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Schaubeder JB, Ganser C, Nypelö T, Uchihashi T, Spirk S. How Resilient is Wood Xylan to Enzymatic Degradation in a Matrix with Kraft Lignin? Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:3532-3541. [PMID: 38750618 PMCID: PMC11170953 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Despite the potential of lignocellulose in manufacturing value-added chemicals and biofuels, its efficient biotechnological conversion by enzymatic hydrolysis still poses major challenges. The complex interplay between xylan, cellulose, and lignin in fibrous materials makes it difficult to assess underlying physico- and biochemical mechanisms. Here, we reduce the complexity of the system by creating matrices of cellulose, xylan, and lignin, which consists of a cellulose base layer and xylan/lignin domains. We follow enzymatic degradation using an endoxylanase by high-speed atomic force microscopy and surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy to obtain morphological and kinetic data. Fastest reaction kinetics were observed at low lignin contents, which were related to the different swelling capacities of xylan. We demonstrate that the complex processes taking place at the interfaces of lignin and xylan in the presence of enzymes can be monitored in real time, providing a future platform for observing phenomena relevant to fiber-based systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana B. Schaubeder
- Institute
of Bioproducts and Paper Technology (BPTI), Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 23, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christian Ganser
- Exploratory
Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, 444-8787 Okazaki, Japan
| | - Tiina Nypelö
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland
- Chalmers
University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Takayuki Uchihashi
- Exploratory
Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, 444-8787 Okazaki, Japan
- Department
of Physics, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Furo-cho, 464-8602 Nagoya, Japan
| | - Stefan Spirk
- Institute
of Bioproducts and Paper Technology (BPTI), Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 23, 8010 Graz, Austria
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2
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Balk M, Sofia P, Neffe AT, Tirelli N. Lignin, the Lignification Process, and Advanced, Lignin-Based Materials. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11668. [PMID: 37511430 PMCID: PMC10380785 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
At a time when environmental considerations are increasingly pushing for the application of circular economy concepts in materials science, lignin stands out as an under-used but promising and environmentally benign building block. This review focuses (A) on understanding what we mean with lignin, i.e., where it can be found and how it is produced in plants, devoting particular attention to the identity of lignols (including ferulates that are instrumental for integrating lignin with cell wall polysaccharides) and to the details of their coupling reactions and (B) on providing an overview how lignin can actually be employed as a component of materials in healthcare and energy applications, finally paying specific attention to the use of lignin in the development of organic shape-memory materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Balk
- Institute of Functional Materials for Sustainability, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Kantstrasse 55, 14513 Teltow, Germany
| | - Pietro Sofia
- Laboratory of Polymers and Biomaterials, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- The Open University Affiliated Research Centre at the Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (ARC@IIT), Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Axel T Neffe
- Institute of Functional Materials for Sustainability, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Kantstrasse 55, 14513 Teltow, Germany
| | - Nicola Tirelli
- Laboratory of Polymers and Biomaterials, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
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3
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Ruwoldt J, Blindheim FH, Chinga-Carrasco G. Functional surfaces, films, and coatings with lignin - a critical review. RSC Adv 2023; 13:12529-12553. [PMID: 37101953 PMCID: PMC10123495 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra08179b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Lignin is the most abundant polyaromatic biopolymer. Due to its rich and versatile chemistry, many applications have been proposed, which include the formulation of functional coatings and films. In addition to replacing fossil-based polymers, the lignin biopolymer can be part of new material solutions. Functionalities may be added, such as UV-blocking, oxygen scavenging, antimicrobial, and barrier properties, which draw on lignin's intrinsic and unique features. As a result, various applications have been proposed, including polymer coatings, adsorbents, paper-sizing additives, wood veneers, food packaging, biomaterials, fertilizers, corrosion inhibitors, and antifouling membranes. Today, technical lignin is produced in large volumes in the pulp and paper industry, whereas even more diverse products are prospected to be available from future biorefineries. Developing new applications for lignin is hence paramount - both from a technological and economic point of view. This review article is therefore summarizing and discussing the current research-state of functional surfaces, films, and coatings with lignin, where emphasis is put on the formulation and application of such solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jost Ruwoldt
- RISE PFI AS Høgskoleringen 6B Trondheim 7491 Norway
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4
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Zhao X, Lin W, Zheng Y, Lai C, Yong Q, Huang C. Elucidating the inhibiting mechanism of pseudo-lignin on the enzymatic digestibility of cellulose by surface plasmon resonance. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 370:128510. [PMID: 36538959 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
To explore the interaction mechanism of pseudo-lignin (PL) with cellulase and its influence on cellulose hydrolysis, different PLs were extracted from pretreated bamboo holocellulose (HC) using different organic solvents. Meanwhile, the real-time interaction of PL and cellulase was analyzed using surface plasmon resonance (SPR). The results showed that the extraction effect of the tetrahydrofuran and 1, 4-dioxane/water solution on PL was more effective than the ethanol/water solution. The inhibition of PL fraction obtained from HC by acid pretreatment with higher temperature showed less effect on Avicel's enzymatic hydrolysis. SPR analysis revealed that PL formed at higher pretreatment temperature had a lower dissociation rate after adsorption with cellulase. Besides, the binding affinity of PL (160 °C) to cellulase was much greater than that of PL obtained from 180 °C, indicating PL extracted at higher temperature treated biomass is more easily dissociated from cellulase after binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Zhao
- Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Products, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Wenqian Lin
- Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Products, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yayue Zheng
- Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Products, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Chenhuan Lai
- Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Products, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Qiang Yong
- Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Products, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Caoxing Huang
- Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Products, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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Huang C, Zhao X, Zheng Y, Lin W, Lai C, Yong Q, Ragauskas AJ, Meng X. Revealing the mechanism of surfactant-promoted enzymatic hydrolysis of dilute acid pretreated bamboo. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 360:127524. [PMID: 35764283 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To improve the enzymatic digestibility of dilute acid pretreated bamboo residue (DABR), surfactants including PEG 4000 and Tween 80 were added to prevent the non-productive adsorption between residual lignin and enzyme. At the optimal loadings (e.g., 0.2 and 0.3 g surfactant/g lignin), the enzymatic digestibility of DABR improved from 29.4% to 64.6% and 61.6% for PEG 4000 and Tween 80, respectively. Furthermore, the promoting mechanism of these surfactants on enzymatic hydrolysis was investigated by real-time surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and fluorescence spectroscopy. Results from SPR analysis showed that Tween 80 outperformed PEG 4000 in terms of dissociating the irreversible cellulase adsorption onto lignin. Fluorescence quenching mechanism revealed that PEG 4000 and Tween 80 intervened the interaction between lignin and cellulase by hydrogen bonds/Van der Waals and hydrophobic action, respectively. This work provided an in-depth understanding of the mechanisms of PEG 4000 and Tween 80 on enhancing the enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caoxing Huang
- Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xiaoxue Zhao
- Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yayue Zheng
- Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Wenqian Lin
- Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Chenhuan Lai
- Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Qiang Yong
- Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Arthur J Ragauskas
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; Department of Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries, Center for Renewable Carbon, The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; Joint Institute for Biological Science, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Xianzhi Meng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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6
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Li M, Jiang B, Wu W, Wu S, Yang Y, Song J, Ahmad M, Jin Y. Current understanding and optimization strategies for efficient lignin-enzyme interaction: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 195:274-286. [PMID: 34883164 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
From energy perspective, with abundant polysaccharides (45-85%), the renewable lignocellulosic is recognized as the 2nd generation feedstock for bioethanol and bio-based products production. Enzymatic hydrolysis is a critical pathway to yield fermentable monosaccharides from pretreated substrates of lignocellulose. Nevertheless, the lignin presence in lignocellulosic substrates leads to the low substrate enzymatic digestibility ascribed to the nonproductive adsorption. It has been reported that the water-soluble lignin (low molecular weight, sulfonated/sulfomethylated and graft polymer) enhance the rate of enzymatic digestibility, however, the catalytic mechanism of lignin-enzyme interaction remains elusive. In this review, optimization strategies for enzymatic hydrolysis based on the lignin structural modification, enzyme engineering, and different additives are critically reviewed. Lignin-enzyme interaction mechanism is also discussed (lignin and various cellulases). In addition, the mathematical models and simulation of lignin, cellulose and enzyme aims for promoting an integrated biomass-conversion process for sustainable production of value-added biofuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Li
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, China; Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Wenjuan Wu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Shufang Wu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yiqin Yang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Junlong Song
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, China; Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Mehraj Ahmad
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, China; Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yongcan Jin
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, China; Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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7
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Gabrielli S, Pastore G, Stella F, Marcantoni E, Sarasini F, Tirillò J, Santulli C. Chemical and Mechanical Characterization of Licorice Root and Palm Leaf Waste Incorporated into Poly(urethane-acrylate) (PUA). Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26247682. [PMID: 34946764 PMCID: PMC8705998 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A poly(urethane-acrylate) polymer (PUA) was synthesized, and a sufficiently high molecular weight starting from urethane-acrylate oligomer (UAO) was obtained. PUA was then loaded with two types of powdered ligno-cellulosic waste, namely from licorice root and palm leaf, in amounts of 1, 5 and 10%, and the obtained composites were chemically and mechanically characterized. FTIR analysis of final PUA synthesized used for the composite production confirmed the new bonds formed during the polymerization process. The degradation temperatures of the two types of waste used were in line with what observed in most common natural fibers with an onset at 270 °C for licorice waste, and at 290 °C for palm leaf one. The former was more abundant in cellulose (44% vs. 12% lignin), whilst the latter was richer in lignin (30% vs. 26% cellulose). In the composites, only a limited reduction of degradation temperature was observed for palm leaf waste addition and some dispersion issues are observed for licorice root, leading to fluctuating results. Tensile performance of the composites indicates some reduction with respect to the pure polymer in terms of tensile strength, though stabilizing between data with 5 and 10% filler. In contrast, Shore A hardness of both composites slightly increases with higher filler content, while in stiffness-driven applications licorice-based composites showed potential due to an increase up to 50% compared to neat PUA. In general terms, the fracture surfaces tend to become rougher with filler introduction, which indicates the need for optimizing interfacial adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Gabrielli
- ChIP Building, School of Science and Technology, Università degli Studi di Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (G.P.); (F.S.); (E.M.)
- Correspondence: (S.G.); (C.S.)
| | - Genny Pastore
- ChIP Building, School of Science and Technology, Università degli Studi di Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (G.P.); (F.S.); (E.M.)
| | - Francesca Stella
- ChIP Building, School of Science and Technology, Università degli Studi di Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (G.P.); (F.S.); (E.M.)
| | - Enrico Marcantoni
- ChIP Building, School of Science and Technology, Università degli Studi di Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (G.P.); (F.S.); (E.M.)
| | - Fabrizio Sarasini
- Department of Chemical Engineering Materials Environment, Sapienza-Università di Roma, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Roma, Italy; (F.S.); (J.T.)
| | - Jacopo Tirillò
- Department of Chemical Engineering Materials Environment, Sapienza-Università di Roma, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Roma, Italy; (F.S.); (J.T.)
| | - Carlo Santulli
- Geology Section, School of Science and Technology, Università degli Studi di Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano 7, 62032 Camerino, Italy
- Correspondence: (S.G.); (C.S.)
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8
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Yuan Y, Jiang B, Chen H, Wu W, Wu S, Jin Y, Xiao H. Recent advances in understanding the effects of lignin structural characteristics on enzymatic hydrolysis. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:205. [PMID: 34670604 PMCID: PMC8527784 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-02054-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose for bioethanol production shows a great potential to remit the rapid consumption of fossil fuels, given the fact that lignocellulose feedstocks are abundant, cost-efficient, and renewable. Lignin results in low enzymatic saccharification by forming the steric hindrance, non-productive adsorption of cellulase onto lignin, and deactivating the cellulase. In general, the non-productive binding of cellulase on lignin is widely known as the major cause for inhibiting the enzymatic hydrolysis. Pretreatment is an effective way to remove lignin and improve the enzymatic digestibility of lignocellulose. Along with removing lignin, the pretreatment can modify the lignin structure, which significantly affects the non-productive adsorption of cellulase onto lignin. To relieve the inhibitory effect of lignin on enzymatic hydrolysis, enormous efforts have been made to elucidate the correlation of lignin structure with lignin-enzyme interactions but with different views. In addition, contrary to the traditional belief that lignin inhibits enzymatic hydrolysis, in recent years, the addition of water-soluble lignin such as lignosulfonate or low molecular-weight lignin exerts a positive effect on enzymatic hydrolysis, which gives a new insight into the lignin-enzyme interactions. For throwing light on their structure-interaction relationship during enzymatic hydrolysis, the effect of residual lignin in substrate and introduced lignin in hydrolysate on enzymatic hydrolysis are critically reviewed, aiming at realizing the targeted regulation of lignin structure for improving the saccharification of lignocellulose. The review is also focused on exploring the lignin-enzyme interactions to mitigate the negative impact of lignin and reducing the cost of enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Yuan
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Wenjuan Wu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Shufang Wu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Yongcan Jin
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
- Laboratory of Wood Chemistry, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Rd, Nanjing, 210037, China.
| | - Huining Xiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, E3B 11 5A3, Canada
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9
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Lizundia E, Sipponen MH, Greca LG, Balakshin M, Tardy BL, Rojas OJ, Puglia D. Multifunctional lignin-based nanocomposites and nanohybrids. GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2021; 23:6698-6760. [PMID: 34671223 PMCID: PMC8452181 DOI: 10.1039/d1gc01684a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Significant progress in lignins valorization and development of high-performance sustainable materials have been achieved in recent years. Reports related to lignin utilization indicate excellent prospects considering green chemistry, chemical engineering, energy, materials and polymer science, physical chemistry, biochemistry, among others. To fully realize such potential, one of the most promising routes involves lignin uses in nanocomposites and nanohybrid assemblies, where synergistic interactions are highly beneficial. This review first discusses the interfacial assembly of lignins with polysaccharides, proteins and other biopolymers, for instance, in the synthesis of nanocomposites. To give a wide perspective, we consider the subject of hybridization with metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, as well as uses as precursor of carbon materials and the assembly with other biobased nanoparticles, for instance to form nanohybrids. We provide cues to understand the fundamental aspects related to lignins, their self-assembly and supramolecular organization, all of which are critical in nanocomposites and nanohybrids. We highlight the possibilities of lignin in the fields of flame retardancy, food packaging, plant protection, electroactive materials, energy storage and health sciences. The most recent outcomes are evaluated given the importance of lignin extraction, within established and emerging biorefineries. We consider the benefit of lignin compared to synthetic counterparts. Bridging the gap between fundamental and application-driven research, this account offers critical insights as far as the potential of lignin as one of the frontrunners in the uptake of bioeconomy concepts and its application in value-added products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erlantz Lizundia
- Life Cycle Thinking group, Department of Graphic Design and Engineering Projects, Faculty of Engineering in Bilbao, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) Bilbao 48013 Spain
- BCMaterials, Basque Center Centre for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures UPV/EHU Science Park 48940 Leioa Spain
| | - Mika H Sipponen
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University Svante Arrhenius väg 16C SE-106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Luiz G Greca
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University P.O. Box 16300 FI-00076 Aalto Finland
| | - Mikhail Balakshin
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University P.O. Box 16300 FI-00076 Aalto Finland
| | - Blaise L Tardy
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University P.O. Box 16300 FI-00076 Aalto Finland
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University P.O. Box 16300 FI-00076 Aalto Finland
- Bioproducts Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia 2360 East Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Debora Puglia
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Perugia Strada di Pentima 4 05100 Terni Italy
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10
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Monteiro VAC, da Silva KT, da Silva LRR, Mattos ALA, de Freitas RM, Mazzetto SE, Lomonaco D, Avelino F. Selective acid precipitation of Kraft lignin: a tool for tailored biobased additives for enhancing PVA films properties for packaging applications. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2021.104980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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Zhao X, Meng X, Ragauskas AJ, Lai C, Ling Z, Huang C, Yong Q. Unlocking the secret of lignin-enzyme interactions: Recent advances in developing state-of-the-art analytical techniques. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 54:107830. [PMID: 34480987 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bioconversion of renewable lignocellulosics to produce liquid fuels and chemicals is one of the most effective ways to solve the problem of fossil resource shortage, energy security, and environmental challenges. Among the many biorefinery pathways, hydrolysis of lignocellulosics to fermentable monosaccharides by cellulase is arguably the most critical step of lignocellulose bioconversion. In the process of enzymatic hydrolysis, the direct physical contact between enzymes and cellulose is an essential prerequisite for the hydrolysis to occur. However, lignin is considered one of the most recalcitrant factors hindering the accessibility of cellulose by binding to cellulase unproductively, which reduces the saccharification rate and yield of sugars. This results in high costs for the saccharification of carbohydrates. The various interactions between enzymes and lignin have been explored from different perspectives in literature, and a basic lignin inhibition mechanism has been proposed. However, the exact interaction between lignin and enzyme as well as the recently reported promotion of some types of lignin on enzymatic hydrolysis is still unclear at the molecular level. Multiple analytical techniques have been developed, and fully unlocking the secret of lignin-enzyme interactions would require a continuous improvement of the currently available analytical techniques. This review summarizes the current commonly used advanced research analytical techniques for investigating the interaction between lignin and enzyme, including quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D), surface plasmon resonance (SPR), attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy (FLS), and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Interdisciplinary integration of these analytical methods is pursued to provide new insight into the interactions between lignin and enzymes. This review will serve as a resource for future research seeking to develop new methodologies for a better understanding of the basic mechanism of lignin-enzyme binding during the critical hydrolysis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Zhao
- Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Department of Bioengineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xianzhi Meng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Arthur J Ragauskas
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; Center for Renewable Carbon, Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; Joint Institute for Biological Sciences, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Chenhuan Lai
- Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Department of Bioengineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zhe Ling
- Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Department of Bioengineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Caoxing Huang
- Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Department of Bioengineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Qiang Yong
- Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Department of Bioengineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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12
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Csarman F, Gusenbauer C, Wohlschlager L, van Erven G, Kabel MA, Konnerth J, Potthast A, Ludwig R. Non-productive binding of cellobiohydrolase i investigated by surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy. CELLULOSE (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2021; 28:9525-9545. [PMID: 34720466 PMCID: PMC8550311 DOI: 10.1007/s10570-021-04002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Future biorefineries are facing the challenge to separate and depolymerize biopolymers into their building blocks for the production of biofuels and basic molecules as chemical stock. Fungi have evolved lignocellulolytic enzymes to perform this task specifically and efficiently, but a detailed understanding of their heterogeneous reactions is a prerequisite for the optimization of large-scale enzymatic biomass degradation. Here, we investigate the binding of cellulolytic enzymes onto biopolymers by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy for the fast and precise characterization of enzyme adsorption processes. Using different sensor architectures, SPR probes modified with regenerated cellulose as well as with lignin films were prepared by spin-coating techniques. The modified SPR probes were analyzed by atomic force microscopy and static contact angle measurements to determine physical and surface molecular properties. SPR spectroscopy was used to study the activity and affinity of Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase I (CBHI) glycoforms on the modified SPR probes. N-glycan removal led to no significant change in activity or cellulose binding, while a slightly higher tendency for non-productive binding to SPR probes modified with different lignin fractions was observed. The results suggest that the main role of the N-glycosylation in CBHI is not to prevent non-productive binding to lignin, but probably to increase its stability against proteolytic degradation. The work also demonstrates the suitability of SPR-based techniques for the characterization of the binding of lignocellulolytic enzymes to biomass-derived polymers. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10570-021-04002-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Csarman
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudia Gusenbauer
- Department of Materials Sciences and Process Engineering, Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable Materials, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Lena Wohlschlager
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gijs van Erven
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam A. Kabel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Konnerth
- Department of Materials Sciences and Process Engineering, Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable Materials, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Antje Potthast
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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13
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Zhou Z, Ju X, Chen J, Wang R, Zhong Y, Li L. Charge-oriented strategies of tunable substrate affinity based on cellulase and biomass for improving in situ saccharification: A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 319:124159. [PMID: 33010717 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The intrinsic recalcitrance of lignocellulosic biomass makes it resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis. The electron-rich surface of the lignin and cellulose-alike structure of hemicellulose competitively absorb the cellulase. Thus, modifying the surface charge on biomass components to alter cellulase affinity is an urgent requisite. Developing charge tunable cellulase will alter substrate affinity. Also, charge-based immobilization generates controllable substrate affinity. Within immobilized cellulase involved in situ biomass saccharification, charge effects made a crucial contribution. In addition to affecting the interaction between immobilized cellulase and biomass, charge exerts an impact on cellulase to immobilize the materials, further investigation is essential. This study aims to review the charge effects on the cellulase affinity in biomass saccharification, strategies of charge tunable cellulase, and immobilized cellulase, thereby explaining the role of electrostatic interaction. In terms of electrostatic behavior, the pathways and plans to improve in situ biomass saccharification seem to be promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, PR China
| | - Xin Ju
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, PR China
| | - Jiajia Chen
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, PR China
| | - Rong Wang
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, PR China
| | - Yuqing Zhong
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, PR China
| | - Liangzhi Li
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, PR China.
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14
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de Oliveira DR, Avelino F, Mazzetto SE, Lomonaco D. Microwave-assisted selective acetylation of Kraft lignin: Acetic acid as a sustainable reactant for lignin valorization. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:1536-1544. [PMID: 32738321 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lignin acetylation, one of the most widespread chemical modifications used for improve the solubility of this biopolymer in organic solvents and increase polymer-lignin compatibility, has been performed for decades using time-consuming methodologies and acetylating agents with serious drawbacks. Moreover, traditional acetylation reactions generally conduce to non-selective acetylation of both aliphatic and phenolic groups. In this work, we demonstrated that partial and selective acetylation of kraft lignin can be carried out through a greener, simple and fast microwave-assisted process using acetic acid as solvent and acetylating agent. Structural characterization via FTIR, 1H-13C HSQC and 31P NMR demonstrated that acetylation reaction occurs selectively only in aliphatic hydroxyls, preserving the phenolic hydroxyls. Optimal reaction conditions were obtained using 1% (v/v) of H2SO4 as catalyst and only 5 min as reaction time. The acetylated Kraft lignin (AKL) obtained, have enhanced solubility in organic solvents (ethyl acetate, chloroform and dichloromethane) compared to unmodified Kraft lignin (KL) and antioxidant capacity almost 8 times higher than a commercial antioxidant BHT. These characteristics make the partially and selectively acetylated Kraft lignin a potential green antioxidant additive to be used in polymers blends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davi Rabelo de Oliveira
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará, 60440-900 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Francisco Avelino
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceará, 63503-790 Iguatu, CE, Brazil
| | - Selma Elaine Mazzetto
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará, 60440-900 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Diego Lomonaco
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará, 60440-900 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
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15
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Comprehensive analysis of the chemical structure of lignin from raspberry stalks (Rubus idaeus L.). Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:3814-3822. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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16
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Borrega M, Päärnilä S, Greca LG, Jääskeläinen AS, Ohra-aho T, Rojas OJ, Tamminen T. Morphological and Wettability Properties of Thin Coating Films Produced from Technical Lignins. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:9675-9684. [PMID: 32787123 PMCID: PMC7584368 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Technical lignins are widely available as side streams from pulping and biorefining processes. The aromatic structure of such lignins could be exploited in coating formulations to provide antioxidant or UV-blocking functionalities to packaging films. In this study, six technical lignins sourced from different plant species by given isolation/modification methods were compared for their composition, molar mass, and functional groups. The lignins were then used to prepare thin spin-coated films from aqueous ammonia media. All the lignins formed ultrathin (<12 nm), smooth (roughness < 2 nm), and continuous films that fully covered the solid support. Most of the films contained nanometer-sized particles, while those from water-insoluble lignins also presented larger particulate features, which likely originated from macromolecular association during solvent evaporation. These latter films had water contact angles (WCAs) between 40 and 60°, corresponding to a surface energy of 42-48 mJ/m2 (determined by Zisman plots). For comparison, the water wettability measured on lignin pellets obtained by mechanical compression tracked closely with the WCA obtained from the respective thin films. Considering the widely diverse chemical, molecular, and structural properties of the tested lignins, comprehensively documented here by using a battery of techniques, the solubility in water was found to be the most important and generic parameter to characterize the thin films. This points to the possibility of developing lignin coatings with predictable wetting behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Borrega
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., P.O. Box 1000, 02044 Espoo, VTT, Finland
- . Phone: +358 40 4820 837
| | - Sonja Päärnilä
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., P.O. Box 1000, 02044 Espoo, VTT, Finland
| | - Luiz G. Greca
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O.
Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | | | - Taina Ohra-aho
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., P.O. Box 1000, 02044 Espoo, VTT, Finland
| | - Orlando J. Rojas
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O.
Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland
- Bioproducts
Institute, Departments of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Chemistry,
and Wood Science, The University of British
Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Tarja Tamminen
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., P.O. Box 1000, 02044 Espoo, VTT, Finland
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17
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Cui M, Duan Y, Ma Y, Al-Shwafy KWA, Liu Y, Zhao X, Huang R, Qi W, He Z, Su R. Real-Time QCM-D Monitoring of the Adsorption-Desorption of Expansin on Lignin. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:4503-4510. [PMID: 32241112 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Expansin has nonhydrolytic disruptive activity and synergistically acts with cellulases to enhance the hydrolysis of cellulose. The adsorption-desorption of expansin on noncellulosic lignin can greatly affect the action of expansin on lignocellulose. In this study, three lignins with different sources (kraft lignin (KL), sodium lignin sulfonate (SLS), and enzymatic hydrolysis lignin (EHL)) were selected as the substrates. The real-time adsorption-desorption of Bacillus subtilis expansin (BsEXLX1) on lignins was monitored using quartz crystal microgravimetry with dissipation (QCM-D). The effects of temperature and Tween 80 on the adsorption-desorption behaviors were also investigated. The results show that BsEXLX1 exhibited high binding ability on lignin and achieved maximum adsorption of 283.2, 273.8, and 266.9 ng cm-2 at 25 °C on KL, SLS, and EHL, respectively. The maximum adsorption decreased to 148.2-192.8 ng cm-2 when the temperature increased from 25 to 45 °C. Moreover, Tween 80 competitively bound to lignin and significantly prevented expansin adsorption. After irreversible adsorption of Tween 80, the maximum adsorption of BsEXLX1 greatly decreased to 33.3, 37.2, and 10.3 ng cm-2 at 25 °C on KL, SLS, and EHL, respectively. Finally, a kinetic model was developed to analyze the adsorption-desorption process of BsEXLX1. BsEXLX1 has a higher adsorption rate constant (kA) and a lower desorption rate constant (kD) on KL than on SLS and EHL. The findings of this study provide useful insights into the adsorption-desorption of expansin on lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yuhao Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ma
- Biomass Conversion Laboratory of Tianjin University R&D Center for Petrochemical Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Khaled W A Al-Shwafy
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yudong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xudong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Renliang Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wei Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhimin He
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Rongxin Su
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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18
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Atomic force microscopy reveals how relative humidity impacts the Young’s modulus of lignocellulosic polymers and their adhesion with cellulose nanocrystals at the nanoscale. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 147:1064-1075. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Cusola O, Rojas OJ, Roncero MB. Lignin Particles for Multifunctional Membranes, Antioxidative Microfiltration, Patterning, and 3D Structuring. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:45226-45236. [PMID: 31702895 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b16931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a new type of particle-based membrane based on the combination of lignin particles (LPs) and cellulose nanofibrils (CNF), the latter of which are introduced in small volume fractions to act as networking and adhesive agents. The synergies that are inherent to lignin and cellulose in plants are re-engineered to render materials with low surface energy (contact angle measurements) and can be rendered water-resistant with the aid of wet-strength agents (WSAs). Importantly, they are most suitable for antioxidative separation (ABTS•+ radical inhibition): membranes with uniform porous structures (air permeability and capillary flow porosimetry) allow effluent oxidation at 95 mL/cm2, demonstrating, for the first time, the use of unmodified lignin particles in flexible membranes for active microfiltration. Moreover, the membranes are found to be nonfouling (protein adhesion and activity rate). The inherent properties of lignin, including UV radiation blocking capacity (UV transmittance analysis) and reduced surface energy, are further exploited in the development of tailorable and self-standing architectures that are almost entirely comprised of nonbonding LP (solids content as high as 92 w/w%). Despite such composition, the materials develop high toughness (oscillatory dynamic mechanical analysis), owing to the addition of minor amounts of CNF. Multifunctional materials based on thin films (casting), 3D structures (molding), and patterned geometries (extrusion deposition) are developed as a demonstration of the potential use of lignin particles as precursors of new material generation. Remarkably, our observations hold for spherical LPs since a much poorer performance was observed after using amorphous powder, indicating the role of size and shape in related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriol Cusola
- CELBIOTECH Research Group , Escola Superior d'Enginyeries Industrial, Aeroespacial i Audiovisual de Terrassa , 08222 Terrassa , Spain
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering , Aalto University , FI-00076 Aalto , Finland
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering , Aalto University , FI-00076 Aalto , Finland
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia V6T 1Z4 , Canada
| | - M Blanca Roncero
- CELBIOTECH Research Group , Escola Superior d'Enginyeries Industrial, Aeroespacial i Audiovisual de Terrassa , 08222 Terrassa , Spain
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20
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Lai C, Yang B, Lin Z, Jia Y, Huang C, Li X, Song X, Yong Q. New strategy to elucidate the positive effects of extractable lignin on enzymatic hydrolysis by quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:57. [PMID: 30923565 PMCID: PMC6423845 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1402-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of lignin normally affects enzymatic saccharification of lignocellulose detrimentally. However, positive effects of lignin on enzymatic hydrolysis have been recently reported. Enzyme-lignin interactions could be the key to reveal the underlying mechanism of their discrepant behaviors. In this study, to elucidate the positive effects of extractable lignin (EL) on enzymatic hydrolysis of ethanol organosolv-pretreated wood sawdust, two lignin fractions, EL and milled wood lignin (MWL), were isolated sequentially from pretreated substrates. Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) was then used to investigate the lignin aggregation effects on enzyme adsorption. RESULTS We found that both EL and MWL had a narrow molecular weight distribution. However, MWL had an obviously higher molecular weight than EL. This indicated that EL and MWL likely represent two distinct lignin fractions from ethanol organosolv-pretreated substrates. HSQC NMR analysis revealed that less β-O-4, β-β, and β-5 linkages and a higher S/G ratio was present in EL, as compared to MWL. QCM-D analysis showed that the enzyme adsorption on lignin was highly relevant to these lignin structural characteristics. An obviously lower maximum enzyme adsorption capacity was observed on EL films (152.63-168.09 ng/cm2) compared to MWL films (196.71-224.73 ng/cm2). Furthermore, enzyme desorption on lignin films was determined. A significantly lower irreversible enzyme adsorption was observed on EL (75.40 ng/cm2) compared to MWL (137.35 ng/cm2). More importantly, two reconstructed lignin films were designed to investigate lignin assembly on enzyme adsorption. The results indicated that the presence of EL reduced irreversible enzyme adsorption on the reconstructed lignin films by 39.2-45.0%. CONCLUSIONS Lignin structure determined the interaction between enzyme and lignins. A positive correlation was observed between molecular weight, the content of β-5 linkages, and enzyme adsorption on lignin. EL, which was more depolymerized and less condensed, had the lower enzyme adsorption of the two preparations tested. Additionally, the presence of EL reduced enzyme adsorption on reconstructed lignin films, perhaps through a mechanism involving the blocking of non-productive enzyme binding sites on the MWL. This could be the mechanism for the positive effects of EL on enzymatic hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenhuan Lai
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
| | - Bo Yang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
| | - Zihe Lin
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
| | - Yuan Jia
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
| | - Caoxing Huang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
| | - Xiangyang Song
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
| | - Qiang Yong
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
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21
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Kim JE, Lee JW. Enzyme adsorption properties on dilute acid pretreated biomass by low vacuum-scanning electron microscopy and structural analysis of lignin. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 262:107-113. [PMID: 29702419 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.04.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, enzyme adsorption properties were investigated as a function of the structural change of lignin in dilute acid pretreated biomass using oxalic and sulfuric acid catalysts under the same reaction conditions. Although the contents of glucan and lignin in the dilute acid pretreated biomass were similar regardless of the catalysts used, the enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency and degree of enzyme adsorption differed considerably. The highest efficiencies were 87.79% and 96.49% for the oxalic acid and sulfuric acid catalysts, respectively. The reasons for this observation were investigated by low vacuum-scanning electron microscopy and the structural analysis of lignin. In the oxalic acid pretreated biomass, the enzyme was irreversibly adsorbed onto the lignin. The oxalic acid pretreated biomass possessed a higher content of G-type lignin than did the sulfuric acid pretreated biomass. This type of lignin has a high affinity for the enzyme, inducing irreversible enzyme adsorption onto the biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo Eun Kim
- Department of Forest Products and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Won Lee
- Department of Forest Products and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea.
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22
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Isozaki K, Shimoaka T, Oshiro S, Yamaguchi A, Pincella F, Ueno R, Hasegawa T, Watanabe T, Takaya H, Nakamura M. Robust Surface Plasmon Resonance Chips for Repetitive and Accurate Analysis of Lignin-Peptide Interactions. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:7483-7493. [PMID: 31458905 PMCID: PMC6644341 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We have developed novel surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor chips whose surfaces bear newly synthesized functional self-assembled monolayer (SAM) anchoring lignin through covalent chemical bonds. The SPR sensor chips are remarkably robust and suitable for repetitive and accurate measurement of noncovalent lignin-peptide interactions, which is of significant interest in the chemical or biochemical conversion of renewable woody biomass to valuable chemical feedstocks. The lignin-anchored SAMs were prepared for the first time by click chemistry based on an azide-alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition: mixed SAMs are fabricated on gold thin film using a mixture of alkynyl and methyl thioalkyloligo(ethylene oxide) disulfides and then reacted with azidated milled wood lignins to furnish the functional SAMs anchoring lignins covalently. The resulting SAMs were characterized using infrared reflection-absorption, Raman, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies to confirm covalent immobilization of the lignins to the SAMs via triazole linkages and also to reveal that the SAM formation induces a helical conformation of the ethylene oxide chains. Further, SPR measurements of the noncovalent lignin-peptide interactions using lignin-binding peptides have demonstrated high reproducibility and durability of the prepared lignin-anchored sensor chips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiro Isozaki
- International
Research Center for Elements Science, Institute for
Chemical Research, Division of Environmental Chemistry, Institute for Chemical Research, and Research Institute
for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji 611-0011, Kyoto, Japan
- Department
of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Takafumi Shimoaka
- International
Research Center for Elements Science, Institute for
Chemical Research, Division of Environmental Chemistry, Institute for Chemical Research, and Research Institute
for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji 611-0011, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Oshiro
- International
Research Center for Elements Science, Institute for
Chemical Research, Division of Environmental Chemistry, Institute for Chemical Research, and Research Institute
for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji 611-0011, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Asako Yamaguchi
- International
Research Center for Elements Science, Institute for
Chemical Research, Division of Environmental Chemistry, Institute for Chemical Research, and Research Institute
for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji 611-0011, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Francesca Pincella
- International
Research Center for Elements Science, Institute for
Chemical Research, Division of Environmental Chemistry, Institute for Chemical Research, and Research Institute
for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji 611-0011, Kyoto, Japan
- CREST,
Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Ryo Ueno
- International
Research Center for Elements Science, Institute for
Chemical Research, Division of Environmental Chemistry, Institute for Chemical Research, and Research Institute
for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji 611-0011, Kyoto, Japan
- Department
of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hasegawa
- International
Research Center for Elements Science, Institute for
Chemical Research, Division of Environmental Chemistry, Institute for Chemical Research, and Research Institute
for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji 611-0011, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Watanabe
- International
Research Center for Elements Science, Institute for
Chemical Research, Division of Environmental Chemistry, Institute for Chemical Research, and Research Institute
for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji 611-0011, Kyoto, Japan
- CREST,
Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Hikaru Takaya
- International
Research Center for Elements Science, Institute for
Chemical Research, Division of Environmental Chemistry, Institute for Chemical Research, and Research Institute
for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji 611-0011, Kyoto, Japan
- Department
of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Masaharu Nakamura
- International
Research Center for Elements Science, Institute for
Chemical Research, Division of Environmental Chemistry, Institute for Chemical Research, and Research Institute
for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji 611-0011, Kyoto, Japan
- Department
of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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23
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Structural Characterization of Lignin and Lignin-Carbohydrate Complex (LCC) from Ginkgo Shells ( Ginkgo biloba L.) by Comprehensive NMR Spectroscopy. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10070736. [PMID: 30960661 PMCID: PMC6404004 DOI: 10.3390/polym10070736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin and lignin-carbohydrate complexes are important polymers for lignocellulosic biorefinery and functional materials, but those in ginkgo shells are not effectively analyzed and exploited. Based on this background, milled wood lignins (MWLML and MWLFZ) and lignin-carbohydrate complexes (LCCML and LCCFZ) were isolated from the shells of Ginkgo biloba L. cv. Damaling (ML) and Ginkgo biloba L. cv. Dafozhi (FZ) correspondingly, and were structurally characterized by comprehensive NMR spectroscopy. The results showed that ginkgo shells exhibited higher lignin (42%) and xylan (20%) content than general softwood species. Isolated MWLs were rich in guaiacyl units with the presence of ferulates and p-coumarates, and the molecular formula was C9H7.93O2.73(OCH3)0.81 and C9H7.87O2.76(OCH3)0.88 for MWLML and MWLFZ, respectively. Phenolic hydroxyl of MWLML (1.38 mmol/g) and MWLFZ (1.23 mmol/g) in ginkgo shells was much less than that in general softwoods, suggesting a higher etherification and condensation degree of ginkgo shells lignin, and β-5′, α-O-4′, and 4-O-5′ bonds were the main condensed structures. O-acetylated β-d-xylopyranoside and β-d-mannopyranoside were the main polysaccharides associated with lignin, and the acetyl groups frequently acylate the C2 and C3 positions. LCCML had more phenyl glycoside (0.035/Ar) and less γ-ester (0.026/Ar) linkages than LCCFZ.
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24
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Cusola O, Kivistö S, Vierros S, Batys P, Ago M, Tardy BL, Greca LG, Roncero MB, Sammalkorpi M, Rojas OJ. Particulate Coatings via Evaporation-Induced Self-Assembly of Polydisperse Colloidal Lignin on Solid Interfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:5759-5771. [PMID: 29718673 PMCID: PMC6150720 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b00650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Polydisperse smooth and spherical biocolloidal particles were suspended in aqueous media and allowed to consolidate via evaporation-induced self-assembly. The stratification of the particles at the solid-air interface was markedly influenced, but not monotonically, by the drying rate. Cross-sectional imaging via electron microscopy indicated a structured coating morphology that was distinctive from that obtained by using particles with a mono- or bimodal distribution. Segregation patterns were found to derive from the interplay of particle diffusion, interparticle forces, and settling dynamics. Supporting our experimental findings, computer simulations showed an optimal drying rate for achieving maximum segregation. Overall, stratified coatings comprising nano- and microparticles derived from lignin are expected to open opportunities for multifunctional structures that can be designed and predicted on the basis of experimental Péclet numbers and computational order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriol Cusola
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemistry
and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, and Department of
Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto
University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
- CELBIOTECH
Research Group, Escola Superior d’Enginyeries
Industrial, Aeroespacial i Audiovisual de Terrassa, 08222 Terrassa, Spain
- E-mail: (O.C.)
| | - Samu Kivistö
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemistry
and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, and Department of
Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto
University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Sampsa Vierros
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemistry
and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, and Department of
Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto
University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Piotr Batys
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemistry
and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, and Department of
Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto
University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
- Jerzy
Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, PL-30239 Krakow, Poland
| | - Mariko Ago
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemistry
and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, and Department of
Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto
University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Blaise L. Tardy
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemistry
and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, and Department of
Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto
University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Luiz G. Greca
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemistry
and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, and Department of
Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto
University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - M. Blanca Roncero
- CELBIOTECH
Research Group, Escola Superior d’Enginyeries
Industrial, Aeroespacial i Audiovisual de Terrassa, 08222 Terrassa, Spain
| | - Maria Sammalkorpi
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemistry
and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, and Department of
Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto
University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Orlando J. Rojas
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemistry
and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, and Department of
Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto
University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
- E-mail: (O.J.R.)
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25
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Du J, Song W, Zhang X, Zhao J, Liu G, Qu Y. Differential reinforcement of enzymatic hydrolysis by adding chemicals and accessory proteins to high solid loading substrates with different pretreatments. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2018; 41:1153-1163. [PMID: 29687236 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-018-1944-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
High dosage of enzyme is required to achieve effective lignocellulose hydrolysis, especially at high-solid loadings, which is a significant barrier to large-scale bioconversion of lignocellulose. Here, we screened four chemical additives and three accessory proteins for their effects on the enzymatic hydrolysis of various lignocellulosic materials. The effects were found to be highly dependent on the composition and solid loadings of substrates. For xylan-extracted lignin-rich corncob residue, the enhancing effect of PEG 6000 was most pronounced and negligibly affected by solid content, which reduced more than half of enzyme demand at 20% dry matter (DM). Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase enhanced the hydrolysis of ammonium sulfite wheat straw pulp, and its addition reduced about half of protein demand at the solid loading of 20% DM. Supplementation of the additives in the hydrolysis of pure cellulose and complex lignocellulosic materials revealed that their effects are tightly linked to pretreatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Du
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Wenxia Song
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, China
| | - Xiu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Guodong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Yinbo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China.
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26
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Terryn C, Paës G, Spriet C. FRET-SLiM on native autofluorescence: a fast and reliable method to study interactions between fluorescent probes and lignin in plant cell wall. PLANT METHODS 2018; 14:74. [PMID: 30154910 PMCID: PMC6109981 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-018-0342-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lignocellulosic biomass is a complex network of polymers making the cell walls of plants. It represents a feedstock of sustainable resources to be converted into fuels, chemicals and materials. Because of its complex architecture, lignocellulose is a recalcitrant material that necessitates some pretreatments and several types of catalysts to be transformed efficiently. In particular, enzymes degrading lignocellulose can become inactivated due to their binding to lignin through non-specific interactions, leading to a loss in catalytic efficiency of industrial processes. Gaining more knowledge in the strength of interactions would allow optimizing enzymes and selecting appropriate pretreatments. RESULTS Measuring interactions directly in plant cell wall can theoretically be performed using confocal fluorescence techniques by evaluating fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between compatible fluorophores. In this study, autofluorescence of plant cell wall, mainly originating from lignin, was considered as a donor fluorophore while the acceptor was a common rhodamine-based fluorescent probe. To overcome complex plant cell wall fluorescence, which limits FRET analysis by standard techniques, we have developed an original approach, combining spectral and lifetime measurements. It consists in (1) dissecting autofluorescence signal in each spectral channel, (2) optimizing spectral channel choice for lifetime measurements and (3) achieving an unambiguous FRET signature with an autofluorescent donor fluorophore. Interactions between rhodamine-based probes of various sizes and untreated or pretreated wheat sample were evaluated, showing it was possible to discriminate interactions at the nano-scale, revealing some accessibility differences and the effect of pretreatment. CONCLUSIONS SLiM measurement allows precise estimation of the optimal spectral range for FRET measurement. SLiM response allows for the first time doubtless FRET measurements between lignin as a donor, and an acceptor fluorophore with high accuracy and sensitivity related to lifetime decrease studies. As demonstrated, it thus becomes possible to measure interactions of fluorescent probes directly inside plant cell wall samples. This approach can thus be applied to various fields such as lignocellulose deconstruction to optimize the action of enzymes or plant cell wall development to assay in situ the biosynthesis of lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Terryn
- PICT Platform, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51 rue Cognacq-Jay, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Gabriel Paës
- Fractionation of AgroResources and Environment (FARE) Laboratory, INRA, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 2 Esplanade Roland-Garros, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Corentin Spriet
- TISBio, Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle (UGSF), CNRS, UMR 8576, Université de Lille, 59000 Lille, France
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