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Sengupta S, Pabbaraja S, Mehta G. Natural products from the human microbiome: an emergent frontier in organic synthesis and drug discovery. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:4006-4030. [PMID: 38669195 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00236a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Often referred to as the "second genome", the human microbiome is at the epicenter of complex inter-habitat biochemical networks like the "gut-brain axis", which has emerged as a significant determinant of cognition, overall health and well-being, as well as resistance to antibiotics and susceptibility to diseases. As part of a broader understanding of the nexus between the human microbiome, diseases and microbial interactions, whether encoded secondary metabolites (natural products) play crucial signalling roles has been the subject of intense scrutiny in the recent past. A major focus of these activities involves harvesting the genomic potential of the human microbiome via bioinformatics guided genome mining and culturomics. Through these efforts, an impressive number of structurally intriguing antibiotics, with enhanced chemical diversity vis-à-vis conventional antibiotics have been isolated from human commensal bacteria, thereby generating considerable interest in their total synthesis and expanding their therapeutic space for drug discovery. These developments augur well for the discovery of new drugs and antibiotics, particularly in the context of challenges posed by mycobacterial resistance and emerging new diseases. The current landscape of various synthetic campaigns and drug discovery initiatives on antibacterial natural products from the human microbiome is captured in this review with an intent to stimulate further activities in this interdisciplinary arena among the new generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumitra Sengupta
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad-500046, India.
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500007, India
| | - Srihari Pabbaraja
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500007, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Goverdhan Mehta
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad-500046, India.
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2
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Abstract
Covering: from 2000 up to the very early part of 2023S-Adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) is a naturally occurring trialkyl sulfonium molecule that is typically associated with biological methyltransfer reactions. However, SAM is also known to donate methylene, aminocarboxypropyl, adenosyl and amino moieties during natural product biosynthetic reactions. The reaction scope is further expanded as SAM itself can be modified prior to the group transfer such that a SAM-derived carboxymethyl or aminopropyl moiety can also be transferred. Moreover, the sulfonium cation in SAM has itself been found to be critical for several other enzymatic transformations. Thus, while many SAM-dependent enzymes are characterized by a methyltransferase fold, not all of them are necessarily methyltransferases. Furthermore, other SAM-dependent enzymes do not possess such a structural feature suggesting diversification along different evolutionary lineages. Despite the biological versatility of SAM, it nevertheless parallels the chemistry of sulfonium compounds used in organic synthesis. The question thus becomes how enzymes catalyze distinct transformations via subtle differences in their active sites. This review summarizes recent advances in the discovery of novel SAM utilizing enzymes that rely on Lewis acid/base chemistry as opposed to radical mechanisms of catalysis. The examples are categorized based on the presence of a methyltransferase fold and the role played by SAM within the context of known sulfonium chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsuan Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Daan Ren
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Byungsun Jeon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Hung-Wen Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
- Division of Chemical Biology & Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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Seebach H, Radow G, Brunek M, Schulz F, Piotrowski M, Krämer U. Arabidopsis Nicotianamine Synthases (NAS) comprise a common core-NAS domain fused to a variable auto-inhibitory C-terminus. J Biol Chem 2023:104732. [PMID: 37086785 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotianamine Synthase (NAS) catalyzes the biosynthesis of the low-molecular-mass metal chelator nicotianamine (NA) from the 2-aminobutyrate moieties of three S-adenosylmethionine molecules. NA has central roles in metal nutrition and metal homeostasis of flowering plants. The enzymatic function of NAS remains poorly understood. Crystal structures are available of archaeal and bacterial NAS-like proteins that carry out simpler aminobutanoyl transferase reactions. Here we report amino acids essential for the activity of AtNAS1 based on structural modeling and site-directed mutagenesis. Using a newly developed enzyme-coupled continuous activity assay, we compare differing NAS proteins identified through multiple sequence alignments and phylogenetic analyses. In most NAS of dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants (class Ia and Ib), the core-NAS domain is fused to a variable C-terminal domain. Compared to fungal and moss NAS that comprise merely a core-NAS domain (class III), NA biosynthetic activities of the four paralogous Arabidopsis thaliana NAS proteins were far lower. C-terminally trimmed core-AtNAS variants exhibited strongly elevated activities. Of 320 amino acids of AtNAS1, twelve, 287-TRGCMFMPCNCS-298, accounted for the auto-inhibitory effect of the C-terminus, of which approximately one-third was attributed to N296 within a CNCS motif that is fully conserved in Arabidopsis. No detectable NA biosynthesis was mediated by two representative plant NAS proteins that naturally lack the C-terminal domain, class Ia Arabidopsis halleri NAS5, and Medicago truncatula NAS2 of class II which is found in dicots and diverged early during the evolution of flowering plants. Next we will address a possible post-translational release of auto-inhibition in class I NAS proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Seebach
- Molecular Genetics and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Gabriel Radow
- Molecular Genetics and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Michael Brunek
- Molecular Genetics and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Frank Schulz
- Chemistry and Biochemistry of Natural Products, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Markus Piotrowski
- Molecular Genetics and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Ute Krämer
- Molecular Genetics and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
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Chaaban T, Mohsen Y, Ezzeddine Z, Ghssein G. Overview of Yersinia pestis Metallophores: Yersiniabactin and Yersinopine. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12040598. [PMID: 37106798 PMCID: PMC10136090 DOI: 10.3390/biology12040598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenic anaerobic bacteria Yersinia pestis (Y. pestis), which is well known as the plague causative agent, has the ability to escape or inhibit innate immune system responses, which can result in host death even before the activation of adaptive responses. Bites from infected fleas in nature transmit Y. pestis between mammalian hosts causing bubonic plague. It was recognized that a host's ability to retain iron is essential in fighting invading pathogens. To proliferate during infection, Y. pestis, like most bacteria, has various iron transporters that enable it to acquire iron from its hosts. The siderophore-dependent iron transport system was found to be crucial for the pathogenesis of this bacterium. Siderophores are low-molecular-weight metabolites with a high affinity for Fe3+. These compounds are produced in the surrounding environment to chelate iron. The siderophore secreted by Y. pestis is yersiniabactin (Ybt). Another metallophore produced by this bacterium, yersinopine, is of the opine type and shows similarities with both staphylopine and pseudopaline produced by Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively. This paper sheds light on the most important aspects of the two Y. pestis metallophores as well as aerobactin a siderophore no longer secreted by this bacterium due to frameshift mutation in its genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taghrid Chaaban
- Nursing Sciences Department, Faculty of Public Health, Islamic University of Lebanon, Khalde P.O. Box 30014, Lebanon
- Nursing Sciences Research Chair, Laboratory Educations and Health Practices (LEPS), (EA 3412), UFR SMBH, University Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cite, F-93017 Bobigny, France
| | - Yehya Mohsen
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Health and Medical Technologies, Al-Ayen University, Nasiriyah 64001, Iraq
| | - Zeinab Ezzeddine
- Laboratory Sciences Department, Faculty of Public Health, Islamic University of Lebanon (IUL), Khalde P.O. Box 30014, Lebanon
- Faculty of Sciences V, Lebanese University, Nabatieh 1700, Lebanon
| | - Ghassan Ghssein
- Laboratory Sciences Department, Faculty of Public Health, Islamic University of Lebanon (IUL), Khalde P.O. Box 30014, Lebanon
- Faculty of Sciences V, Lebanese University, Nabatieh 1700, Lebanon
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5
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Ducret V, Gonzalez D, Perron K. Zinc homeostasis in Pseudomonas. Biometals 2022:10.1007/s10534-022-00475-5. [PMID: 36472780 PMCID: PMC10393844 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-022-00475-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn the genus Pseudomonas, zinc homeostasis is mediated by a complete set of import and export systems, whose expression is precisely controlled by three transcriptional regulators: Zur, CzcR and CadR. In this review, we describe in detail our current knowledge of these systems, their regulation, and the biological significance of zinc homeostasis, taking Pseudomonas aeruginosa as our paradigm. Moreover, significant parts of this overview are dedicated to highlight interactions and cross-regulations between zinc and copper import/export systems, and to shed light, through a review of the literature and comparative genomics, on differences in gene complement and function across the whole Pseudomonas genus. The impact and importance of zinc homeostasis in Pseudomonas and beyond will be discussed throughout this review.
Graphical abstract
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A Review of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Metallophores: Pyoverdine, Pyochelin and Pseudopaline. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11121711. [PMID: 36552220 PMCID: PMC9774294 DOI: 10.3390/biology11121711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
P. aeruginosa is a common Gram-negative bacterium found in nature that causes severe infections in humans. As a result of its natural resistance to antibiotics and the ability of biofilm formation, the infection with this pathogen can be therapeutic challenging. During infection, P. aeruginosa produces secondary metabolites such as metallophores that play an important role in their virulence. Metallophores are metal ions chelating molecules secreted by bacteria, thus allowing them to survive in the host under metal scarce conditions. Pyoverdine, pyochelin and pseudopaline are the three metallophores secreted by P. aeruginosa. Pyoverdines are the primary siderophores that acquire iron from the surrounding medium. These molecules scavenge and transport iron to the bacterium intracellular compartment. Pyochelin is another siderophore produced by this bacterium, but in lower quantities and its affinity for iron is less than that of pyoverdine. The third metallophore, pseudopaline, is an opine narrow spectrum ion chelator that enables P. aeruginosa to uptake zinc in particular but can transport nickel and cobalt as well. This review describes all the aspects related to these three metallophore, including their main features, biosynthesis process, secretion and uptake when loaded by metals, in addition to the genetic regulation responsible for their synthesis and secretion.
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Zarrella TM, Khare A. Systematic identification of molecular mediators of interspecies sensing in a community of two frequently coinfecting bacterial pathogens. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001679. [PMID: 35727825 PMCID: PMC9249247 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria typically exist in dynamic, multispecies communities where polymicrobial interactions influence fitness. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying these interactions is critical for understanding and modulating bacterial behavior in natural environments. While bacterial responses to foreign species are frequently characterized at the molecular and phenotypic level, the exogenous molecules that elicit these responses are understudied. Here, we outline a systematic strategy based on transcriptomics combined with genetic and biochemical screens of promoter-reporters to identify the molecules from one species that are sensed by another. We utilized this method to study interactions between the pathogens Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus that are frequently found in coinfections. We discovered that P. aeruginosa senses diverse staphylococcal exoproducts including the metallophore staphylopine (StP), intermediate metabolites citrate and acetoin, and multiple molecules that modulate its iron starvation response. We observed that StP inhibits biofilm formation and that P. aeruginosa can utilize citrate and acetoin for growth, revealing that these interactions have both antagonistic and beneficial effects. Due to the unbiased nature of our approach, we also identified on a genome scale the genes in S. aureus that affect production of each sensed exoproduct, providing possible targets to modify multispecies community dynamics. Further, a combination of these identified S. aureus products recapitulated a majority of the transcriptional response of P. aeruginosa to S. aureus supernatant, validating our screening strategy. Cystic fibrosis (CF) clinical isolates of both S. aureus and P. aeruginosa also showed varying degrees of induction or responses, respectively, which suggests that these interactions are widespread among pathogenic strains. Our screening approach thus identified multiple S. aureus secreted molecules that are sensed by P. aeruginosa and affect its physiology, demonstrating the efficacy of this approach, and yielding new insight into the molecular basis of interactions between these two species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany M. Zarrella
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Postdoctoral Research Associate Training Program, National Institute of General Medical Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anupama Khare
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Fritsch S, Gasser V, Peukert C, Pinkert L, Kuhn L, Perraud Q, Normant V, Brönstrup M, Schalk IJ. Uptake Mechanisms and Regulatory Responses to MECAM- and DOTAM-Based Artificial Siderophores and Their Antibiotic Conjugates in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:1134-1146. [PMID: 35500104 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The development of new antibiotics against Gram-negative bacteria has to deal with the low permeability of the outer membrane. This obstacle can be overcome by utilizing siderophore-dependent iron uptake pathways as entrance routes for antibiotic uptake. Iron-chelating siderophores are actively imported by bacteria, and their conjugation to antibiotics allows smuggling the latter into bacterial cells. Synthetic siderophore mimetics based on MECAM (1,3,5-N,N',N″-tris-(2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl)-triaminomethylbenzene) and DOTAM (1,4,7,10-tetrakis(carbamoylmethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane) cores, both chelating iron via catechol groups, have been recently applied as versatile carriers of functional cargo. In the present study, we show that MECAM and the MECAM-ampicillin conjugate 3 transport iron into Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells via the catechol-type outer membrane transporters PfeA and PirA and DOTAM solely via PirA. Differential proteomics and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) showed that MECAM import induced the expression of pfeA, whereas 3 led to an increase in the expression of pfeA and ampc, a gene conferring ampicillin resistance. The presence of DOTAM did not induce the expression of pirA but upregulated the expression of two zinc transporters (cntO and PA0781), pointing out that bacteria become zinc starved in the presence of this compound. Iron uptake experiments with radioactive 55Fe demonstrated that import of this nutrient by MECAM and DOTAM was as efficient as with the natural siderophore enterobactin. The study provides a functional validation for DOTAM- and MECAM-based artificial siderophore mimetics as vehicles for the delivery of cargo into Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Fritsch
- CNRS, University of Strasbourg, UMR7242, ESBS, Bld Sébastien Brant, F-67412 Illkirch, Strasbourg 67070, France
| | - Véronique Gasser
- CNRS, University of Strasbourg, UMR7242, ESBS, Bld Sébastien Brant, F-67412 Illkirch, Strasbourg 67070, France
| | - Carsten Peukert
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, Braunschweig 38124, Germany
| | - Lukas Pinkert
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, Braunschweig 38124, Germany
| | - Lauriane Kuhn
- Plateforme Proteomique Strasbourg-Esplanade, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS, FR1589, 15 rue Descartes, Strasbourg Cedex F-67084, France
| | - Quentin Perraud
- CNRS, University of Strasbourg, UMR7242, ESBS, Bld Sébastien Brant, F-67412 Illkirch, Strasbourg 67070, France
| | - Vincent Normant
- CNRS, University of Strasbourg, UMR7242, ESBS, Bld Sébastien Brant, F-67412 Illkirch, Strasbourg 67070, France
| | - Mark Brönstrup
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, Braunschweig 38124, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Braunschweig 38124, Germany
- Center of Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ), Leibniz Universität, Hannover 30159, Germany
| | - Isabelle J. Schalk
- CNRS, University of Strasbourg, UMR7242, ESBS, Bld Sébastien Brant, F-67412 Illkirch, Strasbourg 67070, France
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Fiorillo A, Battistoni A, Ammendola S, Secli V, Rinaldo S, Cutruzzolà F, Demitri N, Ilari A. Structure and metal-binding properties of PA4063, a novel player in periplasmic zinc trafficking by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2021; 77:1401-1410. [PMID: 34726168 PMCID: PMC8561739 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798321009608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The capability to obtain essential nutrients in hostile environments is a critical skill for pathogens. Under zinc-deficient conditions, Pseudomonas aeruginosa expresses a pool of metal homeostasis control systems that is complex compared with other Gram-negative bacteria and has only been partially characterized. Here, the structure and zinc-binding properties of the protein PA4063, the first component of the PA4063-PA4066 operon, are described. PA4063 has no homologs in other organisms and is characterized by the presence of two histidine-rich sequences. ITC titration detected two zinc-binding sites with micromolar affinity. Crystallographic characterization, performed both with and without zinc, revealed an α/β-sandwich structure that can be classified as a noncanonical ferredoxin-like fold since it differs in size and topology. The histidine-rich stretches located at the N-terminus and between β3 and β4 are disordered in the apo structure, but a few residues become structured in the presence of zinc, contributing to coordination in one of the two sites. The ability to bind two zinc ions at relatively low affinity, the absence of catalytic cavities and the presence of two histidine-rich loops are properties and structural features which suggest that PA4063 might play a role as a periplasmic zinc chaperone or as a concentration sensor useful for optimizing the response of the pathogen to zinc deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annarita Fiorillo
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Pizzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IBPM), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Pizzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Battistoni
- Department of Biology, University of Tor Vegata, Via delle Ricerca Scientifica 1, Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Ammendola
- Department of Biology, University of Tor Vegata, Via delle Ricerca Scientifica 1, Rome, Italy
| | - Valerio Secli
- Department of Biology, University of Tor Vegata, Via delle Ricerca Scientifica 1, Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Rinaldo
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Pizzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Laboratory Affiliated To Istituto Pasteur Italia – Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Cutruzzolà
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Pizzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Laboratory Affiliated To Istituto Pasteur Italia – Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Demitri
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5 in Area Science Park, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Andrea Ilari
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IBPM), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Pizzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome, Italy
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Ducret V, Abdou M, Goncalves Milho C, Leoni S, Martin-Pelaud O, Sandoz A, Segovia Campos I, Tercier-Waeber ML, Valentini M, Perron K. Global Analysis of the Zinc Homeostasis Network in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Its Gene Expression Dynamics. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:739988. [PMID: 34690984 PMCID: PMC8531726 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.739988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc is one of the most important trace elements for life and its deficiency, like its excess, can be fatal. In the bacterial opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Zn homeostasis is not only required for survival, but also for virulence and antibiotic resistance. Thus, the bacterium possesses multiple Zn import/export/storage systems. In this work, we determine the expression dynamics of the entire P. aeruginosa Zn homeostasis network at both transcript and protein levels. Precisely, we followed the switch from a Zn-deficient environment, mimicking the initial immune strategy to counteract bacterial infections, to a Zn-rich environment, representing the phagocyte metal boost used to eliminate an engulfed pathogen. Thanks to the use of the NanoString technology, we timed the global silencing of Zn import systems and the orchestrated induction of Zn export systems. We show that the induction of Zn export systems is hierarchically organized as a function of their impact on Zn homeostasis. Moreover, we identify PA2807 as a novel Zn resistance component in P. aeruginosa and highlight new regulatory links among Zn-homeostasis systems. Altogether, this work unveils a sophisticated and adaptive homeostasis network, which complexity is key in determining a pathogen spread in the environment and during host-colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Ducret
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Melina Abdou
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Catarina Goncalves Milho
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sara Leoni
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Oriane Martin-Pelaud
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Sandoz
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Inés Segovia Campos
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Earth Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Martina Valentini
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, CMU, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Karl Perron
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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11
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Luo Z, Luo S, Ju Y, Ding P, Xu J, Gu Q, Zhou H. Structural insights into the ligand recognition and catalysis of the key aminobutanoyltransferase CntL in staphylopine biosynthesis. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21575. [PMID: 33826776 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002287rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Staphylopine (StP) and other nicotianamine-like metallophores are crucial for many pathogens to acquire the transition metals from hosts during invasion. CntL from Staphylococcus aureus (SaCntL) catalyzes the condensation of the 2-aminobutyrate (Ab) moiety of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) with D-histidine in the biosynthesis of StP. Here, we report the crystal structures of SaCntL in complex with either SAM or two products. The structure of SaCntL consists of an N-terminal four-helix bundle (holding catalytic residue E84) and a C-terminal Rossmann fold (binding the substrates). The sequence connecting the N- and C-terminal domains (N-C linker) in SaCntL was found to undergo conformational alternation between open and closed states. Our structural and biochemical analyses suggested that this intrinsically dynamic interdomain linker forms an additional structural module that plays essential roles in ligand diffusion, recognition, and catalysis. We confirmed that SaCntL stereoselectively carries out the catalysis of D-His but not its enantiomer, L-His, and we found that the N-C linker and active site of SaCntL could accommodate both enantiomers. SaCntL is likely able to bind L-His without catalysis, and as a result, L-His could show inhibitory effects toward SaCntL. These findings provide critical structural and mechanistic insights into CntL, which facilitates a better understanding of the biosynthesis of nicotianamine-like metallophores and the discovery of inhibitors of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiteng Luo
- Research Center for Drug Discovery and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siting Luo
- Research Center for Drug Discovery and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingchen Ju
- Research Center for Drug Discovery and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Ding
- Research Center for Drug Discovery and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Research Center for Drug Discovery and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiong Gu
- Research Center for Drug Discovery and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huihao Zhou
- Research Center for Drug Discovery and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiqi Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Fan Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Xiaoguang Lei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Peking University Beijing 100871 China
- Peking‐Tsinghua Center for Life Science, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University Beijing 100871 China
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13
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Cuajungco MP, Ramirez MS, Tolmasky ME. Zinc: Multidimensional Effects on Living Organisms. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9020208. [PMID: 33671781 PMCID: PMC7926802 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9020208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc is a redox-inert trace element that is second only to iron in abundance in biological systems. In cells, zinc is typically buffered and bound to metalloproteins, but it may also exist in a labile or chelatable (free ion) form. Zinc plays a critical role in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, ranging from structural to catalytic to replication to demise. This review discusses the influential properties of zinc on various mechanisms of bacterial proliferation and synergistic action as an antimicrobial element. We also touch upon the significance of zinc among eukaryotic cells and how it may modulate their survival and death through its inhibitory or modulatory effect on certain receptors, enzymes, and signaling proteins. A brief discussion on zinc chelators is also presented, and chelating agents may be used with or against zinc to affect therapeutics against human diseases. Overall, the multidimensional effects of zinc in cells attest to the growing number of scientific research that reveal the consequential prominence of this remarkable transition metal in human health and disease.
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14
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Gomez NO, Tetard A, Ouerdane L, Laffont C, Brutesco C, Ball G, Lobinski R, Denis Y, Plésiat P, Llanes C, Arnoux P, Voulhoux R. Involvement of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa MexAB-OprM efflux pump in the secretion of the metallophore pseudopaline. Mol Microbiol 2020; 115:84-98. [PMID: 32896017 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
To overcome the metal restriction imposed by the host's nutritional immunity, pathogenic bacteria use high metal affinity molecules called metallophores. Metallophore-mediated metal uptake pathways necessitate complex cycles of synthesis, secretion, and recovery of the metallophore across the bacterial envelope. We recently discovered staphylopine and pseudopaline, two members of a new family of broad-spectrum metallophores important for bacterial survival during infections. Here, we are expending the molecular understanding of the pseudopaline transport cycle across the diderm envelope of the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We first explored pseudopaline secretion by performing in vivo quantifications in various genetic backgrounds and revealed the specific involvement of the MexAB-OprM efflux pump in pseudopaline transport across the outer membrane. We then addressed the recovery part of the cycle by investigating the fate of the recaptured metal-loaded pseudopaline. To do so, we combined in vitro reconstitution experiments and in vivo phenotyping in absence of pseudopaline transporters to reveal the existence of a pseudopaline modification mechanism, possibly involved in the metal release following pseudopaline recovery. Overall, our data allowed us to provide an improved molecular model of secretion, recovery, and fate of this important metallophore by P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Oswaldo Gomez
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne (LCB) UMR7283, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée (IMM), CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Alexandre Tetard
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, UMR CNRS 6249 Chrono-Environnement, Faculté de Médecine-Pharmacie, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Laurent Ouerdane
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, e2s UPPA, CNRS, IPREM-UMR5254, Hélioparc, Pau, France
| | - Clémentine Laffont
- CEA, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies d'Aix-Marseille, UMR, CEA Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez Durance, France
| | - Catherine Brutesco
- CEA, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies d'Aix-Marseille, UMR, CEA Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez Durance, France
| | - Geneviève Ball
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne (LCB) UMR7283, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée (IMM), CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Ryszard Lobinski
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, e2s UPPA, CNRS, IPREM-UMR5254, Hélioparc, Pau, France
| | - Yann Denis
- CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée (IMM), Marseille, France
| | - Patrick Plésiat
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, UMR CNRS 6249 Chrono-Environnement, Faculté de Médecine-Pharmacie, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Catherine Llanes
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, UMR CNRS 6249 Chrono-Environnement, Faculté de Médecine-Pharmacie, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Pascal Arnoux
- CEA, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies d'Aix-Marseille, UMR, CEA Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez Durance, France
| | - Romé Voulhoux
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne (LCB) UMR7283, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée (IMM), CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
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15
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Abstract
Bacteria must acquire essential nutrients, including zinc, from their environment. For bacterial pathogens, this necessitates overcoming the host metal-withholding response known as nutritional immunity. A novel type of zinc uptake mechanism that involves the bacterial production of a small zinc-scavenging molecule was recently described in the human pathogens Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Yersinia pestis, as well as the soil-associated bacterium Paenibacillus mucilaginosus. This suggests that zincophores may be important for zinc acquisition in diverse environments. In this study, we sought to identify other zincophore-producing bacteria using bioinformatics. We identified almost 250 unique zincophore-producing species, including human and animal pathogens, as well as isolates from soil, rhizosphere, plant, and marine habitats. Crucially, we observed diversity at the amino acid and gene organization levels, suggesting that many of these species are producing unique zincophores. Together, our findings highlight the importance of zincophores for a broad array of bacteria living in diverse environments. Zinc is an essential nutrient in biological systems due to its structural or catalytic requirement in proteins involved in diverse cellular processes. To meet this cellular demand, microbes must acquire sufficient zinc from their environment. However, many environments have low zinc availability. One of the mechanisms used by bacteria to acquire zinc is through the production of small molecules known as zincophores. Similar to bacterial siderophores used for iron uptake, zincophores are synthesized by the bacterium and exported and then reimported as zincophore-zinc complexes. Thus far, only four zincophores have been described, including two from the human pathogens Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, in which they play a critical role in zinc acquisition during infection, and one in a soil bacterium. To determine what other microbes may produce zincophores, we used bioinformatic analyses to identify new zincophore biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) and predict the diversity of molecules synthesized. Genome neighborhood network analysis identified approximately 250 unique zincophore-producing species from actinobacteria, firmicutes, proteobacteria, and fusobacteria. This indicates that zincophores are produced by diverse bacteria that inhabit a broad range of ecological niches. Many of the BGCs likely produce characterized zincophores, based on similarity to the characterized systems. However, this analysis also identified numerous BGCs that, based on the colocalization of additional modifying enzymes and sequence divergence of the biosynthetic enzymes, are likely to produce unique zincophores. Collectively, these findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the zincophore biosynthetic landscape that will be invaluable for future research on these important small molecules. IMPORTANCE Bacteria must acquire essential nutrients, including zinc, from their environment. For bacterial pathogens, this necessitates overcoming the host metal-withholding response known as nutritional immunity. A novel type of zinc uptake mechanism that involves the bacterial production of a small zinc-scavenging molecule was recently described in the human pathogens Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Yersinia pestis, as well as the soil-associated bacterium Paenibacillus mucilaginosus. This suggests that zincophores may be important for zinc acquisition in diverse environments. In this study, we sought to identify other zincophore-producing bacteria using bioinformatics. We identified almost 250 unique zincophore-producing species, including human and animal pathogens, as well as isolates from soil, rhizosphere, plant, and marine habitats. Crucially, we observed diversity at the amino acid and gene organization levels, suggesting that many of these species are producing unique zincophores. Together, our findings highlight the importance of zincophores for a broad array of bacteria living in diverse environments.
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16
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Comparative Analysis of the Core Proteomes among the Pseudomonas Major Evolutionary Groups Reveals Species-Specific Adaptations for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas chlororaphis. DIVERSITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/d12080289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The Pseudomonas genus includes many species living in diverse environments and hosts. It is important to understand which are the major evolutionary groups and what are the genomic/proteomic components they have in common or are unique. Towards this goal, we analyzed 494 complete Pseudomonas proteomes and identified 297 core-orthologues. The subsequent phylogenomic analysis revealed two well-defined species (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas chlororaphis) and four wider phylogenetic groups (Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas stutzeri, Pseudomonas syringae, Pseudomonas putida) with a sufficient number of proteomes. As expected, the genus-level core proteome was highly enriched for proteins involved in metabolism, translation, and transcription. In addition, between 39–70% of the core proteins in each group had a significant presence in each of all the other groups. Group-specific core proteins were also identified, with P. aeruginosa having the highest number of these and P. fluorescens having none. We identified several P. aeruginosa-specific core proteins (such as CntL, CntM, PlcB, Acp1, MucE, SrfA, Tse1, Tsi2, Tse3, and EsrC) that are known to play an important role in its pathogenicity. Finally, a holin family bacteriocin and a mitomycin-like biosynthetic protein were found to be core-specific for P. cholororaphis and we hypothesize that these proteins may confer a competitive advantage against other root-colonizers.
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17
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Cullia G, Fanelli R, Voulhoux R, Arnoux P, Cavelier F. Synthesis of Two Epimers of Pseudopaline. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregorio Cullia
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, IBMM; UMR-5247, CNRS; Université Montpellier; Place Eugène Bataillon 34095 Montpellier cedex 5 France
| | - Roberto Fanelli
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, IBMM; UMR-5247, CNRS; Université Montpellier; Place Eugène Bataillon 34095 Montpellier cedex 5 France
| | - Romé Voulhoux
- Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée; CNRS LCB UMR-7283; Aix Marseille Université; 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier 13009 Marseille France
| | - Pascal Arnoux
- CEA, CNRS, BIAM; Aix Marseille Université; 13108 Saint Paul-Lez-Durance France
| | - Florine Cavelier
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, IBMM; UMR-5247, CNRS; Université Montpellier; Place Eugène Bataillon 34095 Montpellier cedex 5 France
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18
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Abideen ZU, Ahmad A, Usman M, Majaz S, Ali W, Noreen S, Mahmood T, Nouroz F. Dynamics and conformational propensities of staphylococcal CntA. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:4923-4935. [PMID: 32573341 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1782263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes use transition metals as co-factors for catalytic roles in biological processes. Notably, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper and zinc are abundantly used. Staphylococcus aureus, a commensal bacterium asymptomatically, lies on the human body causing variety of infections. S. aureus is equipped by advanced virulence-regulatory circuits of metal acquisition like Cnt that acquires metals at infection sites by utilizing a nicotianamine-like metallophore staphylopine. Despite significant growth in structural studies, how CntA of Cnt system transmits conformational signal upon staphylopine recognition remains elusive. Here, we analyzed the structural changes adopted by CntA during close-to-open transition by computational approaches. CntA uses a bi-domain architectural form of domain II which performed 37° rigid body rotation and 1.1 Å translation assisted by inter-domain hinge cluster residues. Important clustered communities were found regulating the conformational changes in CntA where communities 4 and 5 are found crucial. Besides open and close states, the fluctuating regions sampled two additional intermediate states which were considered close or open previously. CntA prefers fluctuating the non-conserved regions rather than conserved where domain II turned out to be rigid and maintains a stable fold. Overall, the CntA system is a potential target for structural biologist to hamper such conformational behaviors at family level.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zain Ul Abideen
- Department of Bioinformatics, Hazara University, Mansehra, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Ashfaq Ahmad
- Department of Bioinformatics, Hazara University, Mansehra, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Usman
- Department of Bioinformatics, Hazara University, Mansehra, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Sidra Majaz
- Department of Bioinformatics, Hazara University, Mansehra, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Waqar Ali
- Department of Bioinformatics, Hazara University, Mansehra, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Shumaila Noreen
- Department of Zoology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Tariq Mahmood
- Department of Bioinformatics, Hazara University, Mansehra, KPK, Pakistan.,Department of Agriculture, Hazara University, Mansehra, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Faisal Nouroz
- Department of Bioinformatics, Hazara University, Mansehra, KPK, Pakistan.,Department of Botany, Hazara University, Mansehra, KPK, Pakistan
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19
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Intracellular Accumulation of Staphylopine Can Sensitize Staphylococcus aureus to Host-Imposed Zinc Starvation by Chelation-Independent Toxicity. J Bacteriol 2020; 202:JB.00014-20. [PMID: 32071094 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00014-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The host restricts the availability of zinc to prevent infection. To overcome this defense, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa rely on zincophore-dependent zinc importers. Synthesis of the zincophore staphylopine by S. aureus and its import are both necessary for the bacterium to cause infection. In this study, we sought to elucidate how loss of zincophore efflux impacts bacterial resistance to host-imposed zinc starvation. In culture and during infection, mutants lacking CntE, the staphylopine efflux pump, were more sensitive to zinc starvation imposed by the metal-binding immune effector calprotectin than those lacking the ability to import staphylopine. However, disruption of staphylopine synthesis reversed the enhanced sensitivity phenotype of the ΔcntE mutant to calprotectin, indicating that intracellular toxicity of staphylopine is more detrimental than the impaired ability to acquire zinc. Unexpectedly, intracellular accumulation of staphylopine does not increase the expression of metal importers or alter cellular metal concentrations, suggesting that, contrary to prevailing models, the toxicity associated with staphylopine is not strictly due to intracellular chelation of metals. As P. aeruginosa and other pathogens produce zincophores with similar chemistry, our observations on the crucial importance of zincophore efflux are likely to be broadly relevant.IMPORTANCE Staphylococcus aureus and many other bacterial pathogens rely on metal-binding small molecules to obtain the essential metal zinc during infection. In this study, we reveal that export of these small molecules is critical for overcoming host-imposed metal starvation during infection and prevents toxicity due to accumulation of the metal-binding molecule within the cell. Surprisingly, we found that intracellular toxicity of the molecule is not due to chelation of cellular metals.
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20
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Laffont C, Arnoux P. The ancient roots of nicotianamine: diversity, role, regulation and evolution of nicotianamine-like metallophores. Metallomics 2020; 12:1480-1493. [PMID: 33084706 DOI: 10.1039/d0mt00150c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nicotianamine (NA) is a metabolite synthesized by all plants, in which it is involved in the homeostasis of different micronutrients such as iron, nickel or zinc. In some plants it also serves as a precursor of phytosiderophores, which are used for extracellular iron scavenging. Previous studies have also established the presence of NA in filamentous fungi and some mosses, whereas an analogue of NA was inferred in an archaeon. More recently, opine-type metallophores with homology to NA were uncovered in bacteria, especially in human pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Yersinia pestis, synthesizing respectively staphylopine, pseudopaline and yersinopine. Here, we review the current state of knowledge regarding the discovery, biosynthesis, function and regulation of these metallophores. We also discuss the genomic environment of the cntL gene, which is homologous to the plant NA synthase (NAS) gene, and plays a central role in the synthesis of NA-like metallophores. This reveals a large diversity of biosynthetic, export and import pathways. Using sequence similarity networks, we uncovered that these metallophores are widespread in numerous bacteria thriving in very different environments, such as those living at the host-pathogen interface, but also in the soil. We additionally established a phylogeny of the NAS/cntL gene and, as a result, we propose that this gene is an ancient gene and NA, or its derivatives, is an ancient metallophore that played a prominent role in metal acquisition or metal resistance. Indeed, our phylogenetic analysis suggests an evolutionary model where the possibility to synthesize this metallophore was present early in the appearance of life, although it was later lost by most living microorganisms, unless facing metal starvation such as at the host-pathogen interface or in some soils. According to our model, NA then re-emerged as a central metabolite for metal homeostasis in fungi, mosses and all known higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémentine Laffont
- Aix Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, F-13108, France.
| | - Pascal Arnoux
- Aix Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, F-13108, France.
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21
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McFarlane JS, Zhang J, Wang S, Lei X, Moran GR, Lamb AL. Staphylopine and pseudopaline dehydrogenase from bacterial pathogens catalyze reversible reactions and produce stereospecific metallophores. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:17988-18001. [PMID: 31615895 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudopaline and staphylopine are opine metallophores biosynthesized by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. The final step in opine metallophore biosynthesis is the condensation of the product of a nicotianamine (NA) synthase reaction (i.e. l-HisNA for pseudopaline and d-HisNA for staphylopine) with an α-keto acid (α-ketoglutarate for pseudopaline and pyruvate for staphylopine), which is performed by an opine dehydrogenase. We hypothesized that the opine dehydrogenase reaction would be reversible only for the opine metallophore product with (R)-stereochemistry at carbon C2 of the α-keto acid (prochiral prior to catalysis). A kinetic analysis using stopped-flow spectrometry with (R)- or (S)-staphylopine and kinetic and structural analysis with (R)- and (S)-pseudopaline confirmed catalysis in the reverse direction for only (R)-staphylopine and (R)-pseudopaline, verifying the stereochemistry of these two opine metallophores. Structural analysis at 1.57-1.85 Å resolution captured the hydrolysis of (R)-pseudopaline and allowed identification of a binding pocket for the l-histidine moiety of pseudopaline formed through a repositioning of Phe-340 and Tyr-289 during the catalytic cycle. Transient-state kinetic analysis revealed an ordered release of NADP+ followed by staphylopine, with staphylopine release being the rate-limiting step in catalysis. Knowledge of the stereochemistry for opine metallophores has implications for future studies involving kinetic analysis, as well as opine metallophore transport, metal coordination, and the generation of chiral amines for pharmaceutical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S McFarlane
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
| | - Jian Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Sanshan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaoguang Lei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Graham R Moran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University, Chicago, Illinois 60660
| | - Audrey L Lamb
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
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22
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Simple rules govern the diversity of bacterial nicotianamine-like metallophores. Biochem J 2019; 476:2221-2233. [PMID: 31300464 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In metal-scarce environments, some pathogenic bacteria produce opine-type metallophores mainly to face the host's nutritional immunity. This is the case of staphylopine, pseudopaline and yersinopine, identified in Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Yersinia pestis, respectively. Depending on the species, these metallophores are synthesized by two (CntLM) or three enzymes (CntKLM), CntM catalyzing the last step of biosynthesis using diverse substrates (pyruvate or α-ketoglutarate), pathway intermediates (xNA or yNA) and cofactors (NADH or NADPH). Here, we explored the substrate specificity of CntM by combining bioinformatic and structural analysis with chemical synthesis and enzymatic studies. We found that NAD(P)H selectivity is mainly due to the amino acid at position 33 (S. aureus numbering) which ensures a preferential binding to NADPH when it is an arginine. Moreover, whereas CntM from P. aeruginosa preferentially uses yNA over xNA, the staphylococcal enzyme is not stereospecific. Most importantly, selectivity toward α-ketoacids is largely governed by a single residue at position 150 of CntM (S. aureus numbering): an aspartate at this position ensures selectivity toward pyruvate, whereas an alanine leads to the consumption of both pyruvate and α-ketoglutarate. Modifying this residue in P. aeruginosa led to a complete reversal of selectivity. Thus, the diversity of opine-type metallophore is governed by the absence/presence of a cntK gene encoding a histidine racemase, and the amino acid residue at position 150 of CntM. These two simple rules predict the production of a fourth metallophore by Paenibacillus mucilaginosus, which was confirmed in vitro and called bacillopaline.
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23
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Zhang J, Zhao T, Yang R, Siridechakorn I, Wang S, Guo Q, Bai Y, Shen HC, Lei X. De novo synthesis, structural assignment and biological evaluation of pseudopaline, a metallophore produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Chem Sci 2019; 10:6635-6641. [PMID: 31367316 PMCID: PMC6625496 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc01405e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudopaline is an opine carboxylate metallophore produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa for harvesting divalent metals. However, the structure of pseudopaline is not fully elucidated. Herein, we report the first de novo total synthesis and isolation of pseudopaline, which allows unambiguous determination and confirmation of both the absolute and the relative configuration of the natural product. The synthesis highlights an efficient and stereocontrolled route using the asymmetric Tsuji-Trost reaction as the key step. The preliminary structure-activity relationship study indicated that one pseudopaline derivative shows comparable activity to pseudopaline. Moreover, a pseudopaline-fluorescein conjugate was prepared and evaluated, which confirmed that pseudopaline could be transported in the bacteria. Since the metal acquisition by P. aeruginosa is crucial for its ability to cause diseases, our extensive structural and functional studies of pseudopaline may pave the way for developing new therapeutic strategies such as the "Trojan horse" antibiotic conjugate against P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education , Department of Chemical Biology , College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center , Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China .
| | - Tianhu Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education , Department of Chemical Biology , College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center , Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China .
| | - Rongwen Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education , Department of Chemical Biology , College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center , Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China .
| | - Ittipon Siridechakorn
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education , Department of Chemical Biology , College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center , Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China .
| | - Sanshan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education , Department of Chemical Biology , College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center , Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China .
| | - Qianqian Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education , Department of Chemical Biology , College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center , Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China .
| | - Yingjie Bai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education , Department of Chemical Biology , College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center , Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China .
| | - Hong C Shen
- Roche Innovation Center Shanghai , Roche Pharma Research & Early Development , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Xiaoguang Lei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education , Department of Chemical Biology , College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center , Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China .
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24
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Proteomic Analysis of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa Iron Starvation Response Reveals PrrF Small Regulatory RNA-Dependent Iron Regulation of Twitching Motility, Amino Acid Metabolism, and Zinc Homeostasis Proteins. J Bacteriol 2019; 201:JB.00754-18. [PMID: 30962354 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00754-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is a critical nutrient for most microbial pathogens, and the immune system exploits this requirement by sequestering iron. The opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa exhibits a high requirement for iron yet an exquisite ability to overcome iron deprivation during infection. Upon iron starvation, P. aeruginosa induces the expression of several high-affinity iron acquisition systems, as well as the PrrF small regulatory RNAs (sRNAs) that mediate an iron-sparing response. Here, we used liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to conduct proteomics of the iron starvation response of P. aeruginosa Iron starvation increased levels of multiple proteins involved in amino acid catabolism, providing the capacity for iron-independent entry of carbons into the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Proteins involved in sulfur assimilation and cysteine biosynthesis were reduced upon iron starvation, while proteins involved in iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis were increased, highlighting the central role of iron in P. aeruginosa metabolism. Iron starvation also resulted in changes in the expression of several zinc-responsive proteins and increased levels of twitching motility proteins. Subsequent analyses provided evidence for the regulation of many of these proteins via posttranscriptional regulatory events, some of which are dependent upon the PrrF sRNAs. Moreover, we showed that iron-regulated twitching motility is partially dependent upon the prrF locus, highlighting a novel link between the PrrF sRNAs and motility. These findings add to the known impacts of iron starvation in P. aeruginosa and outline potentially novel roles for the PrrF sRNAs in iron homeostasis and pathogenesis.IMPORTANCE Iron is central for growth and metabolism of almost all microbial pathogens, and as such, this element is sequestered by the host innate immune system to restrict microbial growth. Here, we used label-free proteomics to investigate the Pseudomonas aeruginosa iron starvation response, revealing a broad landscape of metabolic and metal homeostasis changes that have not previously been described. We further provide evidence that many of these processes, including twitching motility, are regulated through the iron-responsive PrrF small regulatory RNAs. As such, this study demonstrates the power of proteomics for defining stress responses of microbial pathogens.
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Hyslop JF, Lovelock SL, Watson AJB, Sutton PW, Roiban GD. N-Alkyl-α-amino acids in Nature and their biocatalytic preparation. J Biotechnol 2019; 293:56-65. [PMID: 30690098 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
N-Alkylated-α-amino acids are useful building blocks for the pharmaceutical and fine chemical industries. Enantioselective methods of N-alkylated-α-amino acid synthesis are therefore highly valuable and widely investigated. While there are a variety of chemical methods for their synthesis, they often employ stoichiometric quantities of hazardous reagents such as pyrophoric metal hydrides or genotoxic alkylating agents, whereas biocatalytic routes can provide a greener and cleaner alternative to existing methods. This review highlights the occurrence of the N-alkyl-α-amino acid motif and its role in nature, important applications towards human health and biocatalytic methods of preparation. Several enzyme classes that can be used to access chiral N-alkylated-α-amino acids and their substrate selectivities are detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia F Hyslop
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK; Advanced Manufacturing Technologies, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Sarah L Lovelock
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Allan J B Watson
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Peter W Sutton
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Group of Bioprocess Engineering and Applied Biocatalysis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalunya, Spain.
| | - Gheorghe-Doru Roiban
- Advanced Manufacturing Technologies, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK.
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Abstract
Copper-binding metallophores, or chalkophores, play a role in microbial copper homeostasis that is analogous to that of siderophores in iron homeostasis. The best-studied chalkophores are members of the methanobactin (Mbn) family-ribosomally produced, posttranslationally modified natural products first identified as copper chelators responsible for copper uptake in methane-oxidizing bacteria. To date, Mbns have been characterized exclusively in those species, but there is genomic evidence for their production in a much wider range of bacteria. This review addresses the current state of knowledge regarding the function, biosynthesis, transport, and regulation of Mbns. While the roles of several proteins in these processes are supported by substantial genetic and biochemical evidence, key aspects of Mbn manufacture, handling, and regulation remain unclear. In addition, other natural products that have been proposed to mediate copper uptake as well as metallophores that have biologically relevant roles involving copper binding, but not copper uptake, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace E Kenney
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA; ,
| | - Amy C Rosenzweig
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA; ,
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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27
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McFarlane JS, Davis CL, Lamb AL. Staphylopine, pseudopaline, and yersinopine dehydrogenases: A structural and kinetic analysis of a new functional class of opine dehydrogenase. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:8009-8019. [PMID: 29618515 PMCID: PMC5971449 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Opine dehydrogenases (ODHs) from the bacterial pathogens Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Yersinia pestis perform the final enzymatic step in the biosynthesis of a new class of opine metallophores, which includes staphylopine, pseudopaline, and yersinopine, respectively. Growing evidence indicates an important role for this pathway in metal acquisition and virulence, including in lung and burn-wound infections (P. aeruginosa) and in blood and heart infections (S. aureus). Here, we present kinetic and structural characterizations of these three opine dehydrogenases. A steady-state kinetic analysis revealed that the three enzymes differ in α-keto acid and NAD(P)H substrate specificity and nicotianamine-like substrate stereoselectivity. The structural basis for these differences was determined from five ODH X-ray crystal structures, ranging in resolution from 1.9 to 2.5 Å, with or without NADP+ bound. Variation in hydrogen bonding with NADPH suggested an explanation for the differential recognition of this substrate by these three enzymes. Our analysis further revealed candidate residues in the active sites required for binding of the α-keto acid and nicotianamine-like substrates and for catalysis. This work reports the first structural kinetic analyses of enzymes involved in opine metallophore biosynthesis in three important bacterial pathogens of humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S McFarlane
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
| | - Cara L Davis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
| | - Audrey L Lamb
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045; Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045.
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28
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Song L, Zhang Y, Chen W, Gu T, Zhang SY, Ji Q. Mechanistic insights into staphylopine-mediated metal acquisition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:3942-3947. [PMID: 29581261 PMCID: PMC5899449 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1718382115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Metal acquisition is vital to pathogens for successful infection within hosts. Staphylopine (StP), a broad-spectrum metallophore biosynthesized by the major human pathogen, Staphylococcus aureus, plays a central role in transition-metal acquisition and bacterial virulence. The StP-like biosynthesis loci are present in various pathogens, and the proteins responsible for StP/metal transportation have been determined. However, the molecular mechanisms of how StP/metal complexes are recognized and transported remain unknown. We report multiple structures of the extracytoplasmic solute-binding protein CntA from the StP/metal transportation system in apo form and in complex with StP and three different metals. We elucidated a sophisticated metal-bound StP recognition mechanism and determined that StP/metal binding triggers a notable interdomain conformational change in CntA. Furthermore, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated single-base substitution mutations and biochemical analysis highlight the importance of StP/metal recognition for StP/metal acquisition. These discoveries provide critical insights into the study of novel metal-acquisition mechanisms in microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiang Song
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, China
| | - Yifei Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, China
| | - Weizhong Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, China
| | - Tongnian Gu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, China
| | - Shu-Yu Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - Quanjiang Ji
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, China;
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29
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Gonzalez MR, Ducret V, Leoni S, Perron K. Pseudomonas aeruginosa zinc homeostasis: Key issues for an opportunistic pathogen. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2018; 1862:722-733. [PMID: 29410128 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2018.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Zinc is an essential trace element for almost all living organisms. In the opportunistic bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, zinc has been shown to play an important role in virulence, in colonization of the host organism and has also been shown to be involved in antibiotic resistance. P. aeruginosa possesses numerous systems enabling it to thrive in zinc-depleted conditions as well as high-zinc situations, two environments that are encountered during human infection. These capabilities account for its pathogenic strength. The main aim of this review is to focus on zinc homeostasis in P. aeruginosa and the genetic regulation of the systems involved. The interconnection with virulence, as well as the mechanism of co-regulation between metal and antibiotic resistance, are of prime interest for understanding the molecular mechanisms allowing P. aeruginosa to switch from its existence as a common environmental bacterium to a severe opportunistic pathogen. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Dynamic gene expression, edited by Prof. Patrick Viollier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel R Gonzalez
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, Sciences III, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Verena Ducret
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, Sciences III, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sara Leoni
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, Sciences III, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Karl Perron
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, Sciences III, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva and University of Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland.
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30
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Zhang J, Wang S, Bai Y, Guo Q, Zhou J, Lei X. Total Syntheses of Natural Metallophores Staphylopine and Aspergillomarasmine A. J Org Chem 2017; 82:13643-13648. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- School
of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Sanshan Wang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic
Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department
of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering,
Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center and Peking-Tsinghua Center
for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yingjie Bai
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic
Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department
of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering,
Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center and Peking-Tsinghua Center
for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qianqian Guo
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic
Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department
of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering,
Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center and Peking-Tsinghua Center
for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jiang Zhou
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic
Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department
of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering,
Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center and Peking-Tsinghua Center
for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaoguang Lei
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic
Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department
of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering,
Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center and Peking-Tsinghua Center
for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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