1
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Yildirim T, Bali A, Koch M, Paul P, Latta L, Schneider-Daum N, Gallei M, Lehr CM. A New Class of Polyion Complex Vesicles (PIC-somes) to Improve Antimicrobial Activity of Tobramycin in Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Biofilms. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2401926. [PMID: 38829185 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202401926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) is a major healthcare concern due to its tolerance to antibiotics when enclosed in biofilms. Tobramycin (Tob), an effective cationic aminoglycoside antibiotic against planktonic PA, loses potency within PA biofilms due to hindered diffusion caused by interactions with anionic biofilm components. Loading Tob into nano-carriers can enhance its biofilm efficacy by shielding its charge. Polyion complex vesicles (PIC-somes) are promising nano-carriers for charged drugs, allowing higher drug loadings than liposomes and polymersomes. In this study, a new class of nano-sized PIC-somes, formed by Tob-diblock copolymer complexation is presented. This approach replaces conventional linear PEG with brush-like poly[ethylene glycol (methyl ether methacrylate)] (PEGMA) in the shell-forming block, distinguishing it from past methods. Tob paired with a block copolymer containing hydrophilic PEGMA induces micelle formation (PIC-micelles), while incorporating hydrophobic pyridyldisulfide ethyl methacrylate (PDSMA) monomer into PEGMA chains reduces shell hydrophilicity, leads to the formation of vesicles (PIC-somes). PDSMA unit incorporation enables unprecedented dynamic disulfide bond-based shell cross-linking, significantly enhancing stability under saline conditions. Neither PIC-somes nor PIC-micelles show any relevant cytotoxicity on A549, Calu-3, and dTHP-1 cells. Tob's antimicrobial efficacy against planktonic PA remains unaffected after encapsulation into PIC-somes and PIC-micelles, but its potency within PA biofilms significantly increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turgay Yildirim
- HIPS - Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Aghiad Bali
- HIPS - Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Marcus Koch
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Pascal Paul
- HIPS - Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Lorenz Latta
- HIPS - Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Nicole Schneider-Daum
- HIPS - Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Markus Gallei
- Polymer Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C4 2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Saarene - Saarland Center for Energy Materials and Sustainability, Campus C4 2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Claus-Michael Lehr
- HIPS - Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
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2
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Lai RY, Wong CK, Stenzel MH. Streamlined Formation and Manipulation of Charged Polymersomes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2310202. [PMID: 38822711 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202310202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Charged polymersomes are attractive for advanced material applications due to their versatile encapsulation capabilities and charge-induced functionality. Although desirable, the pH-sensitivity of charged block copolymers adds complexity to its self-assembly process, making it challenging to produce charged polymersomes in a reliable manner. In this work, a flow approach to control and strike a delicate balance between solvent composition and pH for self-assembly is used. This allows for the identification of a phase window to reliably produce of charged polymersomes. The utility of this approach to streamline downstream processes, such as morphological transformation or in-line purification is further demonstrated. As proof-of-concept, it is shown that the processed polymersomes can be used for surface modifications facilitated by charge complexation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Y Lai
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Chin Ken Wong
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Martina H Stenzel
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, 2052, Australia
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3
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Çalbaş B, Keobounnam AN, Korban C, Doratan AJ, Jean T, Sharma AY, Wright TA. Protein-polymer bioconjugation, immobilization, and encapsulation: a comparative review towards applicability, functionality, activity, and stability. Biomater Sci 2024; 12:2841-2864. [PMID: 38683585 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm01861j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Polymer-based biomaterials have received a lot of attention due to their biomedical, agricultural, and industrial potential. Soluble protein-polymer bioconjugates, immobilized proteins, and encapsulated proteins have been shown to tune enzymatic activity, improved pharmacokinetic ability, increased chemical and thermal stability, stimuli responsiveness, and introduced protein recovery. Controlled polymerization techniques, increased protein-polymer attachment techniques, improved polymer surface grafting techniques, controlled polymersome self-assembly, and sophisticated characterization methods have been utilized for the development of well-defined polymer-based biomaterials. In this review we aim to provide a brief account of the field, compare these methods for engineering biomaterials, provide future directions for the field, and highlight impacts of these forms of bioconjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berke Çalbaş
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Ashley N Keobounnam
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Christopher Korban
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ainsley Jade Doratan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Tiffany Jean
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Aryan Yashvardhan Sharma
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Thaiesha A Wright
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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4
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Leng Q, Imtiyaz Z, Woodle MC, Mixson AJ. Delivery of Chemotherapy Agents and Nucleic Acids with pH-Dependent Nanoparticles. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1482. [PMID: 37242725 PMCID: PMC10222096 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
With less than one percent of systemically injected nanoparticles accumulating in tumors, several novel approaches have been spurred to direct and release the therapy in or near tumors. One such approach depends on the acidic pH of the extracellular matrix and endosomes of the tumor. With an average pH of 6.8, the extracellular tumor matrix provides a gradient for pH-responsive particles to accumulate, enabling greater specificity. Upon uptake by tumor cells, nanoparticles are further exposed to lower pHs, reaching a pH of 5 in late endosomes. Based on these two acidic environments in the tumor, various pH-dependent targeting strategies have been employed to release chemotherapy or the combination of chemotherapy and nucleic acids from macromolecules such as the keratin protein or polymeric nanoparticles. We will review these release strategies, including pH-sensitive linkages between the carrier and hydrophobic chemotherapy agent, the protonation and disruption of polymeric nanoparticles, an amalgam of these first two approaches, and the release of polymers shielding drug-loaded nanoparticles. While several pH-sensitive strategies have demonstrated marked antitumor efficacy in preclinical trials, many studies are early in their development with several obstacles that may limit their clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixin Leng
- Department of Pathology, University Maryland School of Medicine, University of Maryland, 10 S. Pine St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA (Z.I.)
| | - Zuha Imtiyaz
- Department of Pathology, University Maryland School of Medicine, University of Maryland, 10 S. Pine St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA (Z.I.)
| | | | - A. James Mixson
- Department of Pathology, University Maryland School of Medicine, University of Maryland, 10 S. Pine St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA (Z.I.)
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5
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Zhang M, Peng X, Ding Y, Ke X, Ren K, Xin Q, Qin M, Xie J, Li J. A cyclic brush zwitterionic polymer based pH-responsive nanocarrier-mediated dual drug delivery system with lubrication maintenance for osteoarthritis treatment. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023. [PMID: 37078123 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh00218g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced joint synergistic lubrication combined with anti-inflammatory therapy is an effective strategy to delay the progression of early osteoarthritis (OA) but has been rarely reported. The hydration lubrication of zwitterions and inherent super-lubrication properties of the cyclic brush, as well as the enhancement of the steric stability of the cyclic topology, can effectively improve the drug loading and utilization; herein we report a pH-responsive cyclic brush zwitterionic polymer (CB) with SBMA and DMAEMA as brushes and a cyclic polymer (c-P(HEMA)) as the core template, possessing a low coefficient of friction (0.017). After loading with hydrophobic curcumin and hydrophilic loxoprofen sodium it demonstrates high drug-loading efficiency. In vitro and in vivo experiments confirmed the triple function of the CB on superlubrication, sequence controlled release and anti-inflammatory effects demonstrated by Micro CT, histological analysis and qRT-PCR. Overall, the CB is a promising long-acting lubricating therapeutic agent, with potential for OA treatment or other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China.
| | - Xu Peng
- Experimental and Research Animal Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Ding
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China.
| | - Xiang Ke
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China.
| | - Kai Ren
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China.
| | - Qiangwei Xin
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China.
| | - Meng Qin
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China.
| | - Jing Xie
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China.
| | - Jianshu Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
- Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
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6
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Imtiyaz Z, He J, Leng Q, Agrawal AK, Mixson AJ. pH-Sensitive Targeting of Tumors with Chemotherapy-Laden Nanoparticles: Progress and Challenges. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14112427. [PMID: 36365245 PMCID: PMC9692785 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating chemotherapeutic drugs such as doxorubicin within a tumor while limiting the drug dose to normal tissues is a central goal of drug delivery with nanoparticles. Liposomal products such as Doxil® represent one of the marked successes of nanoparticle-based strategies. To replicate this success for cancer treatment, many approaches with nanoparticles are being explored in order to direct and release chemotherapeutic agents to achieve higher accumulation in tumors. A promising approach has been stimulus-based therapy, such as the release of chemotherapeutic agents from the nanoparticles in the acidic environments of the tumor matrix or the tumor endosomes. Upon reaching the acidic environments of the tumor, the particles, which are made up of pH-dependent polymers, become charged and release the entrapped chemotherapy agents. This review discusses recent advances in and prospects for pH-dependent histidine-based nanoparticles that deliver chemotherapeutic agents to tumors. The strategies used by investigators include an array of histidine-containing peptides and polymers which form micelles, mixed micelles, nanovesicles, polyplexes, and coat particles. To date, several promising histidine-based nanoparticles have been demonstrated to produce marked inhibition of tumor growth, but challenges remain for successful outcomes in clinical trials. The lessons learned from these histidine-containing particles will provide insight in the development of improved pH-dependent polymeric delivery systems for chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuha Imtiyaz
- Department of Pathology, University Maryland School of Medicine, 10 S. Pine St., University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Jiaxi He
- 20511 Seneca Meadows Pkwy, Suite 260, RNAimmune, Germantown, MD 20876, USA
| | - Qixin Leng
- Department of Pathology, University Maryland School of Medicine, 10 S. Pine St., University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Atul K. Agrawal
- Department of Pathology, University Maryland School of Medicine, 10 S. Pine St., University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - A. James Mixson
- Department of Pathology, University Maryland School of Medicine, 10 S. Pine St., University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-410-706-3223; Fax: +1-410-706-8414
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7
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Du K, Xia QS, Zhang LH, Wen J, Huang Z, Zhu ZS. Copolymers induced co-assembly for constructing novel micellar carriers by computer simulations. Chem Phys Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2022.139874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Redox-Responsive Polymersomes as Smart Doxorubicin Delivery Systems. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081724. [PMID: 36015350 PMCID: PMC9412847 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive polymersomes have emerged as smart drug delivery systems for programmed release of highly cytotoxic anticancer agents such as doxorubicin hydrochloride (Dox·HCl). Recently, a biodegradable redox-responsive triblock copolymer (mPEG–PDH–mPEG) was synthesized with a central hydrophobic block containing disulfide linkages and two hydrophilic segments of poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether. Taking advantage of the self-assembly of this amphiphilic copolymer in aqueous solution, in the present investigation we introduce a solvent-exchange method that simultaneously achieves polymersome formation and drug loading in phosphate buffer saline (10 mM, pH 7.4). Blank and drug-loaded polymersomes (5 and 10 wt.% feeding ratios) were prepared and characterized for morphology, particle size, surface charge, encapsulation efficiency and drug release behavior. Spherical vesicles of uniform size (120–190 nm) and negative zeta potentials were obtained. Dox·HCl was encapsulated into polymersomes with a remarkably high efficiency (up to 98 wt.%). In vitro drug release studies demonstrated a prolonged and diffusion-driven release at physiological conditions (~34% after 48 h). Cleavage of the disulfide bonds in the presence of 50 mM glutathione (GSH) enhanced drug release (~77%) due to the contribution of the erosion mechanism. Therefore, the designed polymersomes are promising candidates for selective drug release in the reductive environment of cancer cells.
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9
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Multicyclic Topology-Enhanced Micelle Stability and pH-Sensitivity. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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10
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Dandan M, Haihe G, Xiaoyan C, Chunjuan F, Ling H, Wenwen J. Physical Characteristics and Cellular Pharmacological Activity of Baicalin-Lecithin Complex-Loaded Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) Membranes. J BIOMATER TISS ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1166/jbt.2022.3012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the physiochemical properties and cellular-level biological effects of baicalin-lecithin complex (BLC)-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) membranes were studied. Several parameters were measured to evaluate the preparation of these membranes, such as the coating
thickness, scanning electron microscopy-detected surface morphology, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermodynamic behavior. The drug-release behavior was mainly controlled by the degradation of the PLGA. The release of BLC lasted for more than one month, which
matched the development of the restenosis process. The BLC-coated PLGA (60:40) membrane had good drug release in terms of its long release cycle, and the efficacy of baicalin in the form of BLC in cardiovascular stents matched the development of restenosis. In vitro cell culture test
showed that endothelial cells (ECs) and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) for 12 h, 1 d and 3 d, BLC-loaded PLGA membranes (1%, 5% and 10% (w/w)) had significant activity towards the proliferation of ECs and the inhibition of SMC proliferation (P < 0.05). BLC-loaded PLGA film has good drug
release trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma Dandan
- Jiangxi University of Technology, Nanchang, 330098, Jiangxi, China
| | - Guo Haihe
- Jiangxi University of Technology, Nanchang, 330098, Jiangxi, China
| | - Chen Xiaoyan
- Jiangxi University of Technology, Nanchang, 330098, Jiangxi, China
| | - Fang Chunjuan
- Jiangxi University of Technology, Nanchang, 330098, Jiangxi, China
| | - Huang Ling
- Jiangxi University of Technology, Nanchang, 330098, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jiang Wenwen
- Jiangxi University of Technology, Nanchang, 330098, Jiangxi, China
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11
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Ahmed SE, Fletcher NL, Prior AR, Huda P, Bell CA, Thurecht KJ. Development of targeted micelles and polymersomes prepared from degradable RAFT-based diblock copolymers and their potential role as nanocarriers for chemotherapeutics. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00257d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Modern polymerisation techniques allow synthesis of functional block copolymers that can self-assemble into degradable nanoparticles (NPs) of different sizes and conformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma E. Ahmed
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Nicholas L. Fletcher
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Amber R. Prior
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Pie Huda
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Craig A. Bell
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Kristofer J. Thurecht
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
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12
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Welzen PLW, Martinez Ciriano SW, Cao S, Mason AF, Welzen‐Pijpers IAB, Hest JCM. Reversibly self‐assembled pH‐responsive PEG‐p(CL‐g‐TMC) polymersomes. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20200871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal L. W. Welzen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Sydney W. Martinez Ciriano
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Shoupeng Cao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Alexander F. Mason
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Imke A. B. Welzen‐Pijpers
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Jan C. M. Hest
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands
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13
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Zhai Y, Wang J, Qiu L. Drug -driven self-assembly of pH-sensitive nano-vesicles with high loading capacity and anti-tumor efficacy. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:3348-3361. [PMID: 33949362 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01987a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The in vivo delivery of nanomedicine is severely hampered by the limited enhanced permeability and retention effect (EPR) in tumors. Aiming at overcoming this limitation and achieving high anti-tumor effect of chemotherapeutics, we specially addressed an available strategy from a viewpoint of increasing the drug loading of nano-carriers. Here, we constructed a novel pH-responsive polymersome based on the drug-driven self-assembly of amphiphilic polyphosphazenes PAP containing the ortho ester group ABD and mPEG2000. Due to the non-covalent attractive forces between PAP and doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX·HCl), DOX·HCl can induce the self-assembly of PAP via embedding itself in the lamella to form vesicles and the subsequent location in the center aqueous chamber of the resultant nano-vesicles, which resulted in the high drug loading content of 35.77 wt%. In addition, with the incorporation of cholesteryl hemisuccinate (CholHS), the premature leakage of DOX·HCl was significantly inhibited under physiological conditions. Meanwhile, the pH-sensitive drug release occurred at pH 5.5 by the advantage of the pH-sensitive biodegradation of ABD in PAP. Consequently, this CholHS-incorporated DOX·HCl-driven PAP vesicle achieved excellent anti-tumor effect with tumor growth inhibition up to 82.4% in S180 tumor-bearing mice. Taken together, our newly developed drug-driven vesicles may promote the development of efficient drug delivery systems for application in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaomin Zhai
- Ministry of Education (MOE), Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Juan Wang
- Ministry of Education (MOE), Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Liyan Qiu
- Ministry of Education (MOE), Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
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14
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Yamamoto S, Nishimura K, Morita K, Kanemitsu S, Nishida Y, Morimoto T, Aoi T, Tamura A, Maruyama T. Microenvironment pH-Induced Selective Cell Death for Potential Cancer Therapy Using Nanofibrous Self-Assembly of a Peptide Amphiphile. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:2524-2531. [PMID: 33960189 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembly of synthetic molecules has been drawing broad attention as a novel emerging approach in drug discovery. Here, we report selective cell death induced by a novel peptide amphiphile that self-assembles to form entangled nanofibers (hydrogel) based on intracellular pH (pHi). We found that a palmitoylated hexapeptide (C16-VVAEEE) formed a hydrogel below pH 7. The formation of the nanofibrous self-assembly was responsive to a small pH change around pH 7. The cytotoxicity of C16-VVAEEE was correlated with pHi of cells. Microscope observation demonstrated the self-assembly of C16-VVAEEE inside HEK293 cells. In vivo experiments revealed that the transcutaneous administration of C16-VVAEEE showed remarkable anti-tumor activity. This study proposes that distinct microenvironment inside living cells can be used as a trigger for the intracellular self-assembly of a peptide amphiphile, which provide a new clue to drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Yamamoto
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Kanon Nishimura
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Kenta Morita
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Sayuki Kanemitsu
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Yuki Nishida
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Morimoto
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi Aoi
- Division of Advanced Medical Science, Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Atsuo Tamura
- Graduate School of Science, Department of Chemistry, Kobe University, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Maruyama
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.,Research Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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15
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Perera RM, Gupta S, Li T, Bleuel M, Hong K, Schneider GJ. Influence of NaCl on shape deformation of polymersomes. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:4452-4463. [PMID: 33908443 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm02271c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polymersomes frequently appear in the literature as promising candidates for a wide range of applications from targeted drug delivery to nanoreactors. From a cell mimetic point of view, it is important to understand the size and shape changes of the vesicles in the physiological environment since that can influence the drug delivery mechanism. In this work we studied the structural features of polymersomes consisting of poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(dimethylsiloxane)-poly(ethylene glycol) at the nanoscopic length scale in the presence of NaCl, which is a very common molecule in the biotic aqueous environment. We used dynamic light scattering (DLS), cryo-TEM, small angle neutron scattering (SANS) and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). We observed transformation of polymersomes from spherical to elongated vesicles at low salt concentration and into multivesicular structures at high salt concentration. Model fitting analysis of SANS data indicated a reduction of vesicle radius up to 47% and from the SAXS data we observed an increase in membrane thickness up to 8% and an increase of the PDMS hydrophobic segment up to 11% indicating stretching of the membrane due to osmotic imbalance. Also, from the increase in the interlamellar repeat distance up to 98% under high salt concentrations, we concluded that the shape and structural changes observed in the polymersomes are a combined result of osmotic pressure change and ion-membrane interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasangi M Perera
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
| | - Sudipta Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
| | - Tianyu Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Markus Bleuel
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8562, USA and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-2115, USA
| | - Kunlun Hong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA and Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Gerald J Schneider
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA. and Department of Physics & Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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16
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Zhang J, Farias‐Mancilla B, Kulai I, Hoeppener S, Lonetti B, Prévost S, Ulbrich J, Destarac M, Colombani O, Schubert US, Guerrero‐Sanchez C, Harrisson S. Effect of Hydrophilic Monomer Distribution on Self-Assembly of a pH-Responsive Copolymer: Spheres, Worms and Vesicles from a Single Copolymer Composition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:4925-4930. [PMID: 32997426 PMCID: PMC7984367 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of copolymers containing 50 mol % acrylic acid (AA) and 50 mol % butyl acrylate (BA) but with differing composition profiles ranging from an AA-BA diblock copolymer to a linear gradient poly(AA-grad-BA) copolymer were synthesized and their pH-responsive self-assembly behavior was investigated. While assemblies of the AA-BA diblock copolymer were kinetically frozen, the gradient-like compositions underwent reversible changes in size and morphology in response to changes in pH. In particular, a diblock copolymer consisting of two random copolymer segments of equal length (16 mol % and 84 mol % AA content, respectively) formed spherical micelles at pH >5, a mix of spherical and wormlike micelles at pH 5 and vesicles at pH 4. These assemblies were characterized by dynamic light scattering, cryo-transmission electron microscopy and small angle neutron scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junliang Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and TechnologySchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNorthwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'anShaanxi710072P. R. China
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC) and Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)Friedrich Schiller University of JenaHumboldtstrasse 10 (IOMC) and Philosophenweg 7 (JCSM)07743JenaGermany
| | | | - Ihor Kulai
- IMRCP UMR5623Université de Toulouse118, route de Narbonne31062Toulouse Cedex 9France
| | - Stephanie Hoeppener
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC) and Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)Friedrich Schiller University of JenaHumboldtstrasse 10 (IOMC) and Philosophenweg 7 (JCSM)07743JenaGermany
| | - Barbara Lonetti
- IMRCP UMR5623Université de Toulouse118, route de Narbonne31062Toulouse Cedex 9France
| | | | - Jens Ulbrich
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC) and Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)Friedrich Schiller University of JenaHumboldtstrasse 10 (IOMC) and Philosophenweg 7 (JCSM)07743JenaGermany
| | - Mathias Destarac
- IMRCP UMR5623Université de Toulouse118, route de Narbonne31062Toulouse Cedex 9France
| | - Olivier Colombani
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM)UMR 6283 CNRSLe Mans Université/ CNRSAvenue Olivier Messiaen72085Le Mans Cedex 9France
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC) and Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)Friedrich Schiller University of JenaHumboldtstrasse 10 (IOMC) and Philosophenweg 7 (JCSM)07743JenaGermany
| | - Carlos Guerrero‐Sanchez
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC) and Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)Friedrich Schiller University of JenaHumboldtstrasse 10 (IOMC) and Philosophenweg 7 (JCSM)07743JenaGermany
| | - Simon Harrisson
- LCPO UMR 5629Université Bordeaux/ CNRS/ Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie, de Biologie & de Physique16 Avenue Pey-Berland33607Pessac CedexFrance
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17
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Zhang J, Farias‐Mancilla B, Kulai I, Hoeppener S, Lonetti B, Prévost S, Ulbrich J, Destarac M, Colombani O, Schubert US, Guerrero‐Sanchez C, Harrisson S. Einfluss der Verteilung hydrophiler Monomere auf die Selbstassemblierung eines pH‐responsiven Copolymers: Kugeln, Würmer und Vesikel aus einer einzigen Copolymerkomposition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202010501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junliang Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and Technology School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an Shaanxi 710072 P. R. China
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC) and Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM) Friedrich Schiller University of Jena Humboldtstrasse 10 (IOMC) and Philosophenweg 7 (JCSM) 07743 Jena Deutschland
| | - Barbara Farias‐Mancilla
- IMRCP UMR5623 Université de Toulouse 118, route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9 Frankreich
| | - Ihor Kulai
- IMRCP UMR5623 Université de Toulouse 118, route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9 Frankreich
| | - Stephanie Hoeppener
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC) and Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM) Friedrich Schiller University of Jena Humboldtstrasse 10 (IOMC) and Philosophenweg 7 (JCSM) 07743 Jena Deutschland
| | - Barbara Lonetti
- IMRCP UMR5623 Université de Toulouse 118, route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9 Frankreich
| | - Sylvain Prévost
- Institut Laue-Langevin 71 Avenue des Martyrs Grenoble Frankreich
| | - Jens Ulbrich
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC) and Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM) Friedrich Schiller University of Jena Humboldtstrasse 10 (IOMC) and Philosophenweg 7 (JCSM) 07743 Jena Deutschland
| | - Mathias Destarac
- IMRCP UMR5623 Université de Toulouse 118, route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9 Frankreich
| | - Olivier Colombani
- IMMM UMR6283 Université du Maine – UFR Sciences et Techniques Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9 Frankreich
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC) and Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM) Friedrich Schiller University of Jena Humboldtstrasse 10 (IOMC) and Philosophenweg 7 (JCSM) 07743 Jena Deutschland
| | - Carlos Guerrero‐Sanchez
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC) and Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM) Friedrich Schiller University of Jena Humboldtstrasse 10 (IOMC) and Philosophenweg 7 (JCSM) 07743 Jena Deutschland
| | - Simon Harrisson
- LCPO UMR 5629 Université Bordeaux/ CNRS/ Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie, de Biologie & de Physique 16 Avenue Pey-Berland 33607 Pessac Cedex Frankreich
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18
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Stimuli-responsive polymersomes of poly [2-(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate]-b-polystyrene. Polym Bull (Berl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-020-03533-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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19
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Dou J, Yang R, Du K, Li Y, Huang X, Chen D. Fabrication of the Polymersomes with Unique and Even Nonequilibrium Morphologies. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 42:e2000504. [PMID: 33210372 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Herein, efficient fabrication of polymersomes that have unique and nonequilibrium morphologies is reported. Starting from preparing big polymeric vesicles sized around 2 µm with a flexible but crosslinkable structure, a controllable morphological transformation process from the vesicles via prolate vesicles and the pearl-chain-like structure, which are the two intermediate structures, to vesicle-end-capped tubes is conducted. Significantly, each of the intermediates is a regular polymersome and occupies a distinct phase space in the transformation process and thus can be separately processed and prepared. By crosslinking the structures, respectively, regular polymersomes with unique but stable morphologies are fabricated. Furthermore, the 1D polymersomes contain narrow necks. These narrow necks are sensitive to ultrasound vibration and broken by gentle ultrasound treatment to form regular open-ended tubes and open-ended vesicles, which are nonequilibrium but stable morphologies and difficult to prepare by existing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinkang Dou
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Ruiqi Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Kun Du
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Yanran Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Xiayun Huang
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Daoyong Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
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20
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Rahimi S, Stumpf S, Grimm O, Schacher FH, Schubert US, Schubert S. Dual Photo- and pH-Responsive Spirooxazine-Functionalized Dextran Nanoparticles. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:3620-3630. [PMID: 32687324 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A dual photo- and pH-responsive spirooxazine-functionalized polymer was synthesized by functionalization of dextran with a spirooxazine derivative (SO-COOH). The functionalized dextran derivatives can form nanoparticles in aqueous medium. Under UV light irradiation, the spirooxazine-functionalized dextran (Dex-SO) nanoparticles isomerize to zwitterionic merocyanine-functionalized dextran (Dex-MC), which leads to aggregation. However, the process is reversible upon irradiation with visible light. Under acidic conditions, the hydrophobic spirooxazine is protonated, and the nanoparticles aggregate or swell at pH values of 5 or 3, respectively. The encapsulation of the hydrophobic fluorescent dye Nile Red as model drug allowed us to gain more information about the structural changes under stimulation of UV light and acid treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahnaz Rahimi
- Laboratory of Organic and Polymer Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, 16th Azar St., Enghelab Sq., 141556455 Tehran, Iran.,Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Steffi Stumpf
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver Grimm
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Felix H Schacher
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Stephanie Schubert
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstrasse 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
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21
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Tao S, Chu Y, Wang Z, Xu X, Tan Q. Morphological transition of amphiphilic block copolymer/PEGylated phospholipid complexes induced by the dynamic subtle balance interactions in the self-assembled aggregates. E-POLYMERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/epoly-2020-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractRecently, there has been an increasing interest in the control of morphological transition of block copolymer aggregates. Here, we report how to control the morphological transition of methoxy polyethylene glycol–poly(d,l-lactic acid) (PDLLA–MPEG) by adding 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)] (DSPE–PEG). In the aggregates formed by dialyzing DSPE–PEG/PDLLA–MPEG mixed solutions against water, the two hydrophobic fatty acid tails of DSPE–PEG will preferentially anchor to the hydrophobic segment end of PDLLA–MPEG by interdigitating between these two tails and PDLLA segments. Consequently, DSPE–PEG and PDLLA–MPEG will form “ABA” temporary supra-amphiphiles in which A represents a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chain segment and B is a mixed hydrophobic segment composed of PDLLA and DSPE segments; the repulsive force derived from the PEG segments of DSPE–PEG can affect the stability of “ABA” temporary supra-amphiphiles. Our results show that the dynamic subtle balance between the number of “ABA” temporary supra-amphiphiles formed and the strength of repulsive force between the PEG segments of DSPE–PEG drives the morphological structure of DSPE–PEG/PDLLA–MPEG aggregates to change from micelles to vesicles, then to semi-vesicles and finally to mixed micelles, with increasing DSPE–PEG additions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susu Tao
- Department of polymeric materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Advanced Civil Engineering Materials (Ministry of Education), Tongji University, Caoan Road 4800, Shanghai 201804, P. R. China
| | - Yanyan Chu
- Department of polymeric materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Advanced Civil Engineering Materials (Ministry of Education), Tongji University, Caoan Road 4800, Shanghai 201804, P. R. China
| | - Zihao Wang
- Department of polymeric materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Advanced Civil Engineering Materials (Ministry of Education), Tongji University, Caoan Road 4800, Shanghai 201804, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Xu
- Department of polymeric materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Advanced Civil Engineering Materials (Ministry of Education), Tongji University, Caoan Road 4800, Shanghai 201804, P. R. China
| | - Qinggang Tan
- Department of polymeric materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Advanced Civil Engineering Materials (Ministry of Education), Tongji University, Caoan Road 4800, Shanghai 201804, P. R. China
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22
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Zhou Y, Chen R, Yang H, Bao C, Fan J, Wang C, Lin Q, Zhu L. Light-responsive polymersomes with a charge-switch for targeted drug delivery. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:727-735. [PMID: 31894822 DOI: 10.1039/c9tb02411e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Unlike the traditional block amphiphilic polymersomes, we herein report a lipid-like amphiphilic polymer that self-assembles into photo-responsive polymersomes for drug delivery. The introduction of a quaternary ammonium moiety not only provides a hydrophilic segment of the polymersomes, but also enables electrostatic adsorption with folic acid, thus achieving the targeting of cancer cells with overexpression of folate receptor. Upon light irradiation, the photocleavage reaction of the o-nitrobenzyl moiety disintegrates polymersomes by changing the polymer structure from cationic amphiphilic state to zwitterionic hydrophilic state, thus realizing photo-triggered drug release. The data showed that anticancer drugs (doxorubicin hydrochloride, DOX·HCl) can be loaded into the hydrophilic cavity of polymersomes and controllably released by photo-induced disintegration of polymersomes. Cellular assay showed that the active targeting of folic acid and photo-triggered release endowed the DOX-loaded polymersomes with a higher cytotoxicity to HeLa cells. Such cationic polymersomes provide a novel strategy for designing effective and intelligent drug carriers, and have potential application as a novel integrated platform for targeted drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaowu Zhou
- Optogenetics & Synthetic Biology Interdisciplinary Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130# Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Rongrong Chen
- Optogenetics & Synthetic Biology Interdisciplinary Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130# Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Huiting Yang
- Optogenetics & Synthetic Biology Interdisciplinary Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130# Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Chunyan Bao
- Optogenetics & Synthetic Biology Interdisciplinary Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130# Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Jinyan Fan
- Optogenetics & Synthetic Biology Interdisciplinary Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130# Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Chenxi Wang
- Optogenetics & Synthetic Biology Interdisciplinary Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130# Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Qiuning Lin
- Optogenetics & Synthetic Biology Interdisciplinary Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130# Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Linyong Zhu
- Optogenetics & Synthetic Biology Interdisciplinary Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130# Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
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23
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Zhang M, Liu Y, Peng J, Liu Y, Liu F, Ma W, Ma L, Yu CY, Wei H. Facile construction of stabilized, pH-sensitive micelles based on cyclic statistical copolymers of poly(oligo(ethylene glycol)methyl ether methacrylate- st-N, N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) for in vitro anticancer drug delivery. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01076f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study developed a facile approach to improve the colloidal stability of a cyclic polycation as well as presented a pH-sensitive cyclic copolymer-based nanoplatform with great potential for anticancer drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province
- and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
| | - Ying Liu
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study & Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology
- University of South China
- Hengyang
- China
| | - Jinlei Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province
- and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
| | - Yuping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province
- and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
| | - Fangjun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province
- and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
| | - Wei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province
- and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
| | - Liwei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province
- and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
| | - Cui-Yun Yu
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study & Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology
- University of South China
- Hengyang
- China
| | - Hua Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province
- and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
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24
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DiazDuarte-Rodriguez M, Cortez-Lemus NA, Licea-Claverie A, Licea-Rodriguez J, Méndez ER. Dual Responsive Polymersomes for Gold Nanorod and Doxorubicin Encapsulation: Nanomaterials with Potential Use as Smart Drug Delivery Systems. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E939. [PMID: 31151188 PMCID: PMC6630455 DOI: 10.3390/polym11060939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(N,N-diethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PEG-b-PDEAEM) amphiphilic block copolymers were synthetized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization using two different macro chain transfer agents containing PEG of 2000 and 5000 g/mol and varying the length of the PDEAEM segment. From the obtained block copolymers, polymersome type nanometric aggregates were obtained by two different techniques. By direct dispersion, particle diameters around 200 nm were obtained, while by solvent exchange using THF and water, the obtained diameters were around 100 nm. These block copolymers were used to encapsulate gold nanorods and doxorubicin (DOX) with good efficiencies to obtain nanomaterials with potential use as dual stimuli-sensitive drug delivery systems for combined anticancer therapies. Drug delivery studies showed that the release rate of DOX was accelerated when the pH was lowered from 7.4 to 5.8 and also when the systems were irradiated with a NIR laser at pH 7.4. The combination of lower pH and near infrared (NIR) irradiation resulted in higher drug release only in the case of polymersomes with lower molecular weight PEG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa DiazDuarte-Rodriguez
- Centro de Graduados e Investigación en Química. Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tijuana, A.P. 1166, C.P. 22000 Tijuana, B. C., México.
| | - Norma A Cortez-Lemus
- Centro de Graduados e Investigación en Química. Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tijuana, A.P. 1166, C.P. 22000 Tijuana, B. C., México.
| | - Angel Licea-Claverie
- Centro de Graduados e Investigación en Química. Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tijuana, A.P. 1166, C.P. 22000 Tijuana, B. C., México.
| | - Jacob Licea-Rodriguez
- División de Física Aplicada. Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Carr. Ensenada-Tijuana No. 3918, C.P. 22860 Ensenada, B. C., México.
- Cátedras Conacyt, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, 22860 Ensenada, B. C., México.
| | - Eugenio R Méndez
- División de Física Aplicada. Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Carr. Ensenada-Tijuana No. 3918, C.P. 22860 Ensenada, B. C., México.
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25
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Feng J, Wen W, Jia YG, Liu S, Guo J. pH-Responsive Micelles Assembled by Three-Armed Degradable Block Copolymers with a Cholic Acid Core for Drug Controlled-Release. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E511. [PMID: 30960495 PMCID: PMC6473676 DOI: 10.3390/polym11030511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most famous anticancer drugs, paclitaxel (PTX), has often been used in drug controlled-release studies. The polymers derived from bio-compound bile acids and degradable poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) form a reservoir and have been used as a drug delivery system with great advantages. Herein, we grafted poly(N,N-diethylaminoethyl methacrylate) and poly(poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) into the bile acid-derived three-armed macroinitiator CA-(PCL)₃, resulting in the amphiphilic block copolymers CA-(PCL-b-PDEAEMA-b-PPEGMA)₃. These pH-responsive three-armed block copolymers self-assembled into micelles in aqueous solution and PTX was encapsulated into the micellar core to form PTX-loaded micelles with a drug loading of 29.92 wt %. The micelles were stable in PBS at pH 7.4 and showed a pH-triggered release behavior of PTX under acidic environments, in which 55% of PTX was released at pH 5.0 in 80 h. These cholic acid-based functionalized three-armed block polymers present good biocompatibility, showing great potential for drug controlled-release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjie Feng
- School of Chemical Engineering & Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Weiqiu Wen
- School of Chemical Engineering & Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yong-Guang Jia
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China.
| | - Sa Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China.
| | - Jianwei Guo
- School of Chemical Engineering & Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Ding K, Li R, Ma Y, Li N, Zhang T, Cheng-Mei X, Jiang HT, Gong YK. Folate Ligand Orientation Optimized during Cell Membrane Mimetic Micelle Formation for Enhanced Tumor Cell Targeting. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:1257-1265. [PMID: 29936846 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b00744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanocarriers with strong tumor cell targeting ability have been expected to overcome limitations of cancer chemotherapy. Herein, cell membrane mimetic micelles were prepared from a random copolymer (PMNCF) containing cell membrane phosphorylcholine zwitterion, cholesterol, and tumor cell targeting folic acid (FA) at the side chain ends. Surface orientation of the FA ligand was optimized during PMNCF micelle preparation by controlling solvent solubility for FA. The out-oriented ligands on the micelles were immobilized by the strongly associated hydration layer around the closely packed phosphorylcholine zwitterions. The doxorubicin (DOX) loaded PMNCF micelles were demonstrated to reduce normal cell toxicity to less than 20%. More significantly, HeLa and MCF-7 tumor cell killing efficacy of the optimized formulation was enhanced to 160% compared with that of free DOX. The excellent performances of the drug loaded PMNCF micelles on both tumor cell killing and normal cell toxicity reducing efficacies reveal great potential for developing advanced drug delivery system.
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27
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Moquin A, Ji J, Neibert K, Winnik F, Maysinger D. Encapsulation and Delivery of Neutrophic Proteins and Hydrophobic Agents Using PMOXA-PDMS-PMOXA Triblock Polymersomes. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:13882-13893. [PMID: 30411053 PMCID: PMC6217674 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Polymersomes are attractive nanocarriers for hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs; they are more stable than liposomes, tunable, and relatively easy to prepare. The copolymer composition and molar mass are critical features that determine the physicochemical properties of the polymersomes including the rate of drug release. We used the triblock-copolymer, poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline)-block-poly-(dimethysiloxane)-block-poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline) (PMOXA-PDMS-PMOXA), to form amphipathic polymersomes capable of loading proteins and small hydrophobic agents. The selected agents were unstable neurotrophins (nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor), a large protein CD109, and the fluorescent drug curcumin. We prepared, characterized, and tested polymersomes loaded with selected agents in 2D and 3D biological models. Curcumin-loaded and rhodamine-bound PMOXA-PDMS-PMOXA polymersomes were used to visualize them inside cells. N-Methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) agonists and antagonists were also covalently attached to the surface of polymersomes for targeting neurons. Labeled and unlabeled polymersomes with or without loaded agents were characterized using dynamic light scattering (DLS), UV-vis fluorescence spectroscopy, and asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AF4). Polymersomes were imaged and tested for biological activity in human and murine fibroblasts, murine macrophages, primary murine dorsal root ganglia, and murine hippocampal cultures. Polymersomes were rapidly internalized and there was a clear intracellular co-localization of the fluorescent drug (curcumin) with the fluorescent rhodamine-labeled polymersomes. Polymersomes containing CD109, a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein, promoted cell migration in the model of wound healing. Nerve growth factor-loaded polymersomes effectively enhanced neurite outgrowth in dissociated and explanted dorsal root ganglia. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor increased dendritic spine density in serum-deprived hippocampal slice cultures. NMDAR agonist- and antagonist-functionalized polymersomes targeted selectively neurons over glial cells in mixed cultures. Collectively, the study reveals the successful incorporation into polymersomes of biologically active trophic factors and small hydrophilic agents that retain their biological activity in vitro, as demonstrated in selected central and peripheral tissue models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Moquin
- Department
of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, H3G
1Y6 Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jeff Ji
- Department
of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, H3G
1Y6 Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Kevin Neibert
- Department
of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, H3G
1Y6 Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Françoise
M. Winnik
- Département
de Chimie, Université de Montréal, CP 6128 Succursale Centre-Ville, H3C 3J7 Montréal, Québec, Canada
- International
Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, 305-0044 Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dusica Maysinger
- Department
of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, H3G
1Y6 Montreal, Québec, Canada
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28
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Dai J, Han S, Ju F, Han M, Xu L, Zhang R, Sun Y. Preparation and evaluation of tumour microenvironment response multistage nanoparticles for epirubicin delivery and deep tumour penetration. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 46:860-873. [DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2018.1470528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jialing Dai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shangcong Han
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Fang Ju
- Department of Oncology, No. 2 Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Mei Han
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lisa Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ruoyu Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yong Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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29
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Hoelzer D, Leiske MN, Hartlieb M, Bus T, Pretzel D, Hoeppener S, Kempe K, Thierbach R, Schubert US. Tumor targeting with pH-responsive poly(2-oxazoline)-based nanogels for metronomic doxorubicin treatment. Oncotarget 2018; 9:22316-22331. [PMID: 29854280 PMCID: PMC5976466 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of a new nanogel drug carrier system loaded with the anti-cancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) is presented. Poly(2-oxazoline) (POx) based nanogels from block copolymer micelles were cross-linked and covalently loaded with DOX using pH-sensitive Schiff' base chemistry. DOX loaded POx based nanogels showed a toxicity profile comparable to the free drug, while unloaded drug carriers showed no toxicity. Hemolytic activity and erythrocyte aggregation of the drug delivery system was found to be low and cellular uptake was investigated by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. While the amount of internalized drug was enhanced when incorporated into a nanogel, the release of the drug into the nucleus was delayed. For in vivo investigations the nanogel drug delivery system was combined with a metronomic treatment of DOX. Low doses of free DOX were compared to equivalent DOX loaded nanogels in a xenograft mouse model. Treatment with POx based nanogels revealed a significant tumor growth inhibition and increase in survival time, while pure DOX alone had no effect on tumor progression. The biodistribution was investigated by microscopy of organs of mice and revealed a predominant localization of DOX within tumorous tissue. Thus, the POx based nanogel system revealed a therapeutic efficiency despite the low DOX concentrations and could be a promising strategy to control tumor growth with fewer side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doerte Hoelzer
- Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Meike N. Leiske
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Matthias Hartlieb
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Current address: Institute of Biomaterial Science, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, 14513 Teltow, Germany
| | - Tanja Bus
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - David Pretzel
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Stephanie Hoeppener
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Kristian Kempe
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Current address: Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - René Thierbach
- Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
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