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Trimpin S, Inutan ED, Pagnotti VS, Karki S, Marshall DD, Hoang K, Wang B, Lietz CB, Richards AL, Yenchick FS, Lee C, Lu IC, Fenner M, Madarshahian S, Saylor S, Chubatyi ND, Zimmerman T, Moreno-Pedraza A, Wang T, Adeniji-Adele A, Meher AK, Madagedara H, Owczarzak Z, Musavi A, Hendrickson TL, Peacock PM, Tomsho JW, Larsen BS, Prokai L, Shulaev V, Pophristic M, McEwen CN. Direct sub-atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry: Evaporation/sublimation-driven ionization is amazing, fundamentally, and practically. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2024; 59:e5018. [PMID: 38736378 DOI: 10.1002/jms.5018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
This paper covers direct sub-atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry (MS). The discovery, applications, and mechanistic aspects of novel ionization processes for use in MS that are not based on the high-energy input from voltage, laser, and/or high temperature but on sublimation/evaporation within a region linking a higher to lower pressure and modulated by heat and collisions, are discussed, including how this new reality has guided a series of discoveries, instrument developments, and commercialization. A research focus, inter alia, is on how best to understand, improve, and use these novel ionization processes, which convert volatile and nonvolatile compounds from solids (sublimation) or liquids (evaporation) into gas-phase ions for analysis by MS providing reproducible, accurate, sensitive, and prompt results. Our perception on how these unprecedented versus traditional ionization processes/methods relate to each other, how they can be made to coexist on the same mass spectrometer, and an outlook on new and expanded applications (e.g., clinical, portable, fast, safe, and autonomous) is presented, and is based on ST's Opening lecture presentation at the Nordic Mass spectrometry Conference, Geilo, Norway, January 2023. Focus will be on matrix-assisted ionization (MAI) and solvent-assisted ionization (SAI) MS covering the period from 2010 to 2023; a potential paradigm shift in the making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Trimpin
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Ellen D Inutan
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, Delaware, USA
- Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, Philippines
| | - Vincent S Pagnotti
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Santosh Karki
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Darrell D Marshall
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Khoa Hoang
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, Delaware, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Beixi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Alicia L Richards
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Frank S Yenchick
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Chuping Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - I-Chung Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Madeleine Fenner
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sara Madarshahian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sarah Saylor
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nicolas D Chubatyi
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Teresa Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Tongwen Wang
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Adetoun Adeniji-Adele
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anil K Meher
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Hasini Madagedara
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Zachary Owczarzak
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Ahmed Musavi
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | | | | | - John W Tomsho
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Laszlo Prokai
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, The University of North Texas Health Science Center at Forth Worth, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Vladimir Shulaev
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - Milan Pophristic
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, Delaware, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Charles N McEwen
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, Delaware, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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2
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Attanayake K, Mahmud S, Banerjee C, Sharif D, Rahman M, Majuta S, DeBastiani A, Sultana MN, Foroushani SH, Li C, Li P, Valentine SJ. Examining DNA Structures with In-droplet Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024; 499:117231. [PMID: 38854816 PMCID: PMC11156224 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2024.117231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Capillary vibrating sharp-edge spray ionization (cVSSI) combined with hydrogen/deuterium exchange-mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) has been utilized to characterize different solution-phase DNA conformers including DNA G-quadruplex topologies as well as triplex DNA and duplex DNA. In general, G-quadruplex DNA shows a wide range of protection of hydrogens extending from ~12% to ~21% deuterium incorporation. Additionally, the DNA sequences selected to represent parallel, antiparallel, and hybrid G-quadruplex topologies exhibit slight differences in deuterium uptake levels which appear to loosely relate to overall conformer stability. Notably, the exchange level for one of the hybrid sequence sub topologies of G-quadruplex DNA (24 TTG) is significantly different (compared with the others studied here) despite the DNA sequences being highly comparable. For the quadruplex-forming sequences, correlation analysis suggests protection of base hydrogens involved in tetrad hydrogen bonding. For duplex DNA ~19% deuterium incorporation is observed while only ~16% is observed for triplex DNA. This increased protection of hydrogens may be due to the added backbone scaffolding and Hoogsteen base pairing of the latter species. These experiments lay the groundwork for future studies aimed at determining the structural source of this protection as well as the applicability of the approach for ascertaining different oligonucleotide folds, co-existing conformations, and/or overall conformer flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kushani Attanayake
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Sultan Mahmud
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Chandrima Banerjee
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Daud Sharif
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Mohammad Rahman
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Sandra Majuta
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Anthony DeBastiani
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Mst Nigar Sultana
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | | | - Chong Li
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Peng Li
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Stephen J Valentine
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
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Wojtkiewicz M, Subramanian SP, Gundry RL. Multinozzle Emitter for Improved Negative Mode Analysis of Reduced Native N-Glycans by Microflow Porous Graphitized Carbon Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2024; 96:5746-5751. [PMID: 38556995 PMCID: PMC11024887 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Microflow porous graphitized carbon liquid chromatography (PGC-LC) combined with negative mode ionization mass spectrometry (MS) provides high resolution separation and identification of reduced native N-glycan structural isomers. However, insufficient spray quality and low ionization efficiency of N-glycans present challenges for negative mode electrospray. Here, we evaluated the performance of a recently developed multinozzle electrospray source (MnESI) and accompanying M3 emitter for microflow PGC-LC-MS analysis of N-glycans in negative mode. In comparison to a standard electrospray ionization source, the MnESI with an M3 emitter improves signal intensity, identification, quantification, and resolution of structural isomers to accommodate low-input samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Wojtkiewicz
- CardiOmics
Program, Center for Heart and Vascular Research, and Department of
Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University
of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Sabarinath Peruvemba Subramanian
- CardiOmics
Program, Center for Heart and Vascular Research, and Department of
Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University
of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Rebekah L. Gundry
- CardiOmics
Program, Center for Heart and Vascular Research, and Department of
Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University
of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
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Stonebraker AR, Hankin R, Kapp KL, Li P, Valentine SJ, Legleiter J. Charge within Nt17 peptides modulates huntingtin aggregation and initial lipid binding events. Biophys Chem 2023; 303:107123. [PMID: 37852163 PMCID: PMC10843285 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2023.107123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Toxic aggregation of pathogenic huntingtin protein (htt) is implicated in Huntington's disease and influenced by various factors, including the first seventeen amino acids at the N-terminus (Nt17) and the presence of lipid membranes. Nt17 has a propensity to form an amphipathic α-helix in the presence of binding partners, which promotes α-helix rich oligomer formation and facilitates htt/lipid interactions. Within Nt17 are multiple sites that are subject to post-translational modification, including acetylation and phosphorylation. Acetylation can occur at lysine 6, 9, and/or 15 while phosphorylation can occur at threonine 3, serine 13, and/or serine 16. Such modifications impact aggregation and lipid binding through the alteration of various intra- and intermolecular interactions. When incubated with htt-exon1(46Q), free Nt17 peptides containing point mutations mimicking acetylation or phosphorylation reduced fibril formation and altered oligomer morphologies. Upon exposure to lipid vesicles, changes to peptide/lipid complexation were observed and peptide-containing oligomers demonstrated reduced lipid interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa R Stonebraker
- The C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, 217 Clark Hall, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Rachel Hankin
- The C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, 217 Clark Hall, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Kathryn L Kapp
- The C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, 217 Clark Hall, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Peng Li
- The C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, 217 Clark Hall, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Stephen J Valentine
- The C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, 217 Clark Hall, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Justin Legleiter
- The C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, 217 Clark Hall, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; Rockefeller Neurosciences Institutes, West Virginia University, 1 Medical Center Dr., P.O. Box 9303, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University, 1 Medical Center Dr., P.O. Box 9303, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA.
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5
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Wang J, Curtin K, Valentine SJ, Li P. Unlocking the potential of 3D printed microfluidics for mass spectrometry analysis using liquid infused surfaces. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1279:341792. [PMID: 37827686 PMCID: PMC10570538 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Combining microfluidics with mass spectrometry (MS) analysis has great potential for enabling new analytical applications and simplifying existing MS workflows. The rapid development of 3D printing technology has enabled direct fabrication of microfluidic channels using consumer grade 3D printers, which holds great promise to facilitate the adoption of microfluidic devices by the MS community. However, photo polymerization-based 3D printed devices have an issue with chemical leeching, which can introduce contaminant molecules that may present as isobaric ions and/or severely suppress the ionization of target analytes when combined with MS analysis. Although extra cure and washing steps have alleviated the leeching issue, many such contaminant peaks can still show up in mass spectra. In this work, we report a simple surface modification strategy to isolate the chemical leachates from the channel solution thereby eliminating the contaminant peaks for MS analysis. The channel was prepared by fabricating a layer of polydimethylsiloxane graft followed by wetting the graft using silicone oil. The resulting liquid infused surface (LIS) showed significant reduction in contaminant peaks and improvement in the signal intensity of target analytes. The coating showed good stability after long-term usage (7 days) and long-term storage (∼6 months). Finally, the utility of the coating strategy was demonstrated by printing herringbone microfluidic mixers for studying fast reaction kinetics, which obtained comparable reaction rates to literature values. The effectiveness, simplicity, and stability of the present method will promote the adoption of 3D printed microdevices by the MS community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Kathrine Curtin
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Stephen J Valentine
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Peng Li
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
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6
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Sharif D, Rahman M, Mahmud S, Sultana MN, Attanayake K, DeBastiani A, Foroushani SH, Li P, Valentine SJ. In-droplet hydrogen-deuterium exchange to examine protein/peptide solution conformer heterogeneity. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2023; 37:e9593. [PMID: 37430450 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Many different structure analysis techniques are not capable of probing the heterogeneity of solution conformations. Here, we examine the ability of in-droplet hydrogen-deuterium exchange (HDX) to directly probe solution conformer heterogeneity of a protein with mass spectrometry (MS) detection. METHODS Two vibrating capillary vibrating sharp-edge spray ionization (cVSSI) devices have been arranged such that they generate microdroplet plumes of the analyte and D2 O reagent, which coalesce to form reaction droplets where HDX takes place in the solution environment. The native HDX-MS setup has been first explored for two model peptides that have distinct structural compositions in solution. The effectiveness of the multidevice cVSSI-HDX in illustrating structural details has been further exploited to investigate coexisting solution-phase conformations of the protein ubiquitin. RESULTS In-droplet HDX reveals decreased backbone exchange for a model peptide that has a greater helix-forming propensity. Differences in intrinsic rates of the alanine and serine residues may account for much of the observed protection. The data allow the first estimates of backbone exchange rates for peptides undergoing in-droplet HDX. That said, the approach may hold greater potential for investigating the tertiary structure and structural transitions of proteins. For ubiquitin protein, HDX reactivity differences suggest that multiple conformers are present in native solutions. The addition of methanol to buffered aqueous solutions of ubiquitin results in increased populations of solution conformers of higher reactivity. Data analysis suggests that partially folded conformers such as the A-state of ubiquitin increase with methanol content; the native state may be preserved to a limited degree even under stronger denaturation conditions. CONCLUSION The deuterium uptake after in-droplet HDX has been observed to correspond to some degree with peptide backbone hydrogen protection based on differences in intrinsic rates of exchange. The presence of coexisting protein solution structures under native and denaturing solution conditions has been distinguished by the isotopic distributions of deuterated ubiquitin ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daud Sharif
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Mohammad Rahman
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Sultan Mahmud
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Mst Nigar Sultana
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Kushani Attanayake
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Anthony DeBastiani
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Samira Hajian Foroushani
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Peng Li
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Stephen J Valentine
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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Mendis BL, He Z, Li X, Wang J, Li C, Li P. Acoustic Atomization-Induced Pumping Based on a Vibrating Sharp-Tip Capillary. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1212. [PMID: 37374797 DOI: 10.3390/mi14061212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Pumping is an essential component in many microfluidic applications. Developing simple, small-footprint, and flexible pumping methods is of great importance to achieve truly lab-on-a-chip systems. Here, we report a novel acoustic pump based on the atomization effect induced by a vibrating sharp-tip capillary. As the liquid is atomized by the vibrating capillary, negative pressure is generated to drive the movement of fluid without the need to fabricate special microstructures or use special channel materials. We studied the influence of the frequency, input power, internal diameter (ID) of the capillary tip, and liquid viscosity on the pumping flow rate. By adjusting the ID of the capillary from 30 µm to 80 µm and the power input from 1 Vpp to 5 Vpp, a flow rate range of 3 to 520 µL/min can be achieved. We also demonstrated the simultaneous operation of two pumps to generate parallel flow with a tunable flow rate ratio. Finally, the capability of performing complex pumping sequences was demonstrated by performing a bead-based ELISA in a 3D-printed microdevice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ziyi He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaojun Li
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Chong Li
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Peng Li
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
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Wang J, Pursell ME, DeVor A, Awoyemi O, Valentine SJ, Li P. Portable mass spectrometry system: instrumentation, applications, and path to 'omics analysis. Proteomics 2022; 22:e2200112. [PMID: 36349734 PMCID: PMC10278091 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202200112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) is an information rich analytical technique and plays a key role in various 'omics studies. Standard mass spectrometers are bulky and operate at high vacuum, which hinder their adoption by the broader community and utility in field applications. Developing portable mass spectrometers can significantly expand the application scope and user groups of MS analysis. This review discusses the basics and recent advancements in the development of key components of portable mass spectrometers including ionization source, mass analyzer, detector, and vacuum system. Further, major areas where portable mass spectrometers are applied are also discussed. Finally, a perspective on the further development of portable mass spectrometers including the potential benefits for 'omics analysis is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Madison E. Pursell
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Amanda DeVor
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Olanrewaju Awoyemi
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Stephen J. Valentine
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Peng Li
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
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Sharif D, Foroushani SH, Attanayake K, Dewasurendra VK, DeBastiani A, DeVor A, Johnson MB, Li P, Valentine SJ. Capillary Vibrating Sharp-Edge Spray Ionization Augments Field-Free Ionization Techniques to Promote Conformer Preservation in the Gas-Phase for Intractable Biomolecular Ions. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:8970-8984. [PMID: 36318704 PMCID: PMC10278089 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c04960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Field-free capillary vibrating sharp-edge spray ionization (cVSSI) is evaluated for its ability to conduct native mass spectrometry (MS) experiments. The charge state distributions for nine globular proteins are compared using field-free cVSSI, field-enabled cVSSI, and electrospray ionization (ESI). In general, for both positive and negative ion mode, the average charge state (qavg) increases for field-free cVSSI with increasing molecular weight similar to ESI. A clear difference is that the qavg is significantly lower for field-free conditions in both analyses. Two proteins, leptin and thioredoxin, exhibit bimodal charge state distributions (CSDs) upon the application of voltage in positive ion mode; only a monomodal distribution is observed for field-free conditions. In negative ion mode, thioredoxin exhibits a multimodal CSD upon the addition of voltage to cVSSI. Extensive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of myoglobin and leptin in nanodroplets suggest that the multimodal CSD for leptin may originate from increased conformational "breathing" (decreased packing) and association with the droplet surface. These properties along with increased droplet charge appear to play critical roles in shifting ionization processes for some proteins. Further exploration and development of field-free cVSSI as a new ionization source for native MS especially as applied to more flexible biomolecular species is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daud Sharif
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia26506, United States
| | - Samira Hajian Foroushani
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia26506, United States
| | - Kushani Attanayake
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia26506, United States
| | - Vikum K Dewasurendra
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia26506, United States
| | - Anthony DeBastiani
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia26506, United States
| | - Amanda DeVor
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia26506, United States
| | - Matthew B Johnson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia26506, United States
| | - Peng Li
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia26506, United States
| | - Stephen J Valentine
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia26506, United States
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10
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Li C, DeVor A, Wang J, Valentine SJ, Li P. Rapid and flexible online desalting using Nafion-coated melamine sponge for mass spectrometry analysis. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022; 36:e9341. [PMID: 35729084 PMCID: PMC9357145 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The performance of mass spectrometry (MS) analysis is often affected by the presence of salt ions. To achieve optimal MS detection results, desalting is necessary for samples with high salt concentrations. We report a rapid, low-cost and flexible online desalting method using Nafion-coated sponge. This method is easy to perform and can be implemented to a wide range of customized fluidic systems. METHODS Nafion-coated melamine sponge was fabricated by soaking a glass tube containing a melamine sponge in Nafion solution and then drying overnight. The online desalting workflow is comprised of three major parts: (1) Syringe pump, which provides a continuous flow for the online fluid system; (2) Nafion sponge in a glass tube, where the online desalting of sample solution happens; (3) Capillary Vibrating Sharp-Edge Spray Ionization (cVSSI), which is an ionization technique to ionize the desalted analytes. RESULTS Effective online desalting of a 10 mM NaCl solution was demonstrated for a wide range of molecules including small molecules, peptides, DNAs, and proteins using a flow rate of 10 μL/min. By incorporating multiple pieces of the Nafion-coated sponge, effective desalting for ubiquitin and cytochrome c (Cyt-c) from physiological buffers, including phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and tris-buffered saline (TBS), were also achieved. For molecules that are sensitive to low pH conditions after desalting, a R-SO3 NH4 -type Nafion-coated sponge was fabricated. Desalting of ubiquitin, oligosaccharide, and DNA oligomers from 10 mM NaCl or 10 mM KCl solutions was demonstrated. CONCLUSIONS Flexible, low-cost, and efficient online desalting was achieved by the Nafion-coated sponge. A variety of molecules ranging from small molecules, peptides, proteins to oligosaccharides and DNAs can be desalted for MS analysis. The desalting by Nafion sponge has great potential for desalting applications that require customized fluidic design and rapid analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Li
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
| | - Amanda DeVor
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
| | - Jing Wang
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
| | - Stephen J. Valentine
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
| | - Peng Li
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
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11
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Elshamy YS, Strein TG, Holland LA, Li C, DeBastiani A, Valentine SJ, Li P, Lucas JA, Shaffer TA. Nanoflow Sheath Voltage-Free Interfacing of Capillary Electrophoresis and Mass Spectrometry for the Detection of Small Molecules. Anal Chem 2022; 94:11329-11336. [PMID: 35913997 PMCID: PMC9387528 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Coupling capillary electrophoresis (CE) to mass spectrometry (MS) is a powerful strategy to leverage a high separation efficiency with structural identification. Traditional CE-MS interfacing relies upon voltage to drive this process. Additionally, sheathless interfacing requires that the electrophoresis generates a sufficient volumetric flow to sustain the ionization process. Vibrating sharp-edge spray ionization (VSSI) is a new method to interface capillary electrophoresis to mass analyzers. In contrast to traditional interfacing, VSSI is voltage-free, making it straightforward for CE and MS. New nanoflow sheath CE-VSSI-MS is introduced in this work to reduce the reliance on the separation flow rate to facilitate the transfer of analyte to the MS. The nanoflow sheath VSSI spray ionization functions from 400 to 900 nL/min. Using the new nanoflow sheath reported here, volumetric flow rate through the separation capillary is less critical, allowing the use of a small (i.e., 20 to 25 μm) inner diameter separation capillary and enabling the use of higher separation voltages and faster analysis. Moreover, the use of a nanoflow sheath enables greater flexibility in the separation conditions. The nanoflow sheath is operated using aqueous solutions in the background electrolyte and in the sheath, demonstrating the separation can be performed under normal and reversed polarity in the presence or absence of electroosmotic flow. This includes the use of a wider pH range as well. The versatility of nanoflow sheath CE-VSSI-MS is demonstrated by separating cationic, anionic, and zwitterionic molecules under a variety of separation conditions. The detection sensitivity observed with nanoflow sheath CE-VSSI-MS is comparable to that obtained with sheathless CE-VSSI-MS as well as CE-MS separations with electrospray ionization interfacing. A bare fused silica capillary is used to separate cationic β-blockers with a near-neutral background electrolyte at concentrations ranging from 1.0 nM to 1.0 μM. Under acidic conditions, 13 amino acids are separated with normal polarity at a concentration ranging from 0.25 to 5 μM. Finally, separations of anionic compounds are demonstrated using reversed polarity under conditions of suppressed electroosmotic flow through the use of a semipermanent surface coating. With a near-neutral separation electrolyte, anionic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are detected over a concentration range of 0.1 to 5.0 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef S Elshamy
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Timothy G Strein
- Department of Chemistry, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania 17837, United States
| | - Lisa A Holland
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Chong Li
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Anthony DeBastiani
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Stephen J Valentine
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Peng Li
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - John A Lucas
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Tyler A Shaffer
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
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12
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Adegbuyiro A, Stonebraker AR, Sedighi F, Fan CK, Hodges B, Li P, Valentine SJ, Legleiter J. Oxidation Promotes Distinct Huntingtin Aggregates in the Presence and Absence of Membranes. Biochemistry 2022; 61:1517-1530. [PMID: 35759798 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.2c00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Expansion of a polyglutamine (polyQ) domain within the first exon of the huntingtin (htt) protein is the underlying cause of Huntington's disease, a genetic neurodegenerative disorder. PolyQ expansion triggers htt aggregation into oligomers, fibrils, and inclusions. The 17 N-terminal amino acids (Nt17) of htt-exon1, which directly precede the polyQ domain enhances polyQ fibrillization and functions as a lipid-binding domain. A variety of post-translational modifications occur within Nt17, including oxidation of two methionine residues. Here, the impact of oxidation within Nt17 on htt aggregation both in the presence and absence of lipid membranes was investigated. Treatment with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) reduced fibril formation in a dose-dependent manner, resulting in shorter fibrils and an increased oligomer population. With excessive H2O2 treatments, fibrils developed a unique morphological feature around their periphery. In the presence of total brain lipid vesicles, H2O2 impacted fibrillization in a similar manner. That is, oligomerization was promoted at the expense of fibril elongation. The interaction of unoxidized and oxidized htt with supported lipid bilayers was directly observed using in situ atomic force microscopy. Without oxidation, granular htt aggregates developed on the bilayer surface. However, in the presence of H2O2, distinct plateau-like regions initially developed on the bilayer surface that gave way to rougher patches containing granular aggregates. Collectively, these observations suggest that oxidation of methionine residues within Nt17 plays a crucial role in both the aggregation of htt and its ability to interact with lipid surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adewale Adegbuyiro
- The C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, 217 Clark Hall, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Alyssa R Stonebraker
- The C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, 217 Clark Hall, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Faezeh Sedighi
- The C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, 217 Clark Hall, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Caleb K Fan
- The C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, 217 Clark Hall, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Breanna Hodges
- The C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, 217 Clark Hall, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Peng Li
- The C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, 217 Clark Hall, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Stephen J Valentine
- The C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, 217 Clark Hall, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Justin Legleiter
- The C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, 217 Clark Hall, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States.,Rockefeller Neurosciences Institutes, West Virginia University, 1 Medical Center Dr., P.O. Box 9303, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University, 1 Medical Center Dr., P.O. Box 9303, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
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13
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Pursell ME, Sharif D, DeBastiani A, Li C, Majuta S, Li P, Valentine SJ. Development of cVSSI-APCI for the Improvement of Ion Suppression and Matrix Effects in Complex Mixtures. Anal Chem 2022; 94:9226-9233. [PMID: 35729103 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The new ionization technique termed vibrating sharp-edge spray ionization (cVSSI) has been coupled with corona discharge to investigate atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) capabilities. The optimized source was evaluated for its ability to enhance ion signal intensity, overcome matrix effects, and limit ion suppression. The results have been compared with state-of-the-art ESI source performance as well as a new APCI-like source. In methanol, the ion signal intensity increased 10-fold and >10-fold for cocaine and the suppressed analytes, respectively. The ability to overcome ion suppression was improved from 2-fold to 16-fold for theophylline and vitamin D2, respectively. For aqueous samples, ion signal levels increased by two orders of magnitude for all analytes. In both solvent systems, the signal-to-noise ratios also increased for all suppressed analytes. One example of the characterization of low-ionizing (by ESI or cVSSI alone) species in the presence of high-ionizing species by direct analysis from a cotton swab is presented. The work is discussed with respect to the advantages of cVSSI-APCI for direct, in situ, and field analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison E Pursell
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Daud Sharif
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Anthony DeBastiani
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Chong Li
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Sandra Majuta
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Peng Li
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Stephen J Valentine
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
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14
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Piovesana S, Capriotti AL, Cavaliere C, Cerrato A, Montone CM, Zenezini Chiozzi R, Laganà A. The Key Role of Metal Adducts in the Differentiation of Phosphopeptide from Sulfopeptide Sequences by High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2022; 94:9234-9241. [PMID: 35714062 PMCID: PMC9260711 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Site localization of protein sulfation by high-throughput proteomics remains challenging despite the technological improvements. In this study, sequence analysis and site localization of sulfation in tryptic peptides were determined under a conventional nano-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry configuration. Tryptic sulfopeptide standards were used to study different fragmentation strategies, including collision-induced dissociation (CID), higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD), electron-transfer dissociation (ETD), electron-transfer/higher-energy collision dissociation (EThcD), and electron-transfer/collision-induced dissociation (ETciD), in the positive ionization mode. Sulfopeptides displayed only neutral loss of SO3 under CID, while the sequence could be determined for all other tested fragmentation techniques. Results were compared to the same sequences with phosphotyrosine, indicating important differences, as the sequence and modification localization could be studied by all fragmentation strategies. However, the use of metal adducts, especially potassium, provided valuable information for sulfopeptide localization in ETD and ETD-hybrid strategies by stabilizing the modification and increasing the charge state of sulfopeptides. In these conditions, both the sequence and localization could be obtained. In-source neutral loss of SO3 under EThcD provided diagnostic peaks suitable to distinguish the sulfopeptides from the nearly isobaric phosphopeptides. Further confirmation on the modification type was found in the negative ionization mode, where phosphopeptides always had the typical phosphate product ion corresponding to PO3-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susy Piovesana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Anna Laura Capriotti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Chiara Cavaliere
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Andrea Cerrato
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Carmela Maria Montone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Riccardo Zenezini Chiozzi
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Aldo Laganà
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy
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15
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Wang J, Li C, Li P. A Small Footprint and Robust Interface for Solid Phase Microextraction and Mass Spectrometry Based on Vibrating Sharp-Edge Spray Ionization. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:304-314. [PMID: 35040644 PMCID: PMC9014482 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Combining solid phase microextraction (SPME) and mass spectrometry (MS) analysis has become increasingly important to many bioanalytical, environmental, and forensic applications due to its simplicity, rapid analysis, and capability of reducing matrix effects for complex samples. To further promote the adoption of SPME-MS based analysis and expand its application scope calls for efficient and convenient interfaces that couple the SPME sample handling with the efficient analyte ionization for MS. Here, we report a novel interface that integrates both the desorption and the ionization steps in one device based on the capillary vibrating sharp-edge spray ionization (cVSSI) method. We demonstrated that the cVSSI is capable of nebulizing liquid samples in a pulled-tip glass capillary with a battery powered function generator. The cVSSI device allows the insertion of a SPME probe into the spray capillary for desorption and then direct nebulization of the desorption solvent in situ. With the integrated interface, we have demonstrated rapid MS analysis of drug compounds from serum samples. Quantitative determination of various drug compounds including metoprolol, pindolol, acebutolol, oxprenolol, capecitabine, and irinotecan was achieved with good linearity (R2 = 0.97-0.99) and limit of detection ranging from 0.25 to 0.59 ng/mL without using a high voltage source. Only 3.5 μL of desorption solvent and 3 min desorption time were needed for the present method. Overall, we demonstrated a portable SPME-MS interface featuring high sensitivity, short analysis time, small footprint, and low cost, which makes it an attractive method for many applications requiring sample cleanup including drug compound monitoring, environmental sample analysis, and forensic sample analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Chong Li
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Peng Li
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
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16
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DeBastiani A, Majuta SN, Sharif D, Attanayake K, Li C, Li P, Valentine SJ. Characterizing Multidevice Capillary Vibrating Sharp-Edge Spray Ionization for In-Droplet Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange to Enhance Compound Identification. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:18370-18382. [PMID: 34308068 PMCID: PMC8296548 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c02362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Multidevice capillary vibrating sharp-edge spray ionization (cVSSI) source parameters have been examined to determine their effects on conducting in-droplet hydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX) experiments. Control experiments using select compounds indicate that the observed differences in mass spectral isotopic distributions obtained upon initiation of HDX result primarily from solution-phase reactions as opposed to gas-phase exchange. Preliminary studies have determined that robust HDX can only be achieved with the application of same-polarity voltage to both the analyte and the deuterium oxide reagent (D2O) cVSSI devices. Additionally, a similar HDX reactivity dependence on the voltage applied to the D2O device for various analytes is observed. Analyte and reagent flow experiments show that, for the multidevice cVSSI setup employed, there is a nonlinear dependence on the D2O reagent flow rate; increasing the D2O reagent flow by 100% results in only an ∼10-20% increase in deuterium incorporation for this setup. Instantaneous (subsecond) response times have been demonstrated in the initiation or termination of HDX, which is achieved by turning on or off the reagent cVSSI device piezoelectric transducer. The ability to distinguish isomeric species by in-droplet HDX is presented. Finally, a demonstration of a three-component cVSSI device setup to perform multiple (successive or in combination) in-droplet chemistries to enhance compound ionization and identification is presented and a hypothetical metabolomics workflow consisting of successive multidevice activation is briefly discussed.
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17
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Yang Y, Niu W, Wang W, Qi S, Tong L, Mu X, Chen Z, Li W, Tang B. h-FBN assisted negative ion paper spray for the sensitive detection of small molecules. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:6612-6615. [PMID: 34116566 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02338a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Negative ion mode paper spray mass spectrometry (PS-MS) suffers from intense background noise and unstable MS signal. For the first time, we reported fluorinated boron nitride nanosheet (h-FBN) assisted negative ion PS-MS for the detection of a series of molecules. We demonstrated that the introduction of h-FBN can greatly improve the detection sensitivity and signal stability in the negative ion mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Yang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Weihua Niu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Weiqing Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Siyun Qi
- School of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Lili Tong
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoyan Mu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhenzhen Chen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Weifeng Li
- School of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China.
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18
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Majuta SN, DeBastiani A, Li P, Valentine SJ. Combining Field-Enabled Capillary Vibrating Sharp-Edge Spray Ionization with Microflow Liquid Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry to Enhance 'Omics Analyses. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:473-485. [PMID: 33417454 PMCID: PMC8132193 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Field-enabled capillary vibrating sharp-edge spray ionization (cVSSI) has been combined with high-flow liquid chromatography (LC) and mass spectrometry (MS) to establish current ionization capabilities for metabolomics and proteomics investigations. Comparisons are made between experiments employing cVSSI and a heated electrospray ionization probe representing the state-of-the-art in microflow LC-MS methods for 'omics studies. For metabolomics standards, cVSSI is shown to provide an ionization enhancement by factors of 4 ± 2 for both negative and positive ion mode analyses. For chymotryptic peptides, cVSSI is shown to provide an ionization enhancement by factors of 5 ± 2 and 2 ± 1 for negative and positive ion mode analyses, respectively. Slightly broader high-performance liquid chromatography peaks are observed in the cVSSI datasets, and several studies suggest that this results from a slightly decreased post-split flow rate. This may result from partial obstruction of the pulled-tip emitter over time. Such a challenge can be remedied with the use of LC pumps that operate in the 10 to 100 μL·min-1 flow regime. At this early stage, the proof-of-principle studies already show ion signal advantages over state-of-the-art electrospray ionization (ESI) for a wide variety of analytes in both positive and negative ion mode. Overall, this represents a ∼20-50-fold improvement over the first demonstration of LC-MS analyses by voltage-free cVSSI. Separate comparisons of the ion abundances of compounds eluting under identical solvent conditions reveal ionization efficiency differences between cVSSI and ESI and may suggest varied contributions to ionization from different physicochemical properties of the compounds. Future investigations of parameters that could further increase ionization gains in negative and positive ion mode analyses with the use of cVSSI are briefly presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra N. Majuta
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown WV 26501
| | - Anthony DeBastiani
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown WV 26501
| | - Peng Li
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown WV 26501
| | - Stephen J. Valentine
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown WV 26501
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19
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Jayasundara K, Li C, DeBastiani A, Sharif D, Li P, Valentine SJ. Physicochemical Property Correlations with Ionization Efficiency in Capillary Vibrating Sharp-Edge Spray Ionization (cVSSI). JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:84-94. [PMID: 32856909 PMCID: PMC8130659 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The relative contributions to ionization efficiency by three molecular chemical properties have been examined for field-free and field-enabled capillary vibrating sharp-edge spray ionization (cVSSI) using mass spectrometry (MS) analysis. Ion intensities have been recorded for model compounds under each operational ionization mode as well as for aqueous and nonaqueous (methanol) solvent systems. Multiple regression analysis suggests that for field-free cVSSI, ion intensity is mostly associated with the log of the base dissociation constant (pKb) and proton affinity (PA) for both aqueous and methanol solutions. Comparatively, for field-enabled cVSSI using aqueous solutions, the dominant factor correlated with ion intensity is the log of the partition coefficient (log P). To a lesser degree, this is observed for methanol solutions as well. For ESI, pKb is the dominant factor associated with ion signal levels from methanol and aqueous solutions. These results are supported by studies conducted on two different mass spectrometers employing different cVSSI emitter tips. The relationship of ion intensity and pKb in ESI is supported by multiple studies; however, the shift to other chemical properties with the addition of cVSSI suggests the possibility that a different (or combinations of) ionization mechanism(s) may be operative for these ionization modes. These results are briefly considered in light of the different ESI mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Peng Li
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: , and .
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