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Ogrodzińska W, Szafran K, Łuszczyński M, Barczyk-Woźnicka O, Gabruk M. Molecular insights into the differences between cyanobacterial and plant LPORs and prolamellar body formation: In vitro studies. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 214:108935. [PMID: 39029308 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Light-dependent protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (LPOR) has captivated the interest of the research community for decades. One reason is the photocatalytic nature of the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme, and the other is the involvement of LPOR in the formation of a paracrystalline lattice called a prolamellar body (PLB) that disintegrates upon illumination, initiating a process of photosynthetic membrane formation. In this paper, we have integrated three traditional methods previously employed to study the properties of the enzyme: molecular biology, spectroscopy, and electron microscopy. We found that for cyanobacterial LPOR, substrates binding appears to be independent of lipids, with membrane interaction primarily affecting the enzyme post-reaction, with MGDG and PG having opposite effects on SynPOR. In contrast, plant isoforms exhibit sequence alterations, rendering the enzyme effective in substrate binding mainly in the presence of anionic lipids, depending on residues at positions 122, 312, and 318. Moreover, we demonstrated that the interaction with MGDG could initially serve as enhancement of the substrate specificity towards monovinyl-protochlorophyllide (Pchlide). We have shown that the second LPOR isoforms of eudicots and monocots accumulated mutations that made these variants less and more dependent on anionic lipids, respectively. Finally, we have shown that in the presence of Pchlide, NADP+, and the lipids, plant but not cyanobacterial LPOR homolog remodel membranes into the cubic phase. The cubic phase is preserved if samples supplemented with NADP + are enriched with NADPH. The results are discussed in the evolutionary context, and the model of PLB formation is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiktoria Ogrodzińska
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Szafran
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Mateusz Łuszczyński
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland; Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Olga Barczyk-Woźnicka
- Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Michał Gabruk
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
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2
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Yong S, Chen Q, Xu F, Fu H, Liang G, Guo Q. Exploring the interplay between angiosperm chlorophyll metabolism and environmental factors. PLANTA 2024; 260:25. [PMID: 38861219 PMCID: PMC11166782 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04437-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION In this review, we summarize how chlorophyll metabolism in angiosperm is affected by the environmental factors: light, temperature, metal ions, water, oxygen, and altitude. The significance of chlorophyll (Chl) in plant leaf morphogenesis and photosynthesis cannot be overstated. Over time, researchers have made significant advancements in comprehending the biosynthetic pathway of Chl in angiosperms, along with the pivotal enzymes and genes involved in this process, particularly those related to heme synthesis and light-responsive mechanisms. Various environmental factors influence the stability of Chl content in angiosperms by modulating Chl metabolic pathways. Understanding the interplay between plants Chl metabolism and environmental factors has been a prominent research topic. This review mainly focuses on angiosperms, provides an overview of the regulatory mechanisms governing Chl metabolism, and the impact of environmental factors such as light, temperature, metal ions (iron and magnesium), water, oxygen, and altitude on Chl metabolism. Understanding these effects is crucial for comprehending and preserving the homeostasis of Chl metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunyuan Yong
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
- State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
- State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Xu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Fu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
- State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Guolu Liang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
- State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Qigao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China.
- State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Pesara P, Szafran K, Nguyen HC, Sirohiwal A, Pantazis DA, Gabruk M. Elucidating substrate binding in the light-dependent protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase. Chem Sci 2024; 15:7767-7780. [PMID: 38784751 PMCID: PMC11110527 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00923a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The Light-Dependent Protochlorophyllide Oxidoreductase (LPOR) catalyzes a crucial step in chlorophyll biosynthesis: the rare biological photocatalytic reduction of the double C[double bond, length as m-dash]C bond in the precursor, protochlorophyllide (Pchlide). Despite its fundamental significance, limited structural insights into the active complex have hindered understanding of its reaction mechanism. Recently, a high-resolution cryo-EM structure of LPOR in its active conformation challenged our view of pigment binding, residue interactions, and the catalytic process. Surprisingly, this structure contrasts markedly with previous assumptions, particularly regarding the orientation of the bound Pchlide. To gain insights into the substrate binding puzzle, we conducted molecular dynamics simulations, quantum-mechanics/molecular-mechanics (QM/MM) calculations, and site-directed mutagenesis. Two Pchlide binding modes were considered, one aligning with historical proposals (mode A) and another consistent with the recent experimental data (mode B). Binding energy calculations revealed that in contrast to the non-specific interactions found for mode A, mode B exhibits distinct stabilizing interactions that support more thermodynamically favorable binding. A comprehensive analysis incorporating QM/MM-based local energy decomposition unraveled a complex interaction network involving Y177, H319, and the C131 carboxy group, influencing the pigment's excited state energy and potentially contributing to substrate specificity. Importantly, our results uniformly favor mode B, challenging established interpretations and emphasizing the need for a comprehensive re-evaluation of the LPOR reaction mechanism in a way that incorporates accurate structural information on pigment interactions and substrate-cofactor positioning in the binding pocket. The results shed light on the intricacies of LPOR's catalytic mechanism and provide a solid foundation for further elucidating the secrets of chlorophyll biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope Pesara
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Katarzyna Szafran
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University Gronostajowa 7 30-387 Cracow Poland
| | - Henry C Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California San Francisco CA USA
| | - Abhishek Sirohiwal
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University 10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Dimitrios A Pantazis
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Michal Gabruk
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University Gronostajowa 7 30-387 Cracow Poland
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Ahmad S, Tabassum J, Sheng Z, Lv Y, Chen W, Zeb A, Dong N, Ali U, Shao G, Wei X, Hu S, Tang S. Loss-of-function of PGL10 impairs photosynthesis and tolerance to high-temperature stress in rice. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14369. [PMID: 38828612 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
High temperature (HT) affects the production of chlorophyll (Chl) pigment and inhibits cellular processes that impair photosynthesis, and growth and development in plants. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying heat stress in rice are not fully understood yet. In this study, we identified two mutants varying in leaf color from the ethylmethanesulfonate mutant library of indica rice cv. Zhongjiazao-17, which showed pale-green leaf color and variegated leaf phenotype under HT conditions. Mut-map revealed that both mutants were allelic, and their phenotype was controlled by a single recessive gene PALE GREEN LEAF 10 (PGL10) that encodes NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase B, which is required for the reduction of protochlorophyllide into chlorophyllide in light-dependent tetrapyrrole biosynthetic pathway-based Chl synthesis. Overexpression-based complementation and CRISPR/Cas9-based knockout analyses confirmed the results of Mut-map. Moreover, qRT-PCR-based expression analysis of PGL10 showed that it expresses in almost all plant parts with the lowest expression in root, followed by seed, third leaf, and then other green tissues in both mutants, pgl10a and pgl10b. Its protein localizes in chloroplasts, and the first 17 amino acids from N-terminus are responsible for signals in chloroplasts. Moreover, transcriptome analysis performed under HT conditions revealed that the genes involved in the Chl biosynthesis and degradation, photosynthesis, and reactive oxygen species detoxification were differentially expressed in mutants compared to WT. Thus, these results indicate that PGL10 is required for maintaining chloroplast function and plays an important role in rice adaptation to HT stress conditions by controlling photosynthetic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakeel Ahmad
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Javaria Tabassum
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhonghua Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yusong Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Aqib Zeb
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nannan Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Umed Ali
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gaoneng Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangjin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shikai Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shaoqing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
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5
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Vedalankar P, Tripathy BC. Light dependent protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase: a succinct look. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 30:719-731. [PMID: 38846463 PMCID: PMC11150229 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-024-01454-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Reducing protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) to chlorophyllide (Chlide) is a major regulatory step in the chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway. This reaction is catalyzed by light-dependent protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (LPOR) in oxygenic phototrophs, particularly angiosperms. LPOR-NADPH and Pchlide form a ternary complex to be efficiently photo-transformed to synthesize Chlide and, subsequently, chlorophyll during the transition from skotomorphogenesis to photomorphogenesis. Besides lipids, carotenoids and poly-cis xanthophylls influence the formation of the photoactive LPOR complexes and the PLBs. The crystal structure of LPOR reveals evolutionarily conserved cysteine residues implicated in the Pchlide binding and catalysis around the active site. Different isoforms of LPOR viz PORA, PORB, and PORC expressed at different stages of chloroplast development play a photoprotective role by quickly transforming the photosensitive Pchlide to Chlide. Non-photo-transformed Pchlide acts as a photosensitizer to generate singlet oxygen that causes oxidative stress and cell death. Therefore, different isoforms of LPOR have evolved and differentially expressed during plant development to protect plants from photodamage and thus play a pivotal role during photomorphogenesis. This review brings out the salient features of LPOR structure, structure-function relationships, and ultra-fast photo transformation of Pchlide to Chlide by oligomeric and polymeric forms of LPOR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Baishnab C. Tripathy
- Department of Biotechnology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201310 India
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Longwitz L, Leveson-Gower RB, Rozeboom HJ, Thunnissen AMWH, Roelfes G. Boron catalysis in a designer enzyme. Nature 2024; 629:824-829. [PMID: 38720081 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07391-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Enzymes play an increasingly important role in improving the benignity and efficiency of chemical production, yet the diversity of their applications lags heavily behind chemical catalysts as a result of the relatively narrow range of reaction mechanisms of enzymes. The creation of enzymes containing non-biological functionalities facilitates reaction mechanisms outside nature's canon and paves the way towards fully programmable biocatalysis1-3. Here we present a completely genetically encoded boronic-acid-containing designer enzyme with organocatalytic reactivity not achievable with natural or engineered biocatalysts4,5. This boron enzyme catalyses the kinetic resolution of hydroxyketones by oxime formation, in which crucial interactions with the protein scaffold assist in the catalysis. A directed evolution campaign led to a variant with natural-enzyme-like enantioselectivities for several different substrates. The unique activation mode of the boron enzyme was confirmed using X-ray crystallography, high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and 11B NMR spectroscopy. Our study demonstrates that genetic-code expansion can be used to create evolvable enantioselective enzymes that rely on xenobiotic catalytic moieties such as boronic acids and access reaction mechanisms not reachable through catalytic promiscuity of natural or engineered enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Longwitz
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Henriëtte J Rozeboom
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andy-Mark W H Thunnissen
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard Roelfes
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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7
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Zheng J, Shen Z, Gao JM, Zhou J, Gu Y. Enzymatic Photodecarboxylation on Secondary and Tertiary Carboxylic Acids. Org Lett 2023; 25:8564-8569. [PMID: 38019531 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Photoenzymatic decarboxylation of bulky secondary and tertiary carboxylic acids catalyzed by engineered Chlorella variabilis fatty acid photodecarboxylase (CvFAP) is reported. Rational design and directed evolution of wild-type CvFAP are used to improve the reactivity and expand potential applications. Moreover, engineered CvFAP can catalyze light-driven kinetic resolution of α-substituted carboxylic acid. Our work sheds light on the production of chiral building blocks and bioactive molecules from bulky carboxylic acids via the photoenzymatic way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zheng
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuanglin Shen
- Key Laboratory of Quantitative Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Ming Gao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahai Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Quantitative Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Gu
- Key Laboratory of Quantitative Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, People's Republic of China
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Ji S, Grimm B, Wang P. Chloroplast SRP43 and SRP54 independently promote thermostability and membrane binding of light-dependent protochlorophyllide oxidoreductases. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 115:1583-1598. [PMID: 37269173 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR), which converts protochlorophyllide into chlorophyllide, is the only light-dependent enzyme in chlorophyll biosynthesis. While its catalytic reaction and importance for chloroplast development are well understood, little is known about the post-translational control of PORs. Here, we show that cpSRP43 and cpSRP54, two components of the chloroplast signal recognition particle pathway, play distinct roles in optimizing the function of PORB, the predominant POR isoform in Arabidopsis. The chaperone cpSRP43 stabilizes the enzyme and provides appropriate amounts of PORB during leaf greening and heat shock, whereas cpSRP54 enhances its binding to the thylakoid membrane, thereby ensuring adequate levels of metabolic flux in late chlorophyll biosynthesis. Furthermore, cpSRP43 and the DnaJ-like protein CHAPERONE-LIKE PROTEIN of POR1 concurrently act to stabilize PORB. Overall, these findings enhance our understanding of the coordinating role of cpSPR43 and cpSRP54 in the post-translational control of chlorophyll synthesis and assembly of photosynthetic chlorophyll-binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuiling Ji
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr.13, Building 12, 10099, Berlin, Germany
- School of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, Central China Normal University, 430079, Wuhan, China
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr.13, Building 12, 10099, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peng Wang
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr.13, Building 12, 10099, Berlin, Germany
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong, China
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9
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Sági-Kazár M, Sárvári É, Cseh B, Illés L, May Z, Hegedűs C, Barócsi A, Lenk S, Solymosi K, Solti Á. Iron uptake of etioplasts is independent from photosynthesis but applies the reduction-based strategy. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1227811. [PMID: 37636109 PMCID: PMC10457162 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1227811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Iron (Fe) is one of themost important cofactors in the photosynthetic apparatus, and its uptake by chloroplasts has also been associated with the operation of the photosynthetic electron transport chain during reduction-based plastidial Fe uptake. Therefore, plastidial Fe uptake was considered not to be operational in the absence of the photosynthetic activity. Nevertheless, Fe is also required for enzymatic functions unrelated to photosynthesis, highlighting the importance of Fe acquisition by non-photosynthetic plastids. Yet, it remains unclear how these plastids acquire Fe in the absence of photosynthetic function. Furthermore, plastids of etiolated tissues should already possess the ability to acquire Fe, since the biosynthesis of thylakoid membrane complexes requires a massive amount of readily available Fe. Thus, we aimed to investigate whether the reduction-based plastidial Fe uptake solely relies on the functioning photosynthetic apparatus. Methods In our combined structure, iron content and transcript amount analysis studies, we used Savoy cabbage plant as a model, which develops natural etiolation in the inner leaves of the heads due to the shading of the outer leaf layers. Results Foliar and plastidial Fe content of Savoy cabbage leaves decreased towards the inner leaf layers. The leaves of the innermost leaf layers proved to be etiolated, containing etioplasts that lacked the photosynthetic machinery and thus were photosynthetically inactive. However, we discovered that these etioplasts contained, and were able to take up, Fe. Although the relative transcript abundance of genes associated with plastidial Fe uptake and homeostasis decreased towards the inner leaf layers, both ferric chelate reductase FRO7 transcripts and activity were detected in the innermost leaf layer. Additionally, a significant NADP(H) pool and NAD(P)H dehydrogenase activity was detected in the etioplasts of the innermost leaf layer, indicating the presence of the reducing capacity that likely supports the reduction-based Fe uptake of etioplasts. Discussion Based on these findings, the reduction-based plastidial Fe acquisition should not be considered exclusively dependent on the photosynthetic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Máté Sági-Kazár
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Éva Sárvári
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Barnabás Cseh
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Levente Illés
- Department of Atomic Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán May
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Hegedűs
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Barócsi
- Department of Atomic Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sándor Lenk
- Department of Atomic Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Solymosi
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Solti
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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10
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Liu R, Wang L, Meng Y, Tian Y, Li F, Lu H. Theoretical and Experimental Studies on Plant Light-Dependent Protochlorophyllide Oxidoreductase as a Novel Target for Searching Potential Herbicides. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023. [PMID: 37467369 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c01783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Herbicide resistance is a prevalent problem that has posed a foremost challenge to crop production worldwide. Light-dependent enzyme NADPH: protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (LPOR) in plants is a metabolic target that could satisfy this unmet demand. Herein, for the first time, we embarked on proposing a new mode of action of herbicides by performing structure-based virtual screening targeting multiple LPOR binding sites, with the determination of further bioactivity on the lead series. The feasibility of exploiting high selectivity and safety herbicides targeting LPOR was discussed from the perspective of the origin and phylogeny. Besides, we revealed the structural rearrangement and the selection key for NADPH cofactor binding to LPOR. Based on these, multitarget virtual screening was performed and the result identified compounds 2 affording micromolar inhibition, in which the IC50 reached 4.74 μM. Transcriptome analysis revealed that compound 2 induced more genes related to chlorophyll synthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana, especially the LPOR genes. Additionally, we clarified that these compounds binding to the site enhanced the overall stability and local rigidity of the complex systems from molecular dynamics simulation. This study delivers a guideline on how to assess activity-determining features of inhibitors to LPOR and how to translate this knowledge into the design of novel and effective inhibitors against malignant weed that act by targeting LPOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyuan Liu
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Leng Wang
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yue Meng
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yiyi Tian
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fang Li
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Huizhe Lu
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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11
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Sui Y, Guo X, Zhou R, Fu Z, Chai Y, Xia A, Zhao W. Photoenzymatic Decarboxylation to Produce Hydrocarbon Fuels: A Critical Review. Mol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s12033-023-00775-2. [PMID: 37349610 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00775-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Photoenzymatic decarboxylation shows great promise as a pathway for the generation of hydrocarbon fuels. CvFAP, which is derived from Chlorella variabilis NC64A, is a photodecarboxylase capable of converting fatty acids into hydrocarbons. CvFAP is an example of coupling biocatalysis and photocatalysis to produce alkanes. The catalytic process is mild, and it does not yield toxic substances or excess by-products. However, the activity of CvFAP can be readily inhibited by several factors, and further enhancement is required to improve the enzyme yield and stability. In this article, we will examine the latest advancements in CvFAP research, with a particular focus on the enzyme's structural and catalytic mechanism, summarized some limitations in the application of CvFAP, and laboratory-level methods for enhancing enzyme activity and stability. This review can serve as a reference for future large-scale industrial production of hydrocarbon fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Sui
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Xiaobo Guo
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Zhisong Fu
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Yingxin Chai
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Ao Xia
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Wenhui Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China.
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12
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Li F, Xia A, Guo X, Huang Y, Zhu X, Zhu X, Liao Q. Immobilization of fatty acid photodecarboxylase in magnetic nickel ferrite nanoparticle. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023:129374. [PMID: 37352988 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid photodecarboxylase in Chlorella variabilis NC64A (CvFAP) performed excellent ability to exclusively decarboxylate renewable fatty acids for C1-shortened hydrocarbons fuel production under visible light. However, the large-scale application by such an approach is limited by the free state of CvFAP catalyst, which is unstable for efficient biofuel production. In this study, CvFAP was immobilized in magnetic nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4) nanoparticles for facile recovery by a simple procedure. The shift of Ni 2p in electron binding energy was detected to clarify the interaction between Ni2+ and histidine of CvFAP. The coordination of NiFe2O4 and CvFAP contributed to an efficient affinity binding with an immobilization capacity of 98 mg/g carrier. Hydrocarbon fuel concentration of 3.7 mM was obtained by NiFe2O4@CvFAP-induced photoenzymatic decarboxylation. The high stability of CvFAP in terms of residual enzyme activity of 79.7% and 68% at pH 9 and organic solvent ratio of 60%, respectively, were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Chongqing University, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400044, China; Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Ao Xia
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Chongqing University, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400044, China; Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
| | - Xiaobo Guo
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Chongqing University, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400044, China; Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Yun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Chongqing University, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400044, China; Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Xianqing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Chongqing University, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400044, China; Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Xun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Chongqing University, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400044, China; Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Qiang Liao
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Chongqing University, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400044, China; Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
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13
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Emmanuel MA, Bender SG, Bilodeau C, Carceller JM, DeHovitz JS, Fu H, Liu Y, Nicholls BT, Ouyang Y, Page CG, Qiao T, Raps FC, Sorigué DR, Sun SZ, Turek-Herman J, Ye Y, Rivas-Souchet A, Cao J, Hyster TK. Photobiocatalytic Strategies for Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2023; 123:5459-5520. [PMID: 37115521 PMCID: PMC10905417 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalysis has revolutionized chemical synthesis, providing sustainable methods for preparing various organic molecules. In enzyme-mediated organic synthesis, most reactions involve molecules operating from their ground states. Over the past 25 years, there has been an increased interest in enzymatic processes that utilize electronically excited states accessed through photoexcitation. These photobiocatalytic processes involve a diverse array of reaction mechanisms that are complementary to one another. This comprehensive review will describe the state-of-the-art strategies in photobiocatalysis for organic synthesis until December 2022. Apart from reviewing the relevant literature, a central goal of this review is to delineate the mechanistic differences between the general strategies employed in the field. We will organize this review based on the relationship between the photochemical step and the enzymatic transformations. The review will include mechanistic studies, substrate scopes, and protein optimization strategies. By clearly defining mechanistically-distinct strategies in photobiocatalytic chemistry, we hope to illuminate future synthetic opportunities in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Emmanuel
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Sophie G Bender
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Catherine Bilodeau
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Jose M Carceller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Institute of Chemical Technology (ITQ), Universitat Politècnica de València, València 46022,Spain
| | - Jacob S DeHovitz
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Haigen Fu
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Bryce T Nicholls
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Yao Ouyang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Claire G Page
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Tianzhang Qiao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Felix C Raps
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Damien R Sorigué
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Aix-Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnologies, BIAM Cadarache, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Shang-Zheng Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Joshua Turek-Herman
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Yuxuan Ye
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Ariadna Rivas-Souchet
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Jingzhe Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Todd K Hyster
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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14
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Gao LL, Hong ZH, Wang Y, Wu GZ. Chloroplast proteostasis: A story of birth, life, and death. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 4:100424. [PMID: 35964157 PMCID: PMC9860172 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Protein homeostasis (proteostasis) is a dynamic balance of protein synthesis and degradation. Because of the endosymbiotic origin of chloroplasts and the massive transfer of their genetic information to the nucleus of the host cell, many protein complexes in the chloroplasts are constituted from subunits encoded by both genomes. Hence, the proper function of chloroplasts relies on the coordinated expression of chloroplast- and nucleus-encoded genes. The biogenesis and maintenance of chloroplast proteostasis are dependent on synthesis of chloroplast-encoded proteins, import of nucleus-encoded chloroplast proteins from the cytosol, and clearance of damaged or otherwise undesired "old" proteins. This review focuses on the regulation of chloroplast proteostasis, its interaction with proteostasis of the cytosol, and its retrograde control over nuclear gene expression. We also discuss significant issues and perspectives for future studies and potential applications for improving the photosynthetic performance and stress tolerance of crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Lin Gao
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zheng-Hui Hong
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yinsong Wang
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Guo-Zhang Wu
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
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15
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Establishment of a Virus-Induced Gene-Silencing (VIGS) System in Tea Plant and Its Use in the Functional Analysis of CsTCS1. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010392. [PMID: 36613837 PMCID: PMC9820744 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tea (Camellia sinensis [L.] O. Kuntze) is an important global economic crop and is considered to enhance health. However, the functions of many genes in tea plants are unknown. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) mediated by tobacco rattle virus (TRV) is an effective tool for the analysis of gene functions, although this method has rarely been reported in tea plants. In this study, we established an effective VIGS-mediated gene knockout technology to understand the functional identification of large-scale genomic sequences in tea plants. The results showed that the VIGS system was verified by detecting the virus and using a real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis. The reporter gene CsPOR1 (protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase) was silenced using the vacuum infiltration method, and typical photobleaching and albino symptoms were observed in newly sprouted leaves at the whole plant level of tea after infection for 12 d and 25 d. After optimization, the VIGS system was successfully used to silence the tea plant CsTCS1 (caffeine synthase) gene. The results showed that the relative caffeine content was reduced 6.26-fold compared with the control, and the level of expression of CsPOR1 decreased by approximately 3.12-fold in plants in which CsPOR1 was silenced. These results demonstrate that VIGS can be quickly and efficiently used to analyze the function of genes in tea plants. The successful establishment of VIGS could eliminate the need for tissue culture by providing an effective method to study gene function in tea plants and accelerate the process of functional genome research in tea.
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16
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Liu R, Wang L, Meng Y, Li F, Nie H, Lu H. Role of Thylakoid Lipids in Protochlorophyllide Oxidoreductase Activation: Allosteric Mechanism Elucidated by a Computational Study. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010307. [PMID: 36613752 PMCID: PMC9820216 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Light-dependent protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (LPOR) is a chlorophyll synthetase that catalyzes the reduction of protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) to chlorophyllide (Chlide) with indispensable roles in regulating photosynthesis processes. A recent study confirmed that thylakoid lipids (TL) were able to allosterically enhance modulator-induced LPOR activation. However, the allosteric modulation mechanism of LPOR by these compounds remains unclear. Herein, we integrated multiple computational approaches to explore the potential cavities in the Arabidopsis thaliana LPOR and an allosteric site around the helix-G region where high affinity for phosphatidyl glycerol (PG) was identified. Adopting accelerated molecular dynamics simulation for different LPOR states, we rigorously analyzed binary LPOR/PG and ternary LPOR/NADPH/PG complexes in terms of their dynamics, energetics, and attainable allosteric regulation. Our findings clarify the experimental observation of increased NADPH binding affinity for LPOR with PGs. Moreover, the simulations indicated that allosteric regulators targeting LPOR favor a mechanism involving lid opening upon binding to an allosteric hinge pocket mechanism. This understanding paves the way for designing novel LPOR activators and expanding the applications of LPOR.
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17
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Hao S, Hu W, Ye C, Shen Y, Li QQ. Plastid development of albino viviparous propagules in the woody mangrove species of Kandelia obovata. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:2353-2368. [PMID: 35708522 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The process of plastids developing into chloroplasts is critical for plants to survive. However, this process in woody plants is less understood. Kandelia obovata Sheue, Liu & Yong is a viviparous mangrove species; the seeds germinate on the maternal tree, and the hypocotyls continue to develop into mature propagules. We identified rare albino propagules through field observation among normal green and brown ones. Toward unveiling the propagule plastid development mechanism, albino propagule leaves only have etioplasts, low photosynthesis rates, and drastically reduced chlorophyll a/b and carotenoid contents, but with increased superoxide dismutase activities. To identify candidate genes controlling propagule plastid development, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed between the albino and green propagules. Twenty-five significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were associated with albino propagule plastid development, the most significant SNPs being located on chromosomes 1 and 5. Significant differentially expressed genes were identified in porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolisms, carotenoid and flavonoid biosynthesis by combining transcriptome and GWAS data. In particular, KoDELLAs, encoding a transcription factor and KoCHS, encoding chalcone synthase, may be essential to regulate the albino propagules plastid development through weakened chlorophyll and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways while promoting chlorophyll degradation. Our results provide insights into genetic mechanisms regulating propagule plastid development in woody plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saiqi Hao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystem, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystem, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Congting Ye
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystem, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Yingjia Shen
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystem, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Qingshun Q Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystem, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
- Biomedical Science Group, College of Dental Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
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18
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Zeng Y, Yin X, Liu L, Zhang W, Chen B. Comparative characterization and physiological function of putative fatty acid photodecarboxylases. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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Hadjidemetriou K, Coquelle N, Barends TRM, De Zitter E, Schlichting I, Colletier JP, Weik M. Time-resolved serial femtosecond crystallography on fatty-acid photodecarboxylase: lessons learned. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2022; 78:1131-1142. [PMID: 36048153 PMCID: PMC9435596 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798322007525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon absorption of a blue-light photon, fatty-acid photodecarboxylase catalyzes the decarboxylation of free fatty acids to form hydrocarbons (for example alkanes or alkenes). The major components of the catalytic mechanism have recently been elucidated by combining static and time-resolved serial femtosecond crystallography (TR-SFX), time-resolved vibrational and electronic spectroscopies, quantum-chemical calculations and site-directed mutagenesis [Sorigué et al. (2021), Science, 372, eabd5687]. The TR-SFX experiments, which were carried out at four different picosecond to microsecond pump-probe delays, yielded input for the calculation of Fourier difference maps that demonstrated light-induced decarboxylation. Here, some of the difficulties encountered during the experiment as well as during data processing are highlighted, in particular regarding space-group assignment, a pump-laser power titration is described and data analysis is extended by structure-factor extrapolation of the TR-SFX data. Structure refinement against extrapolated structure factors reveals a reorientation of the generated hydrocarbon and the formation of a photoproduct close to Cys432 and Arg451. Identification of its chemical nature, CO2 or bicarbonate, was not possible because of the limited data quality, which was assigned to specificities of the crystalline system. Further TR-SFX experiments on a different crystal form are required to identify the photoproducts and their movements during the catalytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicolas Coquelle
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Thomas R. M. Barends
- Max-Planck-Institut für medizinische Forschung, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elke De Zitter
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Ilme Schlichting
- Max-Planck-Institut für medizinische Forschung, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Martin Weik
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale, 38000 Grenoble, France
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20
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Li R, Kong W, An Z. Enzyme Catalysis for Reversible Deactivation Radical Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202202033. [PMID: 35212121 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202202033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme catalysis has been increasingly utilized in reversible deactivation radical polymerization (Enz-RDRP) on account of its mildness, efficiency, and sustainability. In this Minireview we discuss the key roles enzymes play in RDRP, including their ATRPase, initiase, deoxygenation, and photoenzyme activities. We use selected examples to highlight applications of Enz-RDRP in surface brush fabrication, sensing, polymerization-induced self-assembly, and high-throughput synthesis. We also give our reflections on the challenges and future directions of this emerging area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Weina Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Zesheng An
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
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21
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Enzymes degraded under high light maintain proteostasis by transcriptional regulation in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2121362119. [PMID: 35549553 PMCID: PMC9171785 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2121362119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoinhibitory high light stress in plants leads to increases in markers of protein degradation and transcriptional up-regulation of proteases and proteolytic machinery, but protein homeostasis (proteostasis) of most enzymes is largely maintained under high light, so we know little about the metabolic consequences of it beyond photosystem damage. We developed a technique to look for rapid protein turnover events in response to high light through 13C partial labeling and detailed peptide mass spectrometry. This analysis reveals a light-induced transcriptional program for nuclear-encoded genes, beyond the regulation of photosystem II, to replace key protein degradation targets in plants and ensure proteostasis under high light stress. Photoinhibitory high light stress in Arabidopsis leads to increases in markers of protein degradation and transcriptional up-regulation of proteases and proteolytic machinery, but proteostasis is largely maintained. We find significant increases in the in vivo degradation rate for specific molecular chaperones, nitrate reductase, glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate dehydrogenase, and phosphoglycerate kinase and other plastid, mitochondrial, peroxisomal, and cytosolic enzymes involved in redox shuttles. Coupled analysis of protein degradation rates, mRNA levels, and protein abundance reveal that 57% of the nuclear-encoded enzymes with higher degradation rates also had high light–induced transcriptional responses to maintain proteostasis. In contrast, plastid-encoded proteins with enhanced degradation rates showed decreased transcript abundances and must maintain protein abundance by other processes. This analysis reveals a light-induced transcriptional program for nuclear-encoded genes, beyond the regulation of the photosystem II (PSII) D1 subunit and the function of PSII, to replace key protein degradation targets in plants and ensure proteostasis under high light stress.
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22
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Abstract
Harnessing biocatalysts for novel abiological transformations is a longstanding goal of synthetic chemistry. Combining the merits of biocatalysis and photocatalysis allows for selective transformations fueled by visible light and offers many advantages including new reactivity, high enantioselectivity, greener syntheses, and high yields. Photoinduced electron or energy transfer enables synthetic methodologies that complement conventional two electron processes or offer orthogonal pathways for developing new reactions. Enzymes are well suited and can be tuned by directed evolution to exert control over open-shell intermediates, thereby suppressing undesirable reactions and delivering high chemo- and stereoselectivities. Within the past decade, the combination of biocatalysis and photocatalysis was mainly focused on exploiting light-regenerated cofactors to function native enzymatic activity. However, recent developments have demonstrated that the combination can unlock new-to-nature chemistry. Particularly, the discovery and application of new strategies are well poised to expand the applications of photobiocatalysis.In the past five years, our lab has been studying the combinations of photocatalysis and biocatalysis that can be applied to create new synthetic methodologies and solve challenges in synthetic organic chemistry. Our efforts have expanded the strategies for combining external photocatalysts with enzymes through the construction of a synergistic cooperative stereoconvergent reduction system consisting of photosensitized energy transfer and ene-reductase-catalyzed alkene reduction. Additionally, our efforts have also extended the capability of cofactor-dependent photoenzymatic systems to include enantioselective bimolecular radical hydroalkylations of alkenes by irradiating electron donor-acceptor complexes comprised of enzymatic redox active cofactors and unnatural substrates.In this Account, we highlight strategies developed by our group and others for combining biocatalysis and photocatalysis with the aim of introducing non-natural reactivity to enzymes. Presently, strategies applied to achieve this goal include the repurposing of natural photoenzymes, the elucidation of new photoreactivity within cofactor-dependent enzymes, the combination of external photocatalysts with enzymes, and the construction of artificial photoenzymes. By demonstrating the successful applications of these strategies for achieving selective new-to-nature transformations, we hope to spur interest in expanding the scope of photobiocatalytic systems through the use and extension of these strategies and creation of new strategies. Additionally, we hope to elucidate the intuition in synergizing the unique capabilities of biocatalysis and photocatalysis so that photobiocatalysis can be recognized as a potential solution to difficult challenges in synthetic organic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley Harrison
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 S. Matthews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 1206 W. Gregory Drive, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Xiaoqiang Huang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 S. Matthews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 1206 W. Gregory Drive, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Huimin Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 S. Matthews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 1206 W. Gregory Drive, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 1206 W. Gregory Drive, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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23
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Johannissen LO, Taylor A, Hardman SJ, Heyes DJ, Scrutton NS, Hay S. How Photoactivation Triggers Protochlorophyllide Reduction: Computational Evidence of a Stepwise Hydride Transfer during Chlorophyll Biosynthesis. ACS Catal 2022; 12:4141-4148. [PMID: 35574213 PMCID: PMC9098174 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The photochemical reaction catalyzed by enzyme protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR), a rare example of a photoactivated enzyme, is a crucial step during chlorophyll biosynthesis and involves the fastest known biological hydride transfer. Structures of the enzyme with bound substrate protochlorophyllide (PChlide) and coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) have recently been published, opening up the possibility of using computational approaches to provide a comprehensive understanding of the excited state chemistry. Herein, we propose a complete mechanism for the photochemistry between PChlide and NADPH based on density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT calculations that is consistent with recent experimental data. In this multi-step mechanism, photoexcitation of PChlide leads to electron transfer from NADPH to PChlide, which in turn facilitates hydrogen atom transfer by weakening the breaking C-H bond. This work rationalizes how photoexcitation facilitates hydride transfer in POR and has more general implications for biological hydride transfer reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linus O. Johannissen
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology
and Department of Chemistry, The University
of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
| | - Aoife Taylor
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology
and Department of Chemistry, The University
of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
| | - Samantha J.O. Hardman
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology
and Department of Chemistry, The University
of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
| | - Derren J. Heyes
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology
and Department of Chemistry, The University
of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
| | - Nigel S. Scrutton
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology
and Department of Chemistry, The University
of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
| | - Sam Hay
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology
and Department of Chemistry, The University
of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
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24
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An Z, Li R, Kong W. Enzyme Catalysis for Reversible Deactivation Radical Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202202033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zesheng An
- Jilin University State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China 130012 Changchun CHINA
| | - Ruoyu Li
- Jilin University College of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Weina Kong
- Jilin University College of Chemistry CHINA
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25
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Jedynak P, Trzebuniak KF, Chowaniec M, Zgłobicki P, Banaś AK, Mysliwa-Kurdziel B. Dynamics of Etiolation Monitored by Seedling Morphology, Carotenoid Composition, Antioxidant Level, and Photoactivity of Protochlorophyllide in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:772727. [PMID: 35265091 PMCID: PMC8900029 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.772727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Although etiolated Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings are widely used as a model to study the de-etiolation process, the etiolation itself at the molecular level still needs elucidation. Here, we monitored the etiolation dynamics for wild type A. thaliana seedlings and lutein-deficient (lut2) mutant between 2 and 12 days of their growth in the absence of light. We analyzed the shape of the apex, the growth rate, the carotenoids and protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) accumulation, and the light-dependent protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (LPOR) transcripts. Differences concerning the apical hook curvature and cotyledon opening among seedlings of the same age were observed, mostly after day 6 of the culture. We categorized the observed apex shapes and presented quantitatively how distribution among the categories changed during 12 days of seedling growth. The Pchlide654/Pchlide633 ratio, corresponding to the amount of the photoactive Pchlide, was the highest in the youngest seedlings, and decreased with their age. LPORA, LPORB, and LPORC transcripts were detected in etiolated seedlings, and their content decreased during seedling growth. Expression of SAG12 or SAG13 senescence markers, depletion in antioxidants, and excess ion leakage were not observed during the etiolation. Lack of lutein in the lut2 mutant resulted in slow Pchlide accumulation and affected other xanthophyll composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Jedynak
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Kamil Filip Trzebuniak
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Magdalena Chowaniec
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Piotr Zgłobicki
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Katarzyna Banaś
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Beata Mysliwa-Kurdziel
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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26
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Silva PJ, Cheng Q. An Alternative Proposal for the Reaction Mechanism of Light-Dependent Protochlorophyllide Oxidoreductase. ACS Catal 2022; 12:2589-2605. [PMID: 36568346 PMCID: PMC9778109 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c05351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Light-dependent protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase is one of the few known enzymes that require a quantum of light to start their catalytic cycle. Upon excitation, it uses NADPH to reduce the C17-C18 in its substrate (protochlorophyllide) through a complex mechanism that has heretofore eluded precise determination. Isotopic labeling experiments have shown that the hydride-transfer step is very fast, with a small barrier close to 9 kcal mol-1, and is followed by a proton-transfer step, which has been postulated to be the protonation of the product by the strictly conserved Tyr189 residue. Since the structure of the enzyme-substrate complex has not yet been experimentally determined, we first used modeling techniques to discover the actual substrate binding mode. Two possible binding modes were found, both yielding stable binding (as ascertained through molecular dynamics simulations) but only one of which placed the critical C17=C18 bond consistently close to the NADPH pro-S hydrogen and to Tyr189. This binding pose was then used as a starting point for the testing of previous mechanistic proposals using time-dependent density functional theory. The quantum-chemical computations clearly showed that such mechanisms have prohibitively high activation energies. Instead, these computations showed the feasibility of an alternative mechanism initiated by excited-state electron transfer from the key Tyr189 to the substrate. This mechanism appears to agree with the extant experimental data and reinterprets the final protonation step as a proton transfer to the active site itself rather than to the product, aiming at regenerating it for another round of catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro J. Silva
- FP-I3ID/Fac.
de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade
Fernando Pessoa, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal,UCIBIO@REQUIMTE,
BioSIM, Departamento de Biomedicina, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal,
| | - Qi Cheng
- Department
of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China,State
Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China,
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27
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Genzink MJ, Kidd JB, Swords WB, Yoon TP. Chiral Photocatalyst Structures in Asymmetric Photochemical Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:1654-1716. [PMID: 34606251 PMCID: PMC8792375 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric catalysis is a major theme of research in contemporary synthetic organic chemistry. The discovery of general strategies for highly enantioselective photochemical reactions, however, has been a relatively recent development, and the variety of photoreactions that can be conducted in a stereocontrolled manner is consequently somewhat limited. Asymmetric photocatalysis is complicated by the short lifetimes and high reactivities characteristic of photogenerated reactive intermediates; the design of catalyst architectures that can provide effective enantiodifferentiating environments for these intermediates while minimizing the participation of uncontrolled racemic background processes has proven to be a key challenge for progress in this field. This review provides a summary of the chiral catalyst structures that have been studied for solution-phase asymmetric photochemistry, including chiral organic sensitizers, inorganic chromophores, and soluble macromolecules. While some of these photocatalysts are derived from privileged catalyst structures that are effective for both ground-state and photochemical transformations, others are structural designs unique to photocatalysis and offer insight into the logic required for highly effective stereocontrolled photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Genzink
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jesse B Kidd
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Wesley B Swords
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Tehshik P Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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28
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Sameer H, Victor G, Katalin S, Henrik A. Elucidation of ligand binding and dimerization of NADPH:protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) oxidoreductase from pea (Pisum sativum L.) by structural analysis and simulations. Proteins 2021; 89:1300-1314. [PMID: 34021929 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
NADPH:protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) oxidoreductase (POR) is a key enzyme of chlorophyll biosynthesis in angiosperms. It is one of few known photoenzymes, which catalyzes the light-activated trans-reduction of the C17-C18 double bond of Pchlide's porphyrin ring. Due to the light requirement, dark-grown angiosperms cannot synthesize chlorophyll. No crystal structure of POR is available, so to improve understanding of the protein's three-dimensional structure, its dimerization, and binding of ligands (both the cofactor NADPH and substrate Pchlide), we computationally investigated the sequence and structural relationships among homologous proteins identified through database searches. The results indicate that α4 and α7 helices of monomers form the interface of POR dimers. On the basis of conserved residues, we predicted 11 functionally important amino acids that play important roles in POR binding to NADPH. Structural comparison of available crystal structures revealed that they participate in formation of binding pockets that accommodate the Pchlide ligand, and that five atoms of the closed tetrapyrrole are involved in non-bonding interactions. However, we detected no clear pattern in the physico-chemical characteristics of the amino acids they interact with. Thus, we hypothesize that interactions of these atoms in the Pchlide porphyrin ring are important to hold the ligand within the POR binding site. Analysis of Pchlide binding in POR by molecular docking and PELE simulations revealed that the orientation of the nicotinamide group is important for Pchlide binding. These findings highlight the complexity of interactions of porphyrin-containing ligands with proteins, and we suggest that fit-inducing processes play important roles in POR-Pchlide interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Sameer
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Guallar Victor
- ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Solymosi Katalin
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Aronsson Henrik
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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29
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Chen MN, Zhuo S, Xing LB, Zou Q. Nanozymes based on coassembly of albumin and photosensitizer for photocontrolled RAFT polymerization. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.126939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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30
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Wu Y, Paul CE, Hollmann F. Stabilisation of the Fatty Acid Decarboxylase from Chlorella variabilis by Caprylic Acid. Chembiochem 2021; 22:2420-2423. [PMID: 34002919 PMCID: PMC8362199 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The fatty acid photodecarboxylase from Chlorella variabilis NC64 A (CvFAP) catalyses the light-dependent decarboxylation of fatty acids. Photoinactivation of CvFAP still represents one of the major limitations of this interesting enzyme en route to practical application. In this study we demonstrate that the photostability of CvFAP can easily be improved by the administration of medium-chain length carboxylic acids such as caprylic acid indicating that the best way of maintaining CvFAP stability is 'to keep the enzyme busy'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinqi Wu
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of TechnologyVan der Maasweg 92629HZDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Caroline E. Paul
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of TechnologyVan der Maasweg 92629HZDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of TechnologyVan der Maasweg 92629HZDelftThe Netherlands
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31
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Owusu Adjei M, Zhou X, Mao M, Rafique F, Ma J. MicroRNAs Roles in Plants Secondary Metabolism. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2021; 16:1915590. [PMID: 33938393 PMCID: PMC8205019 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.1915590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth and development is dependent on the regulation of classes of microRNAs (miRNAs) that have emerged as important gene regulators. These miRNAs can regulate plant gene expression to function. They play an important roles in biological homeostasis and environmental response controls. A wide range of plant biological and metabolic processes, including developmental timing, tissues specific development, and differentiation, depends on miRNAs. They perpetually regulate secondary metabolite functions in different plant family lines. Mapping of molecular phylogenies shows the distribution of secondary metabolism in the plant territory. More importantly, a lot of information related to miRNA regulatory processes in plants is revealed, but the role of miRNAs in secondary metabolism regulation and functions of the metabolites are still unclear. In this review, we pinnacle some potential miRNAs regulating the secondary metabolite biosynthesis activities in plants. This will provide an alternative knowledge for functional studies of secondary metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Owusu Adjei
- College of Landscape Architecture of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuzixin Zhou
- College of Landscape Architecture of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Meiqin Mao
- College of Landscape Architecture of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Fatima Rafique
- College of Landscape Architecture of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jun Ma
- College of Landscape Architecture of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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32
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Abstract
Biosyntheses of chlorophyll and heme in oxygenic phototrophs share a common trunk pathway that diverges with insertion of magnesium or iron into the last common intermediate, protoporphyrin IX. Since both tetrapyrroles are pro-oxidants, it is essential that their metabolism is tightly regulated. Here, we establish that heme-derived linear tetrapyrroles (bilins) function to stimulate the enzymatic activity of magnesium chelatase (MgCh) via their interaction with GENOMES UNCOUPLED 4 (GUN4) in the model green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii A key tetrapyrrole-binding component of MgCh found in all oxygenic photosynthetic species, CrGUN4, also stabilizes the bilin-dependent accumulation of protoporphyrin IX-binding CrCHLH1 subunit of MgCh in light-grown C. reinhardtii cells by preventing its photooxidative inactivation. Exogenous application of biliverdin IXα reverses the loss of CrCHLH1 in the bilin-deficient heme oxygenase (hmox1) mutant, but not in the gun4 mutant. We propose that these dual regulatory roles of GUN4:bilin complexes are responsible for the retention of bilin biosynthesis in all photosynthetic eukaryotes, which sustains chlorophyll biosynthesis in an illuminated oxic environment.
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33
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Solymosi K, Mysliwa-Kurdziel B. The Role of Membranes and Lipid-Protein Interactions in the Mg-Branch of Tetrapyrrole Biosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:663309. [PMID: 33995458 PMCID: PMC8113382 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.663309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll (Chl) is essential for photosynthesis and needs to be produced throughout the whole plant life, especially under changing light intensity and stress conditions which may result in the destruction and elimination of these pigments. All steps of the Mg-branch of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis leading to Chl formation are carried out by enzymes associated with plastid membranes. Still the significance of these protein-membrane and protein-lipid interactions in Chl synthesis and chloroplast differentiation are not very well-understood. In this review, we provide an overview on Chl biosynthesis in angiosperms with emphasis on its association with membranes and lipids. Moreover, the last steps of the pathway including the reduction of protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) to chlorophyllide (Chlide), the biosynthesis of the isoprenoid phytyl moiety and the esterification of Chlide are also summarized. The unique biochemical and photophysical properties of the light-dependent NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (LPOR) enzyme catalyzing Pchlide photoreduction and located to peculiar tubuloreticular prolamellar body (PLB) membranes of light-deprived tissues of angiosperms and to envelope membranes, as well as to thylakoids (especially grana margins) are also reviewed. Data about the factors influencing tubuloreticular membrane formation within cells, the spectroscopic properties and the in vitro reconstitution of the native LPOR enzyme complexes are also critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Solymosi
- Department of Plant Anatomy, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beata Mysliwa-Kurdziel
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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34
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Sorigué D, Hadjidemetriou K, Blangy S, Gotthard G, Bonvalet A, Coquelle N, Samire P, Aleksandrov A, Antonucci L, Benachir A, Boutet S, Byrdin M, Cammarata M, Carbajo S, Cuiné S, Doak RB, Foucar L, Gorel A, Grünbein M, Hartmann E, Hienerwadel R, Hilpert M, Kloos M, Lane TJ, Légeret B, Legrand P, Li-Beisson Y, Moulin SLY, Nurizzo D, Peltier G, Schirò G, Shoeman RL, Sliwa M, Solinas X, Zhuang B, Barends TRM, Colletier JP, Joffre M, Royant A, Berthomieu C, Weik M, Domratcheva T, Brettel K, Vos MH, Schlichting I, Arnoux P, Müller P, Beisson F. Mechanism and dynamics of fatty acid photodecarboxylase. Science 2021; 372:372/6538/eabd5687. [PMID: 33833098 DOI: 10.1126/science.abd5687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid photodecarboxylase (FAP) is a photoenzyme with potential green chemistry applications. By combining static, time-resolved, and cryotrapping spectroscopy and crystallography as well as computation, we characterized Chlorella variabilis FAP reaction intermediates on time scales from subpicoseconds to milliseconds. High-resolution crystal structures from synchrotron and free electron laser x-ray sources highlighted an unusual bent shape of the oxidized flavin chromophore. We demonstrate that decarboxylation occurs directly upon reduction of the excited flavin by the fatty acid substrate. Along with flavin reoxidation by the alkyl radical intermediate, a major fraction of the cleaved carbon dioxide unexpectedly transformed in 100 nanoseconds, most likely into bicarbonate. This reaction is orders of magnitude faster than in solution. Two strictly conserved residues, R451 and C432, are essential for substrate stabilization and functional charge transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sorigué
- Aix-Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnologies, BIAM Cadarache, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - K Hadjidemetriou
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - S Blangy
- Aix-Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnologies, BIAM Cadarache, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - G Gotthard
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - A Bonvalet
- LOB, CNRS, INSERM, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - N Coquelle
- Large-Scale Structures Group, Institut Laue Langevin, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - P Samire
- Aix-Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnologies, BIAM Cadarache, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - A Aleksandrov
- LOB, CNRS, INSERM, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - L Antonucci
- LOB, CNRS, INSERM, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - A Benachir
- LOB, CNRS, INSERM, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - S Boutet
- Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - M Byrdin
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - M Cammarata
- Department of Physics, UMR UR1-CNRS 6251, University of Rennes 1, F-Rennes, France.
| | - S Carbajo
- Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - S Cuiné
- Aix-Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnologies, BIAM Cadarache, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - R B Doak
- Max-Planck-Institut für medizinische Forschung, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - L Foucar
- Max-Planck-Institut für medizinische Forschung, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A Gorel
- Max-Planck-Institut für medizinische Forschung, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Grünbein
- Max-Planck-Institut für medizinische Forschung, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - E Hartmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für medizinische Forschung, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - R Hienerwadel
- Aix-Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnologies, BIAM Cadarache, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - M Hilpert
- Max-Planck-Institut für medizinische Forschung, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Kloos
- Max-Planck-Institut für medizinische Forschung, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - T J Lane
- Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - B Légeret
- Aix-Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnologies, BIAM Cadarache, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - P Legrand
- Synchrotron SOLEIL. L'Orme des Merisiers Saint-Aubin, BP 48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Y Li-Beisson
- Aix-Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnologies, BIAM Cadarache, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - S L Y Moulin
- Aix-Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnologies, BIAM Cadarache, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - D Nurizzo
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - G Peltier
- Aix-Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnologies, BIAM Cadarache, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - G Schirò
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - R L Shoeman
- Max-Planck-Institut für medizinische Forschung, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Sliwa
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516, LASIRE, LAboratoire de Spectroscopie pour les Interactions, la Réactivité et l'Environnement, 59000 Lille, France
| | - X Solinas
- LOB, CNRS, INSERM, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - B Zhuang
- LOB, CNRS, INSERM, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128 Palaiseau, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - T R M Barends
- Max-Planck-Institut für medizinische Forschung, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J-P Colletier
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - M Joffre
- LOB, CNRS, INSERM, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - A Royant
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale, 38000 Grenoble, France.,European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - C Berthomieu
- Aix-Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnologies, BIAM Cadarache, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France.
| | - M Weik
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale, 38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - T Domratcheva
- Max-Planck-Institut für medizinische Forschung, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany. .,Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - K Brettel
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - M H Vos
- LOB, CNRS, INSERM, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128 Palaiseau, France.
| | - I Schlichting
- Max-Planck-Institut für medizinische Forschung, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - P Arnoux
- Aix-Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnologies, BIAM Cadarache, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France.
| | - P Müller
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - F Beisson
- Aix-Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnologies, BIAM Cadarache, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France.
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Nguyen HC, Melo AA, Kruk J, Frost A, Gabruk M. Photocatalytic LPOR forms helical lattices that shape membranes for chlorophyll synthesis. NATURE PLANTS 2021; 7:437-444. [PMID: 33875834 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-021-00885-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll biosynthesis, crucial to life on Earth, is tightly regulated because its precursors are phototoxic1. In flowering plants, the enzyme light-dependent protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (LPOR) captures photons to catalyse the penultimate reaction: the reduction of a double bond within protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) to generate chlorophyllide (Chlide)2,3. In darkness, LPOR oligomerizes to facilitate photon energy transfer and catalysis4,5. However, the complete three-dimensional structure of LPOR, the higher-order architecture of LPOR oligomers and the implications of these self-assembled states for catalysis, including how LPOR positions Pchlide and the co-factor NADPH, remain unknown. Here, we report the atomic structure of LPOR assemblies by electron cryo-microscopy. LPOR polymerizes with its substrates into helical filaments around constricted lipid bilayer tubes. Portions of LPOR and Pchlide insert into the outer membrane leaflet, targeting the product, Chlide, to the membrane for the final reaction site of chlorophyll biosynthesis. In addition to its crucial photocatalytic role, we show that in darkness LPOR filaments directly shape membranes into high-curvature tubules with the spectral properties of the prolamellar body, whose light-triggered disassembly provides lipids for thylakoid assembly. Moreover, our structure of the catalytic site challenges previously proposed reaction mechanisms6. Together, our results reveal a new and unexpected synergy between photosynthetic membrane biogenesis and chlorophyll synthesis in plants, orchestrated by LPOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry C Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Asher Biotherapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Arthur A Melo
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jerzy Kruk
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Adam Frost
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Michal Gabruk
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
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Heyes DJ, Zhang S, Taylor A, Johannissen LO, Hardman SJO, Hay S, Scrutton NS. Photocatalysis as the 'master switch' of photomorphogenesis in early plant development. NATURE PLANTS 2021; 7:268-276. [PMID: 33686224 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-021-00866-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic photocatalysis is seldom used in biology. Photocatalysis by light-dependent protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (LPOR)-one of only a few natural light-dependent enzymes-is an exception, and is responsible for the conversion of protochlorophyllide to chlorophyllide in chlorophyll biosynthesis. Photocatalysis by LPOR not only regulates the biosynthesis of the most abundant pigment on Earth but it is also a 'master switch' in photomorphogenesis in early plant development. Following illumination, LPOR promotes chlorophyll production, plastid membranes are transformed and the photosynthetic apparatus is established. Given these remarkable, light-induced pigment and morphological changes, the LPOR-catalysed reaction has been extensively studied from catalytic, physiological and plant development perspectives, highlighting vital, and multiple, cellular roles of this intriguing enzyme. Here, we offer a perspective in which the link between LPOR photocatalysis and plant photomorphogenesis is explored. Notable breakthroughs in LPOR structural biology have uncovered the structural-mechanistic basis of photocatalysis. These studies have clarified how photon absorption by the pigment protochlorophyllide-bound in a ternary LPOR-protochlorophyllide-NADPH complex-triggers photocatalysis and a cascade of complex molecular and cellular events that lead to plant morphological changes. Photocatalysis is therefore the master switch responsible for early-stage plant development and ultimately life on Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derren J Heyes
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Shaowei Zhang
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Aoife Taylor
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Linus O Johannissen
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Samantha J O Hardman
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sam Hay
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Nigel S Scrutton
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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Bhuiyan R, van Iersel MW. Only Extreme Fluctuations in Light Levels Reduce Lettuce Growth Under Sole Source Lighting. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:619973. [PMID: 33584773 PMCID: PMC7875872 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.619973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The cost of providing lighting in greenhouses and plant factories can be high. In the case of variable electricity prices, providing most of the light when electricity prices are low can reduce costs. However, it is not clear how plants respond to the resulting fluctuating light levels. We hypothesized that plants that receive a constant photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) will produce more biomass than those grown under fluctuating light levels. To understand potential growth reductions caused by fluctuating light levels, we quantified the effects of fluctuating PPFD on the photosynthetic physiology, morphology, and growth of 'Little Gem' and 'Green Salad Bowl' lettuce. Plants were grown in a growth chamber with dimmable white LED bars, alternating between high and low PPFDs every 15 min. The PPFDs were ∼400/0, 360/40, 320/80, 280/120, 240/160, and 200/200 μmol⋅m-2⋅s-1, with a photoperiod of 16 h and a DLI of ∼11.5 mol⋅m-2⋅day-1 in all treatments. CO2 was ∼800 μmol⋅mol-1. Plants in the 400/0 μmol⋅m-2⋅s-1 treatment had ∼69% lower An,30 (net assimilation averaged over 15 min at high and 15 min at low PPFD) than plants grown at a PPFD of 320/80 μmol⋅m-2⋅s-1 (or treatments with smaller PPFD fluctuations). The low An,30 in the 400/0, and to a lesser extent the 360/40 μmol⋅m-2⋅s-1 treatment was caused by low net assimilation at 360 and 400 μmol⋅m-2⋅s-1. Plants grown at 400/0 μmol⋅m-2⋅s-1 also had fewer leaves and lower chlorophyll content compared to those in other treatments. The four treatments with the smallest PPFD fluctuations produced plants with similar numbers of leaves, chlorophyll content, specific leaf area (SLA), dry mass, and leaf area. Chlorophyll content, An,30, and dry mass were positively correlated with each other. Our results show that lettuce tolerates a wide range of fluctuating PPFD without negative effects on growth and development. However, when fluctuations in PPFD are extreme (400/0 or 360/40 μmol⋅m-2⋅s-1), chlorophyll levels and An,30 are low, which can explain the low poor growth in these treatments. The ability of lettuce to tolerate a wide range of fluctuating light levels suggests that PPFD can be adjusted in response to variable electricity pricing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruqayah Bhuiyan
- Horticultural Physiology Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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38
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Fu Y, Huang J, Wu Y, Liu X, Zhong F, Wang J. Biocatalytic Cross-Coupling of Aryl Halides with a Genetically Engineered Photosensitizer Artificial Dehalogenase. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:617-622. [PMID: 33410683 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c10882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Devising artificial photoenzymes for abiological bond-forming reactions is of high synthetic value but also a tremendous challenge. Disclosed herein is the first photobiocatalytic cross-coupling of aryl halides enabled by a designer artificial dehalogenase, which features a genetically encoded benzophenone chromophore and site-specifically modified synthetic NiII(bpy) cofactor with tunable proximity to streamline the dual catalysis. Transient absorption studies suggest the likelihood of energy transfer activation in the elementary organometallic event. This design strategy is viable to significantly expand the catalytic repertoire of artificial photoenzymes for useful organic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, P.R. China.,Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, 15 Datun Road, Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Jian Huang
- Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, 15 Datun Road, Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Yuzhou Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, 15 Datun Road, Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Fangrui Zhong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, P.R. China
| | - Jiangyun Wang
- Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, 15 Datun Road, Beijing 100020, P.R. China
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Zhang J, Sui C, Liu H, Chen J, Han Z, Yan Q, Liu S, Liu H. Effect of chlorophyll biosynthesis-related genes on the leaf color in Hosta (Hosta plantaginea Aschers) and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:45. [PMID: 33451287 PMCID: PMC7811250 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02805-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 'Regal Splendour' (Hosta variety) is famous for its multi-color leaves, which are useful resources for exploring chloroplast development and color changes. The expressions of chlorophyll biosynthesis-related genes (HrHEMA, HrPOR and HrCAO) in Hosta have been demonstrated to be associated with leaf color. Herein, we isolated, sequenced, and analyzed HrHEMA, HrPOR and HrCAO genes. Subcellular localization was also performed to determine the location of the corresponding enzymes. After plasmid construction, virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) was carried out to reduce the expressions of those genes. In addition, HrHEMA-, HrPOR- and HrCAO-overexpressing tobacco plants were made to verify the genes function. Changes of transgenic tobacco were recorded under 2000 lx, 6000 lx and 10,000 lx light intensity. Additionally, the contents of enzyme 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA), porphobilinogen (PBG), chlorophyll a and b (Chla and Chlb), carotenoid (Cxc), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), malondialdehyde (MDA), proline (Pro) and catalase (CAT) under different light intensities were evaluated. RESULTS The silencing of HrHEMA, HrPOR and HrCAO genes can induce leaf yellowing and chloroplast structure changes in Hosta. Specifically, leaves of Hosta with HrCAO silencing were the most affected, while those with HrPOR silencing were the least affected. Moreover, all three genes in tobacco were highly expressed, whereas no expression was detected in wild-type (WT). However, the sensitivities of the three genes to different light intensities were different. The highest expression level of HrHEMA and HrPOR was detected under 10,000 lx of illumination, while HrCAO showed the highest expression level under 6000 lx. Lastly, the 5-ALA, Chla, Cxc, SOD, POD, MDA, Pro and CAT contents in different transgenic tobaccos changed significantly under different light intensities. CONCLUSION The overexpression of these three genes in tobacco enhanced photosynthesis by accumulating chlorophyll content, but the influential level varied under different light intensities. Furthermore, HrHEMA-, HrPOR- and HrCAO- overexpressing in tobacco can enhance the antioxidant capacity of plants to cope with stress under higher light intensity. However, under lower light intensity, the antioxidant capacity was declined in HrHEMA-, HrPOR- and HrCAO- overexpressing tobaccos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingying Zhang
- College of Life sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun City, 130000, People's Republic of China
| | - Changhai Sui
- College of Life sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun City, 130000, People's Republic of China
- Jilin Engineering Vocational College, Siping City, Jilin, 136000, People's Republic of China
| | - Huimin Liu
- College of Life sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun City, 130000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinjiao Chen
- College of Life sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun City, 130000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhilin Han
- College of Life sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun City, 130000, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Yan
- College of Life sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun City, 130000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuying Liu
- College of Life sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun City, 130000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hongzhang Liu
- College of Life sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun City, 130000, People's Republic of China.
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40
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The origin, evolution and diversification of multiple isoforms of light-dependent protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (LPOR): focus on angiosperms. Biochem J 2020; 477:2221-2236. [PMID: 32568402 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Light-dependent protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (LPOR) catalyzes the reduction of protochlorophyllide to chlorophyllide, which is a key reaction for angiosperm development. Dark operative light-independent protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (DPOR) is the other enzyme able to catalyze this reaction, however, it is not present in angiosperms. LPOR, which evolved later than DPOR, requires light to trigger the reaction. The ancestors of angiosperms lost DPOR genes and duplicated the LPORs, however, the LPOR evolution in angiosperms has not been yet investigated. In the present study, we built a phylogenetic tree using 557 nucleotide sequences of LPORs from both bacteria and plants to uncover the evolution of LPOR. The tree revealed that all modern sequences of LPOR diverged from a single sequence ∼1.36 billion years ago. The LPOR gene was then duplicated at least 10 times in angiosperms, leading to the formation of two or even more LPOR isoforms in multiple species. In the case of Arabidopsis thaliana, AtPORA and AtPORB originated in one duplication event, in contrary to the isoform AtPORC, which diverged first. We performed biochemical characterization of these isoforms in vitro, revealing differences in the lipid-driven properties. The results prone us to hypothesize that duplication events of LPOR gave rise to the isoforms having different lipid-driven activity, which may predispose them for functioning in different locations in plastids. Moreover, we showed that LPOR from Synechocystis operated in the lipid-independent manner, revealing differences between bacterial and plant LPORs. Based on the presented results, we propose a novel classification of LPOR enzymes based on their biochemical properties and phylogenetic relationships.
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41
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Bykowski M, Mazur R, Buszewicz D, Szach J, Mostowska A, Kowalewska Ł. Spatial Nano-Morphology of the Prolamellar Body in Etiolated Arabidopsis thaliana Plants With Disturbed Pigment and Polyprenol Composition. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:586628. [PMID: 33117813 PMCID: PMC7578251 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.586628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The prolamellar body (PLB) is a periodic bicontinuous membrane structure based on tubular tetrahedral units. PLBs are present in plant etioplasts and, upon illumination, directly transform into the lamellar thylakoid networks within chloroplasts. Efficient tubular-lamellar rearrangement and later formation of the photosynthetically active thylakoid membranes are crucial steps in the development of plant autotrophy. PLB membranes are mainly composed of galactolipids, carotenoids, and protochlorophyllide (Pchlide), the chlorophyll precursor, bound in a complex with NADPH and Pchlide oxidoreductase. Although the PLB structure has been studied for over 50 years, the direct role of particular membrane components in the formation of the PLB paracrystalline network remains elusive. Moreover, despite the numerous literature data regarding the PLB geometry, their reliable comparative analysis is complicated due to variable experimental conditions. Therefore, we performed comprehensive ultrastructural and low-temperature fluorescence analysis of wild type Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) seedlings grown in different conditions typical for studies on etiolated seedlings. We established that the addition of sucrose to the growing media significantly affected the size and compactness of the PLB. The etiolation period was also an important factor influencing the PLB structural parameters and the ratio of free to complex-bound Pchlide. Thus, a reliable PLB structural and spectral analysis requires particular attention to the applied experimental conditions. We investigated the influence of the pigment and polyprenol components of the etioplast membranes on the formation of the PLB spatial structure. The PLB 3D structure in several Arabidopsis mutants (ccr1-1, lut5-1, szl1-1npq1-2, aba1-6, pif1, cpt7) with disturbed levels of particular pigments and polyprenols using electron tomography technique was studied. We found that the PLB nano-morphology was mainly affected in the pif1 and aba1-6 mutants. An increased level of Pchlide (pif1) resulted in the substantial shift of the structural balance between outer and inner PLB water channels and overall PLB compactness compared to wild type plants. The decrease in the relative content of β-branch xanthophylls in aba1-6 plants was manifested by local disturbances in the paracrystalline structure of the PLB network. Therefore, proper levels of particular etioplast pigments are essential for the formation of stable and regular PLB structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Bykowski
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Institute of Plant Experimental Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Radosław Mazur
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daniel Buszewicz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Szach
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Institute of Plant Experimental Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Mostowska
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Institute of Plant Experimental Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Łucja Kowalewska
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Institute of Plant Experimental Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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42
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Zhang S, Godwin ARF, Taylor A, Hardman SJO, Jowitt TA, Johannissen LO, Hay S, Baldock C, Heyes DJ, Scrutton NS. Dual role of the active site 'lid' regions of protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase in photocatalysis and plant development. FEBS J 2020; 288:175-189. [PMID: 32866986 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR) catalyses reduction of protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) to chlorophyllide, a light-dependent reaction of chlorophyll biosynthesis. POR is also important in plant development as it is the main constituent of prolamellar bodies in etioplast membranes. Prolamellar bodies are highly organised, paracrystalline structures comprising aggregated oligomeric structures of POR-Pchlide-NADPH complexes. How these oligomeric structures are formed and the role of Pchlide in oligomerisation remains unclear. POR crystal structures highlight two peptide regions that form a 'lid' to the active site, and undergo conformational change on binding Pchlide. Here, we show that Pchlide binding triggers formation of large oligomers of POR using size exclusion chromatography. A POR 'octamer' has been isolated and its structure investigated by cryo-electron microscopy at 7.7 Å resolution. This structure shows that oligomer formation is most likely driven by the interaction of amino acid residues in the highly conserved lid regions. Computational modelling indicates that Pchlide binding stabilises exposure of hydrophobic surfaces formed by the lid regions, which supports POR dimerisation and ultimately oligomer formation. Studies with variant PORs demonstrate that lid residues are involved in substrate binding and photocatalysis. These highly conserved lid regions therefore have a dual function. The lid residues position Pchlide optimally to enable photocatalysis. Following Pchlide binding, they also enable POR oligomerisation - a process that is reversed through subsequent photocatalysis in the early stages of chloroplast development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaowei Zhang
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, UK.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - Alan R F Godwin
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, UK.,Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Aoife Taylor
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, UK.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - Samantha J O Hardman
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, UK.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - Thomas A Jowitt
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, UK.,Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Linus O Johannissen
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, UK.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - Sam Hay
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, UK.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - Clair Baldock
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, UK.,Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Derren J Heyes
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, UK.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - Nigel S Scrutton
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, UK.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, UK
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43
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Biegasiewicz KF, Cooper SJ, Gao X, Oblinsky DG, Kim JH, Garfinkle SE, Joyce LA, Sandoval BA, Scholes GD, Hyster TK. Photoexcitation of flavoenzymes enables a stereoselective radical cyclization. Science 2020; 364:1166-1169. [PMID: 31221855 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw1143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Photoexcitation is a common strategy for initiating radical reactions in chemical synthesis. We found that photoexcitation of flavin-dependent "ene"-reductases changes their catalytic function, enabling these enzymes to promote an asymmetric radical cyclization. This reactivity enables the construction of five-, six-, seven-, and eight-membered lactams with stereochemical preference conferred by the enzyme active site. After formation of a prochiral radical, the enzyme guides the delivery of a hydrogen atom from flavin-a challenging feat for small-molecule chemical reagents. The initial electron transfer occurs through direct excitation of an electron donor-acceptor complex that forms between the substrate and the reduced flavin cofactor within the enzyme active site. Photoexcitation of promiscuous flavoenzymes has thus furnished a previously unknown biocatalytic reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon J Cooper
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Xin Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Daniel G Oblinsky
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Ji Hye Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | | | - Leo A Joyce
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | | | - Gregory D Scholes
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Todd K Hyster
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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44
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Crystal structures of cyanobacterial light-dependent protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:8455-8461. [PMID: 32234783 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1920244117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The reduction of protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) to chlorophyllide (Chlide) is the penultimate step of chlorophyll biosynthesis. In oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria, algae, and plants, this reaction can be catalyzed by the light-dependent Pchlide oxidoreductase (LPOR), a member of the short-chain dehydrogenase superfamily sharing a conserved Rossmann fold for NAD(P)H binding and the catalytic activity. Whereas modeling and simulation approaches have been used to study the catalytic mechanism of this light-driven reaction, key details of the LPOR structure remain unclear. We determined the crystal structures of LPOR from two cyanobacteria, Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 and Thermosynechococcus elongatus Structural analysis defines the LPOR core fold, outlines the LPOR-NADPH interaction network, identifies the residues forming the substrate cavity and the proton-relay path, and reveals the role of the LPOR-specific loop. These findings provide a basis for understanding the structure-function relationships of the light-driven Pchlide reduction.
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45
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Yamamoto H, Kojima-Ando H, Ohki K, Fujita Y. Formation of prolamellar-body-like ultrastructures in etiolated cyanobacterial cells overexpressing light-dependent protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase in Leptolyngbya boryana. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2020; 66:129-139. [DOI: 10.2323/jgam.2020.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haruki Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University
| | | | - Kaori Ohki
- Department of Marine Bioscience, Faculty of Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University
| | - Yuichi Fujita
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University
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46
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Xiong Q, Zhang X, Wei W, Wei G, Su Z. Enzyme-mediated reversible deactivation radical polymerization for functional materials: principles, synthesis, and applications. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00136h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes provide a potential and highly efficient way to mediate the formation of various functional polymer materials with wide applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyun Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- 100029 Beijing
- China
| | - Xiaoyuan Zhang
- Chair of Materials Science (CMS)
- Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research (OSIM)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- Jena 07743
- Germany
| | - Wenfeng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- 100029 Beijing
- China
| | - Gang Wei
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Qingdao University
- 266071 Qingdao
- China
- Faculty of Production Engineering
| | - Zhiqiang Su
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- 100029 Beijing
- China
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47
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Structural basis for enzymatic photocatalysis in chlorophyll biosynthesis. Nature 2019; 574:722-725. [PMID: 31645759 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1685-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR) catalyses a light-dependent step in chlorophyll biosynthesis that is essential to photosynthesis and, ultimately, all life on Earth1-3. POR, which is one of three known light-dependent enzymes4,5, catalyses reduction of the photosensitizer and substrate protochlorophyllide to form the pigment chlorophyllide. Despite its biological importance, the structural basis for POR photocatalysis has remained unknown. Here we report crystal structures of cyanobacterial PORs from Thermosynechococcus elongatus and Synechocystis sp. in their free forms, and in complex with the nicotinamide coenzyme. Our structural models and simulations of the ternary protochlorophyllide-NADPH-POR complex identify multiple interactions in the POR active site that are important for protochlorophyllide binding, photosensitization and photochemical conversion to chlorophyllide. We demonstrate the importance of active-site architecture and protochlorophyllide structure in driving POR photochemistry in experiments using POR variants and protochlorophyllide analogues. These studies reveal how the POR active site facilitates light-driven reduction of protochlorophyllide by localized hydride transfer from NADPH and long-range proton transfer along structurally defined proton-transfer pathways.
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48
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Zhan W, Liu J, Pan Q, Wang H, Yan S, Li K, Deng M, Li W, Liu N, Kong Q, Fernie AR, Yan J. An allele of ZmPORB2 encoding a protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase promotes tocopherol accumulation in both leaves and kernels of maize. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 100:114-127. [PMID: 31169939 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Phytol is one of the key precursors for tocopherol synthesis in plants, however, the underlying mechanisms concerning the accumulation of tocopherol remain poorly understood. In this study, qVE5, a major QTL affecting tocopherol accumulation in maize kernels was identified via a positional cloning approach. qVE5 encodes a protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (ZmPORB2), which localizes to the chloroplast. Overexpression of ZmPORB2 increased tocopherol content in both leaves and kernels. Candidate gene association analysis identified a 5/8-bp insertion/deletion (InDel058) in the 5' untranslated region (UTR) as the causal polymorphism in affecting ZmPORB2 expression and being highly associated with tocopherol content. We showed that higher expression of ZmPORB2 correlated with more chlorophyll metabolites in the leaf following pollination. RNA-sequencing and metabolic analysis in near isogenic lines (NILs) support that ZmPORB2 participates in chlorophyll metabolism enabling the production of phytol, an important precursor of tocopherol. We also found that the tocopherol content in the kernel is mainly determined by the maternal genotype, a fact that was further confirmed by in vitro culture experiments. Finally, a PCR-based marker based on Indel058 was developed in order to facilitate the high tocopherol (vitamin E) maize breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jie Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Qingchun Pan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hong Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resources of Northern China (Ministry of Education), Hebei Sub-center of National Maize Improvement Center of China, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Shijuan Yan
- Agro-biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Kun Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Min Deng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Wenqiang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Nannan Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Qian Kong
- Agro-biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Jianbing Yan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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49
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Schneidewind J, Krause F, Bocola M, Stadler AM, Davari MD, Schwaneberg U, Jaeger KE, Krauss U. Consensus model of a cyanobacterial light-dependent protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase in its pigment-free apo-form and photoactive ternary complex. Commun Biol 2019; 2:351. [PMID: 31583285 PMCID: PMC6761149 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0590-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosynthetic organisms employ two different enzymes for the reduction of the C17 = C18 double bond of protochlorophyllide (Pchlide), yielding the chlorophyll precursor chlorophyllide. First, a nitrogenase-like, light-independent (dark-operative) Pchlide oxidoreductase and secondly, a light-dependent Pchlide oxidoreductase (LPOR). For the latter enzyme, despite decades of research, no structural information is available. Here, we use protein structure modelling, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations combined with multi-wavelength analytical ultracentrifugation (MWA-AUC) and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) experiments to derive a consensus model of the LPOR apoprotein and the substrate/cofactor/LPOR ternary complex. MWA-AUC and SAXS experiments independently demonstrate that the apoprotein is monomeric, while ternary complex formation induces dimerization. SAXS-guided modelling studies provide a full-length model of the apoprotein and suggest a tentative mode of dimerization for the LPOR ternary complex, supported by published cross-link constraints. Our study provides a first impression of the LPOR structural organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Schneidewind
- Institut für Molekulare Enzymtechnologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Frank Krause
- Nanolytics, Gesellschaft für Kolloidanalytik GmbH, Am Mühlenberg 11, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Marco Bocola
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Maximilian Stadler
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS-1) and Institute for Complex Systems (ICS-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Mehdi D. Davari
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- DWI-Leibniz Institut für Interaktive Materialien, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Karl-Erich Jaeger
- Institut für Molekulare Enzymtechnologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
- IBG-1: Biotechnologie, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Ulrich Krauss
- Institut für Molekulare Enzymtechnologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
- IBG-1: Biotechnologie, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
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50
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Stadler AM, Schneidewind J, Zamponi M, Knieps-Grünhagen E, Gholami S, Schwaneberg U, Rivalta I, Garavelli M, Davari MD, Jaeger KE, Krauss U. Ternary Complex Formation and Photoactivation of a Photoenzyme Results in Altered Protein Dynamics. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:7372-7384. [PMID: 31380636 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b06608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The interplay between protein dynamics and catalysis remains a fundamental question in enzymology. We here investigate the ns-timescale dynamics of a light-dependent NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (LPOR), a photoenzyme crucial for chlorophyll synthesis. LPORs catalyze the light-triggered trans addition of a hydride and a proton across the C17═C18 double bond of the chlorophyll precursor protochlorophyllide (Pchlide). Because of the lack of an LPOR structure, the global structural and dynamic consequences of LPOR/Pchlide/NADPH ternary complex formation remain elusive. Moreover, photoactivation of LPORs by low-light preillumination is controversially discussed as unequivocal proof for this phenomenon is lacking. By employing quasielastic neutron spectroscopy (QENS), we show that the formation of the ternary holoprotein complex as well as photoactivation lead to progressive rigidification of the protein. These findings are supported by thermostability measurements, which reveal different melting behavior and thermostabilities for the apo- and holoprotein ternary complexes. Molecular dynamics simulations in good agreement with the experimental QENS results suggest that the increased flexibility observed for the apoprotein stems from structural fluctuations of the NADPH and Pchlide substrate binding sites of the enzyme. On the basis of our results, in conjunction with activity and stability measurements, we provide independent proof for LPOR photoactivation, defined as a process that modifies the protein structure and dynamics, resulting in an increased substrate turnover. Our findings advance the structural and dynamic understanding of LPORs and provide a first link between protein dynamics and catalysis for this enzyme class.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michaela Zamponi
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ) , Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , Lichtenbergstr. 1 , 85748 Garching , Germany
| | | | - Samira Gholami
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale , Università degli Studi di Bologna , Viale del Risorgimento 4 , I-40136 Bologna , Italy
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Institute of Biotechnology , RWTH Aachen University , Worringer Weg 3 , D-52074 Aachen , Germany.,DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials , Forckenbeckstraße 50 , 52056 Aachen , Germany
| | - Ivan Rivalta
- Université de Lyon, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire de Chimie UMR 5182 , F-69342 Lyon , France
| | - Marco Garavelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale , Università degli Studi di Bologna , Viale del Risorgimento 4 , I-40136 Bologna , Italy.,École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie UMR 5182, Université de Lyon , 46 Allée d'Italie , F-69364 Lyon Cedex 07 , France
| | - Mehdi D Davari
- Institute of Biotechnology , RWTH Aachen University , Worringer Weg 3 , D-52074 Aachen , Germany
| | - Karl-Erich Jaeger
- IBG-1: Biotechnologie , Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , D-52425 Jülich , Germany
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