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Jadon N, Tomar P, Shrivastava S, Hosseinzadeh B, Kaya SI, Ozkan SA. Monitoring of Specific Phytoestrogens by Dedicated Electrochemical Sensors: A Review. Food Chem 2024; 460:140404. [PMID: 39068721 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Phytoestrogens are non-steroidal estrogens produced from plants that can bind with the human body's estrogenic receptor site and be used as a substitute for maintaining hormonal balance. They are mainly classified as flavonoids, phenolic acids, lignans, stilbenes, and coumestans; some are resocyclic acids of lactones, which are mycotoxins and not natural phytoestrogen. Phytoestrogens have many beneficial medicinal properties, making them an important part of the daily diet. Electrochemical sensors are widely used analytical tools for analysing various pharmaceuticals, chemicals, pollutants and food items. Electrochemical sensors provide an extensive platform for highly sensitive and rapid analysis. Several reviews have been published on the importance of the biological and medicinal properties of phytoestrogens. However, this review provides an overview of recent work performed through electrochemical measurements with electrochemical sensors and biosensors for all the classes of phytoestrogens done so far since 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimisha Jadon
- Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 06560 Ankara, Türkiye; School of Studies in Environmental Chemistry, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, M.P., 474011, India.
| | - Puja Tomar
- School of Studies in Environmental Chemistry, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, M.P., 474011, India
| | - Swati Shrivastava
- School of Studies in Environmental Chemistry, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, M.P., 474011, India
| | - Batoul Hosseinzadeh
- Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 06560 Ankara, Türkiye
| | - S Irem Kaya
- University of Health Sciences, Gulhane Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Sibel A Ozkan
- Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 06560 Ankara, Türkiye.
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Zhang C, Li Y, Yang N, You M, Hao J, Wang J, Li J, Zhang M. Electrochemical sensors of neonicotinoid insecticides residues in food samples: From structure to analysis. Talanta 2024; 267:125254. [PMID: 37801927 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Most food samples are detected positive for neonicotinoid insecticides, posing a severe threat to human health. Electrochemical sensors have been proven effective for monitoring the residues to guarantee food safety, but there needs to be more review to conclude the development status comprehensively. On the other hand, various modified materials were emphasized to improve the performance of electrochemical sensors in relevant reviews, rather than the reasons why they were selected. Therefore, this paper reviewed the electrochemical sensors of neonicotinoid insecticides according to bases and strategies. The fundamental basis is the molecular structure of neonicotinoid insecticides, which was disassembled into four functional groups: nitro group, saturated nitrogen ring system, aromatic heterocycle and chlorine substituent. Their relationships were established with strategies including direct sensing, enzyme sensors, aptasensors, immunosensors, and sample pretreatment, respectively. It is hoped to provide a reference for the effective design of electrochemical sensors for small molecule compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqiu Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yanqing Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Ningxia Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Minghui You
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Jinhua Hao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Jiacheng Wang
- Medical College, Yangzhou University, No. 11 Huaihai Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Juxiu Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Min Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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Falahi S, Falahi S, Zarejousheghani M, Ehrlich H, Joseph Y, Rahimi P. Electrochemical Sensing of Gallic Acid in Beverages Using a 3D Bio-Nanocomposite Based on Carbon Nanotubes/Spongin-Atacamite. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:262. [PMID: 36832028 PMCID: PMC9954721 DOI: 10.3390/bios13020262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Gallic acid (GA) is one of the most important polyphenols, being widely used in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries due to its biological effects such as antioxidant, antibacterial, anticancer, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective properties. Hence, simple, fast, and sensitive determination of GA is of particular importance. Considering the fact that GA is an electroactive compound, electrochemical sensors offer great potential for GA quantitation due to their fast response time, high sensitivity, and ease of use. A simple, fast, and sensitive GA sensor was fabricated on the basis of a high-performance bio-nanocomposite using spongin as a natural 3D polymer, atacamite, and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The developed sensor showed an excellent response toward GA oxidation with remarkable electrochemical features due to the synergistic effects of 3D porous spongin and MWCNTs, which provide a large surface area and enhance the electrocatalytic activity of atacamite. At optimal conditions by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), a good linear relationship was obtained between peak currents and GA concentrations in a wild linear range of 500 nM to 1 mM. Subsequently, the proposed sensor was used to detect GA in red wine as well as in green and black tea, confirming its great potential as a reliable alternative to conventional methods for GA determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedigheh Falahi
- Institute of Electronic and Sensor Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Materials Technology, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Sepideh Falahi
- Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6715847141, Iran
| | - Mashaalah Zarejousheghani
- Freiberg Center for Water Research-ZeWaF, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Hermann Ehrlich
- Institute of Electronic and Sensor Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Materials Technology, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Yvonne Joseph
- Institute of Electronic and Sensor Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Materials Technology, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
- Freiberg Center for Water Research-ZeWaF, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Parvaneh Rahimi
- Institute of Electronic and Sensor Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Materials Technology, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
- Freiberg Center for Water Research-ZeWaF, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
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Borah N, Gogoi D, Ghosh NN, Tamuly C. GA-AuNP@Tollens’ complex as a highly sensitive plasmonic nanosensor for detection of formaldehyde and benzaldehyde in preserved food products. Food Chem 2023; 399:133975. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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A disposable paper-based microfluidic electrochemical cell equipped with graphite-supported gold nanoparticles modified electrode for gallic acid determination. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Reddy YVM, Shin JH, Palakollu VN, Sravani B, Choi CH, Park K, Kim SK, Madhavi G, Park JP, Shetti NP. Strategies, advances, and challenges associated with the use of graphene-based nanocomposites for electrochemical biosensors. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 304:102664. [PMID: 35413509 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2022.102664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Graphene is an intriguing two-dimensional honeycomb-like carbon material with a unique basal plane structure, charge carrier mobility, thermal conductivity, wide electrochemical spectrum, and unusual physicochemical properties. Therefore, it has attracted considerable scientific interest in the field of nanoscience and bionanotechnology. The high specific surface area of graphene allows it to support high biomolecule loading for good detection sensitivity. As such, graphene, graphene oxide (GO), and reduced GO are excellent materials for the fabrication of new nanocomposites and electrochemical sensors. Graphene has been widely used as a chemical building block and/or scaffold with various materials to create highly sensitive and selective electrochemical sensing microdevices. Over the past decade, significant advancements have been made by utilizing graphene and graphene-based nanocomposites to design electrochemical sensors with enhanced analytical performance. This review focus on the synthetic strategies, as well as the structure-to-function studies of graphene, electrochemistry, novel multi nanocomposites combining graphene, limit of detection, stability, sensitivity, assay time. Finally, the review describes the challenges, strategies and outlook on the future development of graphene sensors technology that would be usable for the internet of things are also highlighted.
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Jyoti, Kaur R, Komal, Renu, Singh P, Kaur N, Rana S, Singhal S. 2-(Anthracen-9-yl)benzothiazole-modified graphene oxide-nickel ferrite nanocomposite for anodic stripping voltammetric detection of heavy metal ions. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:186. [PMID: 35397041 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05255-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A novel electrochemical sensor, 2-(anthracen-9-yl)benzothiazole (ABT)-modified nickel ferrite reduced graphene oxide (NF@rGO) has been designed for the individual and simultaneous detection of Cd2+, Cu2+, and Hg2+ ions. Herein, NF@rGO nanocomposite, synthesized by a simple hydrothermal methodology, was hooked to ABT under easy and simple stirring conditions. Chelation of active functional groups of ABT with metal ions was augmented with higher adsorption and conductivity provided by NF@rGO. The created synergy resulted in analytical signals via selective oxidation of the ions within a potential ranging from - 1.2 to + 1.2 V vs sat. KCl. The proposed protocol exhibited a wide linear range from 0.05 to 1250 nM with excellent detection limit of 123, 54.1, and 86.6 pM via anodic stripping voltammetry for the simultaneous determination of Cd2+, Cu2+, and Hg2+ ions, respectively. Simple cost-effective synthetic approach, improved sensitivity with high selectivity, noteworthy repeatability (RSD less than 3%), and reproducibility (RSD less than 7%) equipped with successful real time monitoring (apparent recovery more than 90%) bring about a spiffing sensing platform for the detection of hazardous metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti
- Department of Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Ranjeet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Komal
- Department of Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Renu
- Energy Research Centre, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Parkash Singh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Malout Institute of Management and Informational Technology, Malout, 152107, India
| | - Navneet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Shweta Rana
- Department of Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
| | - Sonal Singhal
- Department of Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
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An insight into the thin-layer diffusion phenomena within a porous electrode: Gallic acid at a single-walled carbon nanotubes-modified electrode. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.116008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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9
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Huang Y, Yang J. Degradation of sulfamethoxazole by the heterogeneous Fenton-like reaction between gallic acid and ferrihydrite. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 226:112847. [PMID: 34601269 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In soils, the Fenton-like reaction can be initiated when phenolic acids (PCs) existed simultaneously with iron oxides and dissolved O2, which would have great impact on transformation of organic pollutants. This study probed the mechanism of the Fenton-like reaction that occurs in a heterogeneous system containing ferrihydrite (Fh) and gallic acid (GA), and evaluated its performance in sulfamethoxazole (SMX) degradation. In the absence of dissolved O2, only reductive dissolution of Fh by GA occurred. It was further showed that Fh is capable of catalyzing the oxidation of GA by O2, in which the Fenton-like reaction was involved with the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (semiquinone free radicals, superoxide, singlet oxygen, hydroxyl radical and H2O2) together with the adsorbed and aqueous Fe(II). At pH 4.0, this Fenton-like reaction could lead to SMX degradation at a rate of 38.2% and 65.6% when GA concentration were set at 0.1 and 0.2 mM, respectively. Elevating pH inhibited SMX degradation process. Citric acid had no effect on SMX degradation, while ascorbic acid showed a promotive effect. Moreover, HPLC-MS showed the presence of 12 intermediate products, and the proposed pathways for SMX degradation included cleavage, demethylation, oxidation and electrophilic substitution. This work could enhance our understanding on how the abiotic soil Fenton-like reaction controls the fate of SMX in soil environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Huang
- College of Resources & Environmental Sciences, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Jiewen Yang
- College of Resources & Environmental Sciences, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China.
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Zhang Y, You Z, Hou C, Liu L, Xiao A. An Electrochemical Sensor Based on Amino Magnetic Nanoparticle-Decorated Graphene for Detection of Cannabidiol. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11092227. [PMID: 34578543 PMCID: PMC8467804 DOI: 10.3390/nano11092227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
For detection of cannabidiol (CBD)—an important ingredient in Cannabis sativa L.—amino magnetic nanoparticle-decorated graphene (Fe3O4-NH2-GN) was prepared in the form of nanocomposites, and then modified on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE), resulting in a novel electrochemical sensor (Fe3O4-NH2-GN/GCE). The applied Fe3O4-NH2 nanoparticles and GN exhibited typical structures and intended surface groups through characterizations via transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), and Raman spectroscopy. The Fe3O4-NH2-GN/GCE showed the maximum electrochemical signal for CBD during the comparison of fabricated components via the cyclic voltammetry method, and was systematically investigated in the composition and treatment of components, pH, scan rate, and quantitative analysis ability. Under optimal conditions, the Fe3O4-NH2-GN/GCE exhibited a good detection limit (0.04 μmol L−1) with a linear range of 0.1 μmol L−1 to 100 μmol L−1 (r2 = 0.984). In the detection of CBD in the extract of C. sativa leaves, the results of the electrochemical method using the Fe3O4-NH2-GN/GCE were in good agreement with those of the HPLC method. Based on these findings, the proposed sensor could be further developed for the portable and rapid detection of natural active compounds in the food, agricultural, and pharmaceutical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Liangliang Liu
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (A.X.); Tel.: +86-731-88998525 (L.L.); +86-731-88998536 (A.X.)
| | - Aiping Xiao
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (A.X.); Tel.: +86-731-88998525 (L.L.); +86-731-88998536 (A.X.)
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11
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Baykal B, Kadikoylu G, Senturk H, Donar YO, Sınağ A, Erdem A. Preparation and characterization gallic acid-titanium dioxide nanocomposites for biosensing application on voltammetric detection of DNA. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Sainz-Urruela C, Vera-López S, San Andrés MP, Díez-Pascual AM. Graphene-Based Sensors for the Detection of Bioactive Compounds: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3316. [PMID: 33804997 PMCID: PMC8037795 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last years, different nanomaterials have been investigated to design highly selective and sensitive sensors, reaching nano/picomolar concentrations of biomolecules, which is crucial for medical sciences and the healthcare industry in order to assess physiological and metabolic parameters. The discovery of graphene (G) has unexpectedly impulsed research on developing cost-effective electrode materials owed to its unique physical and chemical properties, including high specific surface area, elevated carrier mobility, exceptional electrical and thermal conductivity, strong stiffness and strength combined with flexibility and optical transparency. G and its derivatives, including graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO), are becoming an important class of nanomaterials in the area of optical and electrochemical sensors. The presence of oxygenated functional groups makes GO nanosheets amphiphilic, facilitating chemical functionalization. G-based nanomaterials can be easily combined with different types of inorganic nanoparticles, including metals and metal oxides, quantum dots, organic polymers, and biomolecules, to yield a wide range of nanocomposites with enhanced sensitivity for sensor applications. This review provides an overview of recent research on G-based nanocomposites for the detection of bioactive compounds, providing insights on the unique advantages offered by G and its derivatives. Their synthesis process, functionalization routes, and main properties are summarized, and the main challenges are also discussed. The antioxidants selected for this review are melatonin, gallic acid, tannic acid, resveratrol, oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol, tocopherol, ascorbic acid, and curcumin. They were chosen owed to their beneficial properties for human health, including antibiotic, antiviral, cardiovascular protector, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective, neuroprotective, antiageing, antidegenerative, and antiallergic capacity. The sensitivity and selectivity of G-based electrochemical and fluorescent sensors are also examined. Finally, the future outlook for the development of G-based sensors for this type of biocompounds is outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Sainz-Urruela
- Universidad de Alcalá, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid‐Barcelona Km. 33.6, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, España (Spain); (C.S.-U.); (S.V.-L.); (M.P.S.)
| | - Soledad Vera-López
- Universidad de Alcalá, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid‐Barcelona Km. 33.6, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, España (Spain); (C.S.-U.); (S.V.-L.); (M.P.S.)
- Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto de Investigación Química Andrés M. del Río (IQAR), Ctra. Madrid‐Barcelona Km. 33.6, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, España (Spain)
| | - María Paz San Andrés
- Universidad de Alcalá, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid‐Barcelona Km. 33.6, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, España (Spain); (C.S.-U.); (S.V.-L.); (M.P.S.)
- Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto de Investigación Química Andrés M. del Río (IQAR), Ctra. Madrid‐Barcelona Km. 33.6, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, España (Spain)
| | - Ana M. Díez-Pascual
- Universidad de Alcalá, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid‐Barcelona Km. 33.6, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, España (Spain); (C.S.-U.); (S.V.-L.); (M.P.S.)
- Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto de Investigación Química Andrés M. del Río (IQAR), Ctra. Madrid‐Barcelona Km. 33.6, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, España (Spain)
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Highly sensitive detection of Pb 2+ and Cu 2+ based on ZIF-67/MWCNT/Nafion-modified glassy carbon electrode. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1124:166-175. [PMID: 32534669 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A series of different facile modification layers (MLs) was designed to gradually increase the electrochemical sensing performance of glassy carbon electrode (GCE) for simultaneously detecting Pb2+ and Cu2+. ML designs were mainly a different combination of ZIF-67, MWCNT and Nafion, and their different electrochemical sensing performances were investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), square wave stripping voltammetry (SWSV) and chronocoulometry. The fabricated sensor, which modified with ZIF-67/MWCNT and Nafion layer, exhibited the biggest response peak current to Pb2+ and Cu2+. In addition, it displayed a wide linear detection range of 1.38 nM-5 μM for Pb2+ and 1.26 nM-5 μM for Cu2+, a detection accuracy of about 1 nM for both Pb2+ and Cu2+, and an excellent stability for both Pb2+ and Cu2+. We also analyzed the real water sample taken from Changchun's Sanjia Lake and Yan Lake. We believe this ML design provides instruction for building high-performance electrochemical sensing systems.
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