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Mach L, Omran A, Bouma J, Radetzki S, Sykes DA, Guba W, Li X, Höffelmeyer C, Hentsch A, Gazzi T, Mostinski Y, Wasinska-Kalwa M, de Molnier F, van der Horst C, von Kries JP, Vendrell M, Hua T, Veprintsev DB, Heitman LH, Grether U, Nazare M. Highly Selective Drug-Derived Fluorescent Probes for the Cannabinoid Receptor Type 1 (CB 1R). J Med Chem 2024; 67:11841-11867. [PMID: 38990855 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
The cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R) is pivotal within the endocannabinoid system regulating various signaling cascades with effects in appetite regulation, pain perception, memory formation, and thermoregulation. Still, understanding of CB1R's cellular signaling, distribution, and expression dynamics is very fragmentary. Real-time visualization of CB1R is crucial for addressing these questions. Selective drug-like CB1R ligands with a defined pharmacological profile were investigated for the construction of CB1R fluorescent probes using a reverse design-approach. A modular design concept with a diethyl glycine-based building block as the centerpiece allowed for the straightforward synthesis of novel probe candidates. Validated by computational docking studies, radioligand binding, and cAMP assay, this systematic approach allowed for the identification of novel pyrrole-based CB1R fluorescent probes. Application in fluorescence-based target-engagement studies and live cell imaging exemplify the great versatility of the tailored CB1R probes for investigating CB1R localization, trafficking, pharmacology, and its pathological implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Mach
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anahid Omran
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jara Bouma
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University and Oncode Institute, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Silke Radetzki
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - David A Sykes
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, NG7 2UH Nottingham, U.K
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT Birmingham, Midlands, U.K
| | - Wolfgang Guba
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Xiaoting Li
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, China
| | - Calvin Höffelmeyer
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Axel Hentsch
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thais Gazzi
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yelena Mostinski
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Fabio de Molnier
- IRR Chemistry Hub and Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4UU Edinburgh, U.K
| | - Cas van der Horst
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University and Oncode Institute, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jens Peter von Kries
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marc Vendrell
- IRR Chemistry Hub and Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4UU Edinburgh, U.K
| | - Tian Hua
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, China
| | - Dmitry B Veprintsev
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, NG7 2UH Nottingham, U.K
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT Birmingham, Midlands, U.K
| | - Laura H Heitman
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University and Oncode Institute, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Uwe Grether
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marc Nazare
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), 13125 Berlin, Germany
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2
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Macicior J, Fernández D, Ortega-Gutiérrez S. A new fluorescent probe for the visualization of progerin. Bioorg Chem 2024; 142:106967. [PMID: 37979321 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) or progeria is a rare genetic disease that causes premature aging, leading to a drastic reduction in the life expectancy of patients. Progeria is mainly caused by the intracellular accumulation of a defective protein called progerin, generated from a mutation in the LMNA gene. Currently, there is only one approved drug for the treatment of progeria, which has limited efficacy. It is believed that progerin levels are the most important biomarker related to the severity of the disease. However, there is a lack of effective tools to directly visualize progerin in the native cellular models, since the commercially available antibodies are not well suited for the direct visualization of progerin in cells from the mouse model of the disease. In this context, an alternative option for the visualization of a protein relies on the use of fluorescent chemical probes, molecules with affinity and specificity towards a protein. In this work we report the synthesis and characterization of a new fluorescent probe (UCM-23079) that allows for the direct visualization of progerin in cells from the most widely used progeroid mouse model. Thus, UCM-23079 is a new tool compound that could help prioritize potential preclinical therapies towards the final goal of finding a definitive cure for progeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Macicior
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Plaza de las Ciencias s/n, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Plaza de las Ciencias s/n, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Ortega-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Plaza de las Ciencias s/n, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Navarro G, Sotelo E, Raïch I, Loza MI, Brea J, Majellaro M. A Robust and Efficient FRET-Based Assay for Cannabinoid Receptor Ligands Discovery. Molecules 2023; 28:8107. [PMID: 38138600 PMCID: PMC10745346 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28248107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of new modulators for Cannabinoid Receptors (CBRs) has garnered significant attention in drug discovery over recent years, owing to their manifold pathophysiological implications. In the context of hit identification, the availability of robust and sensitive high-throughput screening assays is essential to enhance the likelihood of success. In this study, we present the development and validation of a Tag-lite® binding assay designed for screening hCB1/hCB2 binding, employing a dual fluorescent ligand, CELT-335. Representative ligands for CBRs, exhibiting diverse affinity and functional profiles, were utilized as reference compounds to validate the robustness and efficiency of the newly developed Tag-lite® binding assay protocol. The homogeneous format, coupled with the sensitivity and optimal performance of the fluorescent ligand CELT-335, establishes this assay as a viable and reliable method for screening in hit and lead identification campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Navarro
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience of the University of Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eddy Sotelo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Center for Research in Biological Chemistry and Molecular Materials (CiQUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Iu Raïch
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience of the University of Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Isabel Loza
- Research Center in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Jose Brea
- Research Center in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Maria Majellaro
- Celtarys Research SL, Avda. Mestre Mateo, 2, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Palomares O. Could we co-opt the cannabinoid system for asthma therapy? Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2023; 19:1183-1186. [PMID: 37420178 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2023.2235082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Palomares
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chemistry School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Pérez-Diego M, Angelina A, Martín-Cruz L, de la Rocha-Muñoz A, Maldonado A, Sevilla-Ortega C, Palomares O. Cannabinoid WIN55,212-2 reprograms monocytes and macrophages to inhibit LPS-induced inflammation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1147520. [PMID: 37006243 PMCID: PMC10060516 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1147520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionChronic or uncontrolled activation of myeloid cells including monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) is a hallmark of immune-mediated inflammatory disorders. There is an urgent need for the development of novel drugs with the capacity to impair innate immune cell overactivation under inflammatory conditions. Compelling evidence pointed out cannabinoids as potential therapeutic tools with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory capacity. WIN55,212-2, a non-selective synthetic cannabinoid agonist, displays protective effects in several inflammatory conditions by mechanisms partially depending on the generation of tolerogenic DCs able to induce functional regulatory T cells (Tregs). However, its immunomodulatory capacity on other myeloid cells such as monocytes and macrophages remains incompletely understood.MethodsHuman monocyte-derived DCs (hmoDCs) were differentiated in the absence (conventional hmoDCs) or presence of WIN55,212-2 (WIN-hmoDCs). Cells were stimulated with LPS, cocultured with naive T lymphocytes and their cytokine production and ability to induce T cell responses were analysed by ELISA or flow cytometry. To evaluate the effect of WIN55,212-2 in macrophage polarization, human and murine macrophages were activated with LPS or LPS/IFNγ, in the presence or absence of the cannabinoid. Cytokine, costimulatory molecules and inflammasome markers were assayed. Metabolic and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays were also performed. Finally, the protective capacity of WIN55,212-2 was studied in vivo in BALB/c mice after intraperitoneal injection with LPS.ResultsWe show for the first time that the differentiation of hmoDCs in the presence of WIN55,212-2 generates tolerogenic WIN-hmoDCs that are less responsive to LPS stimulation and able to prime Tregs. WIN55,212-2 also impairs the pro-inflammatory polarization of human macrophages by inhibiting cytokine production, inflammasome activation and rescuing macrophages from pyroptotic cell death. Mechanistically, WIN55,212-2 induced a metabolic and epigenetic shift in macrophages by decreasing LPS-induced mTORC1 signaling, commitment to glycolysis and active histone marks in pro-inflammatory cytokine promoters. We confirmed these data in ex vivo LPS-stimulated peritoneal macrophages (PMΦs), which were also supported by the in vivo anti-inflammatory capacity of WIN55,212-2 in a LPS-induced sepsis mouse model.ConclusionOverall, we shed light into the molecular mechanisms by which cannabinoids exert anti-inflammatory properties in myeloid cells, which might well contribute to the future rational design of novel therapeutic strategies for inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Pérez-Diego
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Angelina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Leticia Martín-Cruz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés de la Rocha-Muñoz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel Maldonado
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Sevilla-Ortega
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar Palomares
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Oscar Palomares,
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6
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Angelina A, Jiménez-Saiz R, Pérez-Diego M, Maldonado A, Rückert B, Akdis M, Martín-Fontecha M, Akdis CA, Palomares O. The cannabinoid WIN55212-2 impairs peanut allergic sensitization and promotes the generation of allergen-specific regulatory T cells. Clin Exp Allergy 2022; 52:540-549. [PMID: 34995385 DOI: 10.1111/cea.14092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabinoids are lipid-derived mediators with anti-inflammatory properties in different diseases. WIN55212-2, a non-selective synthetic cannabinoid, reduces immediate anaphylactic reactions in a mouse model of peanut allergy, but its capacity to prevent peanut allergic sensitization and the underlying mechanisms remains largely unknown. OBJECTIVE To investigate the capacity of WIN55212-2 to immunomodulate peanut-stimulated human dendritic cells (DCs) and peanut allergic sensitization in mice. METHODS Surface markers and cytokines were quantified by flow cytometry, ELISA and qPCR in human monocyte-derived DCs (hmoDCs) and T cell cocultures after stimulation with peanut alone or in the presence of WIN55212-2. Mice were epicutaneously sensitized with peanut alone or peanut/WIN55212-2. After peanut challenge, drop in body temperature, hematocrit, clinical symptoms, peanut-specific antibodies in serum and FOXP3+ regulatory (Treg) cells in spleen and lymph nodes were quantified. Splenocytes were stimulated in vitro with peanut to analyse allergen-specific T cell responses. RESULTS WIN55212-2 reduced peanut-induced hmoDC activation and promoted the generation of CD4+ CD127- CD25+ FOXP3+ Treg cells, while reducing the induction of IL-5-producing T cells. In vivo, WIN55212-2 impaired the peanut-induced migration of DCs to lymph nodes and their maturation. WIN55212-2 significantly reduced the induction of peanut-specific IgE and IgG1 antibodies in serum during epicutaneous peanut sensitization, reduced the clinical symptoms score upon peanut challenge and promoted the generation of allergen-specific FOXP3+ Treg cells. CONCLUSIONS The synthetic cannabinoid WIN55212-2 interferes with peanut sensitization and promotes tolerogenic responses, which might well pave the way for the development of novel prophylactic and therapeutic strategies for peanut allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Angelina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Jiménez-Saiz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mario Pérez-Diego
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel Maldonado
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beate Rückert
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zürich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Mübeccel Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zürich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Mar Martín-Fontecha
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cezmi A Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zürich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Oscar Palomares
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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7
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Cannabinoids induce functional Tregs by promoting tolerogenic DCs via autophagy and metabolic reprograming. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:96-108. [PMID: 34548620 PMCID: PMC8732281 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-021-00455-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The generation of functional regulatory T cells (Tregs) is essential to keep tissue homeostasis and restore healthy immune responses in many biological and inflammatory contexts. Cannabinoids have been pointed out as potential therapeutic tools for several diseases. Dendritic cells (DCs) express the endocannabinoid system, including the cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2. However, how cannabinoids might regulate functional properties of DCs is not completely understood. We uncover that the triggering of cannabinoid receptors promote human tolerogenic DCs that are able to prime functional FOXP3+ Tregs in the context of different inflammatory diseases. Mechanistically, cannabinoids imprint tolerogenicity in human DCs by inhibiting NF-κB, MAPK and mTOR signalling pathways while inducing AMPK and functional autophagy flux via CB1- and PPARα-mediated activation, which drives metabolic rewiring towards increased mitochondrial activity and oxidative phosphorylation. Cannabinoids exhibit in vivo protective and anti-inflammatory effects in LPS-induced sepsis and also promote the generation of FOXP3+ Tregs. In addition, immediate anaphylactic reactions are decreased in peanut allergic mice and the generation of allergen-specific FOXP3+ Tregs are promoted, demonstrating that these immunomodulatory effects take place in both type 1- and type 2-mediated inflammatory diseases. Our findings might open new avenues for novel cannabinoid-based interventions in different inflammatory and immune-mediated diseases.
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8
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Borgarelli C, Klingl YE, Escamilla-Ayala A, Munck S, Van Den Bosch L, De Borggraeve WM, Ismalaj E. Lighting Up the Plasma Membrane: Development and Applications of Fluorescent Ligands for Transmembrane Proteins. Chemistry 2021; 27:8605-8641. [PMID: 33733502 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the fact that transmembrane proteins represent the main therapeutic targets for decades, complete and in-depth knowledge about their biochemical and pharmacological profiling is not fully available. In this regard, target-tailored small-molecule fluorescent ligands are a viable approach to fill in the missing pieces of the puzzle. Such tools, coupled with the ability of high-precision optical techniques to image with an unprecedented resolution at a single-molecule level, helped unraveling many of the conundrums related to plasma proteins' life-cycle and druggability. Herein, we review the recent progress made during the last two decades in fluorescent ligand design and potential applications in fluorescence microscopy of voltage-gated ion channels, ligand-gated ion channels and G-coupled protein receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Borgarelli
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Design and Synthesis, KU Leuven Campus Arenberg Celestijnenlaan 200F -, box 2404, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yvonne E Klingl
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven Campus Gasthuisberg O&N5 -, box 602 Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Neurobiology, VIB, Center for Brain &, Disease Research, VIB-KU Leuven Campus Gasthuisberg O&N5 -, box 602 Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Abril Escamilla-Ayala
- Center for Brain & Disease Research, & VIB BioImaging Core, VIB-KU Leuven Campus Gasthuisberg O&N5 -, box 602 Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N5 - box 602 Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sebastian Munck
- Center for Brain & Disease Research, & VIB BioImaging Core, VIB-KU Leuven Campus Gasthuisberg O&N5 -, box 602 Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N5 - box 602 Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ludo Van Den Bosch
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven Campus Gasthuisberg O&N5 -, box 602 Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Neurobiology, VIB, Center for Brain &, Disease Research, VIB-KU Leuven Campus Gasthuisberg O&N5 -, box 602 Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim M De Borggraeve
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Design and Synthesis, KU Leuven Campus Arenberg Celestijnenlaan 200F -, box 2404, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ermal Ismalaj
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Design and Synthesis, KU Leuven Campus Arenberg Celestijnenlaan 200F -, box 2404, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
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9
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Ahmed I, Rehman SU, Shahmohamadnejad S, Zia MA, Ahmad M, Saeed MM, Akram Z, Iqbal HMN, Liu Q. Therapeutic Attributes of Endocannabinoid System against Neuro-Inflammatory Autoimmune Disorders. Molecules 2021; 26:3389. [PMID: 34205169 PMCID: PMC8199938 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans, various sites like cannabinoid receptors (CBR) having a binding affinity with cannabinoids are distributed on the surface of different cell types, where endocannabinoids (ECs) and derivatives of fatty acid can bind. The binding of these substance(s) triggers the activation of specific receptors required for various physiological functions, including pain sensation, memory, and appetite. The ECs and CBR perform multiple functions via the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1); cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2), having a key effect in restraining neurotransmitters and the arrangement of cytokines. The role of cannabinoids in the immune system is illustrated because of their immunosuppressive characteristics. These characteristics include inhibition of leucocyte proliferation, T cells apoptosis, and induction of macrophages along with reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion. The review seeks to discuss the functional relationship between the endocannabinoid system (ECS) and anti-tumor characteristics of cannabinoids in various cancers. The therapeutic potential of cannabinoids for cancer-both in vivo and in vitro clinical trials-has also been highlighted and reported to be effective in mice models in arthritis for the inflammation reduction, neuropathic pain, positive effect in multiple sclerosis and type-1 diabetes mellitus, and found beneficial for treating in various cancers. In human models, such studies are limited; thereby, further research is indispensable in this field to get a conclusive outcome. Therefore, in autoimmune disorders, therapeutic cannabinoids can serve as promising immunosuppressive and anti-fibrotic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishtiaq Ahmed
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China;
- School of Medical Science, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia;
| | - Saif Ur Rehman
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China;
| | - Shiva Shahmohamadnejad
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14176-13151, Iran;
| | - Muhammad Anjum Zia
- Enzyme Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan; (M.A.Z.); (M.M.S.)
| | - Muhammad Ahmad
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (SBBUVAS), Sakrand 67210, Pakistan;
| | - Muhammad Muzammal Saeed
- Enzyme Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan; (M.A.Z.); (M.M.S.)
| | - Zain Akram
- School of Medical Science, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia;
| | - Hafiz M. N. Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, 64849 Monterrey, Mexico;
| | - Qingyou Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China;
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10
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Khiar‐Fernández N, Macicior J, Marcos‐Ramiro B, Ortega‐Gutiérrez S. Chemistry for the Identification of Therapeutic Targets: Recent Advances and Future Directions. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nora Khiar‐Fernández
- Department of Organic Chemistry School of Chemistry Universidad Complutense de Madrid Plaza de las Ciencias s/n 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Jon Macicior
- Department of Organic Chemistry School of Chemistry Universidad Complutense de Madrid Plaza de las Ciencias s/n 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Beatriz Marcos‐Ramiro
- Department of Organic Chemistry School of Chemistry Universidad Complutense de Madrid Plaza de las Ciencias s/n 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Silvia Ortega‐Gutiérrez
- Department of Organic Chemistry School of Chemistry Universidad Complutense de Madrid Plaza de las Ciencias s/n 28040 Madrid Spain
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11
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Zhang Y, Li S, Zhang H, Xu H. Design and Application of Receptor-Targeted Fluorescent Probes Based on Small Molecular Fluorescent Dyes. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:4-24. [PMID: 33412857 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, a variety of receptor-targeted fluorescent probes have been developed and widely used to realize the visualization of certain receptors, which facilitates the early diagnosis and treatment of diseases. In this Review, we focus on the recent achievements in design, chemical structure, imaging characterization, and potential applications of receptor-targeted fluorescent probes from the past 10 years. The development and application of receptor-targeted fluorescent probes will expand our knowledge of the distribution and function of disease-related receptors, shed light on the drug discovery for clinical diseases where receptors are implicated, and feed into the diagnosis and treatment of a plethora of diseases, including tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Henan Province for New Drug R&D and Preclinical Safety, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Shufeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Henan Province for New Drug R&D and Preclinical Safety, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Hang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Henan Province for New Drug R&D and Preclinical Safety, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Haiwei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Henan Province for New Drug R&D and Preclinical Safety, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
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12
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Hamilton AJ, Payne AD, Mocerino M, Gunosewoyo H. Imaging Cannabinoid Receptors: A Brief Collection of Covalent and Fluorescent Probes for CB1 and CB2 Receptors. Aust J Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/ch21007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
There has been an expanding public interest towards the notion that modulation of the sophisticated endocannabinoid system can lead to various therapeutic benefits that are yet to be fully explored. In recent years, the drug discovery paradigm in this field has been largely based on the development of selective CB2 receptor agonists, avoiding the unwanted CB1 receptor-mediated psychoactive side effects. Mechanistically, target engagement studies are crucial for confirming the ligand–receptor interaction and the subsequent biological cascades that lead to the observed therapeutic effects. Concurrently, imaging techniques for visualisation of cannabinoid receptors are increasingly reported in the literature. Small molecule imaging tools ranging from phytocannabinoids such as tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) to the endocannabinoids as well as the purely synthetic cannabimimetics, have been explored to date with varying degrees of success. This Review will cover currently known photoactivatable, electrophilic, and fluorescent ligands for both the CB1 and CB2 receptors. Structural insights from techniques such as ligand-assisted protein structure (LAPS) and the discovery of novel allosteric modulators are significant additions for better understanding of the endocannabinoid system. There has also been a plethora of fluorescent conjugates that have been assessed for their binding to cannabinoid receptors as well as their potential for cellular imaging. More recently, bifunctional probes containing either fluorophores or electrophilic tags are becoming more prevalent in the literature. Collectively, these molecular tools are invaluable in demonstrating target engagement within the human endocannabinoid system.
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13
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New small molecule fluorescent probes for G protein-coupled receptors: valuable tools for drug discovery. Future Med Chem 2020; 13:63-90. [PMID: 33319586 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2019-0327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are essential signaling proteins and tractable therapeutic targets. To develop new drug candidates, GPCR drug discovery programs require versatile, sensitive pharmacological tools for ligand binding and compound screening. With the availability of new imaging modalities and proximity-based ligand binding technologies, fluorescent ligands offer many advantages and are increasingly being used, yet labeling small molecules remains considerably more challenging relative to peptides. Focusing on recent fluorescent small molecule studies for family A GPCRs, this review addresses some of the key challenges, synthesis approaches and structure-activity relationship considerations, and discusses advantages of using high-resolution GPCR structures to inform conjugation strategies. While no single approach guarantees successful labeling without loss of affinity or selectivity, the choice of fluorophore, linker type and site of attachment have proved to be critical factors that can significantly affect their utility in drug discovery programs, and as discussed, can sometimes lead to very unexpected results.
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14
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Giovinazzo G, Gerardi C, Uberti-Foppa C, Lopalco L. Can Natural Polyphenols Help in Reducing Cytokine Storm in COVID-19 Patients? Molecules 2020; 25:E5888. [PMID: 33322757 PMCID: PMC7763290 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 first emerged in China during late 2019 and rapidly spread all over the world. Alterations in the inflammatory cytokines pathway represent a strong signature during SARS-COV-2 infection and correlate with poor prognosis and severity of the illness. The hyper-activation of the immune system results in an acute severe systemic inflammatory response named cytokine release syndrome (CRS). No effective prophylactic or post-exposure treatments are available, although some anti-inflammatory compounds are currently in clinical trials. Studies of plant extracts and natural compounds show that polyphenols can play a beneficial role in the prevention and the progress of chronic diseases related to inflammation. The aim of this manuscript is to review the published background on the possible effectiveness of polyphenols to fight SARS-COV-2 infection, contributing to the reduction of inflammation. Here, some of the anti-inflammatory therapies are discussed and although great progress has been made though this year, there is no proven cytokine blocking agents for COVID currently used in clinical practice. In this regard, bioactive phytochemicals such as polyphenols may become promising tools to be used as adjuvants in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Such nutrients, with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, associated to classical anti-inflammatory drugs, could help in reducing the inflammation in patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Giovinazzo
- CNR-ISPA, Institute of Science of Food Production, National Research Council, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
| | - Carmela Gerardi
- CNR-ISPA, Institute of Science of Food Production, National Research Council, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
| | | | - Lucia Lopalco
- Division Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
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15
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Costiniuk CT, Jenabian MA. Acute inflammation and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection: Cannabidiol as a potential anti-inflammatory treatment? Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2020; 53:63-65. [PMID: 32467020 PMCID: PMC7239000 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia T Costiniuk
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada; Division of Infectious Diseases/Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Mohammad-Ali Jenabian
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Université de Montréal, Canada.
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16
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Highly Selective, Amine‐Derived Cannabinoid Receptor 2 Probes. Chemistry 2020; 26:1380-1387. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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17
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Singh S, Oyagawa CRM, Macdonald C, Grimsey NL, Glass M, Vernall AJ. Chromenopyrazole-based High Affinity, Selective Fluorescent Ligands for Cannabinoid Type 2 Receptor. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:209-214. [PMID: 30783505 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoid type 2 receptor (CB2R) is an attractive target for the treatment of pain and inflammatory disorders. Availability of a selective CB2R fluorescent ligand to study CB2R expression and localization in healthy and disease conditions would greatly contribute to improving our understanding of this receptor. Herein, we report a series of chromenopyrazole-based CB2R fluorescent ligands. The highest affinity fluorescent ligand was Cy5-containing 24 (hCB2R pK i = 7.38 ± 0.05), which had 131-fold selectivity over CB1R. In a cAMP BRET assay, 24 behaved as a potent CB2R inverse agonist. Widefield imaging experiments showed that 24 binds to CB2R in live cells with good selectivity and low levels of nonspecific fluorescence. The high affinity, selectivity, and suitable imaging properties of fluorescent ligand 24 make it a valuable tool for studying CB2R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameek Singh
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Caitlin R. M. Oyagawa
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, and Centre for Brain Research, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Christa Macdonald
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, and Centre for Brain Research, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Natasha L. Grimsey
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, and Centre for Brain Research, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michelle Glass
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, and Centre for Brain Research, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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18
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Novel vaccines targeting dendritic cells by coupling allergoids to mannan. ALLERGO JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s15007-018-1764-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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19
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Iliopoulos-Tsoutsouvas C, Kulkarni RN, Makriyannis A, Nikas SP. Fluorescent probes for G-protein-coupled receptor drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2018; 13:933-947. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2018.1518975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rohit N. Kulkarni
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center. Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexandros Makriyannis
- Center for Drug Discovery and Departments of Chemistry & Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Spyros P. Nikas
- Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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20
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Gil-Ordóñez A, Martín-Fontecha M, Ortega-Gutiérrez S, López-Rodríguez ML. Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) as a promising therapeutic target. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 157:18-32. [PMID: 30059673 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) has been characterized as the main enzyme responsible for the inactivation of the most abundant brain endocannabinoid, 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). Besides this role, MAGL has progressively acquired a growing importance as an integrative metabolic hub that controls not only the in vivo levels of 2-AG but also of other monoacylglycerides and, indirectly, the levels of free fatty acids derived from their hydrolysis as well as other lipids with pro-inflammatory or pro-tumorigenic effects, coming from the further metabolism of fatty acids. All these functions have only started to be elucidated in the last years due to the progress made in the knowledge of the structure of MAGL and in the development of genetic and chemical tools. In this review we report the advances made in the field with a special focus on the last decade and how MAGL has become a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of several diseases that currently lack appropriate therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Gil-Ordóñez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av. Complutense s/n, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Martín-Fontecha
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av. Complutense s/n, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Ortega-Gutiérrez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av. Complutense s/n, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María L López-Rodríguez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av. Complutense s/n, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
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21
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Benito-Villalvilla C, Soria I, Subiza JL, Palomares O. Novel vaccines targeting dendritic cells by coupling allergoids to mannan. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 27:256-262. [PMID: 30546997 PMCID: PMC6267119 DOI: 10.1007/s40629-018-0069-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) is the single disease-modifying treatment for allergy. Clinical trials show AIT to be safe and effective for many patients; however, it still faces problems related to efficacy, safety, long treatment duration and low patient adherence. There has been intensive research to develop alternative strategies, including novel administration routes, adjuvants or hypoallergenic molecules. Promising results are reported for some of them, but clinical progress is still moderate. Allergoids conjugated to nonoxidized mannan from Saccharomyces cerevisiae have emerged as a novel concept of vaccine targeting dendritic cells (DCs). Preclinical human and animal models demonstrated that allergoids conjugated to mannan enhance allergen uptake, promote healthy responses to allergens by inducing Th1 and T regulatory (Treg) cells, and show clinical efficacy in veterinary medicine. Dose-finding phase II clinical trials in humans are currently ongoing. We review the current stage of allergoids conjugated to mannan as next generation vaccines for AIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Benito-Villalvilla
- 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Oscar Palomares
- 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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22
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Hernández-Torres G, Enríquez-Palacios E, Mecha M, Feliú A, Rueda-Zubiaurre A, Angelina A, Martín-Cruz L, Martín-Fontecha M, Palomares O, Guaza C, Peña-Cabrera E, López-Rodríguez ML, Ortega-Gutiérrez S. Development of a Fluorescent Bodipy Probe for Visualization of the Serotonin 5-HT 1A Receptor in Native Cells of the Immune System. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:2021-2027. [PMID: 29733594 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) modulates key aspects of the immune system. However, its precise function and the receptors involved in the observed effects have remained elusive. Among the different serotonin receptors, 5-HT1A plays an important role in the immune system given its presence in cells involved in both the innate and adaptive immune responses, but its actual levels of expression under different conditions have not been comprehensively studied due to the lack of suitable tools. To further clarify the role of 5-HT1A receptor in the immune system, we have developed a fluorescent small molecule probe that enables the direct study of the receptor levels in native cells. This probe allows direct profiling of the receptor expression in immune cells using flow cytometry. Our results show that important subsets of immune cells including human monocytes and dendritic cells express functional 5-HT1A and that its activation is associated with anti-inflammatory signaling. Furthermore, application of the probe to the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model of multiple sclerosis demonstrates its potential to detect the specific overexpression of the 5-HT1A receptor in CD4+ T cells. Accordingly, the probe reported herein represents a useful tool whose use can be extended to study the levels of 5-HT1A receptor in ex vivo samples of different immune system conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Miriam Mecha
- Functional and Systems Neurobiology Department, Neuroimmunology Group , Instituto Cajal , 28002 Madrid , Spain
| | - Ana Feliú
- Functional and Systems Neurobiology Department, Neuroimmunology Group , Instituto Cajal , 28002 Madrid , Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Carmen Guaza
- Functional and Systems Neurobiology Department, Neuroimmunology Group , Instituto Cajal , 28002 Madrid , Spain
| | - Eduardo Peña-Cabrera
- Departament of Chemistry , Universidad de Guanajuato , Guanajuato 36050 , Mexico
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