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Ma Y, Chen Y, Li Z, Zhao Y. Rational Design of Lipid-Based Vectors for Advanced Therapeutic Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:603. [PMID: 38932332 PMCID: PMC11209477 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12060603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent advancements in vaccine delivery systems have seen the utilization of various materials, including lipids, polymers, peptides, metals, and inorganic substances, for constructing non-viral vectors. Among these, lipid-based nanoparticles, composed of natural, synthetic, or physiological lipid/phospholipid materials, offer significant advantages such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and safety, making them ideal for vaccine delivery. These lipid-based vectors can protect encapsulated antigens and/or mRNA from degradation, precisely tune chemical and physical properties to mimic viruses, facilitate targeted delivery to specific immune cells, and enable efficient endosomal escape for robust immune activation. Notably, lipid-based vaccines, exemplified by those developed by BioNTech/Pfizer and Moderna against COVID-19, have gained approval for human use. This review highlights rational design strategies for vaccine delivery, emphasizing lymphoid organ targeting and effective endosomal escape. It also discusses the importance of rational formulation design and structure-activity relationships, along with reviewing components and potential applications of lipid-based vectors. Additionally, it addresses current challenges and future prospects in translating lipid-based vaccine therapies for cancer and infectious diseases into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Ma
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;
| | - Yiang Chen
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China;
| | - Zilu Li
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China;
| | - Yu Zhao
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;
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2
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Wholey WY, Meyer AR, Yoda ST, Chackerian B, Zikherman J, Cheng W. Minimal Determinants for Lifelong Antiviral Antibody Responses in Mice from a Single Exposure to Virus-like Immunogens at Low Doses. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:405. [PMID: 38675787 PMCID: PMC11054763 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12040405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The durability of an antibody (Ab) response is highly important for antiviral vaccines. However, due to the complex compositions of natural virions, the molecular determinants of Ab durability from viral infection or inactivated viral vaccines have been incompletely understood. Here we used a reductionist system of liposome-based virus-like structures to examine the durability of Abs from primary immune responses in mice. This system allowed us to independently vary fundamental viral attributes and to do so without additional adjuvants to model natural viruses. We show that a single injection of protein antigens (Ags) orderly displayed on a virion-sized liposome is sufficient to induce a long-lived neutralizing Ab (nAb) response. The introduction of internal nucleic acids dramatically modulates the magnitude of Ab responses without an alteration of the long-term kinetic trends. These Abs are characterized by very slow off-rates of ~0.0005 s-1, which emerged as early as day 5 after injection and these off-rates are comparable to that of affinity-matured monoclonal Abs. A single injection of these structures at doses as low as 100 ng led to lifelong nAb production in mice. Thus, a minimal virus-like immunogen can give rise to potent and long-lasting antiviral Abs in a primary response in mice without live infection. This has important implications for understanding both live viral infection and for optimizing vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yun Wholey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (W.-Y.W.); (A.R.M.); (S.-T.Y.)
| | - Alexander R. Meyer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (W.-Y.W.); (A.R.M.); (S.-T.Y.)
| | - Sekou-Tidiane Yoda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (W.-Y.W.); (A.R.M.); (S.-T.Y.)
| | - Bryce Chackerian
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA;
| | - Julie Zikherman
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA;
| | - Wei Cheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (W.-Y.W.); (A.R.M.); (S.-T.Y.)
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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3
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Wholey WY, Meyer AR, Yoda ST, Chackerian B, Zikherman J, Cheng W. Minimal determinants for lifelong antiviral antibody responses in BALB/c mice from a single exposure to virus-like immunogens at low doses. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.02.20.529089. [PMID: 36865112 PMCID: PMC9979986 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.20.529089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
However, due to the complex compositions of natural virions, the molecular determinants of Ab durability from viral infection or inactivated viral vaccines have been incompletely understood. Here we used a reductionist system of liposome-based virus-like structures to examine the durability of Abs in primary immune responses in mice. This system allowed us to independently vary fundamental viral attributes and to do so without additional adjuvants to model natural viruses. We show that a single injection of antigens (Ags) orderly displayed on a virion-sized liposome is sufficient to induce a long-lived neutralizing Ab (nAb) response. Introduction of internal nucleic acids dramatically modulates the magnitude of long-term Ab responses without alteration of the long-term kinetic trends. These Abs are characterized by exceptionally slow off-rates of ~0.0005 s-1, which emerged as early as day 5 after injection and these off-rates are comparable to that of affinity-matured monoclonal Abs. A single injection of these structures at doses as low as 100 ng led to lifelong nAb production in BALB/c mice. Thus, a minimal virus-like immunogen can give rise to potent and long-lasting antiviral Abs in a primary response in mice without live infection. This has important implications for understanding both live viral infection and for optimized vaccine design.
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4
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Wholey WY, Meyer AR, Yoda ST, Mueller JL, Mathenge R, Chackerian B, Zikherman J, Cheng W. An integrated signaling threshold initiates IgG response towards virus-like immunogens. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.28.577643. [PMID: 38469153 PMCID: PMC10926662 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.28.577643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Class-switched neutralizing antibody (nAb) production is rapidly induced upon many viral infections. However, due to the presence of multiple components in typical virions, the precise biochemical and biophysical signals from viral infections that initiate nAb responses remain inadequately defined. Using a reductionist system of synthetic virus-like structures (SVLS) containing minimal, highly purified biochemical components commonly found in enveloped viruses, here we show that a foreign protein on a virion-sized liposome can serve as a stand-alone danger signal to initiate class-switched nAb responses in the absence of cognate T cell help or Toll-like receptor signaling but requires CD19, the antigen (Ag) coreceptor on B cells. Introduction of internal nucleic acids (iNAs) obviates the need for CD19, lowers the epitope density (ED) required to elicit the Ab response and transforms these structures into highly potent immunogens that rival conventional virus-like particles in their ability to elicit strong Ag-specific IgG. As early as day 5 after immunization, structures harbouring iNAs and decorated with just a few molecules of surface Ag at doses as low as 100 ng induced all IgG subclasses of Ab known in mice and reproduced the IgG2a/2c restriction that has been long observed in live viral infections. These findings reveal a shared mechanism for nAb response upon viral infection. High ED is capable but not necessary for driving Ab secretion in vivo . Instead, even a few molecules of surface Ag, when combined with nucleic acids within these structures, can trigger strong antiviral IgG production. As a result, the signaling threshold for the induction of neutralizing IgG is set by dual signals originating from both ED on the surface and the presence of iNAs within viral particulate immunogens. One-sentence summary Reconstitution of minimal viral signals necessary to initiate antiviral IgG.
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5
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Multivalent virus-like epitope display amplifies BCR signaling independent of avidity. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:1610-1611. [PMID: 37723350 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01619-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
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6
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Brooks JF, Riggs J, Mueller JL, Mathenge R, Wholey WY, Meyer AR, Yoda ST, Vykunta VS, Nielsen HV, Cheng W, Zikherman J. Molecular basis for potent B cell responses to antigen displayed on particles of viral size. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:1762-1777. [PMID: 37653247 PMCID: PMC10950062 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01597-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Multivalent viral epitopes induce rapid, robust and T cell-independent humoral immune responses, but the biochemical basis for such potency remains incompletely understood. We take advantage of a set of liposomes of viral size engineered to display affinity mutants of the model antigen (Ag) hen egg lysozyme. Particulate Ag induces potent 'all-or-none' B cell responses that are density dependent but affinity independent. Unlike soluble Ag, particulate Ag induces signal amplification downstream of the B cell receptor by selectively evading LYN-dependent inhibitory pathways and maximally activates NF-κB in a manner that mimics T cell help. Such signaling induces MYC expression and enables even low doses of particulate Ag to trigger robust B cell proliferation in vivo in the absence of adjuvant. We uncover a molecular basis for highly sensitive B cell responses to viral Ag display that is independent of encapsulated nucleic acids and is not merely accounted for by avidity and B cell receptor cross-linking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy F Brooks
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Julianne Riggs
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - James L Mueller
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Raisa Mathenge
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wei-Yun Wholey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alexander R Meyer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sekou-Tidiane Yoda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Vivasvan S Vykunta
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hailyn V Nielsen
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wei Cheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Julie Zikherman
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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7
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McColman S, Shkalla K, Sidhu P, Liang J, Osman S, Kovacs N, Bokhari Z, Forjaz Marques AC, Li Y, Lin Q, Zhang H, Cramb DT. SARS-CoV-2 virus-like-particles via liposomal reconstitution of spike glycoproteins. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:4167-4181. [PMID: 37560413 PMCID: PMC10408587 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00190c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus, implicated in the COVID-19 pandemic, recognizes and binds host cells using its spike glycoprotein through an angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) receptor-mediated pathway. Recent research suggests that spatial distributions of the spike protein may influence viral interactions with target cells and immune systems. The goal of this study has been to develop a liposome-based virus-like particle (VLP) by reconstituting the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein within a synthetic nanoparticle membrane, aiming to eventually establish tunability in spike protein presentation on the nanoparticle surface. Here we report on first steps to this goal, wherein liposomal SARS-CoV-2 VLPs were successfully produced via detergent mediated spike protein reconstitution. The resultant VLPs are shown to successfully co-localize in vitro with the ACE-2 receptor on lung epithelial cell surfaces, followed by internalization into these cells. These VLPs are the first step toward the overall goal of this research which is to form an understanding of the relationship between spike protein surface density and cell-level immune response, eventually toward creating better vaccines and anti-viral therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah McColman
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Faculty of Science, Toronto Metropolitan University Toronto ON Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto Toronto ON Canada
| | - Klaidi Shkalla
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Faculty of Science, Toronto Metropolitan University Toronto ON Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto Toronto ON Canada
| | - Pavleen Sidhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Faculty of Science, Toronto Metropolitan University Toronto ON Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto Toronto ON Canada
| | - Jady Liang
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto Toronto ON Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
| | - Selena Osman
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Faculty of Science, Toronto Metropolitan University Toronto ON Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto Toronto ON Canada
| | - Norbert Kovacs
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Faculty of Science, Toronto Metropolitan University Toronto ON Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto Toronto ON Canada
| | - Zainab Bokhari
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Faculty of Science, Toronto Metropolitan University Toronto ON Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto Toronto ON Canada
| | - Ana Carolina Forjaz Marques
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Faculty of Science, Toronto Metropolitan University Toronto ON Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto Toronto ON Canada
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Seção Técnica de Graduação, Universidade Estadual Paulista Araraquara SP Brazil
| | - Yuchong Li
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto Toronto ON Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
- The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Qiwen Lin
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto Toronto ON Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
- The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto Toronto ON Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
- The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou Guangdong China
- Departments of Anaesthesia and Physiology, Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
| | - David T Cramb
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Faculty of Science, Toronto Metropolitan University Toronto ON Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto Toronto ON Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada
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8
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Brooks JF, Riggs J, Mueller JL, Mathenge R, Wholey WY, Yoda ST, Vykunta VS, Cheng W, Zikherman J. Molecular basis for potent B cell responses to antigen displayed on particles of viral size. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.15.528761. [PMID: 36824873 PMCID: PMC9949087 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.15.528761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Although it has long been appreciated that multivalent antigens - and particularly viral epitope display - produce extremely rapid, robust, and T-independent humoral immune responses, the biochemical basis for such potency has been incompletely understood. Here we take advantage of a set of neutral liposomes of viral size that are engineered to display affinity mutants of the model antigen (Ag) hen egg lysozyme at precisely varied density. We show that particulate Ag display by liposomes induces highly potent B cell responses that are dose-and density-dependent but affinity-independent. Titrating dose of particulate, but not soluble, Ag reveals bimodal Erk phosphorylation and cytosolic calcium increases. Particulate Ag induces signal amplification downstream of the B cell receptor (BCR) by selectively evading LYN-dependent inhibitory pathways, but in vitro potency is independent of CD19. Importantly, Ag display on viral-sized particles signals independently of MYD88 and IRAK1/4, but activates NF- κ B robustly in a manner that mimics T cell help. Together, such biased signaling by particulate Ag promotes MYC expression and reduces the threshold required for B cell proliferation relative to soluble Ag. These findings uncover a molecular basis for highly sensitive B cell response to viral Ag display and remarkable potency of virus-like particle vaccines that is not merely accounted for by avidity and BCR cross-linking, and is independent of the contribution of B cell nucleic acid-sensing machinery.
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9
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Kramer L, Song HW, Mitchell K, Kartik M, Jain R, Escarra VL, Quiros E, Fu H, Singh A, Roy K. Lipid Membrane‐Based Antigen Presentation to B Cells Using a Fully Synthetic Ex Vivo Germinal Center Model. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2022; 2. [DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202100137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Liana Kramer
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine 313 Ferst Dr NW Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Hannah W. Song
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine 313 Ferst Dr NW Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Kaiya Mitchell
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine 313 Ferst Dr NW Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Mythili Kartik
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine 313 Ferst Dr NW Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Ritika Jain
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine 313 Ferst Dr NW Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Victoria Lozano Escarra
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine 313 Ferst Dr NW Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Enrique Quiros
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine 313 Ferst Dr NW Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Harrison Fu
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine 313 Ferst Dr NW Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Ankur Singh
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine 313 Ferst Dr NW Atlanta GA 30332 USA
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology 313 Ferst Dr NW Atlanta GA 30332 USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience Georgia Institute of Technology 315 Ferst Dr NW Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Krishnendu Roy
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine 313 Ferst Dr NW Atlanta GA 30332 USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience Georgia Institute of Technology 315 Ferst Dr NW Atlanta GA 30332 USA
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10
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Wholey WY, Yoda ST, Cheng W. Site-Specific and Stable Conjugation of the SARS-CoV-2 Receptor-Binding Domain to Liposomes in the Absence of Any Other Adjuvants Elicits Potent Neutralizing Antibodies in BALB/c Mice. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:2497-2506. [PMID: 34775749 PMCID: PMC8918018 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Understanding immune responses toward viral infection will be useful for potential therapeutic intervention and offer insights into the design of prophylactic vaccines. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of the COVID-19 pandemic. To understand the complex immune responses toward SARS-CoV-2 infection, here we developed a method to express and purify the recombinant and engineered viral receptor-binding domain (RBD) to more than 95% purity. We could encapsulate RNA molecules into the interior of a virion-sized liposome. We conjugated the purified RBD proteins onto the surface of the liposome in an orientation-specific manner with defined spatial densities. Both the encapsulation of RNAs and the chemical conjugation of the RBD protein on liposome surfaces were stable under physiologically relevant conditions. In contrast to soluble RBD proteins, a single injection of RBD-conjugated liposomes alone, in the absence of any other adjuvants, elicited RBD-specific B cell responses in BALB/c mice, and the resulting animal sera could potently neutralize HIV-1 pseudovirions that displayed the SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins. These results validate these supramolecular structures as a novel and effective tool to mimic the structure of enveloped viruses, the use of which will allow systematic dissection of the complex B cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yun Wholey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Sekou-Tidiane Yoda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Wei Cheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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11
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Kozminsky M, Carey TR, Sohn LL. DNA-Directed Patterning for Versatile Validation and Characterization of a Lipid-Based Nanoparticle Model of SARS-CoV-2. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2101166. [PMID: 34672117 PMCID: PMC8646752 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202101166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Lipid-based nanoparticles have been applied extensively in drug delivery and vaccine strategies and are finding diverse applications in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic-from vaccine-component encapsulation to modeling the virus, itself. High-throughput, highly flexible methods for characterization are of great benefit to the development of liposomes featuring surface proteins. DNA-directed patterning is one such method that offers versatility in immobilizing and segregating lipid-based nanoparticles for subsequent analysis. Here, oligonucleotides are selectively conjugated onto a glass substrate and then hybridized to complementary oligonucleotides tagged to liposomes, patterning them with great control and precision. The power of DNA-directed patterning is demonstrated by characterizing a novel recapitulative lipid-based nanoparticle model of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-S-liposomes-that presents the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein on its surface. Patterning a mixture of S-liposomes and liposomes that display the tetraspanin CD63 to discrete regions of a substrate shows that angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) specifically binds to S-liposomes. Subsequent introduction of S-liposomes to ACE2-expressing cells tests the biological function of S-liposomes and shows agreement with DNA-directed patterning-based assays. Finally, multiplexed patterning of S-liposomes verifies the performance of commercially available neutralizing antibodies against the two S variants. Overall, DNA-directed patterning enables a wide variety of custom assays for the characterization of any lipid-based nanoparticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Kozminsky
- California Institute for Quantitative BiosciencesUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeley174 Stanley HallBerkeleyCA94720USA
| | - Thomas R. Carey
- UC Berkeley–UC San Francisco Graduate Program in BioengineeringUniversity of California, Berkeley306 Stanley HallBerkeleyCA94720USA
| | - Lydia L. Sohn
- UC Berkeley–UC San Francisco Graduate Program in BioengineeringUniversity of California, Berkeley306 Stanley HallBerkeleyCA94720USA
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeley5118 Etcheverry HallBerkeleyCA94720USA
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12
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Liu H, Zhong W, Zhang X, Lin D, Wu J. Nanomedicine as a promising strategy for the theranostics of infectious diseases. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:7878-7908. [PMID: 34611689 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb01316e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, and fungi and their global spread pose a great threat to human health. The 2019 World Health Organization report predicted that infection-related mortality will be similar to cancer mortality by 2050. Particularly, the global cumulative numbers of the recent outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) have reached 110.7 million cases and over 2.4 million deaths as of February 23, 2021. Moreover, the crisis of these infectious diseases exposes the many problems of traditional diagnosis, treatment, and prevention, such as time-consuming and unselective detection methods, the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria, serious side effects, and poor drug delivery. There is an urgent need for rapid and sensitive diagnosis as well as high efficacy and low toxicity treatments. The emergence of nanomedicine has provided a promising strategy to greatly enhance detection methods and drug treatment efficacy. Owing to their unique optical, magnetic, and electrical properties, nanoparticles (NPs) have great potential for the fast and selective detection of bacteria, viruses, and fungi. NPs exhibit remarkable antibacterial activity by releasing reactive oxygen species and metal ions, exerting photothermal effects, and causing destruction of the cell membrane. Nano-based delivery systems can further improve drug permeability, reduce the side effects of drugs, and prolong systemic circulation time and drug half-life. Moreover, effective drugs against COVID-19 are still lacking. Recently, nanomedicine has shown great potential to accelerate the development of safe and novel anti-COVID-19 drugs. This article reviews the fundamental mechanisms and the latest developments in the treatment and diagnosis of bacteria, viruses, and fungi and discusses the challenges and perspectives in the application of nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengyu Liu
- Department of Hematology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China.
| | - Wenhao Zhong
- Department of Hematology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China.
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China.
| | - Dongjun Lin
- Department of Hematology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China.
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Hematology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China. .,School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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13
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Heinrich MA, Martina B, Prakash J. Nanomedicine strategies to target coronavirus. NANO TODAY 2020; 35:100961. [PMID: 32904707 PMCID: PMC7457919 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2020.100961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
With the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2002, the middle east respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV) in 2012 and the recently discovered SARS-CoV-2 in December 2019, the 21st first century has so far faced the outbreak of three major coronaviruses (CoVs). In particular, SARS-CoV-2 spread rapidly over the globe affecting nearly 25.000.000 people up to date. Recent evidences pointing towards mutations within the viral spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2 that are considered the cause for this rapid spread and currently around 300 clinical trials are running to find a treatment for SARS-CoV-2 infections. Nanomedicine, the application of nanocarriers to deliver drugs specifically to a target sites, has been applied for different diseases, such as cancer but also in viral infections. Nanocarriers can be designed to encapsulate vaccines and deliver them towards antigen presenting cells or function as antigen-presenting carriers themselves. Furthermore, drugs can be encapsulated into such carriers to directly target them to infected cells. In particular, virus-mimicking nanoparticles (NPs) such as self-assembled viral proteins, virus-like particles or liposomes, are able to replicate the infection mechanism and can not only be used as delivery system but also to study viral infections and related mechanisms. This review will provide a detailed description of the composition and replication strategy of CoVs, an overview of the therapeutics currently evaluated in clinical trials against SARS-CoV-2 and will discuss the potential of NP-based vaccines, targeted delivery of therapeutics using nanocarriers as well as using NPs to further investigate underlying biological processes in greater detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Alexander Heinrich
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, Section Targeted Therapeutics, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, 7500AE, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Byron Martina
- Artemis One Health Research Institute, 2629JD, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Jai Prakash
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, Section Targeted Therapeutics, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, 7500AE, Enschede, the Netherlands
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NR4A nuclear receptors restrain B cell responses to antigen when second signals are absent or limiting. Nat Immunol 2020; 21:1267-1279. [PMID: 32868928 PMCID: PMC8081071 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-0765-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Antigen stimulation (signal 1) triggers B cell proliferation, and primes B cells to recruit, engage, and respond to T cell help (signal 2). Failure to receive signal 2 within a defined time window results in B cell apoptosis, yet the mechanisms that enforce dependence upon co-stimulation are incompletely understood. Nr4a1-3 encode a small family of orphan nuclear receptors that are rapidly induced by B cell antigen receptor (BCR) stimulation. Here we showed that Nr4a1 and Nr4a3 play partially redundant roles to restrain B cell responses to antigen in the absence of co-stimulation, and do so in part by repressing expression of BATF and consequently MYC. The NR4A family also restrains B cell access to T cell help by repressing expression of the T cell chemokines CCL3 and CCL4, as well as CD86 and ICAM1. Such NR4A-mediated regulation plays a role specifically under conditions of competition for limiting T cell help.
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15
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Potential of Flavonoid-Inspired Phytomedicines against COVID-19. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25112707. [PMID: 32545268 PMCID: PMC7321405 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are widely used as phytomedicines. Here, we report on flavonoid phytomedicines with potential for development into prophylactics or therapeutics against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). These flavonoid-based phytomedicines include: caflanone, Equivir, hesperetin, myricetin, and Linebacker. Our in silico studies show that these flavonoid-based molecules can bind with high affinity to the spike protein, helicase, and protease sites on the ACE2 receptor used by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 to infect cells and cause COVID-19. Meanwhile, in vitro studies show potential of caflanone to inhibit virus entry factors including, ABL-2, cathepsin L, cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, Mip-1α, TNF-α), and PI4Kiiiβ as well as AXL-2, which facilitates mother-to-fetus transmission of coronavirus. The potential for the use of smart drug delivery technologies like nanoparticle drones loaded with these phytomedicines to overcome bioavailability limitations and improve therapeutic efficacy are discussed.
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