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Kolossov VL, Kanakaraju K, Sarkar S, Arogundade OH, Kuo CW, Mara NR, Smith AM. Quantum Dot-Fab' Conjugates as Compact Immunolabels for Microtubule Imaging and Cell Classification. ACS NANO 2024; 18:15084-15095. [PMID: 38815170 PMCID: PMC11262708 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c02215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Antibodies and their conjugates of fluorescent labels are widely applied in life sciences research and clinical pathology. Among diverse label types, compact quantum dots (QDs) provide advantages of multispectral multiplexing, bright signals in the deep red and infrared, and low steric hindrance. However, QD-antibody conjugates have random orientation of the antigen-binding domain which may interfere with labeling and are large (20-30 nm) and heterogeneous, which limits penetration into biospecimens. Here, we develop conjugates of compact QDs and Fab' antibody fragments as primary immunolabels. Fab' fragments are conjugated site-specifically through sulfhydryl groups distal to antigen-binding domains, and the multivalent conjugates have small and homogeneous sizes (∼12 nm) near those of full-sized antibodies. Their performance as immunolabels for intracellular antigens is evaluated quantitatively by metrics of microtubule labeling density and connectivity in fixed cells and for cytological identification in fixed brain specimens, comparing results with probes based on spectrally-matched dyes. QD-Fab' conjugates outperformed QD conjugates of full-sized antibodies and could be imaged with bright signals with 1-photon and 2-photon excitation. The results demonstrate a requirement for smaller bioaffinity agents and site-specific orientation for the success of nanomaterial-based labels to enhance penetration in biospecimens and minimize nonspecific staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir L Kolossov
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Kaviamuthan Kanakaraju
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Suresh Sarkar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342037, India
| | - Opeyemi H Arogundade
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Chia-Wei Kuo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Nihar R Mara
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Andrew M Smith
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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2
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Schüttel M, Heinis C. High-Density Immobilization of TCEP on Silica Beads for Efficient Disulfide Reduction and Thiol Alkylation in Peptides. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202300592. [PMID: 38047532 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Tris-(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP) linked to agarose beads is widely used for reducing disulfide bridges in proteins and peptides. The immobilization of TCEP on beads allows efficient removal after reduction to prevent its reaction with alkylating reagents and thus interference with conjugation reactions. However, a limitation of agarose TCEP is its relatively low reduction capacity per milliliter of wet beads (about 15 μmol/ml), making it unsuitable for the reduction of disulfides from molecules at millimolar concentrations. In this work, we tested the immobilization of TCEP to a range of different solid supports and found that conjugation to silica gel offers TCEP beads with about 8-fold higher reduction capacity (129±16 μmol/ml wet beads). We show that it allows reducing disulfide-cyclized peptides at millimolar concentrations for subsequent cyclization by bis-electrophile linker reagents. Given the substantially higher reduction capacity, the robust performance in different solvents, the low cost of the silica gel, and the ease of functionalization with TCEP, the silica gel-TCEP is suited for reducing disulfide bridges in essentially any peptide and is particularly useful for reducing peptides at higher concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mischa Schüttel
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christian Heinis
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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3
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Kirley TL, Norman AB. Novel partial reduction of the humanized anti-cocaine mAb h2E2 for selective cysteine labeling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 692:149362. [PMID: 38071891 PMCID: PMC10872258 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.149362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies are utilized for treating many diseases and disorders, as well as for basic research and development. Covalent labeling of mAbs is important for various antibody applications and creating antibody drug conjugates. Labeling at reactive lysine residues using lysine selective reagents is useful, but is non-selective and can interfere with antigen binding and interactions of the Fc antibody region. In this work, using an anti-cocaine mAb (h2E2), we utilized triphenylphosphine-3,3',3″-trisulfonic acid (TPPTS), and demonstrated for the first time reduction of disulfides in an antibody by TPPTS. More importantly, this reduction was very reproducible, limited, and selective, and permitted selective labeling of the antibody with a cysteine reactive fluorescent reagent, resulting in labeling of a few specific cysteines. Similar results were obtained using TCEP-agarose reduction. We demonstrated that both of these selective partial reduction methods gave rise to approximately two labels per mAb, mostly by selective reduction of the heavy chain to light chain disulfide bond, as demonstrated by non-reducing SDS-PAGE protein band analysis. Thus, convenient, reproducible, and selective mAb disulfide reduction was achieved under mild conditions. These labeled, partially reduced mAbs were characterized by differential scanning fluorimetry (DSF), detecting the incorporated fluorescein instead of an exogenously added dye, and for antigen (cocaine) binding by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). Both the structure and antigen binding of the mAb was maintained. This novel selective reduction and labeling is generally relevant to modification of antibodies and to future development of conjugated mAbs for experimental and therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence L Kirley
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0575, USA.
| | - Andrew B Norman
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0575, USA
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4
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Xi X, Lei F, Gao K, Li J, Liu R, Karpf AR, Bronich TK. Ligand-installed polymeric nanocarriers for combination chemotherapy of EGFR-positive ovarian cancer. J Control Release 2023; 360:872-887. [PMID: 37478915 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Combination chemotherapeutic drugs administered via a single nanocarrier for cancer treatment provides benefits in reducing dose-limiting toxicities, improving the pharmacokinetic properties of the cargo and achieving spatial-temporal synchronization of drug exposure for maximized synergistic therapeutic effects. In an attempt to develop such a multi-drug carrier, our work focuses on functional multimodal polypeptide-based polymeric nanogels (NGs). Diblock copolymers poly (ethylene glycol)-b-poly (glutamic acid) (PEG-b-PGlu) modified with phenylalanine (Phe) were successfully synthesized and characterized. Self-assembly behavior of the resulting polymers was utilized for the synthesis of NGs with hydrophobic domains in cross-linked polyion cores coated with inert PEG chains. The resulting NGs were small (ca. 70 nm in diameter) and were able to encapsulate the combination of drugs with different physicochemical properties such as cisplatin and neratinib. Drug combination-loaded NGs exerted a selective synergistic cytotoxicity towards EGFR overexpressing ovarian cancer cells. Moreover, we developed ligand-installed EGFR-targeted NGs and tested them as an EGFR-overexpressing tumor-specific delivery system. Both in vitro and in vivo, ligand-installed NGs displayed preferential associations with EGFR (+) tumor cells. Ligand-installed NGs carrying cisplatin and neratinib significantly improved the treatment response of ovarian cancer xenografts. We also confirmed the importance of simultaneous administration of the dual drug combination via a single NG system which provides more therapeutic benefit than individual drug-loaded NGs administered at equivalent doses. This work illustrates the potential of our carrier system to mediate efficient delivery of a drug combination to treat EGFR overexpressing cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Xi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985830 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5830, USA
| | - Fan Lei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985830 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5830, USA
| | - Keliang Gao
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7363, USA
| | - Jingjing Li
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7363, USA
| | - Rihe Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7363, USA
| | - Adam R Karpf
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases and Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6805, USA
| | - Tatiana K Bronich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985830 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5830, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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5
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Immunosensor for realtime monitoring of the expression of recombinant proteins during bioprocess. Anal Biochem 2023; 665:115069. [PMID: 36716945 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2023.115069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant protein expression and purification are crucial in modern life sciences research. A fluorescent immunosensor termed Quenchbody (Q-body) was developed for real-time monitoring of FLAG-fused protein expression. Detection results showed that the limit of detection of the 3 × FLAG peptide detected by the TAMRA-labeled anti-FLAG Q-body was as low as 3.1 nM, with a half-maximal effective concentration of 21.4 nM. Furthermore, the anti-FLAG Q-body was used for detecting different proteins fused with a FLAG-tag at the N- or C-terminal. Subsequently, the constructed Q-body was used to monitor the real-time fermentation process of single-strand DNA-binding protein in Escherichia coli. Unlike previously reported Q-bodies that widely used Fab or scFv, the present study used a full-length anti-FLAG IgG for the first time. Owing to its excellent detection speed and sensitivity, the FLAG Q-body immunosensor has the potential to quantify and monitor target recombinant proteins in multiple biological processes in real-time.
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Sarkar D, Mishra S, Nisal R, Majhi S, Shrivas R, Singh Y, Anusree VS, Kalia J. Site-Specific Fluorescent Labeling of the Cysteine-Rich Toxin, DkTx, for TRPV1 Ion Channel Imaging and Membrane Binding Studies. Bioconjug Chem 2022; 33:1761-1770. [PMID: 36073164 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.2c00355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Peptide toxins secreted by venomous animals bind to mammalian ion channel proteins and modulate their function. The high specificity of these toxins for their target ion channels enables them to serve as powerful tools for ion channel biology. Toxins labeled with fluorescent dyes are employed for the cellular imaging of channels and also for studying toxin-channel and toxin-membrane interactions. Several of these toxins are cysteine-rich, rendering the production of properly folded fluorescently labeled toxins technically challenging. Herein, we evaluate a variety of site-specific protein bioconjugation approaches for producing fluorescently labeled double-knot toxin (DkTx), a potent TRPV1 ion channel agonist that contains an uncommonly large number of cysteines (12 out of a total of 75 amino acids present in the protein). We find that popular cysteine-mediated bioconjugation approaches are unsuccessful as the introduction of a non-native cysteine residue for thiol modification leads to the formation of misfolded toxin species. Moreover, N-terminal aldehyde-mediated bioconjugation approaches are also not suitable as the resultant labeled toxin lacks activity. In contrast to these approaches, C-terminal bioconjugation of DkTx via the sortase bioconjugation technology yields functionally active fluorescently labeled DkTx. We employ this labeled toxin for imaging rat TRPV1 heterologously expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes, as well as for performing membrane binding studies on giant unilamellar vesicles composed of different lipid compositions. Our studies set the stage for using fluorescent DkTx as a tool for TRPV1 biology and provide an informative blueprint for labeling cysteine-rich proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debayan Sarkar
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India.,Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462066, India
| | - Satyajit Mishra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462066, India
| | - Rahul Nisal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India
| | - Sumita Majhi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462066, India
| | - Rohit Shrivas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462066, India
| | - Yashaswi Singh
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India.,Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462066, India
| | - V S Anusree
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462066, India
| | - Jeet Kalia
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India.,Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462066, India.,Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India.,Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462066, India
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7
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Chen H, Liang J, Li H, Li M, Chen L, Dong H, Wang Y, Wu Q, Li B, Jiang G, Dong J. Immunosensor for rapid detection of human cardiac troponin I, a biomarker for myocardial infarction. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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8
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Chio TI, Grimaldi AJ, Radford TI, Bane SL. A BODIPY-Based Probe Enables Fluorogenicity via Thiol-Dependent Modulation of Fluorophore Aggregation. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27082455. [PMID: 35458654 PMCID: PMC9031299 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27082455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Given the popular usage of BODIPY fluorophores in biological research, their propensity to aggregate in aqueous solution and impact their spectroscopic properties arguably warrants more attention. The probe under study herein serves as a case in point. A para-maleimide-substituted meso-phenyl BODIPY (p-MB) had previously been characterized in organic media, where its inherently high fluorescence ruled out its fluorogenic potential. Here, we have found that in aqueous solution, p-MB behaves differently, exhibiting a much-reduced fluorescence as a result of aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ). Additionally, p-MB is capable of responding to complementarily reactive substrates, including thiols and TCEP, to generate a substantial turn-on signal. The fluorescence restoration is largest when it reacts with those containing adjacent ionizable groups. By being part of a polar conjugate, p-MB assumes a disaggregated form, circumventing ACQ and unleashing up to ~1000-fold fluorescence enhancement through apparent disaggregation-induced emission (DIE). While our results support DIE as the turn-on mechanism, we found that the reactivity of the probe is much lower when it is given time to form stable aggregates. Therefore, contrary to the conventional depiction that a DIE probe works by dispersing from preformed aggregates to react with the target, our results suggest that it functions via a target-mediated inhibition of probe aggregation. Altogether, our work highlights the aggregation issue often faced by BODIPY-based probes and demonstrates how that can be exploited for turn-on sensing application. Furthermore, it reconstructs a different pathway for the DIE mechanism.
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Staphylococcal Protein A with Engineered Cysteine: Comparison of Monomeric Content as a Critical Quality Attribute during Intracellular and Extracellular Expression. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8040150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: The introduction of engineered cysteine in staphylococcal protein A (SPA-cys) for site-specific conjugation results in a substantial amount of dimerized SPA due to spontaneous oxidation during its production, leading to inaccessibility and thus rendering it unusable. Monomers are usually recovered from dimers by using reducing agents before conjugation in subsequent steps. However, this leads to low conjugation efficiency and increases overall cost and production time. This study aims to systematically compare and quantify the monomeric and dimeric content of SPA when produced through intracellular and extracellular routes in E. coli. Methods: Purified SPAs with and without cysteine from both intracellular and extracellular processes are compared for their monomeric content and efficiency to conjugate on solid support matrix with and without an additional pre-step of reduction. Results: The monomeric form of SPA-cys, which is a desired key quality attribute, is less than 50% when produced extracellularly. SPA-cys produced through the intracellular production process has high monomeric content (≥85%) and shows higher binding to solid support. Conclusion: The study demonstrates that the intracellular route for production of SPA-cys should be the preferred method, and the release assays for SPA-cys products should include the amount of monomeric content as one of the quality attributes. The abundance of monomeric content enhances the site-specific conjugation efficiency and density of SPA on the resin matrix.
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10
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Mikkelsen JH, Gustafsson MBF, Skrydstrup T, Jensen KB. Selective N-Terminal Acylation of Peptides and Proteins with Tunable Phenol Esters. Bioconjug Chem 2022; 33:625-633. [PMID: 35320668 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.2c00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Selective modification of peptides and proteins is of foremost importance for the development of biopharmaceuticals and exploring biochemical pathways, as well as other applications. Here, we present a study on the development of a general and easily applicable selective method for N-terminal acylation of biomolecules, applying a new type of phenol esters. Key to the success was the development of highly tunable phenol activators bearing in the ortho-position, sulfonic acid or sulfonamide, acting as a steric shield for hydrolysis, and electron-withdrawing groups in the other ortho- and para-position for controlling the reactivity of the activated phenol esters. A library of heptapeptides, testing all 20 natural amino acids positioned at the N-terminal, were acylated in a selective manner at the N-terminus. The majority showed high conversion and excellent Nα-selectivity. Several biologically relevant biomolecules, including DesB30 insulin and human growth hormone, could also be modified at the N-terminal in a highly selective way, exemplified by either a fluorophore or a fatty acid sidechain. Finally, taking advantage of the possibility to accurately adjust the reactivity of the phenol esters, we present a potential strategy for the construction of dual active biopharmaceuticals through the employment of a bifunctional acylation linker and demonstrate its use in the creation of a GLP-1 insulin analogue, coupled through the lysine residue of GLP-1 and the N-terminal PheB1 amine of DesB30 insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper H Mikkelsen
- Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk Research Park, 2760 Måløv, Denmark.,Carbon Dioxide Activation Center (CADIAC), Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Troels Skrydstrup
- Carbon Dioxide Activation Center (CADIAC), Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kim B Jensen
- Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk Research Park, 2760 Måløv, Denmark
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Wang Y, Xie F, Liu L, Xu X, Fan S, Zhong W, Zhou X. Development of applicable thiol-linked antibody-drug conjugates with improved stability and therapeutic index. Drug Deliv 2022; 29:754-766. [PMID: 35244495 PMCID: PMC8933021 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2022.2039807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Maleimides are typically applicable for coupling with reactive thiol moieties of antibodies in antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) via the thiol-Michael click chemistry. Even so, the thiosuccinimide group produced in ADCs is unstable under physiological conditions, which is a unresolved issue in the ADC industry that can cause serious off-target toxicity. Committed to solving the stability defects of traditional thiosuccinimide-containing ADCs, we explored a series of linkers based on the ring-opening hydrolysates of thiosuccinimide. Meanwhile, a type of linkers based on maleamic methyl ester were used to conjugate the popular monomethyl auristatin E to an anti-HER2 antibody to generate the target ADCs, which enhances the stability and do not need to change the structure of the ideal stable metabolite of traditional ADCs. In vivo studies demonstrate that our preferred ADC mil40-12b not only has better efficacy than traditional ADCs but also exhibits better safety parameters in mice. For example, complete tumor regression can still be achieved even when the dose is halved (2.5 mg/kg), and the maximum tolerable dose is increased by 40 mg/kg. This strategy is expected to provide an applicable tool for the construction of thiol-linked ADCs with improved therapeutic index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanming Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Xie
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Lianqi Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Xu
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Shiyong Fan
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Wu Zhong
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Xinbo Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
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12
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Li H, Li X, Chen L, Li B, Dong H, Liu H, Yang X, Ueda H, Dong J. Quench-Release-Based Fluorescent Immunosensor for the Rapid Detection of Tumor Necrosis Factor α. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:31009-31016. [PMID: 34841143 PMCID: PMC8613823 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) is used as a biomarker for the diagnosis of various inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. In recent years, numerous approaches have been used for the qualitative and quantitative analyses of TNF-α. However, these methods have several drawbacks, such as a tedious and time-consuming process, high pH and temperature sensitivity, and increased chances of denaturation in vitro. Quenchbody (Q-body) is a fluorescence immunoprobe that functions based on the principle of photoinduced electron transfer and has been successful in detecting various substances. In this study, we constructed two Q-bodies based on a therapeutic antibody, adalimumab, to rapidly detect human TNF-α. Both sensors could detect TNF-α within 5 min. The results showed that the limit of detection (LOD) of TNF-α was as low as 0.123 ng/mL with a half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) of 25.0 ng/mL using the TAMRA-labeled Q-body, whereas the ATTO520-labeled Q-body had a LOD of 0.419 ng/mL with an EC50 of 65.6 ng/mL, suggesting that the Q-bodies could rapidly detect TNF-α with reasonable sensitivity over a wide detection range. These biosensors will be useful tools for the detection and monitoring of inflammatory biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haimei Li
- Key
Laboratory for Biological Medicine in Shandong Universities, Weifang
Key Laboratory for Antibody Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Key
Laboratory for Biological Medicine in Shandong Universities, Weifang
Key Laboratory for Antibody Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Limei Chen
- Key
Laboratory for Biological Medicine in Shandong Universities, Weifang
Key Laboratory for Antibody Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Baowei Li
- Key
Laboratory for Biological Medicine in Shandong Universities, Weifang
Key Laboratory for Antibody Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Hang Dong
- School
of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hongying Liu
- Key
Laboratory for Biological Medicine in Shandong Universities, Weifang
Key Laboratory for Antibody Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Xueying Yang
- Key
Laboratory for Biological Medicine in Shandong Universities, Weifang
Key Laboratory for Antibody Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Hiroshi Ueda
- World
Research Hub Initiative, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
- Laboratory
for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503 Japan
| | - Jinhua Dong
- Key
Laboratory for Biological Medicine in Shandong Universities, Weifang
Key Laboratory for Antibody Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
- World
Research Hub Initiative, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
- Laboratory
for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503 Japan
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13
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Inoue A, Yasuda T, Zhu B, Kitaguchi T, Murakami A, Ueda H. Evaluation and selection of potent fluorescent immunosensors by combining fluorescent peptide and nanobodies displayed on yeast surface. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22590. [PMID: 34799644 PMCID: PMC8604967 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02022-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Quenchbody (Q-body) is a quench-based fluorescent immunosensor labeled with fluorescent dye(s) near the antigen-binding site of an antibody. Q-bodies can detect a range of target molecules rapidly and directly. However, because Q-bodies show different antigen responses depending on the antibody used, time-consuming optimization of the Q-body structure is often necessary, and a high-throughput screening method for discriminating and selecting good Q-bodies is required. Here, we aimed to develop a molecular display method of nanobody-based “mini Q-bodies” by combining yeast surface display and coiled-coil forming E4/K4 peptide-based fluorescence labeling. As a result, the yeast-displayed mini Q-body recognizing the anti-cancer agent methotrexate (MTX) showed significant quenching and MTX-dependent dequenching on cells. To demonstrate the applicability of the developed method to select highly responsive mini Q-bodies, a small nanobody library consisting of 30 variants that recognize human serum albumin was used as a model. The best variant, showing a 2.4-fold signal increase, was obtained through selection by flow cytometry. Furthermore, the same nanobody prepared from Escherichia coli also worked as a mini Q-body after dye labeling. The described approach will be applied to quickly obtain well-behaved Q-bodies and other fluorescent biosensors for various targets through directed evolutionary approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihito Inoue
- Graduate School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-R1-18 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Takanobu Yasuda
- Graduate School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-R1-18 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Bo Zhu
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kitaguchi
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Akikazu Murakami
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8504, Japan.,RePHAGEN Co., Ltd., Uruma, Okinawa, 904-2234, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ueda
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8503, Japan.
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14
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15
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Construction of Fluorescent Immunosensor Quenchbody to Detect His-Tagged Recombinant Proteins Produced in Bioprocess. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21154993. [PMID: 34372230 PMCID: PMC8347774 DOI: 10.3390/s21154993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
With the widespread application of recombinant DNA technology, many useful substances are produced by bioprocesses. For the monitoring of the recombinant protein production process, most of the existing technologies are those for the culture environment (pH, O2, etc.). However, the production status of the target protein can only be known after the subsequent separation and purification process. To speed up the monitoring of the production process and screening of the higher-yield target protein variants, here we developed an antibody-based His-tag sensor Quenchbody (Q-body), which can quickly detect the C-terminally His-tagged recombinant protein produced in the culture medium. Compared with single-chain Fv-based Q-body having one dye, the Fab-based Q-body having two dyes showed a higher response. In addition, not only was fluorescence response improved but also detection sensitivity by the mutations of tyrosine to tryptophan in the heavy chain CDR region. Moreover, the effect of the mutations on antigen-binding was successfully validated by molecular docking simulation by CDOCKER. Finally, the constructed Q-body was successfully applied to monitor the amount of anti-SARS CoV-2 nanobody secreted into the Brevibacillus culture media.
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16
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Takahashi R, Yasuda T, Ohmuro-Matsuyama Y, Ueda H. BRET Q-Body: A Ratiometric Quench-based Bioluminescent Immunosensor Made of Luciferase-Dye-Antibody Fusion with Enhanced Response. Anal Chem 2021; 93:7571-7578. [PMID: 34013723 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c05217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A quenchbody (Q-body) is an immunosensor comprising an antibody fragment containing an antigen-binding site that is site-specifically labeled with a fluorescent dye. The fluorescent dye of a Q-body is quenched in the absence of an antigen; however, its fluorescence recovers in the presence of an antigen, offering simple and rapid systems for antigen detection. In this study, we fused luciferase NanoLuc to a Q-body to construct a new immunosensor termed the "BRET Q-body" that can detect antigens based on the bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) principle. The resulting BRET Q-bodies for an osteocalcin peptide that emit three different emission colors could detect an antigen without the requirement of an external light source, based on ratiometric detection and color change with two wavelengths for the luciferase and fluorophore. Furthermore, the BRET Q-body produced unexpectedly higher responses up to 12-fold because of the increased BRET efficiency, probably associated with antigen-dependent dye movement. Thus, the BRET Q-body is a useful biosensor as a core of point-of-care tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riho Takahashi
- Graduate School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - Takanobu Yasuda
- Graduate School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - Yuki Ohmuro-Matsuyama
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ueda
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
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17
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Bolli E, Scherger M, Arnouk SM, Pombo Antunes AR, Straßburger D, Urschbach M, Stickdorn J, De Vlaminck K, Movahedi K, Räder HJ, Hernot S, Besenius P, Van Ginderachter JA, Nuhn L. Targeted Repolarization of Tumor-Associated Macrophages via Imidazoquinoline-Linked Nanobodies. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2004574. [PMID: 34026453 PMCID: PMC8132149 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202004574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) promote the immune suppressive microenvironment inside tumors and are, therefore, considered as a promising target for the next generation of cancer immunotherapies. To repolarize their phenotype into a tumoricidal state, the Toll-like receptor 7/8 agonist imidazoquinoline IMDQ is site-specifically and quantitatively coupled to single chain antibody fragments, so-called nanobodies, targeting the macrophage mannose receptor (MMR) on TAMs. Intravenous injection of these conjugates result in a tumor- and cell-specific delivery of IMDQ into MMRhigh TAMs, causing a significant decline in tumor growth. This is accompanied by a repolarization of TAMs towards a pro-inflammatory phenotype and an increase in anti-tumor T cell responses. Therefore, the therapeutic benefit of such nanobody-drug conjugates may pave the road towards effective macrophage re-educating cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Bolli
- Lab of Cellular and Molecular ImmunologyVrije Universiteit BrusselPleinlaan 2Brussels1050Belgium
- Myeloid Cell Immunology LabVIB Center for Inflammation ResearchBrussels1050Belgium
| | | | - Sana M. Arnouk
- Lab of Cellular and Molecular ImmunologyVrije Universiteit BrusselPleinlaan 2Brussels1050Belgium
- Myeloid Cell Immunology LabVIB Center for Inflammation ResearchBrussels1050Belgium
| | - Ana Rita Pombo Antunes
- Lab of Cellular and Molecular ImmunologyVrije Universiteit BrusselPleinlaan 2Brussels1050Belgium
- Myeloid Cell Immunology LabVIB Center for Inflammation ResearchBrussels1050Belgium
| | - David Straßburger
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg‐University MainzDuesbergweg 10‐14Mainz55128Germany
| | - Moritz Urschbach
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg‐University MainzDuesbergweg 10‐14Mainz55128Germany
| | - Judith Stickdorn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 10Mainz55128Germany
| | - Karen De Vlaminck
- Lab of Cellular and Molecular ImmunologyVrije Universiteit BrusselPleinlaan 2Brussels1050Belgium
- Myeloid Cell Immunology LabVIB Center for Inflammation ResearchBrussels1050Belgium
| | - Kiavash Movahedi
- Lab of Cellular and Molecular ImmunologyVrije Universiteit BrusselPleinlaan 2Brussels1050Belgium
- Myeloid Cell Immunology LabVIB Center for Inflammation ResearchBrussels1050Belgium
| | - Hans Joachim Räder
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 10Mainz55128Germany
| | - Sophie Hernot
- Laboratory of In Vivo Cellular and Molecular ImagingVrije Universiteit BrusselLaarbeeklaan 103Brussels1090Belgium
| | - Pol Besenius
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg‐University MainzDuesbergweg 10‐14Mainz55128Germany
| | - Jo A. Van Ginderachter
- Lab of Cellular and Molecular ImmunologyVrije Universiteit BrusselPleinlaan 2Brussels1050Belgium
- Myeloid Cell Immunology LabVIB Center for Inflammation ResearchBrussels1050Belgium
| | - Lutz Nuhn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 10Mainz55128Germany
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18
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Inoue A, Ohmuro-Matsuyama Y, Kitaguchi T, Ueda H. Creation of a Nanobody-Based Fluorescent Immunosensor Mini Q-body for Rapid Signal-On Detection of Small Hapten Methotrexate. ACS Sens 2020; 5:3457-3464. [PMID: 33169966 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c01404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
"Quenchbody (Q-body)" is a quench-based fluorescent biosensor labeled with a fluorescent dye near the antigen-binding site of an antibody. Q-bodies can detect a range of target molecules quickly by simply mixing with a sample. However, the development of Q-bodies using VHH-nanobodies derived from camelid heavy-chain antibodies has not been reported despite their favorable characteristics. Here, we report a "mini Q-body" that can detect the chemotherapy agent methotrexate (MTX) by using anti-MTX nanobody. Three kinds of constructs each encoding an N-terminal Cys-tag and anti-MTX VHH gene with a different length of linker (GGGS)n (n = 0, 2, and 4) between them were prepared followed by the expression in Escherichia coli and labeling with several dye maleimides. When the fluorescence intensities in the presence of varied MTX concentrations were measured, TAMRA-labeled nanobodies showed a higher response than ATTO520- or R6G-labeled ones. Especially, TAMRA C6-labeled mini Q-body with no linker showed the highest response of ∼6-fold and a low detection limit of 0.56 nM. When each Trp residue in the mini Q-body was mutated to address the quenching mechanism, the major role of Trp34 at CDR1 in quenching was revealed. Furthermore, the mini Q-body could detect MTX in 50% human serum with a low detection limit of 1.72 nM, showing its applicability to therapeutic drug monitoring. This study is expected to become the basis of the construction of highly responsive mini Q-bodies for sensitive detection of many molecules from small haptens to larger proteins, which will lead to broader applications such as point-of-care tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihito Inoue
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - Yuki Ohmuro-Matsuyama
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kitaguchi
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ueda
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
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19
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Lin D, Wallace M, Allentoff AJ, Donnelly DJ, Gomes E, Voronin K, Gong S, Huang RYC, Kim H, Caceres-Cortes J, Bonacorsi S. Chemoselective Methionine Bioconjugation: Site-Selective Fluorine-18 Labeling of Proteins and Peptides. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:1908-1916. [PMID: 32687313 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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20
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Mthembu SN, Sharma A, Albericio F, de la Torre BG. Breaking a Couple: Disulfide Reducing Agents. Chembiochem 2020; 21:1947-1954. [PMID: 32196882 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine is present in a large number of natural and synthetic (bio)molecules. Although the thiol side chain of Cys can be in a free form, in most cases it forms a disulfide bond either with a second Cys (bridge) or with another thiol, as in the case of protecting groups. Efficient reduction of these disulfide bridges is a requirement for many applications of Cys-containing molecules in the fields of chemistry and biochemistry. Here we review reducing methods for disulfide bonds, taking into consideration the solubility of the substrates when selecting the appropriate reducing reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinenhlanhla N Mthembu
- Peptide Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa.,KRISP, School of Laboratory of Medicine and Medical Sciences College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Westville, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Anamika Sharma
- Peptide Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa.,KRISP, School of Laboratory of Medicine and Medical Sciences College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Westville, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Peptide Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa.,Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franqués 1-11, Barcelona, 08028, Spain.,CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine IQAC, CSIC, Jordi Girona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Beatriz G de la Torre
- KRISP, School of Laboratory of Medicine and Medical Sciences College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Westville, Durban, 4001, South Africa
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21
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Gao XH, Li L, Parisien M, Wu J, Bederman I, Gao Z, Krokowski D, Chirieleison SM, Abbott D, Wang B, Arvan P, Cameron M, Chance M, Willard B, Hatzoglou M. Discovery of a Redox Thiol Switch: Implications for Cellular Energy Metabolism. Mol Cell Proteomics 2020; 19:852-870. [PMID: 32132231 PMCID: PMC7196587 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra119.001910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The redox-based modifications of cysteine residues in proteins regulate their function in many biological processes. The gas molecule H2S has been shown to persulfidate redox sensitive cysteine residues resulting in an H2S-modified proteome known as the sulfhydrome. Tandem Mass Tags (TMT) multiplexing strategies for large-scale proteomic analyses have become increasingly prevalent in detecting cysteine modifications. Here we developed a TMT-based proteomics approach for selectively trapping and tagging cysteine persulfides in the cellular proteomes. We revealed the natural protein sulfhydrome of two human cell lines, and identified insulin as a novel substrate in pancreatic beta cells. Moreover, we showed that under oxidative stress conditions, increased H2S can target enzymes involved in energy metabolism by switching specific cysteine modifications to persulfides. Specifically, we discovered a Redox Thiol Switch, from protein S-glutathioinylation to S-persulfidation (RTSGS). We propose that the RTSGS from S-glutathioinylation to S-persulfidation is a potential mechanism to fine tune cellular energy metabolism in response to different levels of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Huang Gao
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH.
| | - Ling Li
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory for Protein Sequencing, The Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH
| | - Marc Parisien
- Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Ilya Bederman
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Zhaofeng Gao
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Dawid Krokowski
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Molecular Biology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Derek Abbott
- Department of Pathology,Case Western Reserve University, OH
| | - Benlian Wang
- Department of Nutrition, Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Case Western Reserve University, OH
| | - Peter Arvan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Mark Cameron
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, OH
| | - Mark Chance
- Department of Nutrition, Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Case Western Reserve University, OH; Case Center for Synchrotron Biosciences, Brookhaven National Laboratory, NY
| | - Belinda Willard
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory for Protein Sequencing, The Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH
| | - Maria Hatzoglou
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH.
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22
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Chen Y, Yang W, Wu J, Sun W, Loh TP, Jiang Y. 2H-Azirines as Potential Bifunctional Chemical Linkers of Cysteine Residues in Bioconjugate Technology. Org Lett 2020; 22:2038-2043. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Wenjie Yang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Jiamin Wu
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Wangbin Sun
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Teck-Peng Loh
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637616, Singapore
| | - Yaojia Jiang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
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23
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Lin L, Qiao M, Zhang X, Linhardt RJ. Site-selective reactions for the synthesis of glycoconjugates in polysaccharide vaccine development. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 230:115643. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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Xu L, Raabe M, Zegota MM, Nogueira JCF, Chudasama V, Kuan SL, Weil T. Site-selective protein modification via disulfide rebridging for fast tetrazine/trans-cyclooctene bioconjugation. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:1140-1147. [PMID: 31971218 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob02687h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
An inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reaction between tetrazine and trans-cyclooctene (TCO) holds great promise for protein modification and manipulation. Herein, we report the design and synthesis of a tetrazine-based disulfide rebridging reagent, which allows the site-selective installation of a tetrazine group into disulfide-containing peptides and proteins such as the hormone somatostatin (SST) and the antigen binding fragment (Fab) of human immunoglobulin G (IgG). The fast and efficient conjugation of the tetrazine modified proteins with three different TCO-containing substrates to form a set of bioconjugates in a site-selective manner was successfully demonstrated for the first time. Homogeneous, well-defined bioconjugates were obtained underlining the great potential of our method for fast bioconjugation in emerging protein therapeutics. The formed bioconjugates were stable against glutathione and in serum, and they maintained their secondary structure. With this work, we broaden the scope of tetrazine chemistry for site-selective protein modification to prepare well-defined SST and Fab conjugates with preserved structures and good stability under biologically relevant conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujuan Xu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany. and Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Marco Raabe
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany. and Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Maksymilian M Zegota
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany. and Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Vijay Chudasama
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Seah Ling Kuan
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany. and Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Tanja Weil
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany. and Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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25
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Conibear AC, Thewes K, Groysbeck N, Becker CFW. Multifunctional Scaffolds for Assembling Cancer-Targeting Immune Stimulators Using Chemoselective Ligations. Front Chem 2019; 7:113. [PMID: 30895175 PMCID: PMC6414710 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemoselective ligations allow chemical biologists to functionalise proteins and peptides for biomedical applications and to probe biological processes. Coupled with solid phase peptide synthesis, chemoselective ligations enable not only the design of homogeneous proteins and peptides with desired natural and unnatural modifications in site-specific locations but also the design of new peptide and protein topologies. Although several well-established ligations are available, each method has its own advantages and disadvantages and they are seldom used in combination. Here we have applied copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne “click,” oxime, maleimide, and native chemical ligations to develop a modular synthesis of branched peptide and polymer constructs that act as cancer-targeting immune system engagers (ISErs) and functionalised them for detection in biological systems. We also note some potential advantages and pitfalls of these chemoselective ligations to consider when designing orthogonal ligation strategies. The modular synthesis and functionalization of ISErs facilitates optimisation of their activity and mechanism of action as potential cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne C Conibear
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karine Thewes
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nadja Groysbeck
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian F W Becker
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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26
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Tallec G, Loh C, Liberelle B, Garcia-Ac A, Duy SV, Sauvé S, Banquy X, Murschel F, De Crescenzo G. Adequate Reducing Conditions Enable Conjugation of Oxidized Peptides to Polymers by One-Pot Thiol Click Chemistry. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:3866-3876. [PMID: 30350572 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Thiol(-click) chemistry has been extensively investigated to conjugate (bio)molecules to polymers. Handling of cysteine-containing molecules may however be cumbersome, especially in the case of fast-oxidizing coiled-coil-forming peptides. In the present study, we investigated the practicality of a one-pot process to concomitantly reduce and conjugate an oxidized peptide to a polymer. Three thiol-based conjugation chemistries (vinyl sulfone (VS), maleimide, and pyridyldithiol) were assayed along with three reducing agents (tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP), dithiothreitol, and β-mercaptoethanol). Seven out of the nine possible combinations significantly enhanced the conjugation yield, provided that an adequate concentration of reductant was used. Among them, the coincubation of an oxidized peptide with TCEP and a VS-modified polymer displayed the highest level of conjugation. Our results also provide insights into two topics that currently lack consensus: TCEP is stable in 10 mM phosphate buffered saline and it reacts with thiol-alkylating agents at submillimolar concentrations, and thus should be carefully used in order to avoid interference with thiol-based conjugation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendoline Tallec
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Groupe de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies Biomédicales (GRSTB), Bio-P2 Research Unit , École Polytechnique de Montréal , P.O. Box 6079, succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal , Quebec , Canada H3C 3A7
| | - Celestine Loh
- Division of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue , Singapore , Singapore , 639798
| | - Benoit Liberelle
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Groupe de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies Biomédicales (GRSTB), Bio-P2 Research Unit , École Polytechnique de Montréal , P.O. Box 6079, succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal , Quebec , Canada H3C 3A7
| | - Araceli Garcia-Ac
- Faculty of Pharmacy , Université de Montréal , 2900 Edouard-Montpetit Boulevard , Montreal , Quebec , Canada H3C 3J7
| | - Sung Vo Duy
- Department of Chemistry , Université de Montréal , C.P. 6128, succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal , Quebec , Canada H3C 3J7
| | - Sébastien Sauvé
- Department of Chemistry , Université de Montréal , C.P. 6128, succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal , Quebec , Canada H3C 3J7
| | - Xavier Banquy
- Faculty of Pharmacy , Université de Montréal , 2900 Edouard-Montpetit Boulevard , Montreal , Quebec , Canada H3C 3J7
| | - Frederic Murschel
- Faculty of Pharmacy , Université de Montréal , 2900 Edouard-Montpetit Boulevard , Montreal , Quebec , Canada H3C 3J7
| | - Gregory De Crescenzo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Groupe de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies Biomédicales (GRSTB), Bio-P2 Research Unit , École Polytechnique de Montréal , P.O. Box 6079, succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal , Quebec , Canada H3C 3A7
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Wieduwild R, Howarth M. Assembling and decorating hyaluronan hydrogels with twin protein superglues to mimic cell-cell interactions. Biomaterials 2018; 180:253-264. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Kantner T, Alkhawaja B, Watts AG. In Situ Quenching of Trialkylphosphine Reducing Agents Using Water-Soluble PEG-Azides Improves Maleimide Conjugation to Proteins. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:5785-5791. [PMID: 30023752 PMCID: PMC6044941 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Trialkylphosphines tris(2-carboxy-ethyl)-phosphine and tris(3-hydroxypropyl)-phosphine are popular reagents for the reduction of cysteine residues in bioconjugation reactions using maleimides. However, it has been demonstrated that these phosphines are reactive toward maleimide, necessitating their removal before the addition of the Michael acceptor. Here, a method using water-soluble PEG-azides is reported for the quenching of trialkylphosphines in situ, which is demonstrated to improve the level of maleimide conjugation to proteins.
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Percher A, Thinon E, Hang H. Mass-Tag Labeling Using Acyl-PEG Exchange for the Determination of Endogenous Protein S-Fatty Acylation. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN PROTEIN SCIENCE 2017; 89:14.17.1-14.17.11. [PMID: 28762493 DOI: 10.1002/cpps.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The covalent coupling of fatty acids to proteins provides an important mechanism of regulation in cells. In eukaryotes, cysteine fatty acylation (S-fatty acylation) has been shown to be critical for protein function in a variety of cellular pathways as well as microbial pathogenesis. While methods developed over the past decade have improved the detection and profiling of S-fatty acylation, these are hampered in their ability to characterize endogenous protein S-fatty acylation levels under physiological conditions. Furthermore, understanding the contribution of specific sites and levels of S-fatty acylation remains a major challenge. To evaluate S-fatty acylation of endogenous proteins as well as to determine the number of S-fatty acylation events, we developed the acyl-PEG exchange (APE) that utilizes cysteine-specific chemistry to exchange S-fatty acylation sites with mass-tags of defined size, which can be readily observed by western blotting. APE provides a readily accessible approach to investigate endogenous S-fatty acylation from any sample source, with high sensitivity and broad applicability that complements the current toolbox of methods for thioester-based post-translational modifications. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avital Percher
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Emmanuelle Thinon
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Howard Hang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
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Schmid K, Adobes-Vidal M, Helm M. Alkyne-Functionalized Coumarin Compound for Analytic and Preparative 4-Thiouridine Labeling. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 28:1123-1134. [PMID: 28263563 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bioconjugation of RNA is a dynamic field recently reinvigorated by a surge in research on post-transcriptional modification. This work focuses on the bioconjugation of 4-thiouridine, a nucleoside that occurs as a post-transcriptional modification in bacterial RNA and is used as a metabolic label and for cross-linking purposes in eukaryotic RNA. A newly designed coumarin compound named 4-bromomethyl-7-propargyloxycoumarin (PBC) is introduced, which exhibits remarkable selectivity for 4-thiouridine. Bearing a terminal alkyne group, it is conductive to secondary bioconjugation via "click chemistry", thereby offering a wide range of preparative and analytical options. We applied PBC to quantitatively monitor the metabolic incorporation of s4U as a label into RNA and for site-specific introduction of a fluorophore into bacterial tRNA at position 8, allowing the determination of its binding constant to an RNA-modification enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Schmid
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz , Staudingerweg 5, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Maria Adobes-Vidal
- Electrochemistry & Interfaces Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick , Coventry, CV4 7AL United Kingdom
| | - Mark Helm
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz , Staudingerweg 5, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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Sakamoto K, Tsuda S, Nishio H, Yoshiya T. 1,2,4-Triazole-aided native chemical ligation between peptide-N-acyl-N′-methyl-benzimidazolinone and cysteinyl peptide. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:12236-12239. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc07817j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Novel thiol-additive-free NCL using easy-to-prepare peptide-MeNbz and 1,2,4-triazole can be readily combined with one-pot desulfurization and Cys-modification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hideki Nishio
- Peptide Institute, Inc
- Osaka 567-0085
- Japan
- Graduate School of Science
- Osaka University
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