1
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Li Z, Lin B, Zhang S, Ding C, Sun S, Pan M. A cellulose nanocrystal-based dual response of photonic colors and fluorescence for sensitive benzene gas detection. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 273:132706. [PMID: 38825294 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Benzene, as a common volatile organic compound, represents serious risk to human health and environment even at low level concentration. There is an urgent concern on visualized, sensitive and real time detection of benzene gases. Herein, by doping Fe3+ and graphene quantum dots (GQDs), a cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) chiral nematic film was designed with dual response of photonic colors and fluorescence to benzene gas. The chiral nematic CNC/Fe/GQDs film could respond to benzene gas changes by reversible motion. Moreover, chiral nematic film also displays reversible responsive to humidity changes. The resulting CNC/Fe/GQDs chiral nematic film showed excellent response performance at benzene gas concentrations of 0-250 mg/m3. The maximal reflection wavelength film red shifted from 576 to 625 nm. Furthermore, structural color of CNC/Fe/GQDs chiral nematic film change at 44 %, 54 %, 76 %, 87 %, and 99 % relative humidity. Interestingly, due to the stability of GQDs to water molecules, CNC/Fe/GQDs chiral nematic film exhibit fluorescence response to benzene gas even in high humidity (RH = 99 %) environment. Besides, we further developed a smartphone-based response network system for quantitively determinization and signal transformation. This work provides a promising routine to realize a new benzene gas response regime and promotes the development of real-time benzene gas detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaolin Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Co-Innovation Centre of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Bingqun Lin
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Co-Innovation Centre of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Co-Innovation Centre of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Chunxiang Ding
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Co-Innovation Centre of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Sijia Sun
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Co-Innovation Centre of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Mingzhu Pan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Co-Innovation Centre of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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2
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Wei X, Lin T, Lu L, Yu M, Yin X. Enhanced homogeneity and flexibility in a humidity sensor using cellulose nanocrystal-based composite film with circular shear flow. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 263:130293. [PMID: 38382791 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) film is known to be one kind of dynamic color-sensing material, capable of reversible color changes in response to varying humidity levels. However, the brittleness, low hygroscopicity and poor homogeneity of these films have hindered their development. To address this limitation, we present a novel approach where we combine natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) with sorbitol under the influence of circular shear flow to craft a CNC humidity-sensitive film with enhanced flexibility, hygroscopicity and homogeneity. The inclusion of sorbitol and NADES enhances hygroscopicity and improves the flexibility. Surprisingly, the introduction of circular shear flow was found not only to improve homogeneity, macroscopically and microscopically, but also to further enhance flexibility, toughness, and water absorption capability. The resulting composite films demonstrated highly reversible color changes across the whole visible spectrum depending on the relative humidity, showing their capability to be reliable humidity-sensing materials. Thanks to the improved homogeneity and flexibility, the obtained humidity-sensing composite film can be employed in its entirety without the need for cutting, making it a promising candidate for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyao Wei
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Key Laboratory of Paper Based Functional Materials of China National Light Industry, Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Tao Lin
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Key Laboratory of Paper Based Functional Materials of China National Light Industry, Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Lulu Lu
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Key Laboratory of Paper Based Functional Materials of China National Light Industry, Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Meng Yu
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Key Laboratory of Paper Based Functional Materials of China National Light Industry, Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Xuefeng Yin
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Key Laboratory of Paper Based Functional Materials of China National Light Industry, Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, Shaanxi, PR China.
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3
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Lu S, Zhou Y, Hu X, Wang T, Xu B, Cui R, Ma T, Song Y. Tailoring the optical and mechanical properties of cellulose nanocrystal film by sugar alcohols and its pH/humidity-responsive behavior. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127316. [PMID: 37820913 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) have gained widespread attention in intelligent food packaging because of their iridescent optical properties. Here, we report a CNC composite film employing CNC, sugar alcohols (e.g., maltol, erythritol, mannitol, sorbitol, and xylitol) and natural pigment anthocyanins, which has a special iridescent color that can be used as a pH and humidity sensor. The effects of five sugar alcohols with different addition ratios on the structural, optical, and mechanical properties of the CNC films were investigated. The results demonstrated that the addition of sugar alcohol made composite films exhibiting a red-shift of λmax, a more uniform color in visual observation, and a larger pitch. Among them, the CNC-mannitol composite film with a ratio of 10:1 exhibited the best mechanical properties, possessing a tensile stress strength of 57 MPa and toughness of 137 J/m3. Subsequently, anthocyanins were incorporated to this composite film, which showed a marked color change along with the pH from 2 to 12 and exhibited a reversible color change from red to transparent upon a relative humidity change from 35 % to 85 %. Overall, such multi-environment-responsive iridescent films with excellent mechanical properties have a great potential for use in intelligent food packaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Lu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetable Processing, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yuxing Zhou
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetable Processing, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xinna Hu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetable Processing, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Tianhui Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetable Processing, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Bo Xu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetable Processing, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ranran Cui
- Guangxi Qingqing Biotech Co., Ltd, Guangxi, Fangchenggang 538000, China
| | - Tao Ma
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetable Processing, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yi Song
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetable Processing, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100083, China.
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4
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Mazega A, Signori-Iamin G, Aguado RJ, Tarrés Q, Ramos LP, Delgado-Aguilar M. Enzymatic pretreatment for cellulose nanofiber production: Understanding morphological changes and predicting reducing sugar concentration. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127054. [PMID: 37769759 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic pretreatment plays a crucial role in producing cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) before fibrillation. While previous studies have explored how treatment severity affects CNF characteristics, there remains a lack of suitable parameters to monitor real-time enzymatic processes and fully comprehend the link between enzymatic action, fibrillation, and CNF properties. This study focuses on evaluating the impact of enzyme charge (using a monocomponent endoglucanase) and treatment time on cellulose fiber morphology and reducing sugar generation. For the first time, a random forest (RF) model is developed to predict reducing sugar concentration based on easily measurable process conditions (e.g., stirrer power consumption) and fiber/suspension characteristics like fines content and apparent viscosity. Polarized light optical microscopy was found to be a suitable technique to evaluate the morphological changes that fibers experience during enzymatic pretreatment. The research also revealed that endoglucanases initially induce surface fibrillation, releasing fine fibers into the suspension, followed by fiber swelling and shortening. Furthermore, the effect of enzymatic pretreatment on resulting CNF characteristics was studied at two fibrillation intensities, indicating that a high enzyme charge and short treatment times (e.g., 90 min) are sufficient to produce CNFs with a nanofibrillation yield of 19-23 % and a cationic demand ranging from 220 to 275 μeq/g. This work introduces a well-modeled enzymatic pretreatment process, unlocking its potential and reducing uncertainties for future upscaling endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Mazega
- LEPAMAP-PRODIS Research Group, University of Girona, C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 61, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Giovana Signori-Iamin
- Graduate Program in Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Roberto J Aguado
- LEPAMAP-PRODIS Research Group, University of Girona, C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 61, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Quim Tarrés
- LEPAMAP-PRODIS Research Group, University of Girona, C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 61, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Luiz P Ramos
- Graduate Program in Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Marc Delgado-Aguilar
- LEPAMAP-PRODIS Research Group, University of Girona, C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 61, 17003 Girona, Spain.
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5
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Chen C, Sun W, Wang J, Gardner DJ. Tunable biocomposite films fabricated using cellulose nanocrystals and additives for food packaging. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 321:121315. [PMID: 37739509 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are considered a prospective packaging material to partially replace petroleum-based plastics attributed to their renewability, sustainability, biodegradability, and desirable attributes including transparency, oxygen, and oil barrier properties. However, neat CNC films are rigid and too brittle to handle or utilize for packaging applications. Hence different additives, including sorbitol, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), chitin, and κ-carrageenan (CG) were selected to mix with CNCs for packaging film preparation. The influence of additive categories (plasticizer, nonionic polymer, weak cationic and anionic natural polysaccharide), and their concentrations on the performance of CNC suspensions as well as optical, barrier, mechanical, and thermal properties of CNC films were examined. The morphology and physical characterization including density, equilibrium moisture content, contact angle and water durability of the composite films were also determined. Sorbitol and PVA films had the best visible light transparency; mixing with chitin can effectively improve the water durability of CNC films, and CG changed the CNC film from hydrophilic to hydrophobic. Moreover, all CNC films exhibited sufficient oxygen barrier properties, high PVA content films attained the "very high" barrier grade. Thus, durable CNC films can be obtained by adding proper types and amounts of additives, which provides potential scenarios for practical application of CNC films in food packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Chen
- School of Forest Resources, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, United States; Advanced Structures and Composites Center, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, United States
| | - Wenjing Sun
- Institute of Materials (IMX), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Jinwu Wang
- School of Forest Resources, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, United States; Advanced Structures and Composites Center, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, United States; Forest Products Laboratory, U.S. Forest Service, 1 Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, WI 53726, United States.
| | - Douglas J Gardner
- School of Forest Resources, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, United States; Advanced Structures and Composites Center, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, United States
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6
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Stouten J, Cao H, Pich A, Bernaerts KV. Renewable and Functional Latexes Synthesized by Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly for UV-Curable Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15. [PMID: 37927076 PMCID: PMC10658448 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c11657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
After the development of polymer coatings and films based on renewable resources, there remains a challenge of combining the advantages of water-borne acrylic latexes with the excellent physical properties of cross-linked solvent-borne coatings. After polymerization, the renewable 4-oxocyclopentenyl acrylate (4CPA) is capable of undergoing photocyclodimerization under UV light, yielding a cross-linked polyacrylate. In this work, we investigate the polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) of 4CPA with several renewable acrylic monomers in the presence of a macro-RAFT agent. The produced latexes have a small particle size, good colloidal stability, and are free of volatile organic compounds. After film formation and UV curing, flexible to rigid films can be obtained depending on the monomer composition and UV irradiation time. The cross-linked films show promise as oil and water barriers in paper coating applications. This work outlines the development and application of renewable and functional cross-linkable latexes synthesized by PISA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jules Stouten
- Aachen-Maastricht
Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Brightlands Chemelot Campus, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Huixing Cao
- Aachen-Maastricht
Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Brightlands Chemelot Campus, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrij Pich
- Aachen-Maastricht
Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Brightlands Chemelot Campus, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands
- DWI
Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Aachen 52056, Germany
- Institute
of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry (ITMC), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Katrien V. Bernaerts
- Aachen-Maastricht
Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Brightlands Chemelot Campus, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands
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7
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Solhi L, Guccini V, Heise K, Solala I, Niinivaara E, Xu W, Mihhels K, Kröger M, Meng Z, Wohlert J, Tao H, Cranston ED, Kontturi E. Understanding Nanocellulose-Water Interactions: Turning a Detriment into an Asset. Chem Rev 2023; 123:1925-2015. [PMID: 36724185 PMCID: PMC9999435 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Modern technology has enabled the isolation of nanocellulose from plant-based fibers, and the current trend focuses on utilizing nanocellulose in a broad range of sustainable materials applications. Water is generally seen as a detrimental component when in contact with nanocellulose-based materials, just like it is harmful for traditional cellulosic materials such as paper or cardboard. However, water is an integral component in plants, and many applications of nanocellulose already accept the presence of water or make use of it. This review gives a comprehensive account of nanocellulose-water interactions and their repercussions in all key areas of contemporary research: fundamental physical chemistry, chemical modification of nanocellulose, materials applications, and analytical methods to map the water interactions and the effect of water on a nanocellulose matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laleh Solhi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Valentina Guccini
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Katja Heise
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Iina Solala
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Elina Niinivaara
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland.,Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British ColumbiaV6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Wenyang Xu
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland.,Laboratory of Natural Materials Technology, Åbo Akademi University, TurkuFI-20500, Finland
| | - Karl Mihhels
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Marcel Kröger
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Zhuojun Meng
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland.,Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou325001, China
| | - Jakob Wohlert
- Wallenberg Wood Science Centre (WWSC), Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Han Tao
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Emily D Cranston
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British ColumbiaV6T 1Z4, Canada.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British ColumbiaV6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
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8
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Khan MN, Clarkson CM, Nuruddin M, Sharif A, Ahmad E, Youngblood JP. Performance of Advanced Waterborne Wood Coatings Reinforced with Cellulose Nanocrystals. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:4179-4190. [PMID: 35993822 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to examine the impact of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) in advanced waterborne wood coatings such as polycarbonate urethane (PCU) and hybrid alkyd varnish (HAV) in terms of coating performance, mechanical properties, optical properties, and water permeation and uptake properties. The influence of CNCs on the overall quality of the various waterborne wood coatings was investigated by incorporating different percentages of CNCs. Varying CNC content in coating formulations showed that CNCs are effective for waterborne wood coatings; CNCs offer both higher scratch and impact resistance as compared to neat coatings and have a significant reduction in water vapor permeation through a film with little increase in water vapor uptake at high concentrations. It was observed that the CNC darkened and reduced gloss in the coatings and viscosified the dispersion. These research findings suggest that CNCs are well-dispersed at lower concentrations, but at high concentrations, agglomeration occurred. Thus, while CNCs can give better mechanical and permeation performances at contents of up to 5 wt %, at 1 wt % CNCs can still provide modest scratch and chip resistance improvement without loss of optical properties (gloss and color) while retaining a similar water uptake. Overall, it can be concluded that CNCs have the potential to be used as a reinforcement filler in high-performance waterborne wood coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Naveed Khan
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Punjab, Pakistan
- Department of Chemistry, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Sheringal, Upper Dir, 18000 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Caitlyn M Clarkson
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Md Nuruddin
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Ahsan Sharif
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Ejaz Ahmad
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Jeffrey P Youngblood
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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9
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Tardy BL, Mattos BD, Otoni CG, Beaumont M, Majoinen J, Kämäräinen T, Rojas OJ. Deconstruction and Reassembly of Renewable Polymers and Biocolloids into Next Generation Structured Materials. Chem Rev 2021; 121:14088-14188. [PMID: 34415732 PMCID: PMC8630709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review considers the most recent developments in supramolecular and supraparticle structures obtained from natural, renewable biopolymers as well as their disassembly and reassembly into engineered materials. We introduce the main interactions that control bottom-up synthesis and top-down design at different length scales, highlighting the promise of natural biopolymers and associated building blocks. The latter have become main actors in the recent surge of the scientific and patent literature related to the subject. Such developments make prominent use of multicomponent and hierarchical polymeric assemblies and structures that contain polysaccharides (cellulose, chitin, and others), polyphenols (lignins, tannins), and proteins (soy, whey, silk, and other proteins). We offer a comprehensive discussion about the interactions that exist in their native architectures (including multicomponent and composite forms), the chemical modification of polysaccharides and their deconstruction into high axial aspect nanofibers and nanorods. We reflect on the availability and suitability of the latter types of building blocks to enable superstructures and colloidal associations. As far as processing, we describe the most relevant transitions, from the solution to the gel state and the routes that can be used to arrive to consolidated materials with prescribed properties. We highlight the implementation of supramolecular and superstructures in different technological fields that exploit the synergies exhibited by renewable polymers and biocolloids integrated in structured materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaise L. Tardy
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Bruno D. Mattos
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Caio G. Otoni
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, P.O. Box 6154, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
- Department
of Materials Engineering, Federal University
of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luís, km 235, São
Carlos, São Paulo 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Marco Beaumont
- School
of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University
of Technology, 2 George
Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Johanna Majoinen
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Tero Kämäräinen
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Orlando J. Rojas
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
- Bioproducts
Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department
of Chemistry and Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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10
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Wu M, Yang J, Chen S, Lu P, Wang R. TOCNC-g-PEI nanoparticle encapsulated oregano essential oil for enhancing the antimicrobial activity of cellulose nanofibril packaging films. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 274:118654. [PMID: 34702473 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A nanocellulose-based film with excellent antimicrobial and antioxidant activity was developed by adding Pickering emulsion which was stabilized by functionalized particles. First, TOCNC-g-PEI nanoparticles were prepared by grafting polyethyleneimine (PEI) onto TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanocrystals (TOCNCs) and used to stabilize oregano essential oil (OEO) Pickering emulsions. The contact angle of TOCNC-g-PEI nanoparticles was 79.7°, and the minimum inhibitory concentration against L.monocytogenes and E.coli was 0.50 mg/mL. Second, the emulsion droplets were stably dispersed in cellulose nanofibril (CNF) suspensions owing to the depletion stability of CNFs. Finally, the films were dried and emulsion droplets formed oil core/CNF shell microcapsules in active CNF films and completely encapsulated OEO in active CNF films. The inhibition rates of the film against L.monocytogenes and E.coli were 97.28% and 97.23%, respectively. The influence of Pickering emulsion on the active CNF films was discussed. The developed active CNF films have promising application in food preservation and active packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wu
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Jian Yang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Shunli Chen
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Peng Lu
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Ruifang Wang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
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11
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Jinkins KR, Wang J, Dwyer JH, Wang X, Arnold MS. Confined Shear Alignment of Ultrathin Films of Cellulose Nanocrystals. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:7961-7966. [PMID: 35006777 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are a naturally abundant nanomaterial derived from cellulose which exhibit many exciting mechanical, chemical, and rheological properties, making CNCs attractive for use in coatings. Furthermore, the alignment of CNCs is important to exploit their anisotropic mechanical and piezoelectric properties. Here, we demonstrate and study the fabrication of submonolayer to 25 nm thick films of CNCs via solution-based shear alignment. CNC solution is forced through a sub-millimeter tall channel at high volumetric flow rates generating shear. The half-width at half-maximum of the spread in CNC alignment significantly improves from 78 to 17° by increasing the shear rate from 19 to 19,000 s-1. We demonstrate that the film thickness is increased by increasing the volume of CNC solution flowed over the substrate and/or increasing the CNC solution concentration, with a degradation in film uniformity at higher (≥7 wt %) concentrations, likely due to CNC aggregates in the solution. Deposition of ultrathin aligned CNC films occurs within seconds and the technique is inherently scalable, demonstrating the promise of solution-based shear for the fabrication of ultrathin aligned CNC films, thereby enabling the future study of their inherent material properties or use in high-performance coatings and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Jinkins
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1509 University Ave., Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jingyu Wang
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1509 University Ave., Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jonathan H Dwyer
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Dr., Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Xudong Wang
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1509 University Ave., Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Michael S Arnold
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1509 University Ave., Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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12
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Kim M, Lee H, Krecker MC, Bukharina D, Nepal D, Bunning TJ, Tsukruk VV. Switchable Photonic Bio-Adhesive Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2103674. [PMID: 34476859 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202103674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A soft photonic bio-adhesive material is designed with real-time colorimetrical monitoring of switchable adhesion by integrating a responsive bio-photonic matrix with mobile hydrogen-binding networking. Synergetic materials sequencing creates a unique iridescent appearance directly coupled with both adhesive ability and shearing strength, in a highly reversible manner. The responsive photonic materials, having a physically hydrogen-bonded chiral nematic organization, vary their adhesion strength due to a transition in cohesive and interfacial failure mechanism in humid surroundings. The bright color appearance shifts from blue to red to transparent and back due to a change in pitch length of the chiral helicoidal organization that also triggers coupled changes in both mechanical strength and interfacial adhesion. Such reversible strength-adhesion-iridescence triple-coupling phenomenon is further explored for design of super-strong switchable bio-adhesives for synthetic/biological surfaces with quick remotely triggered sticky-to-nonsticky transitions, removable conformal soft stickers, and wound dressings with visual monitoring of the healing process, to colorimetric stickers for contaminated respiratory masks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minkyu Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Hansol Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Michelle C Krecker
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Daria Bukharina
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Dhriti Nepal
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH, 45433, USA
| | - Timothy J Bunning
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH, 45433, USA
| | - Vladimir V Tsukruk
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
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13
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Quantification of Optical Chirality in Cellulose Nanocrystal Films Prepared by Shear-Coating. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11136191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Evaporation-induced-self-assembly is widely used to produce chiral cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) free-standing films reflecting left-handed polarized light. Research on supported chiral CNC films is rather scarce. The reflection and/or transmission of unpolarized light are the most common optical techniques used to characterize the selective reflection of CNC films whereas the use of techniques to quantify chiral properties is limited. Here, the fabrication of chiral CNC films supported on glass substrates by a shear-coating method, as well as a full characterization of their polarization properties, are reported. Optical chirality is evidenced in films, showing a brilliant blue structural color when viewed through a left-handed polarizer and darkness through a right-handed polarizer. Mueller-matrix data in the reflection and transmission modes are used to quantitatively characterize the structural origin of color in the films. The quantification of the linear and circular birefringence, as well as circular dichroism, is performed by analytical inversion of the Mueller matrix data in the transmission mode and regression analysis using Tellegen constitutive equations. The equivalence of the two methods to quantify the structural chirality in CNC films is demonstrated. The swelling of films in water and kinetics during drying is studied by reflection spectroscopy.
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14
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De France K, Zeng Z, Wu T, Nyström G. Functional Materials from Nanocellulose: Utilizing Structure-Property Relationships in Bottom-Up Fabrication. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2000657. [PMID: 32267033 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202000657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
It is inherently challenging to recapitulate the precise hierarchical architectures found throughout nature (such as in wood, antler, bone, and silk) using synthetic bottom-up fabrication strategies. However, as a renewable and naturally sourced nanoscale building block, nanocellulose-both cellulose nanocrystals and cellulose nanofibrils-has gained significant research interest within this area. Altogether, the intrinsic shape anisotropy, surface charge/chemistry, and mechanical/rheological properties are some of the critical material properties leading to advanced structure-based functionality within nanocellulose-based bottom-up fabricated materials. Herein, the organization of nanocellulose into biomimetic-aligned, porous, and fibrous materials through a variety of fabrication techniques is presented. Moreover, sophisticated material structuring arising from both the alignment of nanocellulose and via specific process-induced methods is covered. In particular, design rules based on the underlying fundamental properties of nanocellulose are established and discussed as related to their influence on material assembly and resulting structure/function. Finally, key advancements and critical challenges within the field are highlighted, paving the way for the fabrication of truly advanced materials from nanocellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin De France
- Laboratory for Cellulose and Wood Materials, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Zhihui Zeng
- Laboratory for Cellulose and Wood Materials, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Tingting Wu
- Laboratory for Cellulose and Wood Materials, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Gustav Nyström
- Laboratory for Cellulose and Wood Materials, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
- Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, Zürich, 8092, Switzerland
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15
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Nuruddin M, Chowdhury RA, Szeto R, Howarter JA, Erk KA, Szczepanski CR, Youngblood JP. Structure-Property Relationship of Cellulose Nanocrystal-Polyvinyl Alcohol Thin Films for High Barrier Coating Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:12472-12482. [PMID: 33656333 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c21525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
CO2 and O2 gas permeability are paramount concerns in food packaging. Here, the permeability of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) coatings was explored as it relates to varied CNC content. Specifically, this work focuses on the role of PVA in rheology and barrier performance of the CNC films. Results show that shear-casted CNC films are transparent and have a high-order parameter, which is attributed to the shear-thinning behavior of the CNCs. The barrier performance of the CNC films improved because of the synergistic effect of having both alignment of CNCs and a lower free volume. The CNC-PVA films exhibited excellent barrier performance as compared to traditional engineered polymers, even much higher than high barrier ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer films. Furthermore, the moisture sensitivity of the films was greatly diminished with the addition of PVA. Overall, the results show applicability of CNC-PVA coating formulations for high barrier packaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Nuruddin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Reaz A Chowdhury
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Ryan Szeto
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - John A Howarter
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Department of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Kendra A Erk
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Caroline R Szczepanski
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Jeffrey P Youngblood
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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16
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Eremeeva E, Sergeeva E, Neterebskaia V, Morozova S, Kolchanov D, Morozov M, Chernyshov I, Milichko V, Vinogradov A. Printing of Colorful Cellulose Nanocrystalline Patterns Visible in Linearly Polarized Light. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:45145-45154. [PMID: 32816443 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c11846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study addresses the inkjet printing approach for fabrication of cellulose nanocrystalline (CNC) patterns with tunable optical properties varied by the thickness of deposited layers. In particular, forming functional patterns visible only in linearly polarized light is of the primary interest. The possibility of controlling the bright iridescent color response associated with the birefringence in the chiral anisotropic structure of inkjet-printed layers of CNC with sulfo-groups (s-CNC) has been thoroughly investigated. In this connection, we have elaborated an appropriate synthesis sequence for deriving printable inks in the form of sedimentation-stable s-CNC colloids with various concentrations of solid phase and experimentally determined the optimal regimes of their inkjet printing. For this purpose, the rheological parameters and s-CNC particle concentration have also been optimized. The study is accomplished with a comprehensive optical characterization of the deposited s-CNC layers with variable thickness, drying conditions, and the polarization state. The experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of inkjet printing technology to perform the precise fabrication of optically active s-CNC patterns with variable optical properties. These results are particularly relevant for applications requiring special conditions of color demonstration in security printing for such as anticounterfeiting applications, polygraphy decoration printing, and color photo filters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Eremeeva
- ChemBio Cluster, ITMO University, 9 Lomonosova Street, 191002 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Sergeeva
- ChemBio Cluster, ITMO University, 9 Lomonosova Street, 191002 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Valeriia Neterebskaia
- ChemBio Cluster, ITMO University, 9 Lomonosova Street, 191002 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sofia Morozova
- ChemBio Cluster, ITMO University, 9 Lomonosova Street, 191002 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Denis Kolchanov
- ChemBio Cluster, ITMO University, 9 Lomonosova Street, 191002 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Maxim Morozov
- ChemBio Cluster, ITMO University, 9 Lomonosova Street, 191002 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ivan Chernyshov
- ChemBio Cluster, ITMO University, 9 Lomonosova Street, 191002 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Valentin Milichko
- Department of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, 9 Lomonosova Street, 191002 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexandr Vinogradov
- ChemBio Cluster, ITMO University, 9 Lomonosova Street, 191002 Saint Petersburg, Russia
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17
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Nuruddin M, Chowdhury RA, Lopez-Perez N, Montes FJ, Youngblood JP, Howarter JA. Influence of Free Volume Determined by Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy (PALS) on Gas Permeability of Cellulose Nanocrystal Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:24380-24389. [PMID: 32352751 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c05738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are of increasing interest for packaging applications because of their biodegradability, low cost, high crystallinity, and high aspect ratio. The objective of this study was to use positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) to investigate the free volume of CNC films with different structural arrangements (chiral nematic vs shear-oriented CNC films) and relate this information to gas barrier performance. It was found that sheared CNC films with higher CNC alignment have lower free volume and hence have more tortuosity than chiral nematic self-assembled films, which lowers gas diffusion throughout the films. The overall barrier performance of the aligned CNC film obtained in this study has a higher barrier performance than high barrier polymer films like PVOH and EVOH. Furthermore, a modified model was developed for single-component CNC films to predict the gas permeability with variation of CNC alignment with validation by the data taken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Nuruddin
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Reaz A Chowdhury
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Nelyan Lopez-Perez
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Francisco J Montes
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Zapopan, Jalisco 45138, México
| | - Jeffrey P Youngblood
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - John A Howarter
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Environmental & Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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18
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Zhu Q, Liu S, Sun J, Liu J, Kirubaharan CJ, Chen H, Xu W, Wang Q. Stimuli-responsive cellulose nanomaterials for smart applications. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 235:115933. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.115933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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19
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Morphological and Electrical Properties of Nanocellulose Compounds and Its Application on Capacitor Assembly. INT J POLYM SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/1891064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The rise for innovation in the electrical industry is strongly driven by development of new materials. Features of new materials are changing design paradigms for engineers. In this paper, the electrical properties of films of cellulose nanocrystals were measured. It was found that humidity affects the dielectric strength on the cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). The dielectric strength was similar to the value of the industrial dielectric paper. The addition of plasticizer improved the flexibility of the material but lowered the dielectric strength. The films of CNC had an ordered arrangement, as suggested by the iridescence shown by them. The humidity content of the films was measured by thermogravimetric analysis. The CNC film was used for assembling a capacitor and compared to a capacitor assembled with dielectric paper.
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20
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Zhao G, Zhang Y, Zhai S, Sugiyama J, Pan M, Shi J, Lu H. Dual Response of Photonic Films with Chiral Nematic Cellulose Nanocrystals: Humidity and Formaldehyde. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:17833-17844. [PMID: 32212631 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c00591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Manipulating functional stimuli-responsive materials has been a hot topic in the research of smart sensors and anticounterfeiting encryption. Here, a novel functional chiral nematic cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) film showing dual responsiveness to humidity and formaldehyde gas was fabricated. The chiral nematic CNC iridescent film could respond to environmental humidity and formaldehyde gas changes by reversible motion. Interestingly, the humidity sensitivity of the CNC iridescent film could be gated by exposing the film to formaldehyde gas. At the same time, the formaldehyde-responsive behavior is strongly affected by the relative humidity (RH), and the response range could be tuned by changing the RH over a wide range. Importantly, the formaldehyde-induced color change could be altered from invisible to visible by the naked eye when the film was exposed to a humid environment. The mechanism of this dual response of the CNC iridescent film is ascribed to the synergistic effect of cooperation and competition between water and formaldehyde molecules by constructing physical cross-linking networks by hydrogen bonds among water, formaldehyde, and CNCs. Furthermore, the "RH-concentration of formaldehyde gas-color" ternary colorimetric system was simulated, which is thought to endow the CNC iridescent film with great potential to act as a sensor in the convenient visible detection of gaseous formaldehyde. Furthermore, this work provided a promising strategy to design multi-gas-sensitive devices with convenient detection, good stability, and excellent reversibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guomin Zhao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry & Grassland Bureau for Plant Fiber Functional Materials, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yin Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Shengcheng Zhai
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Junji Sugiyama
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Mingzhu Pan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry & Grassland Bureau for Plant Fiber Functional Materials, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jingbo Shi
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Hongyi Lu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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21
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Optical response of photonic cellulose nanocrystal film for a novel humidity indicator. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 140:91-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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22
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Ding C, Cai C, Yin L, Wu Q, Pan M, Mei C. Mechanically adaptive nanocomposites with cellulose nanocrystals: Strain-field mapping with digital image correlation. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 211:11-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.01.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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23
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Wang Z, Yao Z, Zhou J, He M, Jiang Q, Li S, Ma Y, Liu M, Luo S. Isolation and characterization of cellulose nanocrystals from pueraria root residue. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 129:1081-1089. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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24
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Chowdhury RA, Nuruddin M, Clarkson C, Montes F, Howarter J, Youngblood JP. Cellulose Nanocrystal (CNC) Coatings with Controlled Anisotropy as High-Performance Gas Barrier Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:1376-1383. [PMID: 30566328 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b16897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanomaterials are promising materials for the polymer industry due to their abundance and renewability. In packaging applications, these materials may impart enhanced gas barrier performance due to their high crystallinity and polarity. In this work, low barrier to superior gas barrier pristine nanocellulose films were produced using a shear-coating technique to obtain a range of anisotropic films. Induction of anisotropy in a nanocellulose film can control the overall free volume of the system which effectively controls the gas diffusion path; hence, controlled anisotropy results in tunable barrier properties of the nanocellulose films. The highest anisotropy materials showed a maximum of 900-fold oxygen barrier improvement compared to the isotropic arrangement of nanocellulose film. The Bharadwaj model of nanocomposite permeability was modified for pure nanoparticles, and the CNC data were fitted with good agreement. Overall, the oxygen barrier performance of anisotropic nanocellulose films was 97 and 27 times better than traditional barrier materials such as biaxially oriented poly(ethylene terephthalate) (BoPET) and ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), respectively, and thus could be utilized for oxygen-sensitive packaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reaz A Chowdhury
- School of Materials Engineering , Purdue University , 701 W. Stadium Ave ., West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Md Nuruddin
- School of Materials Engineering , Purdue University , 701 W. Stadium Ave ., West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Caitlyn Clarkson
- School of Materials Engineering , Purdue University , 701 W. Stadium Ave ., West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Francisco Montes
- School of Materials Engineering , Purdue University , 701 W. Stadium Ave ., West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - John Howarter
- School of Materials Engineering , Purdue University , 701 W. Stadium Ave ., West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Jeffrey P Youngblood
- School of Materials Engineering , Purdue University , 701 W. Stadium Ave ., West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
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25
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Fallon JJ, Kolb BQ, Herwig CJ, Foster EJ, Bortner MJ. Mechanically adaptive thermoplastic polyurethane/cellulose nanocrystal composites: Process-driven structure-property relationships. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. J. Fallon
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering; Virginia Tech; Blacksburg Virginia 24061 USA
- Macromolecules Innovation Institute; Virginia Tech; Blacksburg Virginia 24061 USA
| | - B. Q. Kolb
- Chemical Engineering; Virginia Tech; Blacksburg Virginia 24061 USA
| | - C. J. Herwig
- Material Science and Engineering, Virginia Tech; Blacksburg Virginia 24061 USA
| | - E. J. Foster
- Material Science and Engineering, Virginia Tech; Blacksburg Virginia 24061 USA
- Macromolecules Innovation Institute; Virginia Tech; Blacksburg Virginia 24061 USA
| | - M. J. Bortner
- Chemical Engineering; Virginia Tech; Blacksburg Virginia 24061 USA
- Macromolecules Innovation Institute; Virginia Tech; Blacksburg Virginia 24061 USA
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26
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Prathapan R, McLiesh H, Garnier G, Tabor RF. Surface Engineering of Transparent Cellulose Nanocrystal Coatings for Biomedical Applications. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2018; 1:728-737. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.8b00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ragesh Prathapan
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Heather McLiesh
- Bioresources Processing Research Institute of Australia (BioPRIA), Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Gil Garnier
- Bioresources Processing Research Institute of Australia (BioPRIA), Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Rico F. Tabor
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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27
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Korolovych VF, Cherpak V, Nepal D, Ng A, Shaikh NR, Grant A, Xiong R, Bunning TJ, Tsukruk VV. Cellulose nanocrystals with different morphologies and chiral properties. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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28
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Foster EJ, Moon RJ, Agarwal UP, Bortner MJ, Bras J, Camarero-Espinosa S, Chan KJ, Clift MJD, Cranston ED, Eichhorn SJ, Fox DM, Hamad WY, Heux L, Jean B, Korey M, Nieh W, Ong KJ, Reid MS, Renneckar S, Roberts R, Shatkin JA, Simonsen J, Stinson-Bagby K, Wanasekara N, Youngblood J. Current characterization methods for cellulose nanomaterials. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:2609-2679. [PMID: 29658545 DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00895j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A new family of materials comprised of cellulose, cellulose nanomaterials (CNMs), having properties and functionalities distinct from molecular cellulose and wood pulp, is being developed for applications that were once thought impossible for cellulosic materials. Commercialization, paralleled by research in this field, is fueled by the unique combination of characteristics, such as high on-axis stiffness, sustainability, scalability, and mechanical reinforcement of a wide variety of materials, leading to their utility across a broad spectrum of high-performance material applications. However, with this exponential growth in interest/activity, the development of measurement protocols necessary for consistent, reliable and accurate materials characterization has been outpaced. These protocols, developed in the broader research community, are critical for the advancement in understanding, process optimization, and utilization of CNMs in materials development. This review establishes detailed best practices, methods and techniques for characterizing CNM particle morphology, surface chemistry, surface charge, purity, crystallinity, rheological properties, mechanical properties, and toxicity for two distinct forms of CNMs: cellulose nanocrystals and cellulose nanofibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Johan Foster
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Virginia Tech, 445 Old Turner St, 203 Holden Hall, Blacksburg, 24061, VA, USA.
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Yoo Y, Martinez C, Youngblood JP. Synthesis and Characterization of Microencapsulated Phase Change Materials with Poly(urea-urethane) Shells Containing Cellulose Nanocrystals. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:31763-31776. [PMID: 28787125 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b06970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of this study is to develop microencapsulation technology for thermal energy storage incorporating a phase change material (PCM) in a composite wall shell, which can be used to create a stable environment and allow the PCM to undergo phase change without any outside influence. Surface modification of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) was conducted by grafting poly(lactic acid) oligomers and oleic acid to improve the dispersion of nanoparticles in a polymeric shell. A microencapsulated phase change material (methyl laurate) with poly(urea-urethane) (PU) composite shells containing the hydrophobized cellulose nanocrystals (hCNCs) was fabricated using an in situ emulsion interfacial polymerization process. The encapsulation process of the PCMs with subsequent interfacial hCNC-PU to form composite microcapsules as well as their morphology, composition, thermal properties, and release rates was examined in this study. Oil soluble Sudan II dye solution in methyl laurate was used as a model hydrophobic fill, representing other latent fills with low partition coefficients, and their encapsulation efficiency as well as dye release rates were measured spectroscopically in a water medium. The influence of polyol content in the PU polymer matrix of microcapsules was investigated. An increase in polyol contents leads to an increase in the mean size of microcapsules but a decrease in the gel content (degree of cross-linking density) and permeability of their shell structure. The encapsulated PCMs for thermal energy storage demonstrated here exhibited promising performance for possible use in building or paving materials in terms of released heat, desired phase transformation temperature, chemical and physical stability, and concrete durability during placement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngman Yoo
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Carlos Martinez
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jeffrey P Youngblood
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Hakalahti M, Faustini M, Boissière C, Kontturi E, Tammelin T. Interfacial Mechanisms of Water Vapor Sorption into Cellulose Nanofibril Films as Revealed by Quantitative Models. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:2951-2958. [PMID: 28816438 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b00890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Humidity is an efficient instrument for facilitating changes in local architectures of two-dimensional surfaces assembled from nanoscaled biomaterials. Here, complementary surface-sensitive methods are used to collect explicit and precise experimental evidence on the water vapor sorption into (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl (TEMPO) oxidized cellulose nanofibril (CNF) thin film over the relative humidity (RH) range from 0 to 97%. Changes in thickness and mass of the film due to water vapor uptake are tracked using spectroscopic ellipsometry and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring, respectively. Experimental data is evaluated by the quantitative Langmuir/Flory-Huggins/clustering model and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller model. The isotherms coupled with the quantitative models unveil distinct regions of predominant sorption modes: specific sorption of water molecules below 10% RH, multilayer build-up between 10 to 75% RH, and clustering of water molecules above 75% RH. The study reveals the sorption mechanisms underlying the well-known water uptake behavior of TEMPO oxidized CNF directly at the gas-solid interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna Hakalahti
- High Performance Fibre Products, VTT Technical Research Center of Finland, Ltd , FI-02044, Espoo, Finland
| | - Marco Faustini
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Collège de France, UMR 7574, Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Cédric Boissière
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Collège de France, UMR 7574, Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University , 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Tekla Tammelin
- High Performance Fibre Products, VTT Technical Research Center of Finland, Ltd , FI-02044, Espoo, Finland
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