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Wang L, Zhang F, Du S, Leng J. 4D Printing of Triple-Shape Memory Cyanate Composites Based on Interpenetrating Polymer Network Structures. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:21496-21506. [PMID: 37084334 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c01750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The triple-shape memory polymer (TSMP) can be programmed into two temporary shapes (S1 and S2) and shows an ordinal recovery from S2 to S1 and eventually to the permanent shape upon heating, which realizes more complex stimulus-response motions. We introduced a novel strategy for forming triple-shape memory cyanate ester (TSMCE) resins with high strength and fracture toughness via three-step curing, including four-dimensional (4D) printing, UV post-curing, and thermal curing. The obtained TSMCE resins presented two separated glass transition temperature (Tg) regions due to the formation of an interpenetrating polymer network (IPN), which successfully endowed the polymers with the triple-shape memory effect. The two Tg increased with the increasing cyanate ester (CE) prepolymer content; their ranges were 82.7-102.1 °C and 164.4-229.0 °C, respectively. The fracture strain of the IPN CE resin was up to 10.9%. Moreover, the cooperation of short carbon fibers (CFs) and glass fibers (GFs) with the polymer-accelerated phase separation resulted in two well-separated Tg peaks exhibiting better excellent triple-shape memory behaviors and fracture toughness. The strategy for combining the IPN structure and 4D printing provides insight into the preparation of shape memory polymers integrating high strength and toughness, multiple-shape memory effect, and multifunctionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Wang
- Centre for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), No. 2 Yikuang Street, Harbin 150080, People's Republic of China
| | - Fenghua Zhang
- Centre for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), No. 2 Yikuang Street, Harbin 150080, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanyi Du
- Centre for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), No. 2 Yikuang Street, Harbin 150080, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinsong Leng
- Centre for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), No. 2 Yikuang Street, Harbin 150080, People's Republic of China
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2
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Jin X, Liu X, Li X, Du L, Su L, Ma Y, Ren S. High lignin, light-driven shape memory polymers with excellent mechanical performance. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 219:44-52. [PMID: 35905766 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
With the gradual global standardization of carbon emission policies, the development of renewable resources to replace traditional fossil resources is assuming increasing importance. Lignin is the most abundant natural source of aromatic compounds and has the potential to replace petroleum-based aromatic hydrocarbons. In this work, the rigid benzene ring structure and excellent photothermal properties of lignin were exploited to produce light-driven lignin-based shape memory polymers (ELEPs) that contain high proportions of lignin and have good mechanical properties. Enzymatically hydrolyzed lignin (EL), epoxy soybean oil (ESO) and polyethylene glycol (PEG 400) were copolymerized and cured to form ELEPs, which have a disordered three-dimensional network. An increase in the proportion of EL from 40 to 60 wt% enhanced the mechanical properties, as reflected by an increase in tensile strength from 11.3 to 30.8 MPa and in the glass transition temperature (Tg) from 93 to 115.7 °C. Under simulated solar irradiation (2000 W m-2), ELEP50, which contains 50 wt% lignin and has a Tg of 105 °C, reached a surface temperature as high as 105 °C and achieved shape memory within 20 s. The shape fixation ratio (Rf) and shape recovery ratio (Rr) were stably >98 % and >97 %, respectively, over eight cycles in a bending-recovery experiment. The unique light-driven shape memory properties of ELEPs provide a method for high value utilization of EL, and the design strategy offers new ideas for producing novel intelligent materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jin
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology, Northeast Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, PR China; College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Xuan Liu
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Xiaowen Li
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Liuping Du
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology, Northeast Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, PR China; College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Ling Su
- Yantai Vocational College, Yantai City 264670, PR China
| | - Yanli Ma
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology, Northeast Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, PR China; College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Shixue Ren
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology, Northeast Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, PR China; College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China.
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3
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Understanding the Coupling Effect between Lignin and Polybutadiene Elastomer. JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/jcs5060154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
From an environmental and economic viewpoint, it is a win–win strategy to use materials obtained from renewable resources for the production of high-performance elastomer composites. Lignin, being a renewable biomass, was employed as a functional filler material to obtain an elastomer composite with a higher degree of mechanical performance. In the presence of a suitable coupling agent, an elevated temperature was preferred for the reactive mixing of lignin with polybutadiene rubber (BR). It is quite fascinating that the mechanical performance of this composite was comparable with carbon black-filled composites. The extraordinary reinforcing behavior of lignin in the BR matrix was understood by an available model of rubber reinforcement. In rubber composite preparation, the interfacial interaction between polybutadiene rubber and lignin in the presence of a coupling agent enabled the efficient dispersion of lignin into the rubber matrix, which is responsible for the excellent mechanical properties of the rubber composites. The rubber composites thus obtained may lead to the development of a sustainable and cost-effective end product with reliable performance. This novel approach could be implemented in other type of elastomeric materials, enabling a genuine pathway toward a sustainable globe.
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Wang YY, Meng X, Pu Y, J. Ragauskas A. Recent Advances in the Application of Functionalized Lignin in Value-Added Polymeric Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2277. [PMID: 33023014 PMCID: PMC7600109 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The quest for converting lignin into high-value products has been continuously pursued in the past few decades. In its native form, lignin is a group of heterogeneous polymers comprised of phenylpropanoids. The major commercial lignin streams, including Kraft lignin, lignosulfonates, soda lignin and organosolv lignin, are produced from industrial processes including the paper and pulping industry and emerging lignocellulosic biorefineries. Although lignin has been viewed as a low-cost and renewable feedstock to replace petroleum-based materials, its utilization in polymeric materials has been suppressed due to the low reactivity and inherent physicochemical properties of lignin. Hence, various lignin modification strategies have been developed to overcome these problems. Herein, we review recent progress made in the utilization of functionalized lignins in commodity polymers including thermoset resins, blends/composites, grafted functionalized copolymers and carbon fiber precursors. In the synthesis of thermoset resins such as polyurethane, phenol-formaldehyde and epoxy, they are covalently incorporated into the polymer matrix, and the discussion is focused on chemical modifications improving the reactivity of technical lignins. In blends/composites, functionalization of technical lignins is based upon tuning the intermolecular forces between polymer components. In addition, grafted functional polymers have expanded the utilization of lignin-based copolymers to biomedical materials and value-added additives. Different modification approaches have also been applied to facilitate the application of lignin as carbon fiber precursors, heavy metal adsorbents and nanoparticles. These emerging fields will create new opportunities in cost-effectively integrating the lignin valorization into lignocellulosic biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Yan Wang
- Center for Renewable Carbon, Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA;
| | - Xianzhi Meng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA;
| | - Yunqiao Pu
- Joint Institute for Biological Science, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA;
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Arthur J. Ragauskas
- Center for Renewable Carbon, Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA;
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA;
- Joint Institute for Biological Science, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA;
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
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Shikinaka K, Nakamura M, Navarro RR, Otsuka Y. Functional Materials from Plant Biomass Obtained by Simultaneous Enzymatic Saccharification and Communition. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2020. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.1967.7j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Shikinaka
- Research Institute for Chemical Process Technology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
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Shikinaka K, Nakamura M, Navarro RR, Otsuka Y. Functional Materials from Plant Biomass Obtained by Simultaneous Enzymatic Saccharification and Communition. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2020. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.1967.7e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Shikinaka
- Research Institute for Chemical Process Technology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
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Lendlein A, Balk M, Tarazona NA, Gould OEC. Bioperspectives for Shape-Memory Polymers as Shape Programmable, Active Materials. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:3627-3640. [PMID: 31529957 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Within the natural world, organisms use information stored in their material structure to generate a physical response to a wide variety of environmental changes. The ability to program synthetic materials to intrinsically respond to environmental changes in a similar manner has the potential to revolutionize material science. By designing polymeric devices capable of responsively changing shape or behavior based on information encoded into their structure, we can create functional physical behavior, including a shape-memory and an actuation capability. Here we highlight the stimuli-responsiveness and shape-changing ability of biological materials and biopolymer-based materials, plus their potential biomedical application, providing a bioperspective on shape-memory materials. We address strategies to incorporate a shape-memory (actuation) function in polymeric materials, conceptualized in terms of its relationship with inputs (environmental stimuli) and outputs (shape change). Challenges and opportunities associated with the integration of several functions in a single material body to achieve multifunctionality are discussed. Finally, we describe how elements that sense, convert, and transmit stimuli have been used to create multisensitive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Lendlein
- Institute of Biomaterial Science , Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht , Kantstrasse 55 , Teltow , Germany.,Institute of Chemistry , University of Potsdam , Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25 , Potsdam , Germany
| | - Maria Balk
- Institute of Biomaterial Science , Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht , Kantstrasse 55 , Teltow , Germany
| | - Natalia A Tarazona
- Institute of Biomaterial Science , Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht , Kantstrasse 55 , Teltow , Germany
| | - Oliver E C Gould
- Institute of Biomaterial Science , Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht , Kantstrasse 55 , Teltow , Germany
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Liu H, Mohsin N, Kim S, Chung H. Lignin, a biomass crosslinker, in a shape memory polycaprolactone network. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.29483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hailing Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringFlorida State University, 2525 Pottsdamer Street, Building A, Suite A131 Tallahassee Florida 32310
| | - Nuverah Mohsin
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringFlorida State University, 2525 Pottsdamer Street, Building A, Suite A131 Tallahassee Florida 32310
| | - Sundol Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringFlorida State University, 2525 Pottsdamer Street, Building A, Suite A131 Tallahassee Florida 32310
| | - Hoyong Chung
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringFlorida State University, 2525 Pottsdamer Street, Building A, Suite A131 Tallahassee Florida 32310
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9
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Barnes SH, Goswami M, Nguyen NA, Keum JK, Bowland CC, Chen J, Naskar AK. An Ionomeric Renewable Thermoplastic from Lignin‐Reinforced Rubber. Macromol Rapid Commun 2019; 40:e1900059. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sietske H. Barnes
- Carbon and Composites Group Chemical Sciences Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Monojoy Goswami
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
- Computer Science and Engineering Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Ngoc A. Nguyen
- Carbon and Composites Group Chemical Sciences Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Jong K. Keum
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
- Neutron Scattering Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Christopher C. Bowland
- Carbon and Composites Group Chemical Sciences Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Jihua Chen
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Amit K. Naskar
- Carbon and Composites Group Chemical Sciences Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
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10
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Shikinaka K, Funatsu Y, Kubota Y, Tominaga Y, Nakamura M, Navarro RR, Otsuka Y. Tuneable shape-memory properties of composites based on nanoparticulated plant biomass, lignin, and poly(ethylene carbonate). SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:9227-9231. [PMID: 30403253 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm01683f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we propose a thermally responsive shape-memory polymer (SMP) consisting of poly(ethylene carbonate) and non-deteriorated lignin nanoparticles. This SMP was obtained readily by thermal kneading and melt molding without requiring any chemical reaction. The shape-recovering properties of the SMP can be tuned by changing the feed ratio of the components. The estimation of viscoelastic, thermal and mechanical properties of the SMP reveals that the stepwise structural transitions in the SMP rendered a dynamic shape-recovering behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Shikinaka
- Research Institute for Chemical Process Technology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Sendai 983-8551, Japan.
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11
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Shikinaka K, Otsuka Y, Nakamura M, Masai E, Katayama Y. Utilization of Lignocellulosic Biomass via Novel Sustainable Process. J Oleo Sci 2018; 67:1059-1070. [PMID: 30111682 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess18075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we show novel methods for utilizing lignocellulosic biomass, polysaccharides, and lignin. Firstly, the simultaneous enzymatic saccharification and comminution (SESC) of plant materials is described as an extraction method for lignocellulosic biomass that does not require toxic reagents or organic solvents. Secondly, we demonstrate the material utilization of non-deteriorated lignocellulosic biomass extracted by SESC, such as for sugar and ethanol synthesis, and as a heatproof filler. Finally, we exhibit the use of a functional monomer (e.g., in disinfection chemicals, cesium chelation, and building blocks for polymers), 2-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylic acid, derived from lignin via metabolic degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Shikinaka
- Research Institute for Chemical Process Technology, National Institute of Advanced Science and Technology (AIST)
| | | | | | - Eiji Masai
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology
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12
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Liu Y, Wang R, An Q, Su X, Li C, Shen S, Huo G. The F···H Hydrogen Bonding Effect on the Dynamic Mechanical and Shape-Memory Properties of a Fluorine-Containing Polybenzoxazine. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201700079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province; College of Chemistry and Environmental Science; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 P. R. China
| | - Rongrong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province; College of Chemistry and Environmental Science; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 P. R. China
| | - Qin An
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province; College of Chemistry and Environmental Science; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 P. R. China
| | - Xuehui Su
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province; College of Chemistry and Environmental Science; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 P. R. China
| | - Cuiyun Li
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province; College of Chemistry and Environmental Science; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 P. R. China
| | - Shanshan Shen
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province; College of Chemistry and Environmental Science; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 P. R. China
| | - Guoyan Huo
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province; College of Chemistry and Environmental Science; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 P. R. China
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13
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Huang J, Zhang L, Tang Z, Wu S, Ning N, Sun H, Guo B. Bioinspired Design of a Robust Elastomer with Adaptive Recovery via Triazolinedione Click Chemistry. Macromol Rapid Commun 2017; 38. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201600678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Huang
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
| | - Lijie Zhang
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
| | - Zhenghai Tang
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
| | - Siwu Wu
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
| | - Nanying Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Organic/Inorganic Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Haibin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organic/Inorganic Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Baochun Guo
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
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Liu Y, Wang J, Wolcott M. Modeling the production of sugar and byproducts from acid bisulfite pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of Douglas-fir. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 224:389-396. [PMID: 27806885 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.10.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to investigate the kinetics of multiple chemicals in acid bisulfite pretreatment and the relationship between total sugar yields and pretreatment factors (temperature and time). The results showed Saeman model accurately fitted the pretreatment process. According to this kinetic model, a maximum hemicellulose hydrolysis yield was achieved at a treatment time of 75min with a temperature of 145°C. Meantime, the concentrations of acetic acid, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), and furfural were 1.54, 0.60, and 1.15gL-1, respectively. Also, a Lorentzian function described the relationship between total sugar yield and pretreatment factors: temperature and time. The regression parameters from this mathematical fitting have accurately reflected the maximum total sugar yield and the optimal treatment conditions were determined to be 145°C and 110min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalan Liu
- Composite Materials & Engineering Center, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-1806, United States.
| | - Jinwu Wang
- United State Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 35 Flagstaff Road, Orono, ME 04469-5793, United States
| | - Michael Wolcott
- Composite Materials & Engineering Center, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-1806, United States
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Lora JH. Lignin: A Platform for Renewable Aromatic Polymeric Materials. GREEN CHEMISTRY AND SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-53704-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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