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Hemida MH, Moustafa H, Mehanny S, Morsy M, Abd El Rahman EN, Ibrahim MM. Valorization of Eichhornia crassipes for the production of cellulose nanocrystals further investigation of plethoric biobased resource. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12387. [PMID: 38811644 PMCID: PMC11136955 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62159-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemical processing is among the significant keys to tackle agro-residues utilization field, aiming to obtain value-added materials. Extraction of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) is an emerging route to valorize lignocellulosic wastes into high value particles. In this investigation, effect of acidic hydrolysis duration was monitored on size and morphology of obtained crystals; namely: CNCs from Nile roses fibers (NRFs) (Eichhornia crassipes). Different acidic hydrolysis duration range or different characterization techniques set this article apart from relevant literature, including our group research articles. The grinded NRFs were firstly subjected to alkaline and bleaching pretreatments, then acid hydrolysis process was carried out with varied durations ranging from 5 to 30 min. Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was used as reference for comparison with NRFs based samples. The extracted CNCs samples were investigated using various techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Atomic force microscopy (AFM), Raman spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric (TGA) analysis. The figures gotten from SEM and AFM depicted that NRFs based CNCs appeared as fibril-like shapes, with reduced average size when the NRFs underwent pulping and bleaching processes. This was indicated that the elimination of hemicellulose and lignin components got achieved successfully. This outcome was proven by chemical composition measurements and TGA/DTG curves. On the other hand, AFM-3D images indicated that CNCs topology and surface roughness were mostly affected by increasing hydrolysis durations, besides smooth and homogeneous surfaces were noticed. Moreover, Raman spectra demonstrated that the particle size and crystallinity degree of NRFs based CNCs can be affected by acidic hydrolysis durations and optimum extraction time was found to be 10 min. Thermal stability of extracted CNCs-NRFs and CNCs-MCC was measured by TGA/DTG and the kinetic models were suggested to identify the kinetic parameters of the thermal decomposition of CNCs for each acid hydrolysis duration. Increasing hydrolysis duration promoted thermal stability, particularly for NRFs based CNCs. Results showcased in this article add new perspective to Nile rose nanocellulose and pave down the way to fabricate NRFs based humidity nano-sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed H Hemida
- Agricultural Engineering Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hesham Moustafa
- Department of Polymer Metrology & Technology, National Institute of Standards (NIS), Tersa Street, El Haram, P.O Box 136, Giza, 12211, Egypt
- Bioanalysis Laboratory, National Institute of Standards (NIS), Tersa Street, El Haram, P.O Box 136, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Sherif Mehanny
- Department of Mechanical Design and Production, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Morsy
- Building Physics and Environment Institute, Housing and Building National Research Center (HBRC), Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
- Nanotechnology Research Center (NTRC), The British University in Egypt (BUE), El Sherouk City, Suez Desert Road, Cairo, 11837, Egypt.
| | - Eid N Abd El Rahman
- Agricultural Engineering Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Ibrahim
- Agricultural Engineering Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
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Kröger M, Badara O, Pääkkönen T, Schlapp-Hackl I, Hietala S, Kontturi E. Efficient Isolation Method for Highly Charged Phosphorylated Cellulose Nanocrystals. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:1318-1328. [PMID: 36749901 PMCID: PMC10015457 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c01363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorylation of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) has remained a marginal activity despite the undisputed application potential in flame-retardant materials, sustainable high-capacity ion-exchange materials, or substrates for biomineralization among others. This is largely due to strenuous extraction methods prone to a combination of poor reproducibility, low degrees of substitution, disappointing yields, and impractical reaction sequences. Here, we demonstrate an improved methodology relying on the modification routines for phosphorylated cellulose nanofibers and hydrolysis by gaseous HCl to isolate CNCs. This allows us to overcome the aforementioned shortcomings and to reliably and reproducibly extract phosphorylated CNCs with exceptionally high surface charge (∼2000 mmol/kg) in a straightforward routine that minimizes water consumption and maximizes yields. The CNCs were characterized by NMR, ζpotential, conductometric titration, thermogravimetry, elemental analysis, wide-angle X-ray scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Kröger
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Olamide Badara
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Timo Pääkkönen
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Inge Schlapp-Hackl
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Sami Hietala
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, PB 55, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
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3
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Nanoengineering and green chemistry-oriented strategies toward nanocelluloses for protein sensing. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 308:102758. [PMID: 36037672 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2022.102758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
As one of the most important functional organic macromolecules of life, proteins not only participate in the cell metabolism and gene regulation, they also earnestly protect the body's immunity system, leading to a powerful biological shield and homeostasis. Advances in nanomaterials are boosting the significant progress in various applications, including the sensing and examination of proteins in trace amount. Nanocellulose-oriented protein sensing is at the forefront of this revolution. The inherent feature of high biocompatibility, low cytotoxicity, high specific area, good durability and marketability endow nanocellulose with great superiority in protein sensing. Here, we highlight the recent progress of protein sensing using nanocellulose as the biosensor in trace amount. Besides, various kinds of construction strategies for nanocelluloses-based biosensors are discussed in detail, to enhance the agility and accuracy of clinical/medical diagnostics. Finally, several challenges in the approbatory identification of new approaches for the marketization of biomedical sensing that need further expedition in the future are highlighted.
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Crystalline stability of cellulose III nanocrystals in the hydrothermal treatment and NaOH solution. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 249:116827. [PMID: 32933674 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
To better understand the system and conversion of cellulose allomorphs, cellulose III nanocrystals (CNC-III) were used to investigate the crystalline stability of cellulose III in the hydrothermal condition and a lower concentrated NaOH-water system. It was shown that H2O or alkali played an important role in the process of polymorphic transformation. The CNC-III allomorph turned back to cellulose I with an extremely low crystallinity (∼4.18 %) during hydrothermal process at 90-95 °C, or cellulose II when the temperature excessed boiling point (≥100 °C). Furthermore, CNC-III could be rapidly dissolved in an aqueous NaOH (∼7 wt.%) without a pre-cooled treatment to obtain its stable solution. Afterwards, cellulose II with a steady average crystallite size (∼34) was acquired after the regeneration process via dialysis with distilled water. The polymorphic transformation was also analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR).
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Wu Q, Xu J, Wu Z, Zhu S, Gao Y, Shi C. The effect of surface modification on chemical and crystalline structure of the cellulose III nanocrystals. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 235:115962. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.115962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Uto T, Minamizaki M, Yui T. Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Cellulose I-Ethylenediamine Complex Crystal Models. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:134-143. [PMID: 31794670 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b08153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose I fibrils swell on exposure to ethylenediamine (EDA), which forms the cellulose I-EDA complex. These are regarded as host materials with guest intercalation. The present study reports molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of cellulose I-EDA crystal models with finite fiber to reproduce desorption of EDA molecules. The force field parameters for EDA were improved. Part of the EDA molecules was desorbed only from the surfaces of the crystal models, not from their interiors. The EDA molecules diffused through a hydrophilic channel composed of the hydrophilic edges of the cellulose chains, and their conformations and orientations changed. With the configuration of the cellulose chains being held, the vacant hydrophilic channel was immediately filled with water molecules. The innermost part of the crystal models, defined as a core unit, was partly deformed from the initial crystal structure, including the changes in the exocyclic group conformations of the cellulose chains and the orientations of the EDA molecules, coupled with partial reconfiguration of the intermolecular hydrogen bonding scheme. A possible crystalline conversion scheme after complete desorption of EDA has been discussed based on the present findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Uto
- Organization for Promotion of Tenure Track , University of Miyazaki , Nishi 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai , Miyazaki 889-2192 , Japan.,Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering , University of Miyazaki , Nishi 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai , Miyazaki 889-2192 , Japan
| | - Meguru Minamizaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering , University of Miyazaki , Nishi 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai , Miyazaki 889-2192 , Japan
| | - Toshifumi Yui
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering , University of Miyazaki , Nishi 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai , Miyazaki 889-2192 , Japan
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Heise K, Koso T, Pitkänen L, Potthast A, King AWT, Kostiainen MA, Kontturi E. Knoevenagel Condensation for Modifying the Reducing End Groups of Cellulose Nanocrystals. ACS Macro Lett 2019; 8:1642-1647. [PMID: 35619387 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we demonstrate an effective approach toward functionalization of cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) reducing ends by means of a Knoevenagel condensation reaction with a reactive β-diketone (acetylacetone). The end-wise modification was elucidated by advanced NMR analysis, which was facilitated by dissolving the CNCs in ionic liquid electrolyte and by the concomitant assignment of a model compound derived from d-cellobiose. The diffusion-edited 1H experiment afforded a simple method to identify the assigned model resonances in the reducing end-modified CNCs. The condensations can be carried out in aqueous bicarbonate solutions, avoiding the use of hazardous solvents. Under these preliminary aqueous conditions, end-group conversion of up to 12.5% could be confirmed. These results demonstrate the potential of β-diketone chemistry and the Knoevenagel condensation for functionalizing cellulose reducing ends. Application of this liquid-state NMR method for confirming and quantifying reducing end conversion is also shown to be invaluable. Extension of this chemistry to other 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds and solvation conditions should allow for the topochemical and (axially) chirotopic installation of functional moieties to CNCs, paving the way to asymmetric cellulose-based nanomaterials with unique properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Heise
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland
| | - Tetyana Koso
- Materials Chemistry Division, Chemistry Department, University of Helsinki, A.I. Virtasen aukio 1, P.O. Box 55, FI-000147 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leena Pitkänen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland
| | - Antje Potthast
- Institute for Chemistry of Renewables, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Alistair W. T. King
- Materials Chemistry Division, Chemistry Department, University of Helsinki, A.I. Virtasen aukio 1, P.O. Box 55, FI-000147 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mauri A. Kostiainen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland
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Jones AOF, Resel R, Schrode B, Machado-Charry E, Röthel C, Kunert B, Salzmann I, Kontturi E, Reishofer D, Spirk S. Structural Order in Cellulose Thin Films Prepared from a Trimethylsilyl Precursor. Biomacromolecules 2019; 21:653-659. [PMID: 31774663 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Biopolymer cellulose is investigated in terms of the crystallographic order within thin films. The films were prepared by spin-coating of a trimethylsilyl cellulose precursor followed by an exposure to HCl vapors; two different source materials were used. Careful precharacterization of the films was performed by infrared spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. Subsequently, the films were investigated by grazing incidence X-ray diffraction using synchrotron radiation. The results showed broad diffraction peaks, indicating a rather short correlation length of the molecular packing in the range of a few nanometers. The analysis of the diffraction patterns was based on the known structures of crystalline cellulose, as the observed peak pattern was comparable to cellulose phase II and phase III. The dominant fraction of the film is formed by two different types of layers, which are oriented parallel to the substrate surface. The stacking of the layers results in a one-dimensional crystallographic order with a defined interlayer distance of either 7.3 or 4.2 Å. As a consequence, two different preferred orientations of the polymer chains are observed. In both cases, polymer chain axes are aligned parallel to the substrate surface, and the orientation of the cellulose molecules are concluded to be either edge-on or flat-on. A minor fraction of the cellulose molecules form nanocrystals that are randomly distributed within the films. In this case, the molecular packing density was found to be smaller in comparison to the known crystalline phases of cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew O F Jones
- Institute of Solid State Physics , Graz University of Technology , Petersgasse 16 , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Roland Resel
- Institute of Solid State Physics , Graz University of Technology , Petersgasse 16 , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Benedikt Schrode
- Institute of Solid State Physics , Graz University of Technology , Petersgasse 16 , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Eduardo Machado-Charry
- Institute of Solid State Physics , Graz University of Technology , Petersgasse 16 , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Christian Röthel
- Institute of Solid State Physics , Graz University of Technology , Petersgasse 16 , 8010 Graz , Austria.,Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , Karl-Franzens University of Graz , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Birgit Kunert
- Institute of Solid State Physics , Graz University of Technology , Petersgasse 16 , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Ingo Salzmann
- Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Concordia University , H4B 1R6 Montréal , Canada
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems , Aalto University , P.O. Box 16300, 00076 Aalto , Finland
| | - David Reishofer
- Institute of Paper, Pulp and Fiber Technology , Graz University of Technology , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Stefan Spirk
- Institute of Paper, Pulp and Fiber Technology , Graz University of Technology , 8010 Graz , Austria
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Nigmatullin R, Harniman R, Gabrielli V, Muñoz-García JC, Khimyak YZ, Angulo J, Eichhorn SJ. Mechanically Robust Gels Formed from Hydrophobized Cellulose Nanocrystals. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:19318-19322. [PMID: 29790733 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b05067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) that bind to each other through associative hydrophobic interactions have been synthesized by modifying sulfated CNCs (sCNCs) with hydrophobic moieties. These octyl-CNCs form gels at significantly lower concentrations than parent sCNCs, producing extremely strong hydrogels. Unlike sCNCs, these octyl-CNCs do not form ordered liquid crystalline phases indicating a random association into a robust network driven by hydrophobic interactions. Furthermore, involvement of the octyl-CNCs into multicomponent supramolecular assembly was demonstrated in combination with starch. AFM studies confirm favorable interactions between starch and octyl-CNCs, which is thought to be the source of the dramatic increase in gel strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinat Nigmatullin
- Bristol Composites Institute (ACCIS) , University of Bristol , Bristol BS8 1TR , United Kingdom
| | - Robert Harniman
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Bristol BS8 1TS , United Kingdom
| | - Valeria Gabrielli
- School of Pharmacy , University of East Anglia , Norwich Research Park , Norwich NR4 7TJ , United Kingdom
| | - Juan C Muñoz-García
- School of Pharmacy , University of East Anglia , Norwich Research Park , Norwich NR4 7TJ , United Kingdom
| | - Yaroslav Z Khimyak
- School of Pharmacy , University of East Anglia , Norwich Research Park , Norwich NR4 7TJ , United Kingdom
| | - Jesús Angulo
- School of Pharmacy , University of East Anglia , Norwich Research Park , Norwich NR4 7TJ , United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J Eichhorn
- Bristol Composites Institute (ACCIS) , University of Bristol , Bristol BS8 1TR , United Kingdom
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Kontturi E, Laaksonen P, Linder MB, Gröschel AH, Rojas OJ, Ikkala O. Advanced Materials through Assembly of Nanocelluloses. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1703779. [PMID: 29504161 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201703779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
There is an emerging quest for lightweight materials with excellent mechanical properties and economic production, while still being sustainable and functionalizable. They could form the basis of the future bioeconomy for energy and material efficiency. Cellulose has long been recognized as an abundant polymer. Modified celluloses were, in fact, among the first polymers used in technical applications; however, they were later replaced by petroleum-based synthetic polymers. Currently, there is a resurgence of interest to utilize renewable resources, where cellulose is foreseen to make again a major impact, this time in the development of advanced materials. This is because of its availability and properties, as well as economic and sustainable production. Among cellulose-based structures, cellulose nanofibrils and nanocrystals display nanoscale lateral dimensions and lengths ranging from nanometers to micrometers. Their excellent mechanical properties are, in part, due to their crystalline assembly via hydrogen bonds. Owing to their abundant surface hydroxyl groups, they can be easily modified with nanoparticles, (bio)polymers, inorganics, or nanocarbons to form functional fibers, films, bulk matter, and porous aerogels and foams. Here, some of the recent progress in the development of advanced materials within this rapidly growing field is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eero Kontturi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Päivi Laaksonen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
- Center of Excellence Molecular Engineering of Biosynthetic Hybrid Materials Research, Aalto University and VTT, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Markus B Linder
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
- Center of Excellence Molecular Engineering of Biosynthetic Hybrid Materials Research, Aalto University and VTT, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
| | - André H Gröschel
- Physical Chemistry and Centre for Nanointegration (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, DE-45127, Essen, Germany
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
- Center of Excellence Molecular Engineering of Biosynthetic Hybrid Materials Research, Aalto University and VTT, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Olli Ikkala
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
- Center of Excellence Molecular Engineering of Biosynthetic Hybrid Materials Research, Aalto University and VTT, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
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Korolovych VF, Cherpak V, Nepal D, Ng A, Shaikh NR, Grant A, Xiong R, Bunning TJ, Tsukruk VV. Cellulose nanocrystals with different morphologies and chiral properties. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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