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Yan Y, Xing T, Huang X, Peng W, Wang S, Li N. Affinity-Resolved Size Exclusion Chromatography Coupled to Mass Spectrometry: A Novel Tool to Study the Attribute-and-Function Relationship in Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies. Anal Chem 2024. [PMID: 38986034 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Assessment of critical quality attributes (CQAs) is an important aspect during the development of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Attributes that affect either the target binding or Fc receptor engagement may have direct impacts on the drug safety and efficacy and thus are considered as CQAs. Native size exclusion chromatography (SEC)-based competitive binding assay has recently been reported and demonstrated significant benefits compared to conventional approaches for CQA identification, owing to its faster turn-around and higher multiplexity. Expanding on the similar concept, we report the development of a novel affinity-resolved size exclusion chromatography-mass spectrometry (AR-SEC-MS) method for rapid CQA evaluation in therapeutic mAbs. This method features wide applicability, fast turn-around, high multiplexity, and easy implementation. Using the well-studied Fc gamma receptor III-A (FcγRIIIa) and Fc interaction as a model system, the effectiveness of this method in studying the attribute-and-function relationship was demonstrated. Further, two case studies were detailed to showcase the application of this method in assessing CQAs related to antibody target binding, which included unusual N-linked glycosylation in a bispecific antibody and Met oxidation in a monospecific antibody, both occurring within the complementarity-determining regions (CDRs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuetian Yan
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591-6707, United States
| | - Tao Xing
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591-6707, United States
| | - Xiaoxiao Huang
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591-6707, United States
| | - Wenjing Peng
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591-6707, United States
| | - Shunhai Wang
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591-6707, United States
| | - Ning Li
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591-6707, United States
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2
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Feng J, Cao H, Xiang Y, Deng C, Li Y. An integrated methodology for quality assessment of therapeutic antibodies with potential long circulation half-life in harvested cell culture fluid using FcRn immobilized hydrophilic magnetic graphene. Talanta 2024; 272:125781. [PMID: 38359719 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Designing modified therapeutic antibodies with enhanced FcRn-binding affinity holds promise in the extension of circulation half-lives and potential refinement of pharmacokinetics. During the development of these new-generation therapeutic antibodies, FcRn binding affinity of IgGs is emphasized and monitored as a critical quality attribute (CQA), alongside other critical assessments including titer and aggregation level. However, the traditional workflow for assessing the overall quality of expressed IgGs in harvested cell culture fluid (HCCF) is blamed to be cumbersome and time-consuming. This study presents an integrated methodology for the rapid quality assessment of IgGs in HCCF by selectively extracting IgGs with favorable high FcRn affinity for subsequent analysis using size exclusion chromatography (SEC). The approach utilizes innovative adsorbents known as FcRn immobilized hydrophilic magnetic graphene (MG@PDA@PAMAM-FcRn) in a magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) process. To simulate the in vivo binding dynamics, MSPE binding and dissociation was performed at pH 6.0 and 7.4, respectively. The composite have demonstrated enhanced extraction efficiency and impurity removal ability in comparison to commercially available magnetic beads. The SEC monomer peak area value provides the output of this method, the ranking of which enabled the facile identification of superior HCCF samples with high overall quality of IgG. Optimization of MSPE parameters was performed, and the method was validated for specificity, precision, sensitivity, and accuracy. The proposed method exhibited an analytical time of 0.6 h, which is 7-22 times shortened in comparison to the conventional workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Feng
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Department, School of Pharmacy and MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Hao Cao
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Department, School of Pharmacy and MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yangjiayi Xiang
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Department, School of Pharmacy and MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Chunhui Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yan Li
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Department, School of Pharmacy and MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China; Center for Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, 201399, China.
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3
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Schwenzer AK, Kruse L, Jooß K, Neusüß C. Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry for protein analyses under native conditions: Current progress and perspectives. Proteomics 2024; 24:e2300135. [PMID: 37312401 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202300135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Native mass spectrometry is a rapidly emerging technique for fast and sensitive structural analysis of protein constructs, maintaining the protein higher order structure. The coupling with electromigration separation techniques under native conditions enables the characterization of proteoforms and highly complex protein mixtures. In this review, we present an overview of current native CE-MS technology. First, the status of native separation conditions is described for capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), affinity capillary electrophoresis (ACE), and capillary isoelectric focusing (CIEF), as well as their chip-based formats, including essential parameters such as electrolyte composition and capillary coatings. Further, conditions required for native ESI-MS of (large) protein constructs, including instrumental parameters of QTOF and Orbitrap systems, as well as requirements for native CE-MS interfacing are presented. On this basis, methods and applications of the different modes of native CE-MS are summarized and discussed in the context of biological, medical, and biopharmaceutical questions. Finally, key achievements are highlighted and concluded, while remaining challenges are pointed out.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lena Kruse
- Department of Chemistry, Aalen University, Aalen, Germany
| | - Kevin Jooß
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, the Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, and the Proteomics Center of Excellence, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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4
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Lippold S, Mistry K, Lenka S, Whang K, Liu P, Pitschi S, Kuhne F, Reusch D, Cadang L, Knaupp A, Izadi S, Dunkle A, Yang F, Schlothauer T. Function-structure approach reveals novel insights on the interplay of Immunoglobulin G 1 proteoforms and Fc gamma receptor IIa allotypes. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1260446. [PMID: 37790943 PMCID: PMC10544997 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1260446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Fc gamma receptor IIa (FcγRIIa) or CD32a has two major allotypes with a single amino acid difference at position 131 (histidine or arginine). Differences in FcγRIIa allotypes are known to impact immunological responses such as the clinical outcome of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). FcγRIIa is involved in antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP), which is an important contributor to the mechanism-of-action of mAbs by driving phagocytic clearance of cancer cells. Hence, understanding the impact of individual mAb proteoforms on the binding to FcγRIIa, and its different allotypes, is crucial for defining meaningful critical quality attributes (CQAs). Here, we report a function-structure based approach guided by novel FcγRIIa affinity chromatography-mass spectrometry (AC-MS) assays to assess individual IgG1 proteoforms. This allowed to unravel allotype-specific differences of IgG1 proteoforms on FcγRIIa binding. FcγRIIa AC-MS confirmed and refined structure-function relationships of IgG1 glycoform interactions. For example, the positive impact of afucosylation was higher than galactosylation for FcγRIIa Arg compared to FcγRIIa His. Moreover, we observed FcγRIIa allotype-opposing and IgG1 proteoform integrity-dependent differences in the binding response of stress-induced IgG1 proteoforms comprising asparagine 325 deamidation. The FcγRIIa-allotype dependent binding differences resolved by AC-MS were in line with functional ADCP-surrogate bioassay models. The molecular basis of the observed allotype specificity and proteoform selectivity upon asparagine 325 deamidation was elucidated using molecular dynamics. The observed differences were attributed to the contributions of an inter-molecular salt bridge between IgG1 and FcγRIIa Arg and the contribution of an intra-molecular hydrophobic pocket in IgG1. Our work highlights the unprecedented structural and functional resolution of AC-MS approaches along with predictive biological significance of observed affinity differences within relevant cell-based methods. This makes FcγRIIa AC-MS an invaluable tool to streamline the CQA assessment of therapeutic mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Lippold
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Karishma Mistry
- Biological Technologies, Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Sunidhi Lenka
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, A Member of The Roche Group, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Kevin Whang
- Biological Technologies, Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Peilu Liu
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Sebastian Pitschi
- Pharma Technical Development Europe, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Felix Kuhne
- Pharma Technical Development Europe, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Dietmar Reusch
- Pharma Technical Development Europe, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Lance Cadang
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Alexander Knaupp
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Saeed Izadi
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, A Member of The Roche Group, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Alexis Dunkle
- Biological Technologies, Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Feng Yang
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Tilman Schlothauer
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
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5
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Cotham VC, Liu AP, Wang S, Li N. A generic platform to couple affinity chromatography with native mass spectrometry for the analysis of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 228:115337. [PMID: 36933319 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Affinity chromatography coupled with native mass spectrometry has emerged as a powerful tool for the analysis of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Exploiting the specific interactions between mAbs and their ligands, these methods not only provide orthogonal means to study the highly complex mAb attributes, but also offer insights on their biological relevance. Despite the great promise, application of affinity chromatography - native mass spectrometry in routine mAb characterization has been limited, largely due to the complicated experimental set up. In this study, we introduced a generic platform to facilitate the online coupling of different affinity separation modes with native mass spectrometry. Built upon a recently introduced native LC-MS platform, this new strategy can accommodate a wide range of chromatographic conditions, and therefore, allow greatly simplified experimental set up and facile swapping of affinity separation modes. The utility of this platform was demonstrated by successful online coupling of three affinity chromatography methods (protein A, FcγRIIIa, and FcRn) with native mass spectrometry. The developed protein A-MS method was tested both in a "bind-and-elute" mode for rapid mAb screening and in a high-resolution resolving mode to study mAb species with altered protein A affinity. The FcγRIIIa-MS method was applied to achieve glycoform-resolved analyses of both IgG1 and IgG4 subclass molecules. The FcRn-MS method was demonstrated in two case studies, where specific post-translational modifications and Fc mutations were known to alter FcRn affinities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria C Cotham
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Anita P Liu
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Shunhai Wang
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA.
| | - Ning Li
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
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6
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Lippold S, Hook M, Spick C, Knaupp A, Whang K, Ruperti F, Cadang L, Andersen N, Vogt A, Grote M, Reusch D, Haberger M, Yang F, Schlothauer T. CD3 Target Affinity Chromatography Mass Spectrometry as a New Tool for Function-Structure Characterization of T-Cell Engaging Bispecific Antibody Proteoforms and Product-Related Variants. Anal Chem 2023; 95:2260-2268. [PMID: 36638115 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
T-cell engaging bispecific antibodies (TCBs) targeting CD3 and tumor-specific antigens are very promising therapeutic modalities. Since CD3 binding is crucial for the potency of TCBs, understanding the functional impact of CD3 antigen-binding fragment modifications is of utmost importance for defining critical quality attributes (CQA). The current CQA assessment strategy requires the integration of structure-based physicochemical separation and functional cell-based potency assays. However, this strategy is tedious, and coexisting proteoforms with potentially different functionalities may not be individually assessed. This increases the degree of ambiguities for defining meaningful CQAs, particularly for complex bispecific antibody formats such as TCBs. Here, we report for the first time a proof-of-concept study to separate and identify critically modified proteoforms of TCBs using functional CD3 target affinity chromatography (AC) coupled with online mass spectrometry (MS). Our method enabled functional distinction of relevant deamidated and glycosylated proteoforms and the simultaneous assessment of product-related variants such as TCB mispairings. For example, CD3 AC-MS allowed us to separate TCB mispairings with increased CD3 binding (i.e., knob-knob homodimers) within the bound fraction. The functional separation of proteoforms was validated using an established workflow for CQA identification based on thoroughly characterized ion-exchange fractions of a 2+1 TCB. In addition, the new method facilitated the criticality assessment of post-translational modifications in stress studies and structural variants in early stage clone selection. CD3 AC-MS has high impact for streamlining the integration of functional and structural characterizations of the large landscape of therapeutic CD3 targeting TCBs from early stage research to late stage characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Lippold
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Michaela Hook
- Pharma Technical Development Penzberg, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Christian Spick
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Alexander Knaupp
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Kevin Whang
- Biological Technologies, Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Fabian Ruperti
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Lance Cadang
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Nisana Andersen
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Annette Vogt
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Michael Grote
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Dietmar Reusch
- Pharma Technical Development Penzberg, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Markus Haberger
- Pharma Technical Development Penzberg, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Feng Yang
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Tilman Schlothauer
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg 82377, Germany
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7
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Legrand P, Dufaÿ S, Mignet N, Houzé P, Gahoual R. Modeling study of long-term stability of the monoclonal antibody infliximab and biosimilars using liquid-chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and size-exclusion chromatography-multi-angle light scattering. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:179-192. [PMID: 36449030 PMCID: PMC9709354 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04396-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) represent a dynamic class of biopharmaceutical products, as evidenced by an increasing number of market authorizations for mAb innovator and biosimilar products. Stability studies are commonly performed during product development, for instance, to exclude unstable molecules, optimize the formulation or determine the storage limit. Such studies are time-consuming, especially for mAbs, because of their structural complexity which requires multiple analytical techniques to achieve a detailed characterization. We report the implementation of a novel methodology based on the accelerated stability assessment program (ASAP) in order to model the long-term stability of mAbs in relation to different structural aspects. Stability studies of innovator infliximab and two different biosimilars were performed using forced degradation conditions alongside in-use administration conditions in order to investigate their similarity regarding stability. Thus, characterization of post-translational modifications was achieved using liquid-chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis, and the formation of aggregates and free chain fragments was characterized using size-exclusion chromatography-multi-angle light scattering (SEC-MALS-UV/RI) analysis. Consequently, ASAP models were investigated with regard to free chain fragmentation of mAbs concomitantly with N57 deamidation, located in the hypervariable region. Comparison of ASAP models and the long-term stability data from samples stored in intravenous bags demonstrated a relevant correlation, indicating the stability of the mAbs. The developed methodology highlighted the particularities of ASAP modeling for mAbs and demonstrated the possibility to independently consider the different types of degradation pathways in order to provide accurate and appropriate prediction of the long-term stability of this type of biomolecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Legrand
- Université Paris Cité, Faculté de sciences pharmaceutiques et biologiques, Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé (UTCBS), CNRS UMR8258, Inserm U1267, 4, avenue de l'observatoire, 75270, Paris Cedex 06, France.
- Département Recherche Et Développement Pharmaceutique, Agence Générale Des Equipements Et Produits de Santé (AGEPS), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, (AP-HP), Paris, France.
| | - Sophie Dufaÿ
- Département Recherche Et Développement Pharmaceutique, Agence Générale Des Equipements Et Produits de Santé (AGEPS), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Mignet
- Université Paris Cité, Faculté de sciences pharmaceutiques et biologiques, Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé (UTCBS), CNRS UMR8258, Inserm U1267, 4, avenue de l'observatoire, 75270, Paris Cedex 06, France
| | - Pascal Houzé
- Université Paris Cité, Faculté de sciences pharmaceutiques et biologiques, Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé (UTCBS), CNRS UMR8258, Inserm U1267, 4, avenue de l'observatoire, 75270, Paris Cedex 06, France
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie Biologique, Hôpital Lariboisière, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Rabah Gahoual
- Université Paris Cité, Faculté de sciences pharmaceutiques et biologiques, Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé (UTCBS), CNRS UMR8258, Inserm U1267, 4, avenue de l'observatoire, 75270, Paris Cedex 06, France
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8
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Müller T, Tasser C, Tesar M, Fucek I, Schniegler-Mattox U, Koch J, Ellwanger K. Selection of bispecific antibodies with optimal developability using FcRn‑Ph‑HPLC as an optimized FcRn affinity chromatography method. MAbs 2023; 15:2245519. [PMID: 37599441 PMCID: PMC10443974 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2023.2245519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A challenge when developing therapeutic antibodies is the identification of candidates with favorable pharmacokinetics (PK) early in development. A key determinant of immunoglobulin (IgG) serum half‑life in vivo is the efficiency of pH-dependent binding to the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn). Numerous studies have proposed techniques to assess FcRn binding of IgG-based therapeutics in vitro, enabling prediction of serum half-life prior to clinical assessment. FcRn high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assays FcRn binding of therapeutic IgGs across a pH gradient, allowing the correlation of IgG column retention time to the half‑life of a therapeutic IgG in vivo. However, as FcRn retention time cannot be directly compared to an in vivo parameter, modifications to FcRn-HPLC are required to enable interpretation of the data within a physiological context, to provide more accurate estimations of serum half-life. This study presents an important modification to this method, FcRn-pH-HPLC, which reproducibly measures FcRn dissociation pH, allowing correlation with previously established half-lives of therapeutic antibodies. Furthermore, the influence of incorporating various antibody modifications, binding modules, and their orientations within IgGs and bispecifics on FcRn dissociation pH was evaluated using antibodies from the redirected optimized cell killing (ROCK®) platform. Target and effector antigen-binding domain sequences, their presentation format and orientation within a bispecific antibody alter FcRn retention; tested Fc domain modifications and incorporating stabilizing disulfide bonds had minimal effect. This study may inform the generation of mono-, bi- and multi-specific antibodies with tailored half-lives based on FcRn binding properties in vitro, to differentiate antibody-based therapeutic candidates with optimal developability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Müller
- Discovery Research and Translational Immunology, Affimed GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carolin Tasser
- Discovery Research and Translational Immunology, Affimed GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Tesar
- Discovery Research and Translational Immunology, Affimed GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ivica Fucek
- Discovery Research and Translational Immunology, Affimed GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Joachim Koch
- Discovery Research and Translational Immunology, Affimed GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kristina Ellwanger
- Discovery Research and Translational Immunology, Affimed GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany
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9
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Bouvarel T, Duivelshof BL, Camperi J, Schlothauer T, Knaupp A, Stella C, Guillarme D. Extending the performance of FcRn and FcγRIIIa affinity liquid chromatography for protein biopharmaceuticals. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1682:463518. [PMID: 36155073 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Affinity liquid chromatography using FcRn and FcγRIIIa columns can provide important information on the drug effector functions and the unique PK/PD properties of therapeutic mAbs. In this study, we propose a unique strategy to improve the performance of affinity chromatography by applying pH-gradient programs that incorporate multi-isocratic and negative gradient segments. These alternative gradient programs are known to greatly improve the separation of large solutes that follow a "bind-and-elute" type retention behavior. First, judicious optimization of the mobile phase compositions was performed to obtain a linear pH response. Then, with the developed strategy using multi-isocratic analysis conditions, the FcRn affinity separation selectivity for the analysis of oxidized mAb species was greatly improved. Furthermore, the introduction of negative gradient segments after each eluted peak improved the resolution between multiple glycosylated mAb species on the FcγRIIIa column. Therefore, this work provides a new strategy to improve the performance of affinity chromatography with mAb species, and could assist in the development of more accurate binding assays for important critical quality attributes related to FcRn and FcγRIIIa binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bouvarel
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Bastiaan L Duivelshof
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Julien Camperi
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Tilman Schlothauer
- Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Nonnenwald 2, D-82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Knaupp
- Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Nonnenwald 2, D-82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Cinzia Stella
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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10
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Studying protein structure and function by native separation–mass spectrometry. Nat Rev Chem 2022; 6:215-231. [PMID: 37117432 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-021-00353-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in protein structure may have profound effects on biological function. Analytical techniques that permit characterization of proteins while maintaining their conformational and functional state are crucial for studying changes in the higher order structure of proteins and for establishing structure-function relationships. Coupling of native protein separations with mass spectrometry is emerging rapidly as a powerful approach to study these aspects in a reliable, fast and straightforward way. This Review presents the available native separation modes for proteins, covers practical considerations on the hyphenation of these separations with mass spectrometry and highlights the involvement of affinity-based separations to simultaneously obtain structural and functional information of proteins. The impact of these approaches is emphasized by selected applications addressing biomedical and biopharmaceutical research questions.
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11
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Gstöttner C, Hook M, Christopeit T, Knaupp A, Schlothauer T, Reusch D, Haberger M, Wuhrer M, Domínguez-Vega E. Affinity Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry as a Tool to Unravel Proteoform-Specific Antibody-Receptor Interactions. Anal Chem 2021; 93:15133-15141. [PMID: 34739220 PMCID: PMC8600502 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody (mAb) pharmaceuticals consist of a plethora of different proteoforms with different functional characteristics, including pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, requiring their individual assessment. Current binding techniques do not distinguish between coexisting proteoforms requiring tedious production of enriched proteoforms. Here, we have developed an approach based on mobility shift-affinity capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (ACE-MS), which permitted us to determine the binding of coexisting mAb proteoforms to Fc receptors (FcRs). For high-sensitivity MS analysis, we used a sheathless interface providing adequate mAb sensitivity allowing functional characterization of mAbs with a high sensitivity and dynamic range. As a model system, we focused on the interaction with the neonatal FcR (FcRn), which determines the half-life of mAbs. Depending on the oxidation status, proteoforms exhibited different electrophoretic mobility shifts in the presence of FcRn, which could be used to determine their affinity. We confirmed the decrease of the FcRn affinity with antibody oxidation and observed a minor glycosylation effect, with higher affinities for galactosylated glycoforms. Next to relative binding, the approach permits the determination of individual KD values in solution resulting in values of 422 and 139 nM for double-oxidized and non-oxidized variants. Hyphenation with native MS provides unique capabilities for simultaneous heterogeneity assessment for mAbs, FcRn, and complexes formed. The latter provides information on binding stoichiometry revealing 1:1 and 1:2 for antibody/FcRn complexes. The use of differently engineered Fc-only constructs allowed distinguishing between symmetric and asymmetric binding. The approach opens up unique possibilities for proteoform-resolved antibody binding studies to FcRn and can be extended to other FcRs and protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Gstöttner
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Michaela Hook
- Pharma Technical Development Penzberg, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Tony Christopeit
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Alexander Knaupp
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Tilman Schlothauer
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Dietmar Reusch
- Pharma Technical Development Penzberg, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Markus Haberger
- Pharma Technical Development Penzberg, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Domínguez-Vega
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333ZA, The Netherlands
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12
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Pot S, Gstöttner C, Heinrich K, Hoelterhoff S, Grunert I, Leiss M, Bathke A, Domínguez-Vega E. Fast analysis of antibody-derived therapeutics by automated multidimensional liquid chromatography - Mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1184:339015. [PMID: 34625261 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Characterization of post-translational modifications (PTMs) of therapeutic antibodies is commonly performed by bottom-up approaches, involving sample preparation and peptide analysis by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Conventional sample preparation requires extensive hands-on time and can increase the risk of inducing artificial modifications as many off-line steps - denaturation, disulfide-reduction, alkylation and tryptic digestion - are performed. In this study, we developed an on-line multidimensional (mD)-LC-MS bottom-up approach for fast sample preparation and analysis of (formulated) monoclonal antibodies and antibody-derived therapeutics. This approach allows on-column reduction, tryptic digestion and subsequent peptide analysis by RP-MS. Optimization of the 1D -and 2D flow and temperature improved the trapping of small polar peptides during on-line peptide mapping analysis. These adaptations increased the sequence coverage (95-98% versus 86-94% for off-line approaches) and allowed identification of various PTMs (i.e. deamidation of asparagine, methionine oxidation and lysine glycation) within a single analysis. This workflow enables a fast (<2 h) characterization of antibody heterogeneities within a single run and a low amount of protein (10 μg). Importantly, the new mD-LC-MS bottom-up method was able to detect the polar, fast-eluting peptides: Fc oxidation at Hc-Met-252 and the Fc N-glycosylation at Hc-Asn-297, which can be challenging using mD-LC-MS. Moreover, the method showed good comparability across the different measurements (RSD of retention time in the range of 0.2-1.8% for polar peptides). The LC system was controlled by only a standard commercial software package which makes implementation for fast characterization of quality attributes relatively easy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne Pot
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Christoph Gstöttner
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Katrin Heinrich
- Pharma Technical Development Europe, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Sina Hoelterhoff
- Pharma Technical Development Europe, Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ingrid Grunert
- Pharma Technical Development Europe, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Michael Leiss
- Pharma Technical Development Europe, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Anja Bathke
- Pharma Technical Development Europe, Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Elena Domínguez-Vega
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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13
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Matsuda Y, Mendelsohn BA. Recent Advances in Drug-Antibody Ratio Determination of Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2021; 69:976-983. [PMID: 34602579 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c21-00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are biopharmaceuticals produced by chemically linking small molecules (payloads) to antibodies that possess specific affinity for the target cell. The ADCs currently on the commercially market are the result of a stochastic conjugation of highly-potent payloads to multiple sites on the monoclonal antibody, resulting in a heterogeneous drug-antibody ratio (DAR) and drug distribution. The heterogeneity inherent to ADCs not produced site-specifically may not only be detrimental to the quality of the drug but also is less-desirable from the perspective of regulatory science. An ideal method or unified approach used to measure the DAR for ADCs, a critical aspect of their analysis and characterization, has not yet been established in the ADC field and remains an often-challenging issue for bioanalytical chemists. In this review we describe, compare, and evaluate the characteristics of various DAR determination methods for ADCs featuring recently reported technologies. The future landscape of bioconjugate DAR analysis is also discussed.
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14
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Abstract
Native mass spectrometry (MS) is aimed at preserving and determining the native structure, composition, and stoichiometry of biomolecules and their complexes from solution after they are transferred into the gas phase. Major improvements in native MS instrumentation and experimental methods over the past few decades have led to a concomitant increase in the complexity and heterogeneity of samples that can be analyzed, including protein-ligand complexes, protein complexes with multiple coexisting stoichiometries, and membrane protein-lipid assemblies. Heterogeneous features of these biomolecular samples can be important for understanding structure and function. However, sample heterogeneity can make assignment of ion mass, charge, composition, and structure very challenging due to the overlap of tens or even hundreds of peaks in the mass spectrum. In this review, we cover data analysis, experimental, and instrumental advances and strategies aimed at solving this problem, with an in-depth discussion of theoretical and practical aspects of the use of available deconvolution algorithms and tools. We also reflect upon current challenges and provide a view of the future of this exciting field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber D Rolland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253, United States
| | - James S Prell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253, United States.,Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1252, United States
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15
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Jooß K, McGee JP, Melani RD, Kelleher NL. Standard procedures for native CZE-MS of proteins and protein complexes up to 800 kDa. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:1050-1059. [PMID: 33502026 PMCID: PMC8122066 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Native mass spectrometry (nMS) is a rapidly growing method for the characterization of large proteins and protein complexes, preserving "native" non-covalent inter- and intramolecular interactions. Direct infusion of purified analytes into a mass spectrometer represents the standard approach for conducting nMS experiments. Alternatively, CZE can be performed under native conditions, providing high separation performance while consuming trace amounts of sample material. Here, we provide standard operating procedures for acquiring high-quality data using CZE in native mode coupled online to various Orbitrap mass spectrometers via a commercial sheathless interface, covering a wide range of analytes from 30-800 kDa. Using a standard protein mix, the influence of various CZE method parameters were evaluated, such as BGE/conductive liquid composition and separation voltage. Additionally, a universal approach for the optimization of fragmentation settings in the context of protein subunit and metalloenzyme characterization is discussed in detail for model analytes. A short section is dedicated to troubleshooting of the nCZE-MS setup. This study is aimed to help normalize nCZE-MS practices to enhance the CE community and provide a resource for the production of reproducible and high-quality data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Jooß
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, the Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, and the Proteomics Center of Excellence, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - John P McGee
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, the Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, and the Proteomics Center of Excellence, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Rafael D Melani
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, the Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, and the Proteomics Center of Excellence, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Neil L Kelleher
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, the Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, and the Proteomics Center of Excellence, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
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16
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Jooß K, Schachner LF, Watson R, Gillespie ZB, Howard SA, Cheek MA, Meiners MJ, Sobh A, Licht JD, Keogh MC, Kelleher NL. Separation and Characterization of Endogenous Nucleosomes by Native Capillary Zone Electrophoresis-Top-Down Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2021; 93:5151-5160. [PMID: 33749242 PMCID: PMC8040852 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We report a novel platform [native capillary zone electrophoresis-top-down mass spectrometry (nCZE-TDMS)] for the separation and characterization of whole nucleosomes, their histone subunits, and post-translational modifications (PTMs). As the repeating unit of chromatin, mononucleosomes (Nucs) are an ∼200 kDa complex of DNA and histone proteins involved in the regulation of key cellular processes central to human health and disease. Unraveling the covalent modification landscape of histones and their defined stoichiometries within Nucs helps to explain epigenetic regulatory mechanisms. In nCZE-TDMS, online Nuc separation is followed by a three-tier tandem MS approach that measures the intact mass of Nucs, ejects and detects the constituent histones, and fragments to sequence the histone. The new platform was optimized with synthetic Nucs to significantly reduce both sample requirements and cost compared to direct infusion. Limits of detection were in the low-attomole range, with linearity of over ∼3 orders of magnitude. The nCZE-TDMS platform was applied to endogenous Nucs from two cell lines distinguished by overexpression or knockout of histone methyltransferase NSD2/MMSET, where analysis of constituent histones revealed changes in histone abundances over the course of the CZE separation. We are confident the nCZE-TDMS platform will help advance nucleosome-level research in the fields of chromatin and epigenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Jooß
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, the Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, and the Proteomics Center of Excellence, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Luis F Schachner
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, the Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, and the Proteomics Center of Excellence, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Rachel Watson
- EpiCypher Incorporated, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | | | - Sarah A Howard
- EpiCypher Incorporated, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Marcus A Cheek
- EpiCypher Incorporated, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | | | - Amin Sobh
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Jonathan D Licht
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | | | - Neil L Kelleher
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, the Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, and the Proteomics Center of Excellence, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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17
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Camperi J, Goyon A, Guillarme D, Zhang K, Stella C. Multi-dimensional LC-MS: the next generation characterization of antibody-based therapeutics by unified online bottom-up, middle-up and intact approaches. Analyst 2021; 146:747-769. [DOI: 10.1039/d0an01963a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review presents an overview of current analytical trends in antibody characterization by multidimensional LC-MS approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Camperi
- Department of Protein Analytical Chemistry
- Genentech Inc
- South San Francisco
- USA
| | - Alexandre Goyon
- Department of Small Molecule Analytical Chemistry
- Genentech Inc
- South San Francisco
- USA
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Geneva
- 1206 Geneva
- Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO)
| | - Kelly Zhang
- Department of Small Molecule Analytical Chemistry
- Genentech Inc
- South San Francisco
- USA
| | - Cinzia Stella
- Department of Protein Analytical Chemistry
- Genentech Inc
- South San Francisco
- USA
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18
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Falck D, Thomann M, Lechmann M, Koeleman CAM, Malik S, Jany C, Wuhrer M, Reusch D. Glycoform-resolved pharmacokinetic studies in a rat model employing glycoengineered variants of a therapeutic monoclonal antibody. MAbs 2021; 13:1865596. [PMID: 33382957 PMCID: PMC7781607 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2020.1865596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Good pharmacokinetic (PK) behavior is a key prerequisite for sufficient efficacy of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Fc glycosylation is a critical quality attribute (CQA) of mAbs, due to its impact on stability and effector functions. However, the effects of various IgG Fc glycoforms on antibody PK remain unclear. We used a combination of glycoengineering and glycoform-resolved PK measurements by mass spectrometry (MS) to assess glycoform effects on PK. Four differently glycoengineered mAbs, each still containing multiple glycoforms, were separately injected into rats. Rat models have been shown to be predictive of human PK. At different time points, blood was taken, from which the mAbs were purified and analyzed with a liquid chromatography-MS-based bottom-up glycoproteomics approach. This allowed us to follow changes in the glycosylation profiles of each glycoengineered mAb over time. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay measurements provided an absolute concentration in the form of a sum value for all glycoforms. Information from both readouts was then combined to calculate PK parameters per glycoform. Thereby, multiple glycoform kinetics were resolved within one mAb preparation. We confirmed increased clearance of high-mannose (Man5) and hybrid-type (Man5G0) glycoforms. Specifically, Man5 showed a 1.8 to 2.6-fold higher clearance than agalactosylated, complex glycans (G0F). Unexpectedly, clearance was even higher (4.7-fold) for the hybrid-type glycan Man5G0. In contrast, clearance of agalactosylated, monoantennary glycoforms (G0F-N) was only slightly increased over G0F (1.2 to 1.4-fold). Thus, monoantennary, hybrid-type and high-mannose glycoforms should be distinguished in CQA assessments. Strikingly, α2,3-linked sialylation did not affect clearance, contradicting the involvement of the asialoglycoprotein receptor in mAb clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Falck
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Thomann
- Pharma Technical Development Europe, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Martin Lechmann
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Carolien A. M. Koeleman
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Malik
- Pharma Technical Development Europe, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Cordula Jany
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dietmar Reusch
- Pharma Technical Development Europe, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
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19
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de Haan N, Falck D, Wuhrer M. Monitoring of immunoglobulin N- and O-glycosylation in health and disease. Glycobiology 2020; 30:226-240. [PMID: 31281930 PMCID: PMC7225405 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwz048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein N- and O-glycosylation are well known co- and post-translational modifications of immunoglobulins. Antibody glycosylation on the Fab and Fc portion is known to influence antigen binding and effector functions, respectively. To study associations between antibody glycosylation profiles and (patho) physiological states as well as antibody functionality, advanced technologies and methods are required. In-depth structural characterization of antibody glycosylation usually relies on the separation and tandem mass spectrometric (MS) analysis of released glycans. Protein- and site-specific information, on the other hand, may be obtained by the MS analysis of glycopeptides. With the development of high-resolution mass spectrometers, antibody glycosylation analysis at the intact or middle-up level has gained more interest, providing an integrated view of different post-translational modifications (including glycosylation). Alongside the in-depth methods, there is also great interest in robust, high-throughput techniques for routine glycosylation profiling in biopharma and clinical laboratories. With an emphasis on IgG Fc glycosylation, several highly robust separation-based techniques are employed for this purpose. In this review, we describe recent advances in MS methods, separation techniques and orthogonal approaches for the characterization of immunoglobulin glycosylation in different settings. We put emphasis on the current status and expected developments of antibody glycosylation analysis in biomedical, biopharmaceutical and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noortje de Haan
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - David Falck
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
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20
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Blöchl C, Regl C, Huber CG, Winter P, Weiss R, Wohlschlager T. Towards middle-up analysis of polyclonal antibodies: subclass-specific N-glycosylation profiling of murine immunoglobulin G (IgG) by means of HPLC-MS. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18080. [PMID: 33093535 PMCID: PMC7581757 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75045-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, advanced HPLC-MS strategies based on intact protein (“top-down”) or protein subunit (“middle-up/middle-down”) analysis have been implemented for the characterization of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. Here, we assess feasibility of middle-up/middle-down analysis for polyclonal IgGs exhibiting extensive sequence variability. Specifically, we addressed IgGs from mouse, representing an important model system in immunological investigations. To obtain Fc/2 portions as conserved subunits of IgGs, we made use of the bacterial protease SpeB. For this purpose, we initially determined SpeB cleavage sites in murine IgGs. The resulting Fc/2 portions characteristic of different subclasses were subsequently analysed by ion-pair reversed-phase HPLC hyphenated to high-resolution mass spectrometry. This enabled simultaneous relative quantification of IgG subclasses and their N-glycosylation variants, both of which influence IgG effector functions. To assess method capabilities in an immunological context, we applied the analytical workflow to polyclonal antibodies obtained from BALB/c mice immunized with the grass pollen allergen Phl p 6. The study revealed a shift in IgG subclasses and Fc-glycosylation patterns in total and antigen-specific IgGs from different mouse cohorts, respectively. Eventually, Fc/2 characterization may reveal other protein modifications including oxidation, amino acid exchanges, and C-terminal lysine, and may thus be implemented for quality control of functional antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantin Blöchl
- Department of Biosciences, Bioanalytical Research Labs, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Straße 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christof Regl
- Department of Biosciences, Bioanalytical Research Labs, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Straße 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Straße 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christian G Huber
- Department of Biosciences, Bioanalytical Research Labs, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Straße 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Straße 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Petra Winter
- Department of Biosciences, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Straße 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Richard Weiss
- Department of Biosciences, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Straße 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Therese Wohlschlager
- Department of Biosciences, Bioanalytical Research Labs, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Straße 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria. .,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Straße 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
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21
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Leblanc Y, Berger M, Seifert A, Bihoreau N, Chevreux G. Human serum albumin presents isoform variants with altered neonatal Fc receptor interactions. Protein Sci 2020; 28:1982-1992. [PMID: 31583777 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Human serum albumin (HSA) is the most abundant protein in plasma and presents the particularity, with IgG, to have an extraordinary long serum half-life conferred by its interaction with the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn). If the impact of IgG post-translational modifications (PTMs) on FcRn binding is well documented, it is far less reported for HSA despite numerous PTMs occurring on the protein in plasma. HSA is susceptible to numerous degradation reactions in plasma, because of aging, oxidative stress or liver and pancreas related pathologies. In the present study, we combined FcRn affinity chromatography and mass spectrometry to investigate the impact of HSA PTMs upon FcRn binding. This methodology presents the advantage to distinguish the effect of a single modification from a plasma HSA preparation made of a mixture of different isoforms. Cys34 oxidation, Lys525 glycation, and Leu585 C-terminal truncation, which are modifications related to several pathological conditions, were demonstrated to act negatively on HSA-FcRn interaction. The HSA-FcRn binding alteration generated by these modifications is consistent with their vicinity with the interaction interface of the two proteins. Results were discussed regarding altered half-life of HSA observed in several disease states and pave the way toward new understandings of the hypoalbuminemia pathogenesis. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: In this study, we investigated the impact of several post-translational modifications of HSA toward its ability to bind to the neonatal Fc receptor using in vitro affinity chromatography, mass spectrometry, and surface plasmon resonance. Cys34 oxidation, Lys525 glycation, and Leu585 C-terminal truncation were demonstrated to decrease HSA-FcRn binding. These modifications occurring in circulating HSA were discussed in relation to several pathologies as well as for the use of HSA as a therapeutic protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Leblanc
- Analytical Department of LFB Biotechnologies, Courtabœuf, France
| | - Marie Berger
- Analytical Department of LFB Biotechnologies, Courtabœuf, France
| | | | - Nicolas Bihoreau
- Analytical Department of LFB Biotechnologies, Courtabœuf, France
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22
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Analytical challenges and advancements in bioanalysis of therapeutic proteins. Bioanalysis 2020; 12:207-209. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2020-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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23
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Wei B, Han G, Tang J, Sandoval W, Zhang YT. Native Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography Hyphenated to Mass Spectrometry for Characterization of Monoclonal Antibody Minor Variants. Anal Chem 2019; 91:15360-15364. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bingchuan Wei
- Department of Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Guanghui Han
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics and Lipidomics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jia Tang
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics and Lipidomics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Wendy Sandoval
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics and Lipidomics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Yonghua Taylor Zhang
- Department of Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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24
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Liao S, Zhao M, Luo J, Luo K, Wu J, Liu R, Wang S, Jia P, Bai Y, Zheng X. The interaction mechanism between alkaloids and pepsin based on lum-AuNPs in the chemiluminescence analysis. RSC Adv 2019; 9:25569-25575. [PMID: 35530091 PMCID: PMC9070008 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02978h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, novel luminol functional gold nanoparticles (lum-AuNPs) were quickly prepared in an alkaline luminol solution with HAuCl4, which had the unique characteristics of uniform size and excellent luminescence properties. A self-made flow injection-chemiluminescence (FI-CL) system was established to study the interaction between pepsin (Pep) and five alkaloids (anisodamine, berberine, reserpine, jatrorrhizine and matrine) using lum-AuNPs as the CL probe. Based on the abovementioned home-made CL system, the possible interaction mechanisms of Pep with five alkaloids have been comprehensively discussed by molecular docking simulation, chemical thermodynamics and kinetic studies. The results indicated that there were obvious CL enhancement and inhibition effects on the lum-AuNPs CL system for the Pep and the complex of Pep/alkaloids, respectively. The possible mechanism for the interaction of Pep–five alkaloids was mainly mediated by the hydrophobic force. The binding constant K and binding site n for the Pep–alkaloid interaction are consistent with the list of Ber > Res > Ani, Jat > Mat, which is relative to the potential of groups of alkaloids interacting with the active site of Pep. A flow injection-chemiluminescence system was established to study the interaction between pepsin and five alkaloids, combined with lum-AuNPs.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Liao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Northwest University Xi'an 710069 China
| | - Meimei Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi Institute of International Trade & Commerce Xi'an 712046 China
| | - Jing Luo
- Shaanxi Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Xi'an 710004 China
| | - Kai Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University Shanghai 200438 China
| | - Jingni Wu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Northwest University Xi'an 710069 China
| | - Ruimin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Northwest University Xi'an 710069 China
| | - Shixiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Northwest University Xi'an 710069 China
| | - Pu Jia
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Northwest University Xi'an 710069 China
| | - Yajun Bai
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Northwest University Xi'an 710069 China
| | - Xiaohui Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Northwest University Xi'an 710069 China
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25
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Lippold S, Nicolardi S, Domínguez-Vega E, Heidenreich AK, Vidarsson G, Reusch D, Haberger M, Wuhrer M, Falck D. Glycoform-resolved FcɣRIIIa affinity chromatography-mass spectrometry. MAbs 2019; 11:1191-1196. [PMID: 31276431 PMCID: PMC6748599 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1636602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Determination of the impact of individual antibody glycoforms on FcɣRIIIa affinity, and consequently antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) previously required high purity glycoengineering. We hyphenated FcɣRIIIa affinity chromatography to mass spectrometry, which allowed direct affinity comparison of glycoforms of intact monoclonal antibodies. The approach enabled reproduction and refinement of known glycosylation effects, and insights on afucosylation pairing as well as on low-abundant, unstudied glycoforms. Our method greatly improves the understanding of individual glycoform structure-function relationships. Thus, it is highly relevant for assessing Fc-glycosylation critical quality attributes related to ADCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Lippold
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Simone Nicolardi
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Elena Domínguez-Vega
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , The Netherlands
| | | | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Dietmar Reusch
- Pharma Technical Development Penzberg, Roche Diagnostics GmbH , Penzberg , Germany
| | - Markus Haberger
- Pharma Technical Development Penzberg, Roche Diagnostics GmbH , Penzberg , Germany
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - David Falck
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , The Netherlands
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26
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Ozdemir A, Gulfen M, Lin JL, Chen CH. A Comparative Study for Sonic Spray and Electrospray Ionization Methods to Determine Noncovalent Protein–Ligand Interactions. ANAL LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2019.1622558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdil Ozdemir
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Sakarya University, 54187 Esentepe, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Gulfen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Sakarya University, 54187 Esentepe, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Jung-Lee Lin
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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27
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Gahoual R, Leize-Wagner E, Houzé P, François YN. Revealing the potential of capillary electrophoresis/mass spectrometry: the tipping point. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2019; 33 Suppl 1:11-19. [PMID: 30022554 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The hyphenation of capillary electrophoresis and mass spectrometry (CE/MS) remains a minor technique compared with liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS), which represents nowadays the standard instrumentation, regardless of its introduction thirty years ago. However, from a theoretical point of view, CE coupling should be quite favorable especially with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). At the time, the sensitivity provided by CE/MS was often limited, due to hyphenation requirements, which at some point appeared to disqualify CE/MS from benefiting from the performance gain driving the evolution of MS instruments. However, this context has been significantly modified in a matter of a few years. The development of innovative CE/MS interfacing systems has enabled an important improvement regarding sensitivity and reinforced robustness in order to provide an instrumentation accessible to the largest scientific community. Because of the unique selectivity delivered by the electrophoretic separation, CE/MS has proved to be particularly relevant for the analysis of biological molecules. The conjunction of these aspects is motivating the interest in CE/MS analysis and shows that CE/MS is mature enough to enrich the toolbox of analytical techniques for the analysis of complex biological samples. Here we discuss the characteristics of the major types of high-sensitivity CE/ESI-MS instrumentation and emphasize the late evolution and future positioning of CE/MS analysis for the characterization of biological molecules like peptides and proteins, through some pertinent applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabah Gahoual
- Unité de Technologies Biologiques et Chimiques pour la Santé (UTCBS), Paris 5-CNRS UMR8258 Inserm U1022, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Leize-Wagner
- Laboratoire de spectrométrie de masse des interactions et des systèmes (LSMIS), Unistra-CNRS UMR7140, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Pascal Houzé
- Unité de Technologies Biologiques et Chimiques pour la Santé (UTCBS), Paris 5-CNRS UMR8258 Inserm U1022, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Yannis-Nicolas François
- Laboratoire de spectrométrie de masse des interactions et des systèmes (LSMIS), Unistra-CNRS UMR7140, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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28
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Bults P, Spanov B, Olaleye O, van de Merbel NC, Bischoff R. Intact protein bioanalysis by liquid chromatography – High-resolution mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1110-1111:155-167. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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29
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Lakayan D, Haselberg R, Gahoual R, Somsen GW, Kool J. Affinity profiling of monoclonal antibody and antibody-drug-conjugate preparations by coupled liquid chromatography-surface plasmon resonance biosensing. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:7837-7848. [PMID: 30328504 PMCID: PMC6244757 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1414-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are highly potent biopharmaceuticals designed for targeted cancer therapies. mAbs and ADCs can undergo modifications during production and storage which may affect binding to target receptors, potentially altering drug efficacy. In this work, liquid chromatography was coupled online to surface plasmon resonance (LC-SPR) to allow label-free affinity evaluation of mAb and ADC sample constituents (size and charge variants), under near-native conditions. Trastuzumab and its ADC trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) were used as a test sample and were analyzed by aqueous size-exclusion chromatography (SEC)-SPR before and after exposure to aggregate-inducing conditions. SEC-SPR allowed separation of the formed aggregates and measurement of their affinity towards the ligand-binding domain of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) receptor immobilized on the surface of the SPR sensor chip. The monomer and aggregates of the mAb and ADC were shown to have similar antigen affinity. Conjugation of drugs to trastuzumab appeared to accelerate the aggregate formation. In addition, cation-exchange chromatography (CEX) was coupled to SPR enabling monitoring the maximum ligand-analyte binding capacity (Rmax) of individual charge variants present in mAbs. Deamidated species and lysine variants in trastuzumab sample were separated but did not show different binding affinities to the immobilized HER2-binding domain. In order to allow protein variant assignment, parallel MS detection was added to the LC-SPR setup using a column effluent split. The feasibility of the LC-MS/SPR system was demonstrated by analysis of trastuzumab and T-DM1 providing information on antibody glycoforms and/or determination of the drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR), while simultaneously monitoring binding of eluting species to HER2. ᅟ ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Lakayan
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,TI-COAST, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Haselberg
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rabah Gahoual
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, 4 avenue de l'observatoire, 75270, Paris Cedex 06, France
| | - Govert W Somsen
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Kool
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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30
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Gadzuk-Shea MM, Bush MF. Effects of Charge State on the Structures of Serum Albumin Ions in the Gas Phase: Insights from Cation-to-Anion Proton-Transfer Reactions, Ion Mobility, and Mass Spectrometry. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:9947-9955. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b08427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meagan M. Gadzuk-Shea
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Matthew F. Bush
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
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31
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Wang X, Xia D, Han H, Peng K, Zhu P, Crommen J, Wang Q, Jiang Z. Biomimetic small peptide functionalized affinity monoliths for monoclonal antibody purification. Anal Chim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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32
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Top-down LC–MS quantitation of intact denatured and native monoclonal antibodies in biological samples. Bioanalysis 2018; 10:1039-1054. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2017-0282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The requirements for developing antibody biotherapeutics benefit from understanding the nature and relevant aspects of the entire molecule. The method presented herein employs on-line multidimensional LC–quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF)-MS for the quantitative determination of an antibody isolated from biological samples while maintaining the intact native biologically active conformation of the antibody. Results: Following method optimization for a model antibody, an incurred biotherapeutic in cynomologus monkey was quantified in its intact top-down native conformation. A partial method validation demonstrated acceptable precision and accuracy although improved sensitivity requires further studies. Conclusion: An on-line multidimensional LC–MS approach presents a proof-of-principle example for quantifying an intact, native antibody isolated from an incurred biological sample via immunoaffinity techniques coupled with top-down QTOF LC–MS bioanalysis.
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33
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Watanabe Y, Vasiljevic S, Allen JD, Seabright GE, Duyvesteyn HME, Doores KJ, Crispin M, Struwe WB. Signature of Antibody Domain Exchange by Native Mass Spectrometry and Collision-Induced Unfolding. Anal Chem 2018; 90:7325-7331. [PMID: 29757629 PMCID: PMC6008249 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of domain-exchanged antibodies offers a route to high-affinity targeting to clustered multivalent epitopes, such as those associated with viral infections and many cancers. One strategy to generate these antibodies is to introduce mutations into target antibodies to drive domain exchange using the only known naturally occurring domain-exchanged anti-HIV (anti-human immunodeficiency virus) IgG1 antibody, 2G12 , as a template. Here, we show that domain exchange can be sensitively monitored by ion-mobility mass spectrometry and gas-phase collision-induced unfolding. Using native 2G12 and a mutated form that disrupts domain exchange such that it has a canonical IgG1 architecture ( 2G12 I19R ), we show that the two forms can be readily distinguished by their unfolding profiles. Importantly, the same signature of domain exchange is observed for both intact antibody and isolated Fab fragments. The development of a mass spectrometric method to detect antibody domain exchange will enable rapid screening and selection of candidate antibodies engineered to exhibit this and other unusual quaternary antibody architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Watanabe
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
- Biological Sciences & the Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Snezana Vasiljevic
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Joel D. Allen
- Biological Sciences & the Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Gemma E. Seabright
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
- Biological Sciences & the Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Helen M. E. Duyvesteyn
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Katie J. Doores
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King’s College London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Max Crispin
- Biological Sciences & the Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Weston B. Struwe
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
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34
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Kaltashov IA, Pawlowski JW, Yang W, Muneeruddin K, Yao H, Bobst CE, Lipatnikov AN. LC/MS at the whole protein level: Studies of biomolecular structure and interactions using native LC/MS and cross-path reactive chromatography (XP-RC) MS. Methods 2018; 144:14-26. [PMID: 29702225 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2018.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Interfacing liquid chromatography (LC) with electrospray ionization (ESI) to enable on-line MS detection had been initially implemented using reversed phase LC, which in the past three decades remained the default type of chromatography used for LC/MS and LC/MS/MS studies of protein structure. In contrast, the advantages of other types of LC as front-ends for ESI MS, particularly those that allow biopolymer higher order structure to be preserved throughout the separation process, enjoyed relatively little appreciation until recently. However, the past few years witnessed a dramatic surge of interest in the so-called "native" (with "non-denaturing" being perhaps a more appropriate adjective) LC/MS and LC/MS/MS analyses within the bioanalytical and biophysical communities. This review focuses on recent advances in this field, with an emphasis on size exclusion and ion exchange chromatography as front-end platforms for protein characterization by LC/MS. Also discussed are the benefits provided by the integration of chemical reactions in the native LC/MS analyses, including both ion chemistry in the gas phase (e.g., limited charge reduction for characterization of highly heterogeneous biopolymers) and solution-phase reactions (using the recently introduced technique cross-path reactive chromatography).
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor A Kaltashov
- Institute for Applied Life Sciences and Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States.
| | - Jake W Pawlowski
- Institute for Applied Life Sciences and Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Wenhua Yang
- Institute for Applied Life Sciences and Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Khaja Muneeruddin
- Institute for Applied Life Sciences and Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Honglin Yao
- Institute for Applied Life Sciences and Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Cedric E Bobst
- Institute for Applied Life Sciences and Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Andrei N Lipatnikov
- Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
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Lamanna WC, Holzmann J, Cohen HP, Guo X, Schweigler M, Stangler T, Seidl A, Schiestl M. Maintaining consistent quality and clinical performance of biopharmaceuticals. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2018; 18:369-379. [DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2018.1421169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Johann Holzmann
- Technical Development Biosimilars, Biologics Technical Development and Manufacturing, Novartis, Sandoz GmbH, Kundl, Austria
| | | | - Xinghua Guo
- Technical Development Biosimilars, Biologics Technical Development and Manufacturing, Novartis, Sandoz GmbH, Kundl, Austria
| | - Monika Schweigler
- Technical Development Biosimilars, Biologics Technical Development and Manufacturing, Novartis, Sandoz GmbH, Kundl, Austria
| | - Thomas Stangler
- Technical Development Biosimilars, Biologics Technical Development and Manufacturing, Novartis, Sandoz GmbH, Kundl, Austria
| | - Andreas Seidl
- Technical Development Biosimilars, Biologics Technical Development and Manufacturing, Novartis, Hexal AG, Oberhaching, Germany
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36
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Belov AM, Viner R, Santos MR, Horn DM, Bern M, Karger BL, Ivanov AR. Analysis of Proteins, Protein Complexes, and Organellar Proteomes Using Sheathless Capillary Zone Electrophoresis - Native Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:2614-2634. [PMID: 28875426 PMCID: PMC5709234 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1781-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Native mass spectrometry (MS) is a rapidly advancing field in the analysis of proteins, protein complexes, and macromolecular species of various types. The majority of native MS experiments reported to-date has been conducted using direct infusion of purified analytes into a mass spectrometer. In this study, capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) was coupled online to Orbitrap mass spectrometers using a commercial sheathless interface to enable high-performance separation, identification, and structural characterization of limited amounts of purified proteins and protein complexes, the latter with preserved non-covalent associations under native conditions. The performance of both bare-fused silica and polyacrylamide-coated capillaries was assessed using mixtures of protein standards known to form non-covalent protein-protein and protein-ligand complexes. High-efficiency separation of native complexes is demonstrated using both capillary types, while the polyacrylamide neutral-coated capillary showed better reproducibility and higher efficiency for more complex samples. The platform was then evaluated for the determination of monoclonal antibody aggregation and for analysis of proteomes of limited complexity using a ribosomal isolate from E. coli. Native CZE-MS, using accurate single stage and tandem-MS measurements, enabled identification of proteoforms and non-covalent complexes at femtomole levels. This study demonstrates that native CZE-MS can serve as an orthogonal and complementary technique to conventional native MS methodologies with the advantages of low sample consumption, minimal sample processing and losses, and high throughput and sensitivity. This study presents a novel platform for analysis of ribosomes and other macromolecular complexes and organelles, with the potential for discovery of novel structural features defining cellular phenotypes (e.g., specialized ribosomes). Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arseniy M Belov
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Rosa Viner
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, CA, 95134, USA
| | | | - David M Horn
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, CA, 95134, USA
| | | | - Barry L Karger
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Alexander R Ivanov
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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37
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Evaluation of an FcRn affinity chromatographic method for IgG1-type antibodies and evaluation of IgG variants. Bioanalysis 2017; 9:1305-1317. [PMID: 28901177 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2017-0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM The neonatal Fc-receptor (FcRn) mediates long serum half-life of therapeutic IgG-type antibodies. This interaction represents a critical quality attribute in terms of pharmacokinetics and should be covered by respective quality control strategies. Antibodies are taken up by cells unspecifically and can bind to FcRn in early endosomes preventing lysosomal degradation and allowing release back into circulation. Reflecting this complex cycle in an in vitro assay strategy represents a challenging task. METHODOLOGY We report the qualification of an FcRn affinity chromatographic method and, for the first time, establish a noncriticality window. We analyzed different IgG-type antibodies, subtypes, glycoforms as well as mutants. CONCLUSION The FcRn affinity chromatographic method allows the assessment of mAb samples with respect to their pH-dependent FcRn interaction. Furthermore, the method's capabilities and current limitations are discussed.
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