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Shu L, Qiu H, He Y, Zhang S, Qian J, Liu S, Kou X, Zhao Q, Li Y. Chemical composition analysis of Qingyan dropping pills using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2024; 38:e9833. [PMID: 38837482 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE This study developed a method for the rapid classification and identification of the chemical composition of Qingyan dropping pills (QDP) to provide the theoretical basis and data foundation for further in-depth research on the pharmacological substance basis of the formula and the selection of quality control indexes. METHODS Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS) and data postprocessing technology were used to analyze the chemical composition of QDP. The fragmentation information on possible characteristic fragments and related neutral losses was summarized based on the literature and was compared with the MS data obtained from the assay, and thus a rapid classification and identification of chemical components in QDP could be achieved. RESULTS A total of 73 compounds were identified, namely 24 flavonoids, 14 terpenoids, 30 organic acids and their esters, 3 alkaloids, and 2 phenylpropanoids. CONCLUSIONS In this study, UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS and data postprocessing technology were used to realize the rapid classification and identification of the chemical constituents of QDP, which provided a comprehensive, efficient, and fast qualitative analysis method, a basis for further quality control and safe medication of QDP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lexin Shu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Huixin Qiu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yufan He
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Shumin Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Qian
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Sitong Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaodi Kou
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiduo Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yubo Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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2
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Parker K, Bollis NE, Ryzhov V. Ion-molecule reactions of mass-selected ions. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024; 43:47-89. [PMID: 36447431 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Gas-phase reactions of mass-selected ions with neutrals covers a very broad area of fundamental and applied mass spectrometry (MS). Oftentimes, ion-molecule reactions (IMR) can serve as a viable alternative to collision-induced dissociation and other ion dissociation techniques when using tandem MS. This review focuses on the literature pertaining applications of IMR since 2013. During the past decade considerable efforts have been made in analytical applications of IMR, including advances in one of the major techniques for characterization of unsaturated fatty acids and lipids, ozone-induced dissociation, and the development of a new technique for sequencing of large ions, hydrogen atom attachment/abstraction dissociation. Many advances have also been made in identifying gas-phase chemistry specific to a functional group in organic and biological compounds, which are useful in structure elucidation of analytes and differentiation of isomers/isobars. With "soft" ionization techniques like electrospray ionization having become mainstream for quite some time now, the efforts in the area of metal ion catalysis have firmly moved into exploring chemistry of ligated metal complexes in their "natural" oxidation states allowing to model individual steps of mechanisms in homogeneous catalysis, especially in combination with high-level DFT calculations. Finally, IMR continue to contribute to the body of knowledge in the area of chemistry of interstellar processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Parker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA
| | - Nicholas E Bollis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA
| | - Victor Ryzhov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA
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3
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Fu Y, Brown CJ, Johnson JT, Marsh BM, Gilbert JR, Feng E, Kenttämaa HI. Modification of a Quadrupole/Orbitrap/Linear Quadrupole Ion Trap Tribrid Mass Spectrometer for Diagnostic Gas-Phase Ion-Molecule Reactions. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023; 34:426-434. [PMID: 36797211 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Tandem mass spectrometry based on diagnostic gas-phase ion-molecule reactions represents a robust method for functional group identification in unknown compounds. To date, most of these reactions have been studied using unit-resolution instruments, such as linear quadrupole ion traps and triple quadrupoles, which cannot be used to obtain elemental composition information for the species of interest. In this study, a high-resolution mass spectrometer, a quadrupole/orbitrap/linear quadrupole ion trap tribrid, was modified by installing a portable reagent inlet system to obtain high-resolution data for ion-molecule reactions. Examination of a previously published test system, the reaction between protonated 1,1'-sulfonyldiimizadole with 2-methoxypropene, demonstrated the ability to perform ion-molecule reactions on the modified tribrid mass spectrometer. High-resolution data were obtained for ion-molecule reactions of three isobaric ions (protonated glycylalanine, protonated glutamine, and protonated lysine) with diethylmethoxyborane. On the basis of these data, the isobaric ions can be differentiated based on both their measured accurate mass as well as the different product ions they generated upon the ion-molecule reactions. In a different experiment, analyte ions were subjected to collision-induced dissociation (CID), and the structures of the resulting fragment ions were examined via diagnostic ion-molecule reactions. This experiment allows for the functional group interrogation of fragment ions and can be used to improve the understanding of the structures of fragment ions generated in the gas phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Fu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Christopher J Brown
- Corteva Agriscience, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | - Joshua T Johnson
- Corteva Agriscience, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | - Brett M Marsh
- Corteva Agriscience, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | - Jeffrey R Gilbert
- Corteva Agriscience, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | - Erlu Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Hilkka I Kenttämaa
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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4
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Song Y, Song Q, Liu W, Li J, Tu P. High-confidence structural identification of metabolites relying on tandem mass spectrometry through isomeric identification: A tutorial. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.116982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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5
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Mass spectrometry imaging of diclofenac and its metabolites in tissues using nanospray desorption electrospray ionization. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1233:340490. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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6
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Feng E, Fu Y, Ma X, Kotha RR, Ding D, Kenttämaa HI. A Portable Reagent Inlet System Designed to Diminish the Impact of Air and Water to Ion-Molecule Reactions Studied in a Linear Quadrupole Ion Trap. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:1794-1798. [PMID: 35925765 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A portable reagent inlet system for a linear quadrupole ion trap (LQIT) mass spectrometer was designed to diminish the impact of air and water on gas-phase ion-molecule reactions. Compared to the traditional reagent mixing manifolds that has been extensively used for decades, the portable system is much simpler and has fewer junctions and a smaller inner space. These changes reduce the amount of air and water introduced into the mass spectrometer with the reagent. Furthermore, unlike the traditional manifolds, the portable system can be easily attached to or detached from the LQIT mass spectrometer. Finally, the price of the portable system is only 1/10 of that of a traditional manifold as estimated in 2022. Therefore, the portable system has several advantages over the traditional reagent mixing manifolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erlu Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Yue Fu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Xin Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Raghavendhar R Kotha
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Duanchen Ding
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Hilkka I Kenttämaa
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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7
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Yu ZJ, Le H, Tang J, Yue Q, Zhang J, Murray B, Liu X, Smith BJ, Subramanian R. 18O-Enabled High-Throughput Acyl Glucuronide Stability Assay. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:1400-1409. [PMID: 35833852 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Acyl glucuronides (AGs) are common metabolites of carboxylic acid-containing compounds. In some circumstances, AGs are suspected to be involved in drug toxicity due to formation of acyl migration products that bind covalently to cellular components. The risk of this adverse effect has been found to be correlated with the chemical stability of the AG, and assays have been described that monitor acyl migration by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS). This analysis can be challenging as it requires baseline chromatographic separation of the unmigrated 1-β-acyl glucuronide from the migrated isomers and thus needs to be individually optimized for each aglycone. Therefore, a high-throughput assay that eliminates LC method development is desirable. Herein, we report an improved acyl glucuronide stability assay based on the rate of 18O-incorporation from [18O] water, which is compatible with high-throughput bioanalytical LC-MS workflows. Synthetic AGs with shorter migration half-lives showed faster incorporation of 18O. The level of differential incorporation of 18O following a 24 h incubation correlates well with the migration tendency of AGs. This assay was developed further, exploring in situ generation of AGs by human hepatic microsomal fraction. The results from 18 in situ-formed acyl glucuronides were similar to those obtained using authentic reference standards. In this format, this new 18O-labeling method offers a simplified workflow, requires no LC method development or AG reference standard, and thus facilitates AG liability assessment in early drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaikuan Josh Yu
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Hoa Le
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Jennifer Tang
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Qin Yue
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Jingyu Zhang
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Bernard Murray
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Xingrong Liu
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Bill J Smith
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Raju Subramanian
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, California 94404, United States
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8
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Feng E, Ma X, Jiang H, Sheng H, Rowell CE, Kenttämaa HI. Differentiation of Protonated Sulfonate Esters from Isomeric Sulfite Esters and Sulfones by Gas-Phase Ion-Molecule Reactions Followed by Diagnostic Collision-Activated Dissociation in Tandem Mass Spectrometry Experiments. Anal Chem 2022; 94:7928-7935. [PMID: 35613044 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sulfonate esters, a class of potentially mutagenic drug impurities, are strictly regulated in pharmaceuticals. On the other hand, sulfite esters and sulfones, analogs of sulfonate esters, have limited safety concerns. However, previously developed analytical methods for sulfonate ester identification cannot be used to differentiate sulfonate esters from the isomeric sulfite esters and sulfones. A tandem mass spectrometric method is introduced here for the differentiation of these compounds. Diisopropoxymethylborane (DIMB) reacts with protonated sulfonate esters, sulfite esters, and sulfones (and many other compounds) in the gas phase to form the product ion [M + H + DIMB - CH3CH(OH)CH3]+. Upon collision-activated dissociation (CAD), these product ions generate diagnostic fragment ions that enable the differentiation of sulfonate esters, sulfite esters, and sulfones from each other. For example, SO2 elimination enabled the unambiguous identification of sulfite esters. On the other hand, elimination of CH3B═O followed by elimination of (CH3)2C═O was only observed for sulfonate esters. Neither type of diagnostic fragment ions was detected for the products of sulfones. However, the product ions formed for sulfones with an additional hydroxyl substituent underwent the elimination of another CH3CH(OH)CH3 molecule, which enabled their identification. Finally, ion-molecule reactions of DIMB with various other functionalities were also examined. Some of them yielded the product ions [M + H + DIMB - CH3CH(OH)CH3]+ but none of these product ions underwent the diagnostic CAD reactions discussed above. Quantum chemical calculations were employed to explore the mechanisms of the reactions. The limits of detection for the diagnostic ion-molecule reaction product ions in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)/mass spectrometry (MS2) experiments were found to range from 0.075 to 1.25 nmol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erlu Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Dr, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Xin Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Dr, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.,School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Dr, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Hanning Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Dr, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Huaming Sheng
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Dr, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.,Merck & Co., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Caroline E Rowell
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Dr, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Hilkka I Kenttämaa
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Dr, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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9
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Guo Y, Shah A, Oh E, Chowdhury S, Zhu X. Determination of Acyl-, O-, and N-Glucuronide using Chemical Derivatization Coupled with Liquid Chromatography - High Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:716-724. [PMID: 35241454 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.000832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucuronidation is the most common phase II metabolic pathway to eliminate small molecule drugs from the body. However, determination of glucuronide structure is quite challenging by mass spectrometry due to its inability to generate structure informative fragments about the site of glucuronidation. Herein we described a simple method to differentiate acyl-, O-, and N-glucuronides using chemical derivatization. The idea is that derivatization of acyl-, O- or N-glucuronide of a molecule results in predictable and different numbers of derivatized functional groups, which can be determined by the mass shift using mass spectrometry. The following two reactions were applied to specifically derivatize carboxyl and hydroxyl groups that are present on the aglycone and its glucuronide metabolite. Carboxyl groups were activated by thionyl chloride followed by esterification with ethanol. Hydroxyl groups were derivatized via silylation by 1-(trimethylsilyl)imidazole. The mass shift per derivatized carboxyl and hydroxyl group was +28.031 Da and +72.040 Da, respectively. This approach was successfully validated using commercial glucuronide standards including benazepril acyl-glucuronide, raloxifene O-glucuronides, and silodosin O-glucuronide. In addition, this approach was applied to determine the type of glucuronide metabolites that were isolated from liver microsomal incubation, where alvimopan and diclofenac acyl-glucuronides, darunavir, haloperidol, and propranolol O-glucuronides, and darunavir N-glucuronide were identified. Lastly, this approach was successfully utilized to elucidate the definitive structure of a clinically observed metabolite, soticlestat O-glucuronide. In conclusion, a novel efficient and cost-effective approach was developed to determine acyl-, O-, and N-glucuronide using chemical derivatization coupled with liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. Significance Statement The method described in this study can differentiate acyl-, O-, and N-glucuronides and allow for elucidation of glucuronide structures when multiple possibilities of glucuronidation exist. The type of glucuronidation information is particularly useful for a drug candidate containing carboxyl group(s), which can form reactive acyl-glucuronides. Additionally, the method can potentially be used for the definitive structure elucidation for a compound containing a single carboxyl, hydroxyl, or amino group even when multiple types of functional groups are present for glucuronidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukuang Guo
- University of Illinois at Chicago, United States
| | - Abhi Shah
- DMPK, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, United States
| | - Eugene Oh
- ClearView Healthcare Partners, United States
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10
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Heiles S. Advanced tandem mass spectrometry in metabolomics and lipidomics-methods and applications. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:5927-5948. [PMID: 34142202 PMCID: PMC8440309 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03425-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics and lipidomics are new drivers of the omics era as molecular signatures and selected analytes allow phenotypic characterization and serve as biomarkers, respectively. The growing capabilities of untargeted and targeted workflows, which primarily rely on mass spectrometric platforms, enable extensive charting or identification of bioactive metabolites and lipids. Structural annotation of these compounds is key in order to link specific molecular entities to defined biochemical functions or phenotypes. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS), first and foremost collision-induced dissociation (CID), is the method of choice to unveil structural details of metabolites and lipids. But CID fragment ions are often not sufficient to fully characterize analytes. Therefore, recent years have seen a surge in alternative tandem MS methodologies that aim to offer full structural characterization of metabolites and lipids. In this article, principles, capabilities, drawbacks, and first applications of these "advanced tandem mass spectrometry" strategies will be critically reviewed. This includes tandem MS methods that are based on electrons, photons, and ion/molecule, as well as ion/ion reactions, combining tandem MS with concepts from optical spectroscopy and making use of derivatization strategies. In the final sections of this review, the first applications of these methodologies in combination with liquid chromatography or mass spectrometry imaging are highlighted and future perspectives for research in metabolomics and lipidomics are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Heiles
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich Buff Ring 17, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
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11
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Liu JKY, Niyonsaba E, Alzarieni KZ, Boulos VM, Yerabolu R, Kenttämaa HI. Determination of the compound class and functional groups in protonated analytes via diagnostic gas-phase ion-molecule reactions. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2021. [PMID: 34435381 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Diagnostic gas-phase ion-molecule reactions serve as a powerful alternative to collision-activated dissociation for the structural elucidation of analytes when using tandem mass spectrometry. The use of such ion-molecule reactions has been demonstrated to provide a robust tool for the identification of specific functional groups in unknown ionized analytes, differentiation of isomeric ions, and classification of unknown ions into different compound classes. During the past several years, considerable efforts have been dedicated to exploring various reagents and reagent inlet systems for functional-group selective ion-molecule reactions with protonated analytes. This review provides a comprehensive coverage of literature since 2006 on general and predictable functional-group selective ion-molecule reactions of protonated analytes, including simple monofunctional and complex polyfunctional analytes, whose mechanisms have been explored computationally. Detection limits for experiments involving high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry based on ion-molecule reactions and the application of machine learning to predict diagnostic ion-molecule reactions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy Kuan-Yu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Edouard Niyonsaba
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Victoria M Boulos
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Ravikiran Yerabolu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Hilkka I Kenttämaa
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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12
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Yu ZJ, Mosher EP, Bumpus NN. Pharmacogenomics of Antiretroviral Drug Metabolism and Transport. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2020; 61:565-585. [PMID: 32960701 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-021320-111248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy has markedly reduced morbidity and mortality for persons living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Individual tailoring of antiretroviral regimens has the potential to further improve the long-term management of HIV through the mitigation of treatment failure and drug-induced toxicities. While the mechanisms underlying anti-HIV drug adverse outcomes are multifactorial, the application of drug-specific pharmacogenomic knowledge is required in order to move toward the personalization of HIV therapy. Thus, detailed understanding of the metabolism and transport of antiretrovirals and the influence of genetics on these pathways is important. To this end, this review provides an up-to-date overview of the metabolism of anti-HIV therapeutics and the impact of genetic variation in drug metabolism and transport on the treatment of HIV. Future perspectives on and current challenges in pursuing personalized HIV treatment are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaikuan J Yu
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA;
| | - Eric P Mosher
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA;
| | - Namandjé N Bumpus
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA;
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13
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Easterling LF, Yerabolu R, Kumar R, Alzarieni KZ, Kenttämaa HI. Factors Affecting the Limit of Detection for HPLC/Tandem Mass Spectrometry Experiments Based on Gas-Phase Ion–Molecule Reactions. Anal Chem 2020; 92:7471-7477. [PMID: 32352782 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leah F. Easterling
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Ravikiran Yerabolu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Rashmi Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Kawthar Z. Alzarieni
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Hilkka I. Kenttämaa
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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