1
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Bourmaud CL, Bertella S, Bosch Rico A, Karlen SD, Ralph J, Luterbacher JS. Quantification of Native Lignin Structural Features with Gel-Phase 2D-HSQC 0 Reveals Lignin Structural Changes During Extraction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404442. [PMID: 38738591 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Our ability to study and valorize the lignin fraction of biomass is hampered by the fundamental and still unmet challenge of precisely quantifying native lignin's structural features. Here, we developed a rapid elevated-temperature 1H-13C Heteronuclear Single-Quantum Coherence Zero (HSQC0) NMR method that enables this precise quantification of native lignin structural characteristics even with whole plant cell wall (WPCW) NMR spectroscopy, overcoming fast spin relaxation in the gel phase. We also formulated a Gaussian fitting algorithm to perform automatic and reliable spectral integration. By combining HSQC0 measurements with yield measurements following depolymerisation, we can confirm the combinatorial nature of radical coupling reactions during biosynthesis leading to a random sequential organization of linkages within a largely linear lignin chain. Such analyses illustrate how this analytical method can greatly facilitate the study of native lignin structure, which can then be used for fundamental studies or to understand lignin depolymerization methods like reductive catalytic fractionation or aldehyde-assisted fractionation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L Bourmaud
- Laboratory of Sustainable and Catalytic Processing, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stefania Bertella
- Laboratory of Sustainable and Catalytic Processing, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anna Bosch Rico
- Laboratory of Sustainable and Catalytic Processing, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Steven D Karlen
- U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - John Ralph
- U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53726, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jeremy S Luterbacher
- Laboratory of Sustainable and Catalytic Processing, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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2
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Pikovskoi II, Kosyakov DS, Belesov AV. Resolution-enhanced Kendrick mass defect analysis for improved mass spectrometry characterization of lignin. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 273:133160. [PMID: 38889836 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Lignin is a promising renewable source of valuable organic compounds and environmentally benign materials. However, its involvement in economic circulation and the creation of new biorefining technologies require an understanding of its chemical composition and structure. This problem can be overcome by applying mass spectrometry analytical techniques in combination with advanced chemometric methods for mass spectra processing. The present study is aimed at the development of mass defect filtering to characterize the chemical composition of lignin at the molecular level. This study introduces a novel approach involving resolution-enhanced Kendrick mass defect (REKMD) analysis for the processing of atmospheric pressure photoionization Orbitrap mass spectra of lignin. The set of priority Kendrick fractional base units was predefined in model experiments and provided a substantially expanding available mass defect range for the informative visualization of lignin mass spectra. The developed REKMD analysis strategy allowed to obtain the most complete data on all the homologous series typical of lignin and thus facilitated the interpretation and assignment of elemental compositions and structural formulas to oligomers detected in extremely complex mass spectra, including tandem ones. For the first time, the minor modifications (sulfation) of lignin obtained in ionic liquid-based biorefining processes were revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya I Pikovskoi
- Laboratory of Natural Compounds Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Core Facility Center "Arktika", M.V. Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Northern Dvina Emb. 17, 163002 Arkhangelsk, Russia.
| | - Dmitry S Kosyakov
- Laboratory of Natural Compounds Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Core Facility Center "Arktika", M.V. Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Northern Dvina Emb. 17, 163002 Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Artyom V Belesov
- Laboratory of Natural Compounds Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Core Facility Center "Arktika", M.V. Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Northern Dvina Emb. 17, 163002 Arkhangelsk, Russia
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3
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van der Cruijsen K, Al Hassan M, van Erven G, Kollerie N, van Lent B, Dechesne A, Dolstra O, Paulo MJ, Trindade LM. Salt stress alters the cell wall components and structure in Miscanthus sinensis stems. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14430. [PMID: 38981734 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Miscanthus is a perennial grass suitable for the production of lignocellulosic biomass on marginal lands. The effects of salt stress on Miscanthus cell wall composition and its consequences on biomass quality have nonetheless received relatively little attention. In this study, we investigated how exposure to moderate (100 mM NaCl) or severe (200 mM NaCl) saline growing conditions altered the composition of both primary and secondary cell wall components in the stems of 15 Miscanthus sinensis genotypes. The exposure to stress drastically impacted biomass yield and cell wall composition in terms of content and structural features. In general, the observed compositional changes were more pronounced under severe stress conditions and were more apparent in genotypes with a higher sensitivity towards stress. Besides a severely reduced cellulose content, salt stress led to increased pectin content, presumably in the form of highly branched rhamnogalacturonan type I. Although salt stress had a limited effect on the total lignin content, the acid-soluble lignin content was strongly increased in the most sensitive genotypes. This effect was also reflected in substantially altered lignin structures and led to a markedly reduced incorporation of syringyl subunits and p-coumaric acid moieties. Interestingly, plants that were allowed a recovery period after stress ultimately had a reduced lignin content compared to those continuously grown under control conditions. In addition, the salt stress-induced cell wall alterations contributed to an improved enzymatic saccharification efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohamad Al Hassan
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs van Erven
- Wageningen Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole Kollerie
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bas van Lent
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie Dechesne
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Oene Dolstra
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maria-João Paulo
- Biometris, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Luisa M Trindade
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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4
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Lannuzel C, Veersma RJ, Wever N, van Erven G, Kabel MA, Gerrits WJJ, de Vries S. Particle size of insoluble fibres and gelation of soluble fibres influence digesta passage rate throughout the gastrointestinal tract of finishing pigs. Animal 2024; 18:101175. [PMID: 38772078 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibres, as abundant in agricultural by-products, exhibit a large range of physicochemical properties that can influence digestive processes such as digesta mean retention time (MRT), thereby affecting nutrient digestion kinetics. In this study, we investigated the effects of particle size of insoluble fibres, and gelation of soluble fibres on MRT of liquids, fine solids, and fibrous particles in the different segments of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of pigs. Twenty-four boars (51.6 ± 4.90 kg) were allocated to four diets; two diets contained 15% wheat straw, either coarsely chopped or finely ground (1-mm screen), two diets contained 27% wheat bran without or with the addition of 10% low-methylated pectin. After 14 days of adaptation to the diet, a total collection of faeces was performed to determine the total tract digestibility of nutrients. Thereafter, pigs were fed diets supplemented with tracers for at least 5 days and dissected following a frequent feeding procedure to approach steady-state passage of digesta. The MRT of liquids (Co-EDTA), fine solids (TiO2), and fibrous particles (Chromium-mordanted fibres) in the different segments of the GIT were quantified. In the stomach, particle size reduction of straw decreased the MRT of fine solids by 02:39 h, and fibrous particles by 07:21 h (P < 0.10). Pectin addition to the wheat bran diet reduced the MRT of fine solids by 03:09 h, and fibrous particles by 07:10 h (P < 0.10), but not of liquids, resulting in less separation between digesta phases in the stomach compared with the bran diet (P < 0.05). In the mid-small intestine (SI), pectin addition reduced the MRT of fibrous particles and the separation between fibrous particles and fine solids. No further effects of particle size reduction of straw nor pectin addition on MRT and digestibility of starch, nitrogen, or fat were observed in the SI. In the large intestine (LI), particle size reduction of straw reduced separation between fibrous particles and fine solids (P < 0.10), while pectin addition had no effects. Total tract, non-starch polysaccharide degradation of straw was poor (∼31%), and unaffected by particle size reduction (P > 0.10). The complete fermentation of pectin did not influence the degradation of wheat bran fibres (∼51%). In conclusion, the effects of particle size of insoluble fibres and gelling properties of soluble fibres on the passage of digesta phases were most pronounced in the stomach, but less prominent in distal segments of the GIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lannuzel
- Wageningen University & Research, Animal Nutrition Group, De Elst 1, 6708 WD Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - R J Veersma
- Wageningen University & Research, Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - N Wever
- Wageningen University & Research, Animal Nutrition Group, De Elst 1, 6708 WD Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - G van Erven
- Wageningen University & Research, Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands; Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - M A Kabel
- Wageningen University & Research, Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - W J J Gerrits
- Wageningen University & Research, Animal Nutrition Group, De Elst 1, 6708 WD Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - S de Vries
- Wageningen University & Research, Animal Nutrition Group, De Elst 1, 6708 WD Wageningen, the Netherlands
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5
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Riddell LA, Lindner JPB, de Peinder P, Meirer F, Bruijnincx PCA. Rapid Lignin Thermal Property Prediction through Attenuated Total Reflectance-Infrared Spectroscopy and Chemometrics. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202301464. [PMID: 38194292 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
To expedite the valorisation of lignin as a sustainable component in materials applications, rapid and generally available analytical methods are essential to overcome the bottleneck of lignin characterisation. Where features of a lignin's chemical structure have previously been found to be predicted by Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression models built on Infrared (IR) data, we now show for the first time that this approach can be extended to prediction of the glass transition temperature (Tg), a key physicochemical property. This methodology is shown to be convenient and more robust for prediction of Tg than prediction through empirically derived relationships (e. g., Flory-Fox). The chemometric analysis provided root mean squared errors of prediction (RMSEP) as low as 10.0 °C for a botanically, and a process-diverse set of lignins, and 6.2 °C for kraft-only samples. The PLS models could separately predict both the Tg as well as the degree of allylation (%allyl) for allylated lignin fractions, which were all derived from a single lignin source. The models performed exceptionally well, delivering RMSEP of 6.1 °C, and 5.4 %, respectively, despite the conflicting influences of increasing molecular weight and %allyl on Tg. Finally, the method provided accurate determinations of %allyl with RMSEP of 5.2 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke A Riddell
- Organic Chemistry & Catalysis, Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Peter de Peinder
- VibSpec, Haaftenlaan 28, 4006 XL, Tiel, The Netherlands
- Inorganic Chemistry & Catalysis, Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry & Catalysis, Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter C A Bruijnincx
- Organic Chemistry & Catalysis, Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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6
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Duran K, Kohlstedt M, van Erven G, Klostermann CE, America AHP, Bakx E, Baars JJP, Gorissen A, de Visser R, de Vries RP, Wittmann C, Comans RNJ, Kuyper TW, Kabel MA. From 13C-lignin to 13C-mycelium: Agaricus bisporus uses polymeric lignin as a carbon source. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadl3419. [PMID: 38640242 PMCID: PMC11029805 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adl3419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Plant biomass conversion by saprotrophic fungi plays a pivotal role in terrestrial carbon (C) cycling. The general consensus is that fungi metabolize carbohydrates, while lignin is only degraded and mineralized to CO2. Recent research, however, demonstrated fungal conversion of 13C-monoaromatic compounds into proteinogenic amino acids. To unambiguously prove that polymeric lignin is not merely degraded, but also metabolized, carefully isolated 13C-labeled lignin served as substrate for Agaricus bisporus, the world's most consumed mushroom. The fungus formed a dense mycelial network, secreted lignin-active enzymes, depolymerized, and removed lignin. With a lignin carbon use efficiency of 0.14 (g/g) and fungal biomass enrichment in 13C, we demonstrate that A. bisporus assimilated and further metabolized lignin when offered as C-source. Amino acids were high in 13C-enrichment, while fungal-derived carbohydrates, fatty acids, and ergosterol showed traces of 13C. These results hint at lignin conversion via aromatic ring-cleaved intermediates to central metabolites, underlining lignin's metabolic value for fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Duran
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Michael Kohlstedt
- Institute of Systems Biotechnology, Saarland University, Campus A 1.5, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Gijs van Erven
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, Netherlands
- Wageningen Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Cynthia E. Klostermann
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, Netherlands
- Biobased Chemistry and Technology, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen Netherlands
| | - Antoine H. P. America
- Bioscience, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Edwin Bakx
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Johan J. P. Baars
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, Netherlands
- CNC Grondstoffen, Driekronenstraat 6, 6596 MA Milsbeek, Netherlands
| | - Antonie Gorissen
- IsoLife bv, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Ries de Visser
- IsoLife bv, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Ronald P. de Vries
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Christoph Wittmann
- Institute of Systems Biotechnology, Saarland University, Campus A 1.5, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Rob N. J. Comans
- Soil Chemistry and Chemical Soil Quality Group, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, 6708 PB Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Thomas W. Kuyper
- Soil Biology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, 6708 PB Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Mirjam A. Kabel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, Netherlands
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7
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Nisar S, Raza ZA. Corn straw lignin - A sustainable bioinspired finish for superhydrophobic and UV-protective cellulose fabric. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 257:128393. [PMID: 38013073 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Hydrophobic textiles have been considered extensively for self-cleaning, phase-separating, and biomedical curing applications. We focused on preparing an eco-friendly lignin-based bio-finish to develop superhydrophobic cellulose fabric under mild conditions. The mass spectroscopic analysis expressed that the lignin comprised the major constituents of p-coumaryl alcohol, ferulic acid, coniferyl alcohol, and sinapyl alcohol. The surface morphological analysis indicated the formation of a regular lignin coating on the cellulose fabric. The bio-finished cellulose fabric prepared (at 2 %, w/v, lignin) expressed the maximum water contact angle (WCA) of 157.2° and remained in the hydrophobic range (119°) after ten standard washes. The treated fabric expressed the WCA values of 135.0 and 133.0° after exposure to pH 2 and 12 aqueous media, respectively. The infrared spectroscopic analysis indicated the functional chemistry of the precursors involved and possible alteration in their chemical interactions during processing. The lignin-treated cellulose was observed to be less crystalline as compared to the untreated one. Such fabric expressed acceptable comfort, sensorial properties, and thermal stability up to 333 °C. The treated fabrics could block up to 92.24 % UV-A and 98.62 % UV-B radiations. Consequently, the lignin-based finish sourced from wasted corn straw was found cost-effective and efficient for producing superhydrophobic cellulose fabric.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabeen Nisar
- Department of Applied Sciences, National Textile University, Faisalabad 37610, Pakistan
| | - Zulfiqar Ali Raza
- Department of Applied Sciences, National Textile University, Faisalabad 37610, Pakistan.
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8
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Pesquet E, Blaschek L, Takahashi J, Yamamoto M, Champagne A, Nuoendagula, Subbotina E, Dimotakis C, Bacisk Z, Kajita S. Bulk and In Situ Quantification of Coniferaldehyde Residues in Lignin. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2722:201-226. [PMID: 37897609 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3477-6_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is a group of cell wall localised heterophenolic polymers varying in the chemistry of the aromatic and aliphatic parts of its units. The lignin residues common to all vascular plants have an aromatic ring with one para hydroxy group and one meta methoxy group, also called guaiacyl (G). The terminal function of the aliphatic part of these G units, however, varies from alcohols, which are generally abundant, to aldehydes, which represent a smaller proportion of lignin monomers. The proportions of aldehyde to alcohol G units in lignin are, nevertheless, precisely controlled to respond to environmental and development cues. These G aldehyde to alcohol unit proportions differ between each cell wall layer of each cell type to fine-tune the cell wall biomechanical and physico-chemical properties. To precisely determine changes in lignin composition, we, herein, describe the various methods to detect and quantify the levels and positions of G aldehyde units, also called coniferaldehyde residues, of lignin polymers in ground plant samples as well as in situ in histological cross-sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edouard Pesquet
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences (DEEP), Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Leonard Blaschek
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences (DEEP), Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Junko Takahashi
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Masanobu Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Antoine Champagne
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences (DEEP), Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nuoendagula
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Elena Subbotina
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Charilaos Dimotakis
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences (DEEP), Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zoltán Bacisk
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry (MMK), Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shinya Kajita
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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9
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Sapouna I, van Erven G, Heidling E, Lawoko M, McKee LS. Impact of Extraction Method on the Structure of Lignin from Ball-Milled Hardwood. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2023; 11:15533-15543. [PMID: 37920800 PMCID: PMC10618921 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c02977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the structure of hardwoods can permit better valorization of lignin by enabling the optimization of green, high-yield extraction protocols that preserve the structure of wood biopolymers. To that end, a mild protocol was applied for the extraction of lignin from ball-milled birch. This made it possible to understand the differences in the extractability of lignin in each extraction step. The fractions were extensively characterized using 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, size exclusion chromatography, and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. This comprehensive characterization highlighted that lignin populations extracted by warm water, alkali, and ionic liquid/ethanol diverged in structural features including subunit composition, interunit linkage content, and the abundance of oxidized moieties. Moreover, ether- and ester-type lignin-carbohydrate complexes were identified in the different extracts. Irrespective of whether natively present in the wood or artificially formed during extraction, these complexes play an important role in the extractability of lignin from ball-milled hardwood. Our results contribute to the further improvement of lignin extraction strategies, for both understanding lignin as present in the lignocellulosic matrix and for dedicated lignin valorization efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Sapouna
- Wallenberg
Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
- Division
of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, 114 21 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gijs van Erven
- Wageningen
Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University
& Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University
& Research, Bornse
Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Emelie Heidling
- Division
of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, 114 21 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Lawoko
- Wallenberg
Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
- Division
of Wood Chemistry and Pulp Technology, Department of Fiber and Polymer
Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lauren Sara McKee
- Wallenberg
Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
- Division
of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, 114 21 Stockholm, Sweden
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10
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Duran K, Miebach J, van Erven G, Baars JJP, Comans RNJ, Kuyper TW, Kabel MA. Oxidation-driven lignin removal by Agaricus bisporus from wheat straw-based compost at industrial scale. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 246:125575. [PMID: 37385314 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Fungi are main lignin degraders and the edible white button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus, inhabits lignocellulose-rich environments. Previous research hinted at delignification when A. bisporus colonized pre-composted wheat straw-based substrate in an industrial setting, assumed to aid subsequent release of monosaccharides from (hemi-)cellulose to form fruiting bodies. Yet, structural changes and specific quantification of lignin throughout A. bisporus mycelial growth remain largely unresolved. To elucidate A. bisporus routes of delignification, at six timepoints throughout mycelial growth (15 days), substrate was collected, fractionated, and analyzed by quantitative pyrolysis-GC-MS, 2D-HSQC NMR, and SEC. Lignin decrease was highest between day 6 and day 10 and reached in total 42 % (w/w). The substantial delignification was accompanied by extensive structural changes of residual lignin, including increased syringyl to guaiacyl (S/G) ratios, accumulated oxidized moieties, and depleted intact interunit linkages. Hydroxypropiovanillone and hydroxypropiosyringone (HPV/S) subunits accumulated, which are indicative for β-|O-4' ether cleavage and imply a laccase-driven ligninolysis. We provide compelling evidence that A. bisporus is capable of extensive lignin removal, have obtained insights into mechanisms at play and susceptibilities of various substructures, thus we were contributing to understanding fungal lignin conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Duran
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jeanne Miebach
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Gijs van Erven
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands; Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Johan J P Baars
- CNC Grondstoffen, Driekronenstraat 6, 6596 MA Milsbeek, the Netherlands
| | - Rob N J Comans
- Soil Chemistry and Chemical Soil Quality Group, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas W Kuyper
- Soil Biology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mirjam A Kabel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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11
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Peng M, Bervoets S, Chin-A-Woeng T, Granchi Z, Hildén K, Mäkelä MR, de Vries RP. The transcriptomic response of two basidiomycete fungi to plant biomass is modulated by temperature to a different extent. Microbiol Res 2023; 270:127333. [PMID: 36804127 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Many fungi show a strong preference for specific habitats and growth conditions. Investigating the molecular mechanisms of fungal adaptation to varying environmental conditions is of great interest to biodiversity research and is important for many industrial applications. In this study, we compared the transcriptome profiles of two previously genome-sequenced white-rot wood-decay fungi, Trametes pubescens and Phlebia centrifuga, during their growth on two common plant biomass substrates (wheat straw and spruce) at two temperatures (15 °C and 25 °C). The results showed that both fungi partially tailored their molecular responses to different types of carbon sources, differentially expressing genes encoding polysaccharide degrading enzymes, transporters, proteases and monooxygenases. Notably, more lignin modification related AA2 genes and cellulose degradation related AA9 genes were differentially expressed in the tested conditions of T. pubescens than P. centrifuga. In addition, we detected more remarkable transcriptome changes to different growth temperature in P. centrifuga than in T. pubescens, which reflected their different ability to adapt to the temperature fluctuations. In P. centrifuga, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to temperature response mainly encode protein kinases, trehalose metabolism, carbon metabolic enzymes and glycoside hydrolases, while the main temperature-related DEGs identified in T. pubescens are only the carbon metabolic enzymes and glycoside hydrolases. Our study revealed both conserved and species-specific transcriptome changes during fungal adaptation to a changing environment, improving our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying fungal plant biomass conversion at varying temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Peng
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Sander Bervoets
- GenomeScan B.V., Plesmanlaan 1/D, 2333 BZ Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Zoraide Granchi
- GenomeScan B.V., Plesmanlaan 1/D, 2333 BZ Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Kristiina Hildén
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Miia R Mäkelä
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ronald P de Vries
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
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12
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Mao Y, Gerrow A, Ray E, Perez ND, Edler K, Wolf B, Binner E. Lignin recovery from cocoa bean shell using microwave-assisted extraction and deep eutectic solvents. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 372:128680. [PMID: 36706816 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.128680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is the second most abundant natural polymer after cellulose, and valorisation of lignin-rich streams has attracted increasing attention recently. This paper presents a novel and sustainable method to recover lignin from Cocoa Bean Shells (CBS) using Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) and microwaves. A DES containing p-toluenesulfonic acid, choline chloride and glycerol (2:1:1 M ratio) was selected based on its dielectric properties. Under 200 W microwave power, the optimum yield of 95.5 % lignin was achieved at 130 °C and 30 min. DES-extracted lignin exhibited unique structural characteristics including larger particle sizes (242.5 µm D50 size), structural diversity (410.4 µm D90-D10 size) and H/G sub-unit ratio (71.9 %) compared with commercial Kraft lignin (77.2 µm, 157.9 µm and 0.1 % respectively), indicating the potential of DES in the modification and upgrading of lignin for novel value-added products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Mao
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Alex Gerrow
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston Campus, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Ella Ray
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Nidia Diaz Perez
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Karen Edler
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Lund, Naturvetarvägen 14/Sölvegatan 39 A, 223 62, Sweden.
| | - Bettina Wolf
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston Campus, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Eleanor Binner
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
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13
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Blaschek L, Murozuka E, Serk H, Ménard D, Pesquet E. Different combinations of laccase paralogs nonredundantly control the amount and composition of lignin in specific cell types and cell wall layers in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:889-909. [PMID: 36449969 DOI: 10.1101/2022.05.04.490011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Vascular plants reinforce the cell walls of the different xylem cell types with lignin phenolic polymers. Distinct lignin chemistries differ between each cell wall layer and each cell type to support their specific functions. Yet the mechanisms controlling the tight spatial localization of specific lignin chemistries remain unclear. Current hypotheses focus on control by monomer biosynthesis and/or export, while cell wall polymerization is viewed as random and nonlimiting. Here, we show that combinations of multiple individual laccases (LACs) are nonredundantly and specifically required to set the lignin chemistry in different cell types and their distinct cell wall layers. We dissected the roles of Arabidopsis thaliana LAC4, 5, 10, 12, and 17 by generating quadruple and quintuple loss-of-function mutants. Loss of these LACs in different combinations led to specific changes in lignin chemistry affecting both residue ring structures and/or aliphatic tails in specific cell types and cell wall layers. Moreover, we showed that LAC-mediated lignification has distinct functions in specific cell types, waterproofing fibers, and strengthening vessels. Altogether, we propose that the spatial control of lignin chemistry depends on different combinations of LACs with nonredundant activities immobilized in specific cell types and cell wall layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Blaschek
- Arrhenius Laboratories, Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences (DEEP), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emiko Murozuka
- Arrhenius Laboratories, Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences (DEEP), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Henrik Serk
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Delphine Ménard
- Arrhenius Laboratories, Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences (DEEP), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Edouard Pesquet
- Arrhenius Laboratories, Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences (DEEP), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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14
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Blaschek L, Murozuka E, Serk H, Ménard D, Pesquet E. Different combinations of laccase paralogs nonredundantly control the amount and composition of lignin in specific cell types and cell wall layers in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:889-909. [PMID: 36449969 PMCID: PMC9940878 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Vascular plants reinforce the cell walls of the different xylem cell types with lignin phenolic polymers. Distinct lignin chemistries differ between each cell wall layer and each cell type to support their specific functions. Yet the mechanisms controlling the tight spatial localization of specific lignin chemistries remain unclear. Current hypotheses focus on control by monomer biosynthesis and/or export, while cell wall polymerization is viewed as random and nonlimiting. Here, we show that combinations of multiple individual laccases (LACs) are nonredundantly and specifically required to set the lignin chemistry in different cell types and their distinct cell wall layers. We dissected the roles of Arabidopsis thaliana LAC4, 5, 10, 12, and 17 by generating quadruple and quintuple loss-of-function mutants. Loss of these LACs in different combinations led to specific changes in lignin chemistry affecting both residue ring structures and/or aliphatic tails in specific cell types and cell wall layers. Moreover, we showed that LAC-mediated lignification has distinct functions in specific cell types, waterproofing fibers, and strengthening vessels. Altogether, we propose that the spatial control of lignin chemistry depends on different combinations of LACs with nonredundant activities immobilized in specific cell types and cell wall layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Blaschek
- Arrhenius Laboratories, Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences (DEEP), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emiko Murozuka
- Arrhenius Laboratories, Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences (DEEP), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Henrik Serk
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Delphine Ménard
- Arrhenius Laboratories, Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences (DEEP), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Edouard Pesquet
- Arrhenius Laboratories, Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences (DEEP), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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15
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Kouzounis D, van Erven G, Soares N, Kabel MA, Schols HA. The fate of insoluble arabinoxylan and lignin in broilers: Influence of cereal type and dietary enzymes. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 225:1096-1106. [PMID: 36427614 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Insoluble fiber degradation by supplemented enzymes was previously shown to improve fermentation in poultry, and has been further postulated to disrupt the cereal cell wall matrix, thus improving nutrient digestion. Here, we characterized insoluble feed-derived polysaccharides and lignin in digesta from broilers fed wheat-soybean and maize-soybean diets without or with xylanase/glucanase supplementation. Enzyme supplementation in wheat-soybean diet increased the yield of water-extractable arabinoxylan (AX) in the ileum. Still, most AX (> 73 %) remained insoluble across wheat-soybean and maize-soybean diets. Analysis of so-far largely ignored lignin demonstrated that a lignin-rich fiber fraction accumulated in the gizzard, while both insoluble AX and lignin reaching the ileum appeared to be excreted unfermented. More than 20 % of water-insoluble AX was extracted by 1 M NaOH and 11-20 % was sequentially extracted by 4 M NaOH, alongside other hemicelluloses, from ileal digesta and excreta across all diets. These findings showed that enzyme-supplementation did not impact AX extractability by alkali, under the current experimental conditions. It is, therefore, suggested that the degradation of insoluble AX by dietary xylanase in vivo mainly results in arabinoxylo-oligosaccharide release, which is not accompanied by a more loose cell wall architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Kouzounis
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Gijs van Erven
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands; Wageningen Food and Biobased Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Mirjam A Kabel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Henk A Schols
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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16
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Letourneau DR, Volmer DA. Mass spectrometry-based methods for the advanced characterization and structural analysis of lignin: A review. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023; 42:144-188. [PMID: 34293221 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is currently one of the most promising biologically derived resources, due to its abundance and application in biofuels, materials and conversion to value aromatic chemicals. The need to better characterize and understand this complex biopolymer has led to the development of many different analytical approaches, several of which involve mass spectrometry and subsequent data analysis. This review surveys the most important analytical methods for lignin involving mass spectrometry, first looking at methods involving gas chromatography, liquid chromatography and then continuing with more contemporary methods such as matrix assisted laser desorption ionization and time-of-flight-secondary ion mass spectrometry. Following that will be techniques that directly ionize lignin mixtures-without chromatographic separation-using softer atmospheric ionization techniques that leave the lignin oligomers intact. Finally, ultra-high resolution mass analyzers such as FT-ICR have enabled lignin analysis without major sample preparation and chromatography steps. Concurrent with an increase in the resolution of mass spectrometers, there have been a wealth of complementary data analyses and visualization methods that have allowed researchers to probe deeper into the "lignome" than ever before. These approaches extract trends such as compound series and even important analytical information about lignin substructures without performing lignin degradation either chemically or during MS analysis. These innovative methods are paving the way for a more comprehensive understanding of this important biopolymer, as we seek more sustainable solutions for our human species' energy and materials needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dane R Letourneau
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dietrich A Volmer
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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17
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Xia M, Valverde‐Barrantes OJ, Suseela V, Blackwood CB, Tharayil N. Characterizing natural variability of lignin abundance and composition in fine roots across temperate trees: a comparison of analytical methods. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:2358-2373. [PMID: 36168143 PMCID: PMC9828118 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is an important root chemical component that is widely used in biogeochemical models to predict root decomposition. Across ecological studies, lignin abundance has been characterized using both proximate and lignin-specific methods, without much understanding of their comparability. This uncertainty in estimating lignin limits our ability to comprehend the mechanisms regulating root decomposition and to integrate lignin data for large-scale syntheses. We compared five methods of estimating lignin abundance and composition in fine roots across 34 phylogenetically diverse tree species. We also assessed the feasibility of high-throughput techniques for fast-screening of root lignin. Although acid-insoluble fraction (AIF) has been used to infer root lignin and decomposition, AIF-defined lignin content was disconnected from the lignin abundance estimated by techniques that specifically measure lignin-derived monomers. While lignin-specific techniques indicated lignin contents of 2-10% (w/w) in roots, AIF-defined lignin contents were c. 5-10-fold higher, and their interspecific variation was found to be largely unrelated to that determined using lignin-specific techniques. High-throughput pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, when combined with quantitative modeling, accurately predicted lignin abundance and composition, highlighting its feasibility for quicker assessment of lignin in roots. We demonstrate that AIF should be interpreted separately from lignin in fine roots as its abundance is unrelated to that of lignin polymers. This study provides the basis for informed decision-making with respect to lignin methodology in ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxue Xia
- Department of Plant & Environmental SciencesClemson UniversityClemsonSC29634USA
| | - Oscar J. Valverde‐Barrantes
- International Center for Tropical Biodiversity, Institute of EnvironmentFlorida International UniversityMiamiFL33199USA
| | - Vidya Suseela
- Department of Plant & Environmental SciencesClemson UniversityClemsonSC29634USA
| | | | - Nishanth Tharayil
- Department of Plant & Environmental SciencesClemson UniversityClemsonSC29634USA
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18
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Vesamäki JS, Nissinen R, Kainz MJ, Pilecky M, Tiirola M, Taipale SJ. Decomposition rate and biochemical fate of carbon from natural polymers and microplastics in boreal lakes. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1041242. [PMID: 36425032 PMCID: PMC9679218 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1041242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial mineralization of organic compounds is essential for carbon recycling in food webs. Microbes can decompose terrestrial recalcitrant and semi-recalcitrant polymers such as lignin and cellulose, which are precursors for humus formation. In addition to naturally occurring recalcitrant substrates, microplastics have been found in various aquatic environments. However, microbial utilization of lignin, hemicellulose, and microplastics as carbon sources in freshwaters and their biochemical fate and mineralization rate in freshwaters is poorly understood. To fill this knowledge gap, we investigated the biochemical fate and mineralization rates of several natural and synthetic polymer-derived carbon in clear and humic lake waters. We used stable isotope analysis to unravel the decomposition processes of different 13C-labeled substrates [polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, lignin/hemicellulose, and leaves (Fagus sylvatica)]. We also used compound-specific isotope analysis and molecular biology to identify microbes associated with used substrates. Leaves and hemicellulose were rapidly decomposed compared to microplastics which were degraded slowly or below detection level. Furthermore, aromatic polystyrene was decomposed faster than aliphatic polyethylene and polypropylene. The major biochemical fate of decomposed substrate carbon was in microbial biomass. Bacteria were the main decomposers of all studied substrates, whereas fungal contribution was poor. Bacteria from the family Burkholderiaceae were identified as potential leaf and polystyrene decomposers, whereas polypropylene and polyethylene were not decomposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jussi S. Vesamäki
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Riitta Nissinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Martin J. Kainz
- WasserCluster Lunz—Biological Station, Donau-Universität Krems, Lunz am See, Austria
| | - Matthias Pilecky
- WasserCluster Lunz—Biological Station, Donau-Universität Krems, Lunz am See, Austria
| | - Marja Tiirola
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Sami J. Taipale
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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19
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Kasimir M, Behrens M, Humpf HU. Release of Small Phenolic Metabolites from Isotopically Labeled 13C Lignin in the Pig Cecum Model. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:8317-8325. [PMID: 35770971 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c02836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A diet with a high dietary fiber content is often recommended in today's nutrition due to several beneficial health effects related to its intake. Lignin as a part of dietary fiber is the second most abundant natural polymer and considered to be stable during digestion. However, some studies indicate a partial degradation during the intestinal metabolism. To further elucidate this hypothesis, the aim of this study was to investigate whether lignin is metabolized by the gut microbiota using the ex vivo pig cecum model. As potential lignin-derived metabolites might already naturally occur in the pig cecal matrix, an approach using isotopically labeled 13C lignin was chosen for this study. Ten small phenolic lignin degradation products and their time-dependent metabolism were identified via an untargeted HPLC-HRMS approach, and the quantity of the metabolites was estimated. From the results, we conclude that lignin is partially degraded releasing small phenolic metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Kasimir
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Matthias Behrens
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
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20
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Pulsed Discharge Plasma over the Surface of an Aqueous Solution to Induce Lignin Decomposition. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-021-05806-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Hu S, Kamimura N, Sakamoto S, Nagano S, Takata N, Liu S, Goeminne G, Vanholme R, Uesugi M, Yamamoto M, Hishiyama S, Kim H, Boerjan W, Ralph J, Masai E, Mitsuda N, Kajita S. Rerouting of the lignin biosynthetic pathway by inhibition of cytosolic shikimate recycling in transgenic hybrid aspen. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 110:358-376. [PMID: 35044002 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is a phenolic polymer deposited in the plant cell wall, and is mainly polymerized from three canonical monomers (monolignols), i.e. p-coumaryl, coniferyl and sinapyl alcohols. After polymerization, these alcohols form different lignin substructures. In dicotyledons, monolignols are biosynthesized from phenylalanine, an aromatic amino acid. Shikimate acts at two positions in the route to the lignin building blocks. It is part of the shikimate pathway that provides the precursor for the biosynthesis of phenylalanine, and is involved in the transesterification of p-coumaroyl-CoA to p-coumaroyl shikimate, one of the key steps in the biosynthesis of coniferyl and sinapyl alcohols. The shikimate residue in p-coumaroyl shikimate is released in later steps, and the resulting shikimate becomes available again for the biosynthesis of new p-coumaroyl shikimate molecules. In this study, we inhibited cytosolic shikimate recycling in transgenic hybrid aspen by accelerated phosphorylation of shikimate in the cytosol through expression of a bacterial shikimate kinase (SK). This expression elicited an increase in p-hydroxyphenyl units of lignin and, by contrast, a decrease in guaiacyl and syringyl units. Transgenic plants with high SK activity produced a lignin content comparable to that in wild-type plants, and had an increased processability via enzymatic saccharification. Although expression of many genes was altered in the transgenic plants, elevated SK activity did not exert a significant effect on the expression of the majority of genes responsible for lignin biosynthesis. The present results indicate that cytosolic shikimate recycling is crucial to the monomeric composition of lignin rather than for lignin content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Hu
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naofumi Kamimura
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Japan
| | - Shingo Sakamoto
- Plant Gene Regulation Research Group, Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
- Smart CO2 Utilization Research Team, Global Zero Emission Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Soichiro Nagano
- Forest Tree Breeding Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Forest Research and Management Organization, Hitachi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Naoki Takata
- Forest Bio-Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Forest Research and Management Organization, Hitachi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Sarah Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, and US Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Geert Goeminne
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ruben Vanholme
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Metabolomics Core Ghent, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mikiko Uesugi
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanobu Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shojiro Hishiyama
- Department of Forest Resource Chemistry, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Forest Research and Management Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hoon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, and US Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - John Ralph
- Department of Biochemistry, and US Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Eiji Masai
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Mitsuda
- Plant Gene Regulation Research Group, Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
- Smart CO2 Utilization Research Team, Global Zero Emission Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Shinya Kajita
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
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Mengistie E, Alayat AM, Sotoudehnia F, Bokros N, DeBolt S, McDonald AG. Evaluation of Cell Wall Chemistry of Della and Its Mutant Sweet Sorghum Stalks. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:1689-1703. [PMID: 35099962 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c07176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The cell wall compositional (lignin and polysaccharides) variation of two sweet sorghum varieties, Della (D) and its variant REDforGREEN (RG), was evaluated at internodes (IN) and nodes (N) using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GCMS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and two-dimensional (2D) 1H-13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The stalks were grown in 2018 (D1 and RG1) and 2019 (D2 and RG2) seasons. In RG1, Klason lignin reductions by 16-44 and 2-26% were detected in IN and N, respectively. The analyses also revealed that lignin from the sorghum stalks was enriched in guaiacyl units and the syringyl/guaiacyl ratio was increased in RG1 and RG2, respectively, by 96% and more than 2-fold at IN and 61 and 23% at N. The glucan content was reduced by 23-27% for RG1 and by 17-22% for RG2 at internodes. Structural variations due to changes in both cellulose- and hemicellulose-based sugars were detected. The nonacylated and γ-acylated β-O-4 linkages were the main interunit linkages detected in lignin. These results indicate compositional variation of stalks due to the RG variation, and the growing season could influence their mechanical and lodging behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endalkachew Mengistie
- Renewable Materials Program, Department of Forest, Rangeland and Fire Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-1132, United States
| | - Abdulbaset M Alayat
- Renewable Materials Program, Department of Forest, Rangeland and Fire Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-1132, United States
| | - Farid Sotoudehnia
- Renewable Materials Program, Department of Forest, Rangeland and Fire Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-1132, United States
| | - Norbert Bokros
- Plant Physiology, Department of Horticulture, Agricultural Science Center North, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, United States
| | - Seth DeBolt
- Plant Physiology, Department of Horticulture, Agricultural Science Center North, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, United States
| | - Armando G McDonald
- Renewable Materials Program, Department of Forest, Rangeland and Fire Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-1132, United States
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Pfeifer L, van Erven G, Sinclair EA, Duarte CM, Kabel MA, Classen B. Profiling the cell walls of seagrasses from A (Amphibolis) to Z (Zostera). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:63. [PMID: 35120456 PMCID: PMC8815203 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03447-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The polyphyletic group of seagrasses shows an evolutionary history from early monocotyledonous land plants to the marine environment. Seagrasses form important coastal ecosystems worldwide and large amounts of seagrass detritus washed on beaches might also be valuable bioeconomical resources. Despite this importance and potential, little is known about adaptation of these angiosperms to the marine environment and their cell walls. RESULTS We investigated polysaccharide composition of nine seagrass species from the Mediterranean, Red Sea and eastern Indian Ocean. Sequential extraction revealed a similar seagrass cell wall polysaccharide composition to terrestrial angiosperms: arabinogalactans, pectins and different hemicelluloses, especially xylans and/or xyloglucans. However, the pectic fractions were characterized by the monosaccharide apiose, suggesting unusual apiogalacturonans are a common feature of seagrass cell walls. Detailed analyses of four representative species identified differences between organs and species in their constituent monosaccharide composition and lignin content and structure. Rhizomes were richer in glucosyl units compared to leaves and roots. Enhalus had high apiosyl and arabinosyl abundance, while two Australian species of Amphibolis and Posidonia, were characterized by high amounts of xylosyl residues. Interestingly, the latter two species contained appreciable amounts of lignin, especially in roots and rhizomes whereas Zostera and Enhalus were lignin-free. Lignin structure in Amphibolis was characterized by a higher syringyl content compared to that of Posidonia. CONCLUSIONS Our investigations give a first comprehensive overview on cell wall composition across seagrass families, which will help understanding adaptation to a marine environment in the evolutionary context and evaluating the potential of seagrass in biorefinery incentives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Pfeifer
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstr. 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Gijs van Erven
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth A. Sinclair
- School of Biological Sciences and Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA Australia
| | - Carlos M. Duarte
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC) and Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mirjam A. Kabel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Birgit Classen
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstr. 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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24
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Zhao JJ, Guo XM, Wang XC, Zhang Y, Ma XL, Ma MH, Zhang JN, Liu JN, Yu YJ, Lv Y, She YB. A chemometric strategy to automatically screen selected ion monitoring ions for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-based pseudotargeted metabolomics. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1664:462801. [PMID: 35007865 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The pseudotargeted metabolomics based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) has the advantage of filtering out artifacts originating from sample treatment and accurately quantifying underlying compounds in the analyzed samples. However, this technique faces the problem of selecting high-quality selective ions for performing selected ion monitoring (SIM) on instruments. In this work, we proposed AntDAS-SIMOpt, an automatic untargeted strategy for SIM ion optimization that was accomplished on the basis of an experimental design combined with advanced chemometric algorithms. First, a group of diluted quality control samples was used to screen underlying compounds in samples automatically. Ions in each of the resolved mass spectrum were then evaluated by using the developed algorithms to identify the SIM ion. A Matlab graphical user interface (GUI) was designed to facilitate routine analysis, which can be obtained from http://www.pmdb.org.cn/antdassimopt. The performance of the developed strategy was comprehensively investigated by using standard and complex plant datasets. Results indicated that AntDAS-SIMOpt may be useful for GC-MS-based metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Juan Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; Key Laboratory of Ningxia Minority Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Xiao-Meng Guo
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; Key Laboratory of Ningxia Minority Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Xing-Cai Wang
- Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; Key Laboratory of Ningxia Minority Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Xing-Ling Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; Key Laboratory of Ningxia Minority Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Meng-Han Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; Key Laboratory of Ningxia Minority Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Jia-Ni Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; Key Laboratory of Ningxia Minority Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Jia-Nan Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; Key Laboratory of Ningxia Minority Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Yong-Jie Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; Key Laboratory of Ningxia Minority Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Yinchuan 750004, China.
| | - Yi Lv
- Ningxia Inspection and Research Institution of Food Control, Yinchuan 750000, China.
| | - Yuan-Bin She
- Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
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25
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Lannuzel C, Smith A, Mary A, Della Pia E, Kabel M, de Vries S. Improving fiber utilization from rapeseed and sunflower seed meals to substitute soybean meal in pig and chicken diets: A review. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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26
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Wang Z, Deuss PJ. Catalytic Hydrogenolysis of Lignin: The Influence of Minor Units and Saccharides. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:5186-5198. [PMID: 34398518 PMCID: PMC9293178 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202101527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The precise elucidation of native lignin structures plays a vital role for the development of "lignin first" strategies such as reductive catalytic fractionation. The structure of lignin and composition of the starting material has a major impact on the product yield and distribution. Here, the differences in structure of lignin from birch, pine, reed, and walnut shell were investigated by combining detailed analysis of the whole cell wall material, residual enzyme lignin, and milled wood lignin. The results of the 2D heteronuclear single quantum coherence NMR analysis could be correlated to the product from Ru/C-catalyzed hydrogenolysis if monomeric products from ferulate and p-coumaryl and its analogous units were also appropriately considered. Notably, residual polysaccharide constituents seemed to influence the selectivity towards hydroxy-containing monomers. The results reinforced the importance of adequate structural characterization and compositional analysis of the starting materials as well as distinct (dis)advantages of specific types of structural characterization and isolation methods for guiding valorization potential of different biomass feedstocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering (ENTEG)University of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Peter J. Deuss
- Department of Chemical Engineering (ENTEG)University of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
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27
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Breeding Targets to Improve Biomass Quality in Miscanthus. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26020254. [PMID: 33419100 PMCID: PMC7825460 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Lignocellulosic crops are attractive bioresources for energy and chemicals production within a sustainable, carbon circular society. Miscanthus is one of the perennial grasses that exhibits great potential as a dedicated feedstock for conversion to biobased products in integrated biorefineries. The current biorefinery strategies are primarily focused on polysaccharide valorization and require severe pretreatments to overcome the lignin barrier. The need for such pretreatments represents an economic burden and impacts the overall sustainability of the biorefinery. Hence, increasing its efficiency has been a topic of great interest. Inversely, though pretreatment will remain an essential step, there is room to reduce its severity by optimizing the biomass composition rendering it more exploitable. Extensive studies have examined the miscanthus cell wall structures in great detail, and pinpointed those components that affect biomass digestibility under various pretreatments. Although lignin content has been identified as the most important factor limiting cell wall deconstruction, the effect of polysaccharides and interaction between the different constituents play an important role as well. The natural variation that is available within different miscanthus species and increased understanding of biosynthetic cell wall pathways have specified the potential to create novel accessions with improved digestibility through breeding or genetic modification. This review discusses the contribution of the main cell wall components on biomass degradation in relation to hydrothermal, dilute acid and alkaline pretreatments. Furthermore, traits worth advancing through breeding will be discussed in light of past, present and future breeding efforts.
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28
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De Zio E, Montagnoli A, Karady M, Terzaghi M, Sferra G, Antoniadi I, Scippa GS, Ljung K, Chiatante D, Trupiano D. Reaction Wood Anatomical Traits and Hormonal Profiles in Poplar Bent Stem and Root. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:590985. [PMID: 33363556 PMCID: PMC7754185 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.590985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Reaction wood (RW) formation is an innate physiological response of woody plants to counteract mechanical constraints in nature, reinforce structure and redirect growth toward the vertical direction. Differences and/or similarities between stem and root response to mechanical constraints remain almost unknown especially in relation to phytohormones distribution and RW characteristics. Thus, Populus nigra stem and root subjected to static non-destructive mid-term bending treatment were analyzed. The distribution of tension and compression forces was firstly modeled along the main bent stem and root axis; then, anatomical features, chemical composition, and a complete auxin and cytokinin metabolite profiles of the stretched convex and compressed concave side of three different bent stem and root sectors were analyzed. The results showed that in bent stems RW was produced on the upper stretched convex side whereas in bent roots it was produced on the lower compressed concave side. Anatomical features and chemical analysis showed that bent stem RW was characterized by a low number of vessel, poor lignification, and high carbohydrate, and thus gelatinous layer in fiber cell wall. Conversely, in bent root, RW was characterized by high vessel number and area, without any significant variation in carbohydrate and lignin content. An antagonistic interaction of auxins and different cytokinin forms/conjugates seems to regulate critical aspects of RW formation/development in stem and root to facilitate upward/downward organ bending. The observed differences between the response stem and root to bending highlight how hormonal signaling is highly organ-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena De Zio
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, Pesche, Italy
| | - Antonio Montagnoli
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Michal Karady
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Mattia Terzaghi
- Department of Chemistry and Biology ‘A. Zambelli’, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Gabriella Sferra
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, Pesche, Italy
| | - Ioanna Antoniadi
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Gabriella S. Scippa
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, Pesche, Italy
| | - Karin Ljung
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Donato Chiatante
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Dalila Trupiano
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, Pesche, Italy
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29
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Beccaria M, Siqueira ALM, Maniquet A, Giusti P, Piparo M, Stefanuto PH, Focant JF. Advanced mono- and multi-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques for oxygen-containing compound characterization in biomass and biofuel samples. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:115-134. [PMID: 33185940 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A wide variety of biomass, from triglycerides to lignocellulosic-based feedstock, are among promising candidates to possibly fulfill requirements as a substitute for crude oils as primary sources of chemical energy feedstock. During the feedstock processing carried out to increase the H:C ratio of the products, heteroatom-containing compounds can promote corrosion, thus limiting and/or deactivating catalytic processes needed to transform the biomass into fuel. The use of advanced gas chromatography techniques, in particular multi-dimensional gas chromatography, both heart-cutting and comprehensive coupled to mass spectrometry, has been widely exploited in the field of petroleomics over the past 30 years and has also been successfully applied to the characterization of volatile and semi-volatile compounds during the processing of biomass feedstock. This review intends to describe advanced gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-based techniques, mainly focusing in the period 2011-early 2020. Particular emphasis has been devoted to the multi-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques, for the isolation and characterization of the oxygen-containing compounds in biomass feedstock. Within this context, the most recent advances to sample preparation, derivatization, as well as gas chromatography instrumentation, mass spectrometry ionization, identification, and data handling in the biomass industry, are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Beccaria
- Organic and Biological Analytical Chemistry Group, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Anna Luiza Mendes Siqueira
- TOTAL Marketing Services, Research Center, Solaize, France.,International Joint Laboratory - iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, TRTG, Harfleur, France
| | - Adrien Maniquet
- TOTAL Marketing Services, Research Center, Solaize, France.,International Joint Laboratory - iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, TRTG, Harfleur, France
| | - Pierre Giusti
- TOTAL Refining and Chemicals, Total Research and Technologies Gonfreville, Harfleur, France.,International Joint Laboratory - iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, TRTG, Harfleur, France
| | - Marco Piparo
- TOTAL Refining and Chemicals, Total Research and Technologies Gonfreville, Harfleur, France.,International Joint Laboratory - iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, TRTG, Harfleur, France
| | - Pierre-Hugues Stefanuto
- Organic and Biological Analytical Chemistry Group, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jean-François Focant
- Organic and Biological Analytical Chemistry Group, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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30
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Pfeifer L, Classen B. The Cell Wall of Seagrasses: Fascinating, Peculiar and a Blank Canvas for Future Research. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:588754. [PMID: 33193541 PMCID: PMC7644952 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.588754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Seegrasses are a polyphyletic group of angiosperm plants, which evolved from early monocotyledonous land plants and returned to the marine environment around 140 million years ago. Today, seagrasses comprise the five families Zosteraceae, Hydrocharitaceae, Posidoniaceae, Cymodoceaceae, and Ruppiaceae and form important coastal ecosystems worldwide. Despite of this ecological importance, the existing literature on adaption of these angiosperms to the marine environment and especially their cell wall composition is limited up to now. A unique feature described for some seagrasses is the occurrence of polyanionic, low-methylated pectins mainly composed of galacturonic acid and apiose (apiogalacturonans). Furthermore, sulfated galactans have been detected in some species. Recently, arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs), highly glycosylated proteins of the cell wall of land plants, have been isolated for the first time from a seagrass of the baltic sea. Obviously, seagrass cell walls are characterized by new combinations of structural polysaccharide and glycoprotein elements known from macroalgae and angiosperm land plants. In this review, current knowledge on cell walls of seagrasses is summarized and suggestions for future investigations are given.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Birgit Classen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Pharmaceutical Institute, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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31
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Lahive CW, Kamer PCJ, Lancefield CS, Deuss PJ. An Introduction to Model Compounds of Lignin Linking Motifs; Synthesis and Selection Considerations for Reactivity Studies. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:4238-4265. [PMID: 32510817 PMCID: PMC7540175 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202000989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The development of fundamentally new valorization strategies for lignin plays a vital role in unlocking the true potential of lignocellulosic biomass as sustainable and economically compatible renewable carbon feedstock. In particular, new catalytic modification and depolymerization strategies are required. Progress in this field, past and future, relies for a large part on the application of synthetic model compounds that reduce the complexity of working with the lignin biopolymer. This aids the development of catalytic methodologies and in-depth mechanistic studies and guides structural characterization studies in the lignin field. However, due to the volume of literature and the piecemeal publication of methodology, the choice of suitable lignin model compounds is far from straight forward, especially for those outside the field and lacking a background in organic synthesis. For example, in catalytic depolymerization studies, a balance between synthetic effort and fidelity compared to the actual lignin of interest needs to be found. In this Review, we provide a broad overview of the model compounds available to study the chemistry of the main native linking motifs typically found in lignins from woody biomass, the synthetic routes and effort required to access them, and discuss to what extent these represent actual lignin structures. This overview can aid researchers in their selection of the most suitable lignin model systems for the development of emerging lignin modification and depolymerization technologies, maximizing their chances of successfully developing novel lignin valorization strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciaran W. Lahive
- Department of Chemical Engineering (ENTEG)University of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenNetherlands
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Science Research ComplexUniversity of St. Andrews and EaStCHEMNorth HaughSt. AndrewsFifeKY16 9STUnited Kingdom
| | - Paul C. J. Kamer
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Science Research ComplexUniversity of St. Andrews and EaStCHEMNorth HaughSt. AndrewsFifeKY16 9STUnited Kingdom
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V.Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a18059RostockGermany
| | - Christopher S. Lancefield
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Science Research ComplexUniversity of St. Andrews and EaStCHEMNorth HaughSt. AndrewsFifeKY16 9STUnited Kingdom
| | - Peter J. Deuss
- Department of Chemical Engineering (ENTEG)University of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenNetherlands
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32
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Zhang J, Feng E, Li W, Sheng H, Milton JR, Easterling LF, Nash JJ, Kenttämaa HI. Studies of the Fragmentation Mechanisms of Deprotonated Lignin Model Compounds in Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2020; 92:11895-11903. [PMID: 32786494 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jifa Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Erlu Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Wanru Li
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Huaming Sheng
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jacob R. Milton
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Leah F. Easterling
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - John J. Nash
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Hilkka I. Kenttämaa
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Underlin EN, Frommhagen M, Dilokpimol A, van Erven G, de Vries RP, Kabel MA. Feruloyl Esterases for Biorefineries: Subfamily Classified Specificity for Natural Substrates. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:332. [PMID: 32391342 PMCID: PMC7191039 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Feruloyl esterases (FAEs) have an important role in the enzymatic conversion of lignocellulosic biomass by decoupling plant cell wall polysaccharides and lignin. Moreover, FAEs release anti-oxidative hydroxycinnamic acids (HCAs) from biomass. As a plethora of FAE candidates were found in fungal genomes, FAE classification related to substrate specificity is an indispensability for selection of most suitable candidates. Hence, linking distinct substrate specificities to a FAE classification, such as the recently classified FAE subfamilies (SF), is a promising approach to improve the application of these enzymes for a variety of industrial applications. In total, 14 FAEs that are classified members of SF1, 5, 6, 7, 9, and 13 were tested in this research. All FAEs were investigated for their activity toward a variety of substrates: synthetic model substrates, plant cell wall-derived substrates, including lignin, and natural substrates. Released HCAs were determined using reverse phase-ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled to UV detection and mass spectrometry. Based on this study, FAEs of SF5 and SF7 showed the highest release of FA, pCA, and diFAs over the range of substrates, while FAEs of SF6 were comparable but less pronounced for diFAs release. These results suggest that SF5 and SF7 FAEs are promising enzymes for biorefinery applications, like the production of biofuels, where a complete degradation of the plant cell wall is desired. In contrast, SF6 FAEs might be of interest for industrial applications that require a high release of only FA and pCA, which are needed as precursors for the production of biochemicals. In contrast, FAEs of SF1, 9 and 13 showed an overall low release of HCAs from plant cell wall-derived and natural substrates. The obtained results substantiate the previous SF classification as a useful tool to predict the substrate specificity of FAEs, which eases the selection of FAE candidates for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie N. Underlin
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Matthias Frommhagen
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Adiphol Dilokpimol
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute and Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Gijs van Erven
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Ronald P. de Vries
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute and Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Mirjam A. Kabel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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van Erven G, Kleijn AF, Patyshakuliyeva A, Di Falco M, Tsang A, de Vries RP, van Berkel WJH, Kabel MA. Evidence for ligninolytic activity of the ascomycete fungus Podospora anserina. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2020; 13:75. [PMID: 32322305 PMCID: PMC7161253 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01713-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ascomycete fungus Podospora anserina has been appreciated for its targeted carbohydrate-active enzymatic arsenal. As a late colonizer of herbivorous dung, the fungus acts specifically on the more recalcitrant fraction of lignocellulose and this lignin-rich biotope might have resulted in the evolution of ligninolytic activities. However, the lignin-degrading abilities of the fungus have not been demonstrated by chemical analyses at the molecular level and are, thus far, solely based on genome and secretome predictions. To evaluate whether P. anserina might provide a novel source of lignin-active enzymes to tap into for potential biotechnological applications, we comprehensively mapped wheat straw lignin during fungal growth and characterized the fungal secretome. RESULTS Quantitative 13C lignin internal standard py-GC-MS analysis showed substantial lignin removal during the 7 days of fungal growth (24% w/w), though carbohydrates were preferably targeted (58% w/w removal). Structural characterization of residual lignin by using py-GC-MS and HSQC NMR analyses demonstrated that Cα-oxidized substructures significantly increased through fungal action, while intact β-O-4' aryl ether linkages, p-coumarate and ferulate moieties decreased, albeit to lesser extents than observed for the action of basidiomycetes. Proteomic analysis indicated that the presence of lignin induced considerable changes in the secretome of P. anserina. This was particularly reflected in a strong reduction of cellulases and galactomannanases, while H2O2-producing enzymes clearly increased. The latter enzymes, together with laccases, were likely involved in the observed ligninolysis. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, we provide unambiguous evidence for the ligninolytic activity of the ascomycete fungus P. anserina and expand the view on its enzymatic repertoire beyond carbohydrate degradation. Our results can be of significance for the development of biological lignin conversion technologies by contributing to the quest for novel lignin-active enzymes and organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gijs van Erven
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anne F. Kleijn
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Aleksandrina Patyshakuliyeva
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute and Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marcos Di Falco
- Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H4B 1R6 Canada
| | - Adrian Tsang
- Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H4B 1R6 Canada
| | - Ronald P. de Vries
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute and Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Willem J. H. van Berkel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam A. Kabel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Daly P, Peng M, Mitchell HD, Kim Y, Ansong C, Brewer H, de Gijsel P, Lipton MS, Markillie LM, Nicora CD, Orr G, Wiebenga A, Hildén KS, Kabel MA, Baker SE, Mäkelä MR, de Vries RP. Colonies of the fungus Aspergillus niger are highly differentiated to adapt to local carbon source variation. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:1154-1166. [PMID: 31876091 PMCID: PMC7065180 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Saprobic fungi, such as Aspergillus niger, grow as colonies consisting of a network of branching and fusing hyphae that are often considered to be relatively uniform entities in which nutrients can freely move through the hyphae. In nature, different parts of a colony are often exposed to different nutrients. We have investigated, using a multi-omics approach, adaptation of A. niger colonies to spatially separated and compositionally different plant biomass substrates. This demonstrated a high level of intra-colony differentiation, which closely matched the locally available substrate. The part of the colony exposed to pectin-rich sugar beet pulp and to xylan-rich wheat bran showed high pectinolytic and high xylanolytic transcript and protein levels respectively. This study therefore exemplifies the high ability of fungal colonies to differentiate and adapt to local conditions, ensuring efficient use of the available nutrients, rather than maintaining a uniform physiology throughout the colony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Daly
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular PhysiologyUtrecht UniversityUppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT UtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Mao Peng
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular PhysiologyUtrecht UniversityUppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT UtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Hugh D. Mitchell
- Biological Sciences DivisionsPacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichlandWA99352USA
| | - Young‐Mo Kim
- Biological Sciences DivisionsPacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichlandWA99352USA
| | - Charles Ansong
- Biological Sciences DivisionsPacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichlandWA99352USA
| | - Heather Brewer
- Environmental Molecular Sciences LaboratoryPacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichlandWA99352USA
| | - Peter de Gijsel
- Laboratory of Food ChemistryWageningen UniversityBornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG WageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Mary S. Lipton
- Environmental Molecular Sciences LaboratoryPacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichlandWA99352USA
| | - Lye Meng Markillie
- Biological Sciences DivisionsPacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichlandWA99352USA
| | - Carrie D. Nicora
- Biological Sciences DivisionsPacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichlandWA99352USA
| | - Galya Orr
- Environmental Molecular Sciences LaboratoryPacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichlandWA99352USA
| | - Ad Wiebenga
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular PhysiologyUtrecht UniversityUppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT UtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Kristiina S. Hildén
- Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of HelsinkiViikinkaari 9, 00790 HelsinkiFinland
| | - Mirjam A. Kabel
- Laboratory of Food ChemistryWageningen UniversityBornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG WageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Scott E. Baker
- Environmental Molecular Sciences LaboratoryPacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichlandWA99352USA
| | - Miia R. Mäkelä
- Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of HelsinkiViikinkaari 9, 00790 HelsinkiFinland
| | - Ronald P. de Vries
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular PhysiologyUtrecht UniversityUppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT UtrechtThe Netherlands
- Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of HelsinkiViikinkaari 9, 00790 HelsinkiFinland
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36
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Sakamoto S, Kamimura N, Tokue Y, Nakata MT, Yamamoto M, Hu S, Masai E, Mitsuda N, Kajita S. Identification of enzymatic genes with the potential to reduce biomass recalcitrance through lignin manipulation in Arabidopsis. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2020; 13:97. [PMID: 32514309 PMCID: PMC7260809 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01736-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the chemical and biochemical decomposition of lignocellulosic biomasses, lignin is highly recalcitrant. Genetic transformation of plants to qualitatively and/or quantitatively modify lignin may reduce these recalcitrant properties. Efficient discovery of genes to achieve lignin manipulation is thus required. RESULTS To screen for new genes to reduce lignin recalcitrance, we heterologously expressed 50 enzymatic genes under the control of a cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H) gene promoter, derived from a hybrid aspen, which is preferentially active in tissues with lignified cell walls in Arabidopsis plants. These genes encode enzymes that act on metabolites in shikimate, general phenylpropanoid, flavonoid, or monolignol biosynthetic pathways. Among these genes, 30, 18, and 2 originated from plants, bacteria, and fungi, respectively. In our first screening step, 296 independent transgenic plants (T1 generation) harboring single or multiple transgenes were generated from pools of seven Agrobacterium strains used for conventional floral-dip transformation. Wiesner and Mäule staining patterns in the stems of the resultant plants revealed seven and nine plants with apparent abnormalities in the two respective staining analyses. According to genomic PCR and subsequent direct sequencing, each of these 16 plants possessed a gene encoding either coniferaldehyde dehydrogenase (calB), feruloyl-CoA 6'-hydroxylase (F6H1), hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA hydratase/lyase (couA), or ferulate 5-hydroxylase (F5H), with one transgenic plant carrying both calB and F6H1. The effects of these genes on lignin manipulation were confirmed in individually re-created T1 transgenic Arabidopsis plants. While no difference in lignin content was detected in the transgenic lines compared with the wild type, lignin monomeric composition was changed in the transgenic lines. The observed compositional change in the transgenic plants carrying calB, couA, and F5H led to improved sugar release from cell walls after alkaline pretreatment. CONCLUSIONS Simple colorimetric characterization of stem lignin is useful for simultaneous screening of many genes with the potential to reduce lignin recalcitrance. In addition to F5H, the positive control, we identified three enzyme-coding genes that can function as genetic tools for lignin manipulation. Two of these genes (calB and couA) accelerate sugar release from transgenic lignocelluloses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Sakamoto
- Plant Gene Regulation Research Group, Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566 Japan
| | - Naofumi Kamimura
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188 Japan
| | - Yosuke Tokue
- Plant Gene Regulation Research Group, Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566 Japan
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188 Japan
| | - Miyuki T. Nakata
- Plant Gene Regulation Research Group, Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566 Japan
- Present Address: Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192 Japan
| | - Masanobu Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
| | - Shi Hu
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
| | - Eiji Masai
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188 Japan
| | - Nobutaka Mitsuda
- Plant Gene Regulation Research Group, Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566 Japan
| | - Shinya Kajita
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
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37
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van Erven G, Wang J, Sun P, de Waard P, van der Putten J, Frissen GE, Gosselink RJA, Zinovyev G, Potthast A, van Berkel WJH, Kabel MA. Structural Motifs of Wheat Straw Lignin Differ in Susceptibility to Degradation by the White-Rot Fungus Ceriporiopsis subvermispora. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2019; 7:20032-20042. [PMID: 31867146 PMCID: PMC6921689 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b05780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The white-rot fungus Ceriporiopsis subvermispora delignifies plant biomass extensively and selectively and, therefore, has great biotechnological potential. We previously demonstrated that after 7 weeks of fungal growth on wheat straw 70% w/w of lignin was removed and established the underlying degradation mechanisms via selectively extracted diagnostic substructures. In this work, we fractionated the residual (more intact) lignin and comprehensively characterized the obtained isolates to determine the susceptibility of wheat straw lignin's structural motifs to fungal degradation. Using 13C IS pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (py-GC-MS), heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) and 31P NMR spectroscopy, and size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) analyses, it was shown that β-O-4' ethers and the more condensed phenylcoumarans and resinols were equally susceptible to fungal breakdown. Interestingly, for β-O-4' ether substructures, marked cleavage preferences could be observed: β-O-4'-syringyl substructures were degraded more frequently than their β-O-4'-guaiacyl and β-O-4'-tricin analogues. Furthermore, diastereochemistry (threo > erythro) and γ-acylation (γ-OH > γ-acyl) influenced cleavage susceptibility. These results indicate that electron density of the 4'-O-coupled ring and local steric hindrance are important determinants of oxidative β-O-4' ether degradation. Our findings provide novel insight into the delignification mechanisms of C. subvermispora and contribute to improving the valorization of lignocellulosic biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gijs van Erven
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University
& Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jianli Wang
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University
& Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peicheng Sun
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University
& Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter de Waard
- MAGNEFY
(MAGNEtic Resonance Research FacilitY), Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708
WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacinta van der Putten
- Wageningen
Food and Biobased Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Guus E. Frissen
- Wageningen
Food and Biobased Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard J. A. Gosselink
- Wageningen
Food and Biobased Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Grigory Zinovyev
- Department
of Chemistry, Division of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Antje Potthast
- Department
of Chemistry, Division of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Willem J. H. van Berkel
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University
& Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam A. Kabel
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University
& Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
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38
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Fischöder T, Cajic S, Grote V, Heinzler R, Reichl U, Franzreb M, Rapp E, Elling L. Enzymatic Cascades for Tailored 13C 6 and 15N Enriched Human Milk Oligosaccharides. Molecules 2019; 24:E3482. [PMID: 31557948 PMCID: PMC6803985 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Several health benefits, associated with human milk oligosaccharides (HMOS), have been revealed in the last decades. Further progress, however, requires not only the establishment of a simple "routine" method for absolute quantification of complex HMOS mixtures but also the development of novel synthesis strategies to improve access to tailored HMOS. Here, we introduce a combination of salvage-like nucleotide sugar-producing enzyme cascades with Leloir-glycosyltransferases in a sequential pattern for the convenient tailoring of stable isotope-labeled HMOS. We demonstrate the assembly of [13C6]galactose into lacto-N- and lacto-N-neo-type HMOS structures up to octaoses. Further, we present the enzymatic production of UDP-[15N]GlcNAc and its application for the enzymatic synthesis of [13C6/15N]lacto-N-neo-tetraose for the first time. An exemplary application was selected-analysis of tetraose in complex biological mixtures-to show the potential of tailored stable isotope reference standards for the mass spectrometry-based quantification, using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) as a fast and straightforward method for absolute quantification of HMOS. Together with the newly available well-defined tailored isotopic HMOS, this can make a crucial contribution to prospective research aiming for a more profound understanding of HMOS structure-function relations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Fischöder
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Institute for Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 20, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Samanta Cajic
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstraße 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Valerian Grote
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstraße 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Raphael Heinzler
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Udo Reichl
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstraße 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Franzreb
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Erdmann Rapp
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstraße 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany.
- glyXera GmbH, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Lothar Elling
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Institute for Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 20, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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Meng X, Crestini C, Ben H, Hao N, Pu Y, Ragauskas AJ, Argyropoulos DS. Determination of hydroxyl groups in biorefinery resources via quantitative 31P NMR spectroscopy. Nat Protoc 2019; 14:2627-2647. [PMID: 31391578 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-019-0191-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of chemical structural characteristics of biorefinery product streams (such as lignin and tannin) has advanced substantially over the past decade, with traditional wet-chemical techniques being replaced or supplemented by NMR methodologies. Quantitative 31P NMR spectroscopy is a promising technique for the analysis of hydroxyl groups because of its unique characterization capability and broad potential applicability across the biorefinery research community. This protocol describes procedures for (i) the preparation/solubilization of lignin and tannin, (ii) the phosphitylation of their hydroxyl groups, (iii) NMR acquisition details, and (iv) the ensuing data analyses and means to precisely calculate the content of the different types of hydroxyl groups. Compared with traditional wet-chemical techniques, the technique of quantitative 31P NMR spectroscopy offers unique advantages in measuring hydroxyl groups in a single spectrum with high signal resolution. The method provides complete quantitative information about the hydroxyl groups with small amounts of sample (~30 mg) within a relatively short experimental time (~30-120 min).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianzhi Meng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Claudia Crestini
- Department of Molecular Science and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy.
| | - Haoxi Ben
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Naijia Hao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Yunqiao Pu
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Joint Institute for Biological Sciences, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Arthur J Ragauskas
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA. .,Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Joint Institute for Biological Sciences, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN, USA. .,Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, Center of Renewable Carbon, The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN, USA.
| | - Dimitris S Argyropoulos
- Departments of Chemistry and Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
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40
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Nayan N, van Erven G, Kabel MA, Sonnenberg ASM, Hendriks WH, Cone JW. Evaluation of fungal degradation of wheat straw cell wall using different analytical methods from ruminant nutrition perspective. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:4054-4062. [PMID: 30737799 PMCID: PMC6593870 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND White rot fungi have been used to improve the nutritive value of lignocellulose for ruminants. In feed analysis, the Van Soest method is widely used to determine the cell wall contents. To assess the reliability of this method (Method A) for determination of cell wall contents in fungal-treated wheat straw, we compared a combined monosaccharide analysis and pyrolysis coupled to gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) (Method B). Ruminal digestibility, measured as in vitro gas production (IVGP), was subsequently used to examine which method explains best the effect of fungal pretreatment on the digestibility of wheat straw. RESULTS Both methods differed considerably in the mass recoveries of the individual cell wall components, which changed on how we assess their degradation characteristics. For example, Method B gave a higher degradation of lignin (61.9%), as compared to Method A (33.2%). Method A, however, showed a better correlation of IVGP with the ratio of lignin to total structural carbohydrates, as compared to Method B (Pearson's r of -0.84 versus -0.69). Nevertheless, Method B provides a more accurate quantification of lignin, reflecting its actual modification and degradation. With the information on the lignin structural features, Method B presents a substantial advantage in understanding the underlying mechanisms of lignin breakdown. Both methods, however, could not accurately quantify the cellulose contents - among others, due to interference of fungal biomass. CONCLUSION Method A only accounts for the recalcitrant residue and therefore is more suitable for evaluating ruminal digestibility. Method B allows a more accurate quantification of cell wall, required to understand and better explains the actual modification of the cell wall. The suitability of both methods, therefore, depends on their intended purposes. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazri Nayan
- Animal Nutrition GroupWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Gijs van Erven
- Laboratory of Food ChemistryWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Mirjam A Kabel
- Laboratory of Food ChemistryWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Wouter H Hendriks
- Animal Nutrition GroupWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - John W Cone
- Animal Nutrition GroupWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
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41
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Nayan N, van Erven G, Kabel MA, Sonnenberg ASM, Hendriks WH, Cone JW. Improving ruminal digestibility of various wheat straw types by white-rot fungi. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:957-965. [PMID: 30125969 PMCID: PMC6587845 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated the ruminal degradability of various wheat straw types by the white-rot fungi Ceriporiopsis subvermispora (CS) and Lentinula edodes (LE). Different cultivars (CV) of wheat straw at different maturity stages (MS) were treated with the fungi for 7 weeks and assessed for chemical composition and in vitro gas production (IVGP). RESULTS Both fungi showed a more pronounced degradation of lignin on a more mature straw (MS3; 89.0%) in comparison with the straw harvested at an earlier stage (MS1; 70.7%). Quantitative pyrolysis coupled to gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, using 13 C lignin as an internal standard 13 C-IS Py-GC/MS revealed that lignin in more mature straw was degraded and modified to a greater extent. In contrast, cellulose was less degraded in MS3, as compared to MS1 (8.3% versus 14.6%). There was no effect of different MS on the IVGP of the fungus-treated straws. Among the different straw cultivars, the extent of lignin degradation varied greatly (47% to 93.5%). This may explain the significant (P < 0.001) effect of cultivar on the IVGP of the fungal-treated straws. Regardless of the factors tested, both fungi were very capable of improving the IVGP of all straw types by 15.3% to 47.6%, (as compared to untreated straw), with CS performing better than LE - on different MS (33.6% versus 20.4%) and CVs (43.2% versus 29.1%). CONCLUSION The extent of lignin degradation caused by fungal treatment was more pronounced on the more mature and lignified straw, while variable results were obtained with different cultivars. Both fungi were capable of improving the IVGP of various straw types. © 2018 The Authors. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazri Nayan
- Animal Nutrition GroupWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Gijs van Erven
- Laboratory of Food ChemistryWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Mirjam A Kabel
- Laboratory of Food ChemistryWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Wouter H Hendriks
- Animal Nutrition GroupWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - John W Cone
- Animal Nutrition GroupWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
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42
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Mouthier TMB, de Rink B, van Erven G, de Gijsel P, Schols HA, Kabel MA. Low liquid ammonia treatment of wheat straw increased enzymatic cell wall polysaccharide degradability and decreased residual hydroxycinnamic acids. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 272:288-299. [PMID: 30366288 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia treatment of lignocellulose improves carbohydrate degradability, however, low ammonia dose treatment effects and mechanisms are hardly considered. This study describes low dose ammonia treatment of wheat straw in a statistical design of experiments (Taguchi design) to evaluate the effects of ammonia concentration, treatment time and the Solid:Liquid ratio on structure, composition and enzymatic degradability of the residual fractions. The results showed that low ammonia concentration (≤2 w/w % NH3) resulted in a high carbohydrate recovery (>80%) coupled enzymatic hydrolysis of 50% of xylan and 40% of glucan of the treated material using a (hemi-) cellulase enzyme cocktail. This effect coincidences with the relative decrease in ferulic acid by 10% and coumaric acid by more than 50% analysed via pyrolysis-GC-MS, measured as 4-vinyl-phenol and 4-vinyl-guaiacol, respectively. Our findings show that lowering ammonia concentration increased the effect of treatment time on the enzymatic degradability of the residual fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut M B Mouthier
- Wageningen University and Research, Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bake de Rink
- Wageningen University and Research, Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs van Erven
- Wageningen University and Research, Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter de Gijsel
- Wageningen University and Research, Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henk A Schols
- Wageningen University and Research, Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam A Kabel
- Wageningen University and Research, Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Jurak E, Suzuki H, van Erven G, Gandier JA, Wong P, Chan K, Ho CY, Gong Y, Tillier E, Rosso MN, Kabel MA, Miyauchi S, Master ER. Dynamics of the Phanerochaete carnosa transcriptome during growth on aspen and spruce. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:815. [PMID: 30424733 PMCID: PMC6234650 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5210-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The basidiomycete Phanerochaete carnosa is a white-rot species that has been mainly isolated from coniferous softwood. Given the particular recalcitrance of softwoods to bioconversion, we conducted a comparative transcriptomic analysis of P. carnosa following growth on wood powder from one softwood (spruce; Picea glauca) and one hardwood (aspen; Populus tremuloides). P. carnosa was grown on each substrate for over one month, and mycelia were harvested at five time points for total RNA sequencing. Residual wood powder was also analyzed for total sugar and lignin composition. RESULTS Following a slightly longer lag phase of growth on spruce, radial expansion of the P. carnosa colony was similar on spruce and aspen. Consistent with this observation, the pattern of gene expression by P. carnosa on each substrate converged following the initial adaptation. On both substrates, highest transcript abundances were attributed to genes predicted to encode manganese peroxidases (MnP), along with auxiliary activities from carbohydrate-active enzyme (CAZy) families AA3 and AA5. In addition, a lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase from family AA9 was steadily expressed throughout growth on both substrates. P450 sequences from clans CPY52 and CYP64 accounted for 50% or more of the most highly expressed P450s, which were also the P450 clans that were expanded in the P. carnosa genome relative to other white-rot fungi. CONCLUSIONS The inclusion of five growth points and two wood substrates was important to revealing differences in the expression profiles of specific sequences within large glycoside hydrolase families (e.g., GH5 and GH16), and permitted co-expression analyses that identified new targets for study, including non-catalytic proteins and proteins with unknown function.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Jurak
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland.,Department of Aquatic Biotechnology and Bioproduct Engineering, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - H Suzuki
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - G van Erven
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708, WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - J A Gandier
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - P Wong
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - K Chan
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - C Y Ho
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Y Gong
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - E Tillier
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - M-N Rosso
- Aix-Marseille Université, INRA, UMR1163, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Marseille, France
| | - M A Kabel
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708, WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - S Miyauchi
- Laboratory of Excellence ARBRE, INRA, Nancy, Lorraine, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, INRA, UMR1163, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Marseille, France
| | - E R Master
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland. .,Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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van Erven G, Nayan N, Sonnenberg ASM, Hendriks WH, Cone JW, Kabel MA. Mechanistic insight in the selective delignification of wheat straw by three white-rot fungal species through quantitative 13C-IS py-GC-MS and whole cell wall HSQC NMR. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:262. [PMID: 30263063 PMCID: PMC6156916 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1259-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The white-rot fungi Ceriporiopsis subvermispora (Cs), Pleurotus eryngii (Pe), and Lentinula edodes (Le) have been shown to be high-potential species for selective delignification of plant biomass. This delignification improves polysaccharide degradability, which currently limits the efficient lignocellulose conversion into biochemicals, biofuels, and animal feed. Since selectivity and time efficiency of fungal delignification still need optimization, detailed understanding of the underlying mechanisms at molecular level is required. The recently developed methodologies for lignin quantification and characterization now allow for the in-depth mapping of fungal modification and degradation of lignin and, thereby, enable resolving underlying mechanisms. RESULTS Wheat straw treated by two strains of Cs (Cs1 and Cs12), Pe (Pe3 and Pe6) and Le (Le8 and Le10) was characterized using semi-quantitative py-GC-MS during fungal growth (1, 3, and 7 weeks). The remaining lignin after 7 weeks was quantified and characterized using 13C lignin internal standard based py-GC-MS and whole cell wall HSQC NMR. Strains of the same species showed similar patterns of lignin removal and degradation. Cs and Le outperformed Pe in terms of extent and selectivity of delignification (Cs ≥ Le >> Pe). The highest lignin removal [66% (w/w); Cs1] was obtained after 7 weeks, without extensive carbohydrate degradation (factor 3 increased carbohydrate-to-lignin ratio). Furthermore, though after treatment with Cs and Le comparable amounts of lignin remained, the structure of the residual lignin vastly differed. For example, Cα-oxidized substructures accumulated in Cs treated lignin up to 24% of the total aromatic lignin, a factor two higher than in Le-treated lignin. Contrarily, ferulic acid substructures were preferentially targeted by Le (and Pe). Interestingly, Pe-spent lignin was specifically depleted of tricin (40% reduction). The overall subunit composition (H:G:S) was not affected by fungal treatment. CONCLUSIONS Cs and Le are both able to effectively and selectively delignify wheat straw, though the underlying mechanisms are fundamentally different. We are the first to identify that Cs degrades the major β-O-4 ether linkage in grass lignin mainly via Cβ-O-aryl cleavage, while Cα-Cβ cleavage of inter-unit linkages predominated for Le. Our research provides a new insight on how fungi degrade lignin, which contributes to further optimizing the biological upgrading of lignocellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gijs van Erven
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nazri Nayan
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University & Research, De Elst 1, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anton S. M. Sonnenberg
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter H. Hendriks
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University & Research, De Elst 1, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - John W. Cone
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University & Research, De Elst 1, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam A. Kabel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Suseela V, Tharayil N. Decoupling the direct and indirect effects of climate on plant litter decomposition: Accounting for stress-induced modifications in plant chemistry. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:1428-1451. [PMID: 28986956 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Decomposition of plant litter is a fundamental ecosystem process that can act as a feedback to climate change by simultaneously influencing both the productivity of ecosystems and the flux of carbon dioxide from the soil. The influence of climate on decomposition from a postsenescence perspective is relatively well known; in particular, climate is known to regulate the rate of litter decomposition via its direct influence on the reaction kinetics and microbial physiology on processes downstream of tissue senescence. Climate can alter plant metabolism during the formative stage of tissues and could shape the final chemical composition of plant litter that is available for decomposition, and thus indirectly influence decomposition; however, these indirect effects are relatively poorly understood. Climatic stress disrupts cellular homeostasis in plants and results in the reprogramming of primary and secondary metabolic pathways, which leads to changes in the quantity, composition, and organization of small molecules and recalcitrant heteropolymers, including lignins, tannins, suberins, and cuticle within the plant tissue matrix. Furthermore, by regulating metabolism during tissue senescence, climate influences the resorption of nutrients from senescing tissues. Thus, the final chemical composition of plant litter that forms the substrate of decomposition is a combined product of presenescence physiological processes through the production and resorption of metabolites. The changes in quantity, composition, and localization of the molecular construct of the litter could enhance or hinder tissue decomposition and soil nutrient cycling by altering the recalcitrance of the lignocellulose matrix, the composition of microbial communities, and the activity of microbial exo-enzymes via various complexation reactions. Also, the climate-induced changes in the molecular composition of litter could differentially influence litter decomposition and soil nutrient cycling. Compared with temperate ecosystems, the indirect effects of climate on litter decomposition in the tropics are not well understood, which underscores the need to conduct additional studies in tropical biomes. We also emphasize the need to focus on how climatic stress affects the root chemistry as roots contribute significantly to biogeochemical cycling, and on utilizing more robust analytical approaches to capture the molecular composition of tissue matrix that fuel microbial metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya Suseela
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Nishanth Tharayil
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
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