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Sebastiano J, Samuels ZV, Kao WS, Zeglis BM. Site-specific bioconjugation and nuclear imaging. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2024; 81:102471. [PMID: 38833913 PMCID: PMC11323144 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.102471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies and antibody fragments have proven to be highly effective vectors for the delivery of radionuclides to target tissues for positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). However, the stochastic methods that have traditionally been used to attach radioisotopes to these biomolecules inevitably produce poorly defined and heterogeneous probes and can impair the ability of the immunoglobulins to bind their molecular targets. In response to this challenge, an array of innovative site-specific and site-selective bioconjugation strategies have been developed, and these approaches have repeatedly been shown to yield better-defined and more homogeneous radioimmunoconjugates with superior in vivo performance than their randomly modified progenitors. In this Current Opinion in Chemical Biology review, we will examine recent advances in this field, including the development - and, in some cases, clinical translation - of nuclear imaging agents radiolabeled using strategies that target the heavy chain glycans, peptide tags, and unnatural amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joni Sebastiano
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA; Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, Graduate Center of City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zachary V Samuels
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA; Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wei-Siang Kao
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA; Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brian M Zeglis
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA; Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, Graduate Center of City University of New York, New York, NY, USA; Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of City University of New York, New York, NY, USA; Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
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2
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Wei Z, Li B, Wen X, Jakobsson V, Liu P, Chen X, Zhang J. Engineered Antibodies as Cancer Radiotheranostics. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2402361. [PMID: 38874523 PMCID: PMC11321656 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202402361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Radiotheranostics is a rapidly growing approach in personalized medicine, merging diagnostic imaging and targeted radiotherapy to allow for the precise detection and treatment of diseases, notably cancer. Radiolabeled antibodies have become indispensable tools in the field of cancer theranostics due to their high specificity and affinity for cancer-associated antigens, which allows for accurate targeting with minimal impact on surrounding healthy tissues, enhancing therapeutic efficacy while reducing side effects, immune-modulating ability, and versatility and flexibility in engineering and conjugation. However, there are inherent limitations in using antibodies as a platform for radiopharmaceuticals due to their natural activities within the immune system, large size preventing effective tumor penetration, and relatively long half-life with concerns for prolonged radioactivity exposure. Antibody engineering can solve these challenges while preserving the many advantages of the immunoglobulin framework. In this review, the goal is to give a general overview of antibody engineering and design for tumor radiotheranostics. Particularly, the four ways that antibody engineering is applied to enhance radioimmunoconjugates: pharmacokinetics optimization, site-specific bioconjugation, modulation of Fc interactions, and bispecific construct creation are discussed. The radionuclide choices for designed antibody radionuclide conjugates and conjugation techniques and future directions for antibody radionuclide conjugate innovation and advancement are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenni Wei
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingapore119074Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research ProgramNUS Center for NanomedicineYong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingapore117597Singapore
- Clinical Imaging Research CentreCentre for Translational MedicineYong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingapore117599Singapore
- Theranostics Center of Excellence (TCE)Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of Singapore11 Biopolis Way, HeliosSingapore138667Singapore
| | - Bingyu Li
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingapore119074Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research ProgramNUS Center for NanomedicineYong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingapore117597Singapore
- Clinical Imaging Research CentreCentre for Translational MedicineYong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingapore117599Singapore
- Theranostics Center of Excellence (TCE)Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of Singapore11 Biopolis Way, HeliosSingapore138667Singapore
| | - Xuejun Wen
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingapore119074Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research ProgramNUS Center for NanomedicineYong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingapore117597Singapore
- Clinical Imaging Research CentreCentre for Translational MedicineYong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingapore117599Singapore
- Theranostics Center of Excellence (TCE)Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of Singapore11 Biopolis Way, HeliosSingapore138667Singapore
| | - Vivianne Jakobsson
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingapore119074Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research ProgramNUS Center for NanomedicineYong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingapore117597Singapore
- Clinical Imaging Research CentreCentre for Translational MedicineYong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingapore117599Singapore
| | - Peifei Liu
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingapore119074Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research ProgramNUS Center for NanomedicineYong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingapore117597Singapore
- Clinical Imaging Research CentreCentre for Translational MedicineYong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingapore117599Singapore
- Theranostics Center of Excellence (TCE)Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of Singapore11 Biopolis Way, HeliosSingapore138667Singapore
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingapore119074Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research ProgramNUS Center for NanomedicineYong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingapore117597Singapore
- Clinical Imaging Research CentreCentre for Translational MedicineYong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingapore117599Singapore
- Theranostics Center of Excellence (TCE)Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of Singapore11 Biopolis Way, HeliosSingapore138667Singapore
- Departments of SurgeryChemical and Biomolecular Engineeringand Biomedical EngineeringYong Loo Lin School of Medicine and College of Design and EngineeringNational University of SingaporeSingapore119074Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell BiologyAgency for ScienceTechnologyand Research (A*STAR)61 Biopolis Drive, ProteosSingapore138673Singapore
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingapore119074Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research ProgramNUS Center for NanomedicineYong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingapore117597Singapore
- Clinical Imaging Research CentreCentre for Translational MedicineYong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingapore117599Singapore
- Theranostics Center of Excellence (TCE)Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of Singapore11 Biopolis Way, HeliosSingapore138667Singapore
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3
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Delaney S, Nagy Á, Karlström AE, Zeglis BM. Site-Specific Photoaffinity Bioconjugation for the Creation of 89Zr-Labeled Radioimmunoconjugates. Mol Imaging Biol 2023; 25:1104-1114. [PMID: 37052759 PMCID: PMC10570397 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-023-01818-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Site-specific approaches to bioconjugation produce well-defined and homogeneous immunoconjugates with potential for superior in vivo behavior compared to analogs synthesized using traditional, stochastic methods. The possibility of incorporating photoaffinity chemistry into a site-specific bioconjugation strategy is particularly enticing, as it could simplify and accelerate the preparation of homogeneous immunoconjugates for the clinic. In this investigation, we report the synthesis, in vitro characterization, and in vivo evaluation of a site-specifically modified, 89Zr-labeled radioimmunoconjugate created via the reaction between an mAb and an Fc-binding protein bearing a photoactivatable 4-benzoylphenylalanine residue. PROCEDURES A variant of the Fc-binding Z domain of protein A containing a photoactivatable, 4-benzoylphenylalanine residue - Z(35BPA) - was modified with desferrioxamine (DFO), combined with the A33 antigen-targeting mAb huA33, and irradiated with UV light. The resulting immunoconjugate - DFOZ(35BPA)-huA33 - was purified and characterized via SDS-PAGE, MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry, surface plasmon resonance, and flow cytometry. The radiolabeling of DFOZ(35BPA)-huA33 was optimized to produce [89Zr]Zr-DFOZ(35BPA)-huA33, and the immunoreactivity of the radioimmunoconjugate was determined with SW1222 human colorectal cancer cells. Finally, the in vivo performance of [89Zr]Zr-DFOZ(35BPA)-huA33 in mice bearing subcutaneous SW1222 xenografts was interrogated via PET imaging and biodistribution experiments and compared to that of a stochastically labeled control radioimmunoconjugate, [89Zr]Zr-DFO-huA33. RESULTS HuA33 was site-specifically modified with Z(35BPA)-DFO, producing an immunoconjugate with on average 1 DFO/mAb, high in vitro stability, and high affinity for its target. [89Zr]Zr-DFOZ(35BPA)-huA33 was synthesized in 95% radiochemical yield and exhibited a specific activity of 2 mCi/mg and an immunoreactive fraction of ~ 0.85. PET imaging and biodistribution experiments revealed that high concentrations of the radioimmunoconjugate accumulated in tumor tissue (i.e., ~ 40%ID/g at 120 h p.i.) but also that the Z(35BPA)-bearing immunoPET probe produced higher uptake in the liver, spleen, and kidneys than its stochastically modified cousin, [89Zr]Zr-DFO-huA33. CONCLUSIONS Photoaffinity chemistry and an Fc-binding variant of the Z domain were successfully leveraged to create a novel site-specific strategy for the synthesis of radioimmunoconjugates. The probe synthesized using this method - DFOZ(35BPA)-huA33 - was well-defined and homogeneous, and the resulting radioimmunoconjugate ([89Zr]Zr-DFOZ(35BPA)-huA33) boasted high specific activity, stability, and immunoreactivity. While the site-specifically modified radioimmunoconjugate produced high activity concentrations in tumor tissue, it also yielded higher uptake in healthy organs than a stochastically modified analog, suggesting that optimization of this system is necessary prior to clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Delaney
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
- Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ábel Nagy
- Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Amelie Eriksson Karlström
- Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Brian M Zeglis
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.
- Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
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4
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Bauer D, Cornejo MA, Hoang TT, Lewis JS, Zeglis BM. Click Chemistry and Radiochemistry: An Update. Bioconjug Chem 2023; 34:1925-1950. [PMID: 37737084 PMCID: PMC10655046 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
The term "click chemistry" describes a class of organic transformations that were developed to make chemical synthesis simpler and easier, in essence allowing chemists to combine molecular subunits as if they were puzzle pieces. Over the last 25 years, the click chemistry toolbox has swelled from the canonical copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition to encompass an array of ligations, including bioorthogonal variants, such as the strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition and the inverse electron-demand Diels-Alder reaction. Without question, the rise of click chemistry has impacted all areas of chemical and biological science. Yet the unique traits of radiopharmaceutical chemistry have made it particularly fertile ground for this technology. In this update, we seek to provide a comprehensive guide to recent developments at the intersection of click chemistry and radiopharmaceutical chemistry and to illuminate several exciting trends in the field, including the use of emergent click transformations in radiosynthesis, the clinical translation of novel probes synthesized using click chemistry, and the advent of click-based in vivo pretargeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bauer
- Department
of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer
Center, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Mike A. Cornejo
- Department
of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer
Center, New York, New York 10021, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University
of New York, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Ph.D.
Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of
the City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Tran T. Hoang
- Department
of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer
Center, New York, New York 10021, United States
- Department
of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Jason S. Lewis
- Department
of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer
Center, New York, New York 10021, United States
- Department
of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York 10021, New York United States
| | - Brian M. Zeglis
- Department
of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer
Center, New York, New York 10021, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University
of New York, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Ph.D.
Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of
the City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
- Department
of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Department
of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York 10021, New York United States
- Ph.D.
Program
in Biochemistry, Graduate Center of the
City University of New York, New
York, New York 10016, United States
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5
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Yue TC, Ge Y, Aprile FA, Ma MT, Pham TT, Long NJ. Site-Specific 68Ga Radiolabeling of Trastuzumab Fab via Methionine for ImmunoPET Imaging. Bioconjug Chem 2023; 34:1802-1810. [PMID: 37751398 PMCID: PMC10587866 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Bioconjugates of antibodies and their derivatives radiolabeled with β+-emitting radionuclides can be utilized for diagnostic PET imaging. Site-specific attachment of radioactive cargo to antibody delivery vectors provides homogeneous, well-defined immunoconjugates. Recent studies have demonstrated the utility of oxaziridine chemistry for site-specific labeling of methionine residues. Herein, we applied this approach to site-specifically radiolabel trastuzumab-derived Fab immunoconjugates with 68Ga, which can be used for in vivo PET imaging of HER2-positive breast cancer tumors. Initially, a reactive azide was introduced to a single solvent-accessible methionine residue in both the wild-type Fab and an engineered derivative containing methionine residue M74, utilizing the principles of oxaziridine chemistry. Subsequently, these conjugates were functionalized with a modified DFO chelator incorporating dibenzocyclooctyne. The resulting DFO-WT and DFO-M74 conjugates were radiolabeled with generator-produced [68Ga]Ga3+, to yield the novel PET radiotracers, [68Ga]Ga-DFO-WT and [68Ga]Ga-DFO-M74. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated that [68Ga]Ga-DFO-M74 exhibited a higher affinity for HER2 receptors. Biodistribution studies in mice bearing orthotopic HER2-positive breast tumors revealed a higher uptake of [68Ga]Ga-DFO-M74 in the tumor tissue, accompanied by rapid renal clearance, enabling clear delineation of tumors using PET imaging. Conversely, [68Ga]Ga-DFO-WT exhibited lower uptake and inferior image contrast compared to [68Ga]Ga-DFO-M74. Overall, the results demonstrate that the highly facile methionine-oxaziridine modification approach can be simply applied to the synthesis of stable and site-specifically modified radiolabeled antibody-chelator conjugates with favorable pharmacokinetics for PET imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas
T. C. Yue
- Department
of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W120BZ, U.K.
- School
of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, Fourth Floor Lambeth Wing, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London SE17EH, U.K.
| | - Ying Ge
- Department
of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W120BZ, U.K.
| | - Francesco A. Aprile
- Department
of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology, Molecular Sciences
Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W120BZ, U.K.
| | - Michelle T. Ma
- School
of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, Fourth Floor Lambeth Wing, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London SE17EH, U.K.
| | - Truc T. Pham
- School
of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, Fourth Floor Lambeth Wing, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London SE17EH, U.K.
| | - Nicholas J. Long
- Department
of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology, Molecular Sciences
Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W120BZ, U.K.
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6
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Rodriguez C, Delaney S, Sebastiano J, Sarrett SM, Cornejo MA, Thau S, Hosny MM, Zeglis BM. Site-selective radiolabeling using mushroom tyrosinase and the strain-promoted oxidation-controlled 1,2-quinone cycloaddition. RSC Adv 2023; 13:17705-17709. [PMID: 37313000 PMCID: PMC10258682 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra03486k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the in vitro characterization and in vivo evaluation of a novel 89Zr-labeled radioimmunoconjugate synthesized using a site-selective bioconjugation strategy based on the oxidation of tyrosinase residues exposed by the deglycosylation of the IgG and the subsequent strain-promoted oxidation-controlled 1,2-quinone cycloaddition between these amino acids and trans-cyclooctene-bearing cargoes. More specifically, we site-selectively modified a variant of the A33 antigen-targeting antibody huA33 with the chelator desferrioxamine (DFO), thereby producing an immunoconjugate (DFO-SPOCQhuA33) with equivalent antigen binding affinity to its parent immunoglobulin but attenuated affinity for the FcγRI receptor. This construct was subsequently radiolabeled with [89Zr]Zr4+ to create a radioimmunoconjugate - [89Zr]Zr-DFO-SPOCQhuA33 - in high yield and specific activity that exhibited excellent in vivo behavior in two murine models of human colorectal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Rodriguez
- PhD Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York New York New York 10016 USA
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University of New York New York New York 10065 USA
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York New York 10021 USA
| | - Samantha Delaney
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University of New York New York New York 10065 USA
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York New York 10021 USA
- PhD Program in Biochemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York New York New York 10016 USA
| | - Joni Sebastiano
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University of New York New York New York 10065 USA
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York New York 10021 USA
- PhD Program in Biochemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York New York New York 10016 USA
| | - Samantha M Sarrett
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University of New York New York New York 10065 USA
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York New York 10021 USA
- PhD Program in Biochemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York New York New York 10016 USA
| | - Mike A Cornejo
- PhD Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York New York New York 10016 USA
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University of New York New York New York 10065 USA
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York New York 10021 USA
| | - Sarah Thau
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University of New York New York New York 10065 USA
| | - Meena M Hosny
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University of New York New York New York 10065 USA
| | - Brian M Zeglis
- PhD Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York New York New York 10016 USA
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University of New York New York New York 10065 USA
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York New York 10021 USA
- PhD Program in Biochemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York New York New York 10016 USA
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College New York New York 10021 USA
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7
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Martin KE, Mattocks JA, Śmiłowicz D, Aluicio-Sarduy E, Whetter JN, Engle JW, Cotruvo JA, Boros E. Radiolabeling and in vivo evaluation of lanmodulin with biomedically relevant lanthanide isotopes. RSC Chem Biol 2023; 4:414-421. [PMID: 37292057 PMCID: PMC10246553 DOI: 10.1039/d3cb00020f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Short-lived, radioactive lanthanides comprise an emerging class of radioisotopes attractive for biomedical imaging and therapy applications. To deliver such isotopes to target tissues, they must be appended to entities that target antigens overexpressed on the target cell's surface. However, the thermally sensitive nature of biomolecule-derived targeting vectors requires the incorporation of these isotopes without the use of denaturing temperatures or extreme pH conditions; chelating systems that can capture large radioisotopes under mild conditions are therefore highly desirable. Herein, we demonstrate the successful radiolabeling of the lanthanide-binding protein, lanmodulin (LanM), with medicinally relevant radioisotopes: 177Lu, 132/135La and 89Zr. Radiolabeling of the endogenous metal-binding sites of LanM, as well exogenous labeling of a protein-appended chelator, was successfully conducted at 25 °C and pH 7 with radiochemical yields ranging from 20-82%. The corresponding radiolabeled constructs possess good formulation stability in pH 7 MOPS buffer over 24 hours (>98%) in the presence of 2 equivalents of natLa carrier. In vivo experiments with [177Lu]-LanM, [132/135La]-LanM, and a prostate cancer targeting-vector linked conjugate, [132/135La]-LanM-PSMA, reveal that endogenously labeled constructs produce bone uptake in vivo. Exogenous, chelator-tag mediated radiolabeling to produce [89Zr]-DFO-LanM enables further study of the protein's in vivo behavior, demonstrating low bone and liver uptake, and renal clearance of the protein itself. While these results indicate that additional stabilization of LanM is required, this study establishes precedence for the radiochemical labeling of LanM with medically relevant lanthanide radioisotopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten E Martin
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook New York 11794 USA
| | - Joseph A Mattocks
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park Pennsylvania 16802 USA
| | - Dariusz Śmiłowicz
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook New York 11794 USA
| | - Eduardo Aluicio-Sarduy
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin Madison Wisconsin 53705 USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin Madison Wisconsin 53705 USA
| | - Jennifer N Whetter
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook New York 11794 USA
| | - Jonathan W Engle
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin Madison Wisconsin 53705 USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin Madison Wisconsin 53705 USA
| | - Joseph A Cotruvo
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park Pennsylvania 16802 USA
| | - Eszter Boros
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook New York 11794 USA
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8
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Bauer D, Sarrett SM, Lewis JS, Zeglis BM. Click chemistry: a transformative technology in nuclear medicine. Nat Protoc 2023; 18:1659-1668. [PMID: 37100960 PMCID: PMC10293801 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-023-00825-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
The 2022 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Professors K. Barry Sharpless, Morten Meldal and Carolyn Bertozzi for their pioneering roles in the advent of click chemistry. Sharpless and Meldal worked to develop the canonical click reaction-the copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition-while Bertozzi opened new frontiers with the creation of the bioorthogonal strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition. These two reactions have revolutionized chemical and biological science by facilitating selective, high yielding, rapid and clean ligations and by providing unprecedented ways to manipulate living systems. Click chemistry has affected every aspect of chemistry and chemical biology, but few disciplines have been impacted as much as radiopharmaceutical chemistry. The importance of speed and selectivity in radiochemistry make it an almost tailor-made application of click chemistry. In this Perspective, we discuss the ways in which the copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition, the strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition and a handful of 'next-generation' click reactions have transformed radiopharmaceutical chemistry, both as tools for more efficient radiosyntheses and as linchpins of technologies that have the potential to improve nuclear medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bauer
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samantha M Sarrett
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
- Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jason S Lewis
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Brian M Zeglis
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.
- Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.
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9
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Koehler C, Sauter PF, Klasen B, Waldmann C, Pektor S, Bausbacher N, Lemke EA, Miederer M. Genetic Code Expansion for Site-Specific Labeling of Antibodies with Radioisotopes. ACS Chem Biol 2023; 18:443-448. [PMID: 36889678 PMCID: PMC10029752 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Due to their target specificity, antibody-drug conjugates─monoclonal antibodies conjugated to a cytotoxic moiety─are efficient therapeutics that can kill malignant cells overexpressing a target gene. Linking an antibody with radioisotopes (radioimmunoconjugates) enables powerful diagnostics and/or closely related therapeutic applications, depending on the isotope. To generate site-specific radioimmunoconjugates, we utilized genetic code expansion and subsequent conjugation by inverse electron-demand Diels-Alder cycloaddition reactions. We show that, using this approach, site-specific labeling of trastuzumab with either zirconium-89 (89Zr) for diagnostics or lutetium-177 (177Lu) for therapeutics yields efficient radioimmunoconjugates. Positron emission tomography imaging revealed a high accumulation of site-specifically 89Zr-labeled trastuzumab in tumors after 24 h and low accumulation in other organs. The corresponding 177Lu-trastuzumab radioimmunoconjugates were comparably distributed in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Koehler
- VERAXA
Biotech GmbH, Carl-Friedrich
Gauß-Ring 5, 69124 Heidelberg, Germany
- Structural
and Computational Biology Unit, European
Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paul F. Sauter
- VERAXA
Biotech GmbH, Carl-Friedrich
Gauß-Ring 5, 69124 Heidelberg, Germany
- Structural
and Computational Biology Unit, European
Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benedikt Klasen
- Department
of Chemistry, TRIGA site, Johannes Gutenberg
University, Fritz-Strassmann-Weg 2, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christopher Waldmann
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical
Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefanie Pektor
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical
Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Nicole Bausbacher
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical
Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Edward A. Lemke
- BIOCENTER, Johannes Gutenberg University, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 17, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- IMB
Institute
of Molecular Biology, gGmbH, Ackermannweg 4, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Miederer
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical
Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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10
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Rodriguez C, Delaney S, Sarrett SM, Keinänen OM, Zeglis BM. Antibody Engineering for Nuclear Imaging and Radioimmunotherapy. J Nucl Med 2022; 63:1316-1322. [PMID: 35863894 PMCID: PMC9454464 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.122.263861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiolabeled antibodies have become indispensable tools in nuclear medicine. However, the natural roles of antibodies within the immune system mean that they have several intrinsic limitations as a platform for radiopharmaceuticals. In recent years, the field has increasingly turned to antibody engineering to circumvent these issues while retaining the manifold benefits of the immunoglobulin framework. In this "Focus on Molecular Imaging" review, we cover recent advances in the application of antibody engineering to immunoPET, immunoSPECT, and radioimmunotherapy. Specifically, we address how antibody engineering has been used to improve radioimmunoconjugates on four fronts: optimizing pharmacokinetics, facilitating site-specific bioconjugation, modulating Fc interactions, and creating bispecific constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of City University of New York, New York, New York
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Samantha Delaney
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, Graduate Center of City University of New York, New York, New York
| | - Samantha M Sarrett
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, Graduate Center of City University of New York, New York, New York
| | - Outi M Keinänen
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; and
| | - Brian M Zeglis
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York;
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of City University of New York, New York, New York
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, Graduate Center of City University of New York, New York, New York
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
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11
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Sarrett SM, Rodriguez C, Rymarczyk G, Hosny MM, Keinänen O, Delaney S, Thau S, Krantz BA, Zeglis BM. Lysine-Directed Site-Selective Bioconjugation for the Creation of Radioimmunoconjugates. Bioconjug Chem 2022; 33:1750-1760. [PMID: 35946495 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.2c00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of radioimmunoconjugates via the stochastic attachment of bifunctional chelators to lysines can yield heterogeneous products with suboptimal in vitro and in vivo behavior. In response to this, several site-selective approaches to bioconjugation have been developed, yet each has intrinsic drawbacks, such as the need for expensive reagents or the complexity of incorporating unnatural amino acids into IgGs. Herein, we describe the use of a simple and facile approach to lysine-directed site-selective bioconjugation for the generation of radioimmunoconjugates. This strategy relies upon on the selective modification of single lysine residues within each light chain of the monoclonal antibody (mAb) with a branched azide-bearing perfluorophenyl ester (PFP-bisN3) followed by the ligation of dibenzocyclooctyne (DBCO)-bearing payloads to these bioorthogonal handles via the strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition. This methodology was used to create [89Zr]Zr-SSKDFO-pertuzumab, a radioimmunoconjugate of the HER2-targeting mAb pertuzumab labeled with desferrioxamine (DFO) and the positron-emitting radiometal zirconium-89 (89Zr). [89Zr]Zr-SSKDFO-pertuzumab was compared to a pair of analogous probes: one synthesized via random lysine modification ([89Zr]Zr-DFO-pertuzumab) and another via thiol-maleimide chemistry ([89Zr]Zr-malDFO-pertuzumab). The bioconjugation strategy was assessed using ESI mass spectrometry, SDS-PAGE, and autoradiography. All three immunoconjugates demonstrated comparable binding to HER2 via flow cytometry and surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and 89Zr-labeled variants of each were synthesized in >99% radiochemical yield and molar activities of up to ∼55.5 GBq/μmol (10 mCi/mg). Subsequently, the in vivo behavior of this trio of 89Zr-immunoPET probes was interrogated in athymic nude mice bearing subcutaneous HER2-expressing BT-474 human breast cancer xenografts. [89Zr]Zr-SSKDFO-pertuzumab, [89Zr]Zr-malDFO-pertuzumab, and [89Zr]Zr-DFO-pertuzumab produced positron emission tomography (PET) images with high tumoral uptake and high tumor-to-healthy organ activity concentration ratios. A terminal biodistribution study complemented the PET results, revealing tumoral activity concentrations of 126.9 ± 50.3%ID/g, 86.9 ± 53.2%ID/g, and 92.5 ± 27.2%ID/g at 144 h post-injection for [89Zr]Zr-SSKDFO-pertuzumab, [89Zr]Zr-malDFO-pertuzumab, and [89Zr]Zr-DFO-pertuzumab, respectively. Taken together, the data clearly illustrate that this highly modular and facile approach to site-selective bioconjugation produces radioimmunoconjugates that are better-defined and more homogeneous than stochastically modified constructs and also exhibit excellent in vitro and in vivo performance. Furthermore, we contend that this lysine-directed strategy holds several key advantages over extant approaches to site-selective bioconjugation, especially in the context of production for the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Sarrett
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York 10065, United States.,Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States.,Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Cindy Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York 10065, United States.,Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, United States.,Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Grzegorz Rymarczyk
- Advanced Proteome Therapeutics Inc, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Meena M Hosny
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Outi Keinänen
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York 10065, United States.,Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00100, Finland
| | - Samantha Delaney
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York 10065, United States.,Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States.,Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Sarah Thau
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Benjamin A Krantz
- Advanced Proteome Therapeutics Inc, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States.,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Brian M Zeglis
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York 10065, United States.,Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States.,Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, United States.,Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States.,Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10021, United States
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12
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Fernandes EFA, Wilbs J, Raavé R, Jacobsen CB, Toftelund H, Helleberg H, Boswinkel M, Heskamp S, Gustafsson MBF, Bjørnsdottir I. Comparison of the Tissue Distribution of a Long-Circulating Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Agonist Determined by Positron Emission Tomography and Quantitative Whole-Body Autoradiography. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2022; 5:616-624. [DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.2c00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonas Wilbs
- Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park 1, DK-2760 Måløv, Denmark
| | - Rene Raavé
- Radboudumc, Department of Medical Imaging − Nuclear Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Borch Jacobsen
- Isotope Chemistry, CMC Development, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park 1, DK-2760 Måløv, Denmark
| | - Hanne Toftelund
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park 1, DK-2760 Måløv, Denmark
| | - Hans Helleberg
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park 1, DK-2760 Måløv, Denmark
| | - Milou Boswinkel
- Radboudumc, Department of Medical Imaging − Nuclear Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Heskamp
- Radboudumc, Department of Medical Imaging − Nuclear Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Inga Bjørnsdottir
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park 1, DK-2760 Måløv, Denmark
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13
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Mattocks JA, Cotruvo JA, Deblonde GJP. Engineering lanmodulin's selectivity for actinides over lanthanides by controlling solvent coordination and second-sphere interactions. Chem Sci 2022; 13:6054-6066. [PMID: 35685815 PMCID: PMC9132084 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01261h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing chelators that combine high affinity and selectivity for lanthanides and/or actinides is paramount for numerous industries, including rare earths mining, nuclear waste management, and cancer medicine. In particular, achieving selectivity between actinides and lanthanides is notoriously difficult. The protein lanmodulin (LanM) is one of Nature's most selective chelators for trivalent actinides and lanthanides. However, mechanistic understanding of LanM's affinity and selectivity for f-elements remains limited. In order to decipher, and possibly improve, the features of LanM's metal-binding sites that contribute to this actinide/lanthanide selectivity, we characterized five LanM variants, substituting the aspartate residue at the 9th position of each metal-binding site with asparagine, histidine, alanine, methionine, and selenomethionine. Spectroscopic measurements with lanthanides (Nd3+ and Eu3+) and actinides (243Am3+ and 248Cm3+) reveal that, contrary to the behavior of small chelator complexes, metal-coordinated water molecules enhance LanM's affinity for f-elements and pH-stability of its complexes. Furthermore, the results show that the native aspartate does not coordinate the metal directly but rather hydrogen bonds to coordinated solvent. By tuning this first-sphere/second-sphere interaction, the asparagine variant nearly doubles LanM's selectivity for actinides versus lanthanides. This study not only clarifies the essential role of coordinated solvent for LanM's physiological function and separation applications, but it also demonstrates that LanM's preference for actinides over lanthanides can be further improved. More broadly, it demonstrates how biomolecular scaffolds possess an expanded repertoire of tunable interactions compared to most small-molecule ligands – providing an avenue for high-performance LanM-based actinide/lanthanide separation methods and bio-engineered chelators optimized for specific medical isotopes. Nature’s most potent protein for f-elements, lanmodulin, relies on subtle first-sphere/second-sphere interactions to bind metal ions. Dissecting lanmodulin’s binding mechanism yielded variants with enhanced actinide/lanthanide selectivity.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A. Mattocks
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Joseph A. Cotruvo
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Gauthier J.-P. Deblonde
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
- Glenn T. Seaborg Institute, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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14
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Farleigh M, Pham TT, Yu Z, Kim J, Sunassee K, Firth G, Forte N, Chudasama V, Baker JR, Long NJ, Rivas C, Ma MT. New Bifunctional Chelators Incorporating Dibromomaleimide Groups for Radiolabeling of Antibodies with Positron Emission Tomography Imaging Radioisotopes. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:1214-1222. [PMID: 33724798 PMCID: PMC8299457 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging with antibody-based contrast agents frequently uses the radioisotopes [64Cu]Cu2+ and [89Zr]Zr4+. The macrobicyclic chelator commonly known as sarcophagine (sar) is ideal for labeling receptor-targeted biomolecules with [64Cu]Cu2+. The siderophore chelator, desferrioxamine-B (dfo), has been widely used to incorporate [89Zr]Zr4+ into antibodies. Here, we describe new bifunctional chelators of sar and dfo: these chelators have been functionalized with dibromomaleimides (dbm), that enable site-specific and highly stable attachment of molecular cargoes to reduced, solvent-accessible, interstrand native disulfide groups. The new sar-dbm and dfo-dbm derivatives can be easily conjugated with the IgG antibody trastuzumab via reaction with reduced interstrand disulfide groups to give site-specifically modified dithiomaleamic acid (dtm) conjugates, sar-dtm-trastuzumab and dfo-dtm-trastuzumab, in which interstrand disulfides are rebridged covalently with a small molecule linker. Both sar- and dfo-dtm-trastuzumab conjugates have been radiolabeled with [64Cu]Cu2+ and [89Zr]Zr4+, respectively, in near quantitative radiochemical yield (>99%). Serum stability studies, in vivo PET imaging, and biodistribution analyses using these radiolabeled immunoconjugates demonstrate that both [64Cu]Cu-sar-dtm-trastuzumab and [89Zr]Zr-dfo-dtm-trastuzumab possess high stability in biological milieu. Dibromomaleimide technology can be easily applied to enable stable, site-specific attachment of radiolabeled chelators, such as sar and dfo, to native interstrand disulfide regions of antibodies, enabling tracking of antibodies with PET imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Farleigh
- School
of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, U.K.
| | - Truc Thuy Pham
- School
of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, U.K.
| | - Zilin Yu
- School
of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, U.K.
| | - Jana Kim
- School
of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, U.K.
| | - Kavitha Sunassee
- School
of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, U.K.
| | - George Firth
- School
of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, U.K.
| | - Nafsika Forte
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
| | - Vijay Chudasama
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
| | - James R. Baker
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
| | - Nicholas J. Long
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular
Sciences Research Hub, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | - Charlotte Rivas
- School
of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, U.K.
| | - Michelle T. Ma
- School
of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, U.K.
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15
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Walsh SJ, Bargh JD, Dannheim FM, Hanby AR, Seki H, Counsell AJ, Ou X, Fowler E, Ashman N, Takada Y, Isidro-Llobet A, Parker JS, Carroll JS, Spring DR. Site-selective modification strategies in antibody-drug conjugates. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:1305-1353. [PMID: 33290462 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00310g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) harness the highly specific targeting capabilities of an antibody to deliver a cytotoxic payload to specific cell types. They have garnered widespread interest in drug discovery, particularly in oncology, as discrimination between healthy and malignant tissues or cells can be achieved. Nine ADCs have received approval from the US Food and Drug Administration and more than 80 others are currently undergoing clinical investigations for a range of solid tumours and haematological malignancies. Extensive research over the past decade has highlighted the critical nature of the linkage strategy adopted to attach the payload to the antibody. Whilst early generation ADCs were primarily synthesised as heterogeneous mixtures, these were found to have sub-optimal pharmacokinetics, stability, tolerability and/or efficacy. Efforts have now shifted towards generating homogeneous constructs with precise drug loading and predetermined, controlled sites of attachment. Homogeneous ADCs have repeatedly demonstrated superior overall pharmacological profiles compared to their heterogeneous counterparts. A wide range of methods have been developed in the pursuit of homogeneity, comprising chemical or enzymatic methods or a combination thereof to afford precise modification of specific amino acid or sugar residues. In this review, we discuss advances in chemical and enzymatic methods for site-specific antibody modification that result in the generation of homogeneous ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Walsh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
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16
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Dewulf J, Adhikari K, Vangestel C, Wyngaert TVD, Elvas F. Development of Antibody Immuno-PET/SPECT Radiopharmaceuticals for Imaging of Oncological Disorders-An Update. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1868. [PMID: 32664521 PMCID: PMC7408676 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) are molecular imaging strategies that typically use radioactively labeled ligands to selectively visualize molecular targets. The nanomolar sensitivity of PET and SPECT combined with the high specificity and affinity of monoclonal antibodies have shown great potential in oncology imaging. Over the past decades a wide range of radio-isotopes have been developed into immuno-SPECT/PET imaging agents, made possible by novel conjugation strategies (e.g., site-specific labeling, click chemistry) and optimization and development of novel radiochemistry procedures. In addition, new strategies such as pretargeting and the use of antibody fragments have entered the field of immuno-PET/SPECT expanding the range of imaging applications. Non-invasive imaging techniques revealing tumor antigen biodistribution, expression and heterogeneity have the potential to contribute to disease diagnosis, therapy selection, patient stratification and therapy response prediction achieving personalized treatments for each patient and therefore assisting in clinical decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan Dewulf
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (J.D.); (C.V.); (T.V.D.W.)
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Wilrijkstraat 10, B-2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - Karuna Adhikari
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium;
| | - Christel Vangestel
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (J.D.); (C.V.); (T.V.D.W.)
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Wilrijkstraat 10, B-2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - Tim Van Den Wyngaert
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (J.D.); (C.V.); (T.V.D.W.)
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Wilrijkstraat 10, B-2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - Filipe Elvas
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (J.D.); (C.V.); (T.V.D.W.)
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Wilrijkstraat 10, B-2650 Edegem, Belgium
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17
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Ahn SH, Iuliano JN, Boros E. Trivalent metal complex geometry of the substrate governs cathepsin B enzymatic cleavage rate. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:7289-7292. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc02862b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The identity of the trivalent metal ion controls the rate of the enzymatic cleavage of a series of metal-complexed cathepsin B substrates. Increasing the distance between the metal complex and the enzyme cleavage site diminishes this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Hye Ahn
- Department of Chemistry
- Stony Brook University
- 100 Nicolls Rd
- Stony Brook
- New York
| | - James N. Iuliano
- Department of Chemistry
- Stony Brook University
- 100 Nicolls Rd
- Stony Brook
- New York
| | - Eszter Boros
- Department of Chemistry
- Stony Brook University
- 100 Nicolls Rd
- Stony Brook
- New York
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