GFs with the sulfated side-chains of HS proteoglycans. HS is one of the most diverse biopolymers and modulates GF binding and signaling at the cell surface and in the ECM of all tissues. Here, we review what is known about how HS regulates branching morphogenesis of epithelial organs with emphasis on the developing salivary gland, which is a classic model to investigate epithelial-ECM interactions. We also address the structure, biosynthesis, turnover and function of HS during organogenesis. Understanding the regulatory mechanisms that control HS dynamics may aid in the development of therapeutic interventions for diseases and novel strategies for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali N Patel
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Dallas L Pineda
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Matthew P Hoffman
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
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26
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Schindler B, Renois-Predelus G, Bagdadi N, Melizi S, Barnes L, Chambert S, Allouche AR, Compagnon I. MS/IR, a new MS-based hyphenated method for analysis of hexuronic acid epimers in glycosaminoglycans. Glycoconj J 2016; 34:421-425. [PMID: 27924423 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-016-9741-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We report an original MS-based hyphenated method for the elucidation of the epimerization in GAG fragments. It consists of measuring simultaneously the MS/MS spectrum and the gas phase IR spectrum to gain direct structural information. This is possible using a customized MS instrument, modified to allow injection of a tunable IR laser inside of the instrument for in situ spectroscopy of trapped ions. The proof of principle of this approach is performed in the case of a hyaluronic acid tetrasaccharide standard. In addition, we provide the reference IR fingerprint of glucuronic and Iduronic monosaccharide standards. Remarkably, we show that the gas phase IR fingerprint of reference hexuronic acid monosaccharides proves to be transposable to oligosaccharides. Therefore, the method presented here is predictive and allows structural elucidation of unknown GAG fragments, even in the absence of referenced standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Schindler
- Institut Lumière Matière, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Gina Renois-Predelus
- Institut Lumière Matière, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Nassiba Bagdadi
- Institut Lumière Matière, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sihem Melizi
- Institut Lumière Matière, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Loïc Barnes
- Institut Lumière Matière, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Stéphane Chambert
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, ICBMS, UMR 5246, Bâtiment Jules Verne, 20 avenue Albert Einstein, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Abdul-Rahman Allouche
- Institut Lumière Matière, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Isabelle Compagnon
- Institut Lumière Matière, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France. .,Institut Universitaire de France IUF, 103 Blvd St Michel, 75005, Paris, France.
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27
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Ricard-Blum S, Lisacek F. Glycosaminoglycanomics: where we are. Glycoconj J 2016; 34:339-349. [PMID: 27900575 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-016-9747-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans regulate numerous physiopathological processes such as development, angiogenesis, innate immunity, cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Cell surface GAGs are involved in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, cell adhesion and signaling, and host-pathogen interactions. GAGs contribute to the assembly of the extracellular matrix and heparan sulfate chains are able to sequester growth factors in the ECM. Their biological activities are regulated by their interactions with proteins. The structural heterogeneity of GAGs, mostly due to chemical modifications occurring during and after their synthesis, makes the development of analytical techniques for their profiling in cells, tissues, and biological fluids, and of computational tools for mining GAG-protein interaction data very challenging. We give here an overview of the experimental approaches used in glycosaminoglycomics, of the major GAG-protein interactomes characterized so far, and of the computational tools and databases available to analyze and store GAG structures and interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Ricard-Blum
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, UMR 5246 CNRS - Université Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, CPE Lyon, 69622, Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
| | - Frédérique Lisacek
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1 Rue Michel-Servet, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.,Computer Science Department, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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28
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Zong C, Huang R, Condac E, Chiu Y, Xiao W, Li X, Lu W, Ishihara M, Wang S, Ramiah A, Stickney M, Azadi P, Amster IJ, Moremen KW, Wang L, Sharp JS, Boons GJ. Integrated Approach to Identify Heparan Sulfate Ligand Requirements of Robo1. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:13059-13067. [PMID: 27611601 PMCID: PMC5068570 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b08161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
An integrated methodology is described to establish ligand requirements for heparan sulfate (HS) binding proteins based on a workflow in which HS octasaccharides are produced by partial enzymatic degradation of natural HS followed by size exclusion purification, affinity enrichment using an immobilized HS-binding protein of interest, putative structure determination of isolated compounds by a hydrophilic interaction chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry platform, and chemical synthesis of well-defined HS oligosaccharides for structure-activity relationship studies. The methodology was used to establish the ligand requirements of human Roundabout receptor 1 (Robo1), which is involved in a number of developmental processes. Mass spectrometric analysis of the starting octasaccharide mixture and the Robo1-bound fraction indicated that Robo1 has a preference for a specific set of structures. Further analysis was performed by sequential permethylation, desulfation, and pertrideuteroacetylation followed by online separation and structural analysis by MS/MS. Sequences of tetrasaccharides could be deduced from the data, and by combining the compositional and sequence data, a putative octasaccharide ligand could be proposed (GlA-GlcNS6S-IdoA-GlcNS-IdoA2S-GlcNS6S-IdoA-GlcNAc6S). A modular synthetic approach was employed to prepare the target compound, and binding studies by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) confirmed it to be a high affinity ligand for Robo1. Further studies with a number of tetrasaccharides confirmed that sulfate esters at C-6 are critical for binding, whereas such functionalities at C-2 substantially reduce binding. High affinity ligands were able to reverse a reduction in endothelial cell migration induced by Slit2-Robo1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengli Zong
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Rongrong Huang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Eduard Condac
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Yulun Chiu
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Wenyuan Xiao
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Xiuru Li
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Weigang Lu
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Mayumi Ishihara
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Shuo Wang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Annapoorani Ramiah
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Morgan Stickney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - I. Jonathan Amster
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Kelley W. Moremen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Lianchun Wang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Joshua S. Sharp
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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