1
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Khalili H, Monti S, Pesquet E, Jaworski A, Lombardo S, Mathew AP. Nanocellulose-Bovine Serum Albumin Interactions in an Aqueous Medium: Investigations Using In Situ Nanocolloidal Probe Microscopy and Reactive Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:3703-3714. [PMID: 38806282 PMCID: PMC11170956 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
As a versatile nanomaterial derived from renewable sources, nanocellulose has attracted considerable attention for its potential applications in various sectors, especially those focused on water treatment and remediation. Here, we have combined atomic force microscopy (AFM) and reactive molecular dynamics (RMD) simulations to characterize the interactions between cellulose nanofibers modified with carboxylate or phosphate groups and the protein foulant model bovine serum albumin (BSA) at pH 3.92, which is close to the isoelectric point of BSA. Colloidal probes were prepared by modification of the AFM probes with the nanofibers, and the nanofiber coating on the AFM tip was for the first time confirmed through fluorescence labeling and confocal optical sectioning. We have found that the wet-state normalized adhesion force is approximately 17.87 ± 8.58 pN/nm for the carboxylated cellulose nanofibers (TOCNF) and about 11.70 ± 2.97 pN/nm for the phosphorylated ones (PCNF) at the studied pH. Moreover, the adsorbed protein partially unfolded at the cellulose interface due to the secondary structure's loss of intramolecular hydrogen bonds. We demonstrate that nanocellulose colloidal probes can be used as a sensitive tool to reveal interactions with BSA at nano and molecular scales and under in situ conditions. RMD simulations helped to gain a molecular- and atomistic-level understanding of the differences between these findings. In the case of PCNF, partially solvated metal ions, preferentially bound to the phosphates, reduced the direct protein-cellulose connections. This understanding can lead to significant advancements in the development of cellulose-based antifouling surfaces and provide crucial insights for expanding the pH range of use and suggesting appropriate recalibrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houssine Khalili
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | - Susanna Monti
- CNR-ICCOM, Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic
Compounds, via Moruzzi
1, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Edouard Pesquet
- Department
of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | - Aleksander Jaworski
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | - Salvatore Lombardo
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | - Aji P Mathew
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
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2
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Grachev V, Lombardo S, Bartic C, Thielemans W. Thermodynamics of interactions between cellulose nanocrystals and monovalent counterions. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 333:121949. [PMID: 38494215 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.121949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Alkali and quaternary ammonium cations interact with negatively charged cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) bearing sulfated or carboxylated functional groups. As these are some of the most commonly occurring cations CNC encounter in applications, the thermodynamic parameters of these CNC-counterion interactions were evaluated with isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). Whereas the adsorption of monovalent counterions onto CNCs was thermodynamically favourable at all evaluated conditions as indicated by a negative Gibbs free energy, the enthalpic and entropic contributions to the CNC-ion interactions were found to be strongly dependent on the hydration characteristics of the counterion and could be correlated with the potential barrier to water exchange of the respective ions. The adsorption of chaotropic cations onto the surface was exothermic, while the interactions with kosmotropic cations were endothermic and completely entropy-driven. The interactions of CNCs with more bulky quaternary ammonium counterions were more complex, and the mechanism of interaction shifted from electrostatic interactions with surface charged groups of CNCs towards adsorption of alkyl chains onto the CNC hydrophobic planes when the alkyl chain length increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Grachev
- Sustainable Materials Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, campus Kulak Kortrijk, Etienne Sabbelaan 53, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Salvatore Lombardo
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carmen Bartic
- Laboratory for Soft Matter Physics and Biophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D box 2416, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Thielemans
- Sustainable Materials Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, campus Kulak Kortrijk, Etienne Sabbelaan 53, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium.
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3
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Parton TG, Parker RM, Osbild S, Vignolini S, Frka-Petesic B. Angle-resolved optical spectroscopy of photonic cellulose nanocrystal films reveals the influence of additives on the mechanism of kinetic arrest. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:3695-3707. [PMID: 38629173 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00155a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are rod-like nanoparticles whose chiral self-assembly into photonic films has been promoted as a sustainable source of colouration. Upon drying, an aqueous CNC suspension passes through two regimes: first, a liquid phase, where the CNCs self-organise into a cholesteric liquid crystal, followed by a kinetically-arrested phase, where the helicoidal structure compresses upon loss of solvent, resulting in a solid film with vibrant structural colour. The transition between these two regimes plays an important role in the visual appearance of photonic CNC films, but details on when and how kinetic arrest occurs have remained elusive. In this work, we combine angle-resolved optical spectroscopy of photonic films (approx. 100 vol% CNC) with a model for compressed helicoidal structures to retrieve the suspension conditions during kinetic arrest (approx. 10 vol% CNC). This analysis indicates a shift in the mechanism of kinetic arrest from a glass transition at lower ionic strength to gelation at higher ionic strength, explaining the trends in domain size and film colour. In contrast, neutral additives (glucose, poly(ethylene glycol)) appear to primarily reduce the compression upon drying without affecting cholesteric behaviour, as supported by a general analytical model. These findings deepen our understanding of CNC co-assembly with various commonly-used additives, enabling better control over the production of multifunctional structurally coloured materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Parton
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, UK.
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Science Park Golm, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Richard M Parker
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Sonja Osbild
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Silvia Vignolini
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, UK.
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Science Park Golm, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Bruno Frka-Petesic
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, UK.
- International Institute for Sustainability with Knotted Chiral Meta Matter (WPI-SKCM2), Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
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4
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Bisen M, Kharga K, Mehta S, Jabi N, Kumar L. Bacteriophages in nature: recent advances in research tools and diverse environmental and biotechnological applications. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:22199-22242. [PMID: 38411907 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32535-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Bacteriophages infect and replicate within bacteria and play a key role in the environment, particularly in microbial ecosystems and bacterial population dynamics. The increasing recognition of their significance stems from their wide array of environmental and biotechnological uses, which encompass the mounting issue of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Beyond their therapeutic potential in combating antibiotic-resistant infections, bacteriophages also find vast applications such as water quality monitoring, bioremediation, and nutrient cycling within environmental sciences. Researchers are actively involved in isolating and characterizing bacteriophages from different natural sources to explore their applications. Gaining insights into key aspects such as the life cycle of bacteriophages, their host range, immune interactions, and physical stability is vital to enhance their application potential. The establishment of diverse phage libraries has become indispensable to facilitate their wide-ranging uses. Consequently, numerous protocols, ranging from traditional to cutting-edge techniques, have been developed for the isolation, detection, purification, and characterization of bacteriophages from diverse environmental sources. This review offers an exploration of tools, delves into the methods of isolation, characterization, and the extensive environmental applications of bacteriophages, particularly in areas like water quality assessment, the food sector, therapeutic interventions, and the phage therapy in various infections and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monish Bisen
- School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India
| | - Kusum Kharga
- School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India
| | - Sakshi Mehta
- School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India
| | - Nashra Jabi
- School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India
| | - Lokender Kumar
- School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India.
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Raj Khosla Centre for Cancer Research, Shoolini University, Himachal Pradesh, Solan, 173229, India.
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5
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A V M, K A, I BM. An integrated approach to remove endocrine-disrupting chemicals bisphenol and its analogues from the aqueous environment: a review. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2023; 88:1518-1546. [PMID: 37768753 PMCID: wst_2023_280 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2023.280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a well-known endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) used as a plastic enhancer in producing polycarbonate resins to manufacture hard plastics. Due to strict limitations on the manufacturing and utilization of BPA, several bisphenol substitutes, bisphenol F (BPF), bisphenol S (BPS), and bisphenol AF (BPAF), have been developed to replace it in various applications. Because of their widespread use in food containers, infant bottles, and reusable water bottles, bisphenols (BPs) have been identified in different environmental circumstances, including drinking water, seawater, industrial effluent, and endocrine systems such as human blood, urine, and breast milk. However, locating and analyzing them in different conditions has proven to be challenging. Therefore, there is a need to reduce the prevalence of BPs in the environment. The significance of advanced treatment options for treating and eliminating BPA and its alternatives from water bodies are reviewed. Also, the research gaps and future scopes are discussed in this review article. According to the literature survey, adsorption and photocatalytic degradation provide synergistic benefits for environmental challenges because of their substantial adsorption Q5 capacity, high oxidation capability, and low cost compared to alternative individual treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica A V
- Department of Chemical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603 203, India E-mail:
| | - Anbalagan K
- Department of Chemical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603 203, India
| | - Becky Miriyam I
- Department of Chemical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603 203, India
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6
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Benselfelt T, Kummer N, Nordenström M, Fall AB, Nyström G, Wågberg L. The Colloidal Properties of Nanocellulose. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202201955. [PMID: 36650954 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Nanocelluloses are anisotropic nanoparticles of semicrystalline assemblies of glucan polymers. They have great potential as renewable building blocks in the materials platform of a more sustainable society. As a result, the research on nanocellulose has grown exponentially over the last decades. To fully utilize the properties of nanocelluloses, a fundamental understanding of their colloidal behavior is necessary. As elongated particles with dimensions in a critical nanosize range, their colloidal properties are complex, with several behaviors not covered by classical theories. In this comprehensive Review, we describe the most prominent colloidal behaviors of nanocellulose by combining experimental data and theoretical descriptions. We discuss the preparation and characterization of nanocellulose dispersions, how they form networks at low concentrations, how classical theories cannot describe their behavior, and how they interact with other colloids. We then show examples of how scientists can use this fundamental knowledge to control the assembly of nanocellulose into new materials with exceptional properties. We hope aspiring and established researchers will use this Review as a guide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Benselfelt
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nico Kummer
- Laboratory for Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Malin Nordenström
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Gustav Nyström
- Laboratory for Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lars Wågberg
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
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7
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Österberg M, Henn KA, Farooq M, Valle-Delgado JJ. Biobased Nanomaterials─The Role of Interfacial Interactions for Advanced Materials. Chem Rev 2023; 123:2200-2241. [PMID: 36720130 PMCID: PMC9999428 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This review presents recent advances regarding biomass-based nanomaterials, focusing on their surface interactions. Plant biomass-based nanoparticles, like nanocellulose and lignin from industry side streams, hold great potential for the development of lightweight, functional, biodegradable, or recyclable material solutions for a sustainable circular bioeconomy. However, to obtain optimal properties of the nanoparticles and materials made thereof, it is crucial to control the interactions both during particle production and in applications. Herein we focus on the current understanding of these interactions. Solvent interactions during particle formation and production, as well as interactions with water, polymers, cells and other components in applications, are addressed. We concentrate on cellulose and lignin nanomaterials and their combination. We demonstrate how the surface chemistry of the nanomaterials affects these interactions and how excellent performance is only achieved when the interactions are controlled. We furthermore introduce suitable methods for probing interactions with nanomaterials, describe their advantages and challenges, and introduce some less commonly used methods and discuss their possible applications to gain a deeper understanding of the interfacial chemistry of biobased nanomaterials. Finally, some gaps in current understanding and interesting emerging research lines are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Österberg
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, 02150Espoo, Finland
| | - K Alexander Henn
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, 02150Espoo, Finland
| | - Muhammad Farooq
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, 02150Espoo, Finland
| | - Juan José Valle-Delgado
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, 02150Espoo, Finland
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8
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Wallace M, Holroyd J, Kuraite A, Hussain H. Does It Bind? A Method to Determine the Affinity of Calcium and Magnesium Ions for Polymers Using 1H NMR Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2022; 94:10976-10983. [PMID: 35877111 PMCID: PMC9366736 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The binding of calcium and magnesium ions (M2+) by polymers and other macromolecules in aqueous solution is ubiquitous across chemistry and biology. At present, it is difficult to assess the binding affinity of macromolecules for M2+ without recourse to potentiometric titrations and/or isothermal titration calorimetry. Both of these techniques require specialized equipment, and the measurements can be difficult to perform and interpret. Here, we present a new method based on 1H NMR chemical shift imaging (CSI) that enables the binding affinity of polymers to be assessed in a single experiment on standard high-field NMR equipment. In our method, M2+ acetate salt is weighed into a standard 5 mm NMR tube and a solution of polymer layered on top. Dissolution and diffusion of the salt carry the M2+ and acetate ions up through the solution. The concentrations of acetate, [Ac], and free (unbound) M2+, [M2+]f, are measured at different positions along the sample by CSI. Binding of M2+ to the polymer reduces [M2+]f and hinders the upward diffusion of M2+. A discrepancy is thus observed between [Ac] and [M2+]f from which the binding affinity of the polymer can be assessed. For systems which form insoluble complexes with M2+, such as sodium polyacrylate or carboxylate-functionalized nanocellulose (CNC), we can determine the concentration of M2+ at which the polymer will precipitate. We can also predict [M2+]f when a solution of polymer is mixed homogeneously with M2+ salt. We assess the binding properties of sodium polyacrylate, alginate, polystyrene sulfonate, CNC, polyethyleneimine, ethylenediamenetetraacetic acid, and maleate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Wallace
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
| | - Joshua Holroyd
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
| | - Agne Kuraite
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
| | - Haider Hussain
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
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9
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Lin M, Singh Raghuwanshi V, Browne C, Simon GP, Garnier G. Modulating the chiral nanoarchitecture of cellulose nanocrystals through interaction with salts and polymer. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 613:207-217. [PMID: 35033766 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.12.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS The conditions to allow self-assembly of cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) suspensions into chiral nematic structures are based on aspect ratio, surface charge density and a balance between repulsive and attractive forces between CNC particles. EXPERIMENTS Three types of systems were characterized in suspensions and subsequently in their solid dried films: 1) neat water dialyzed CNC, 2) CNC combined with polyethylene glycol(PEG) (CNC/PEG), and 3) CNC with added salt (CNC/Salt). All suspensions were characterized by polarized optical microscope (POM) and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), while the resultant dried films were analyzed by reflectance spectrometer, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and SAXS. FINDINGS The presence of chiral nematic (CN*) structures was not observed in dialyzed aqueous suspensions of CNC during water evaporation. By introducing salts or a non-adsorbing polymer, chirality was apparent in both suspensions and films. The interaxial angle between CNC rods increased when the suspensions of CNC/PEG and CNC/salt were dried to solid films. The angle was found to be dependent on both species of ions and ionic strength, while the inter-particle distance was only related to the salt concentration, as explained in terms of interaction energies. The CNC suspensions/film chirality can be modulated by controlling the colloidal forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoqi Lin
- Bioresource Processing Research Institute of Australia (BioPRIA), Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Vikram Singh Raghuwanshi
- Bioresource Processing Research Institute of Australia (BioPRIA), Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Christine Browne
- Bioresource Processing Research Institute of Australia (BioPRIA), Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - George P Simon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Gil Garnier
- Bioresource Processing Research Institute of Australia (BioPRIA), Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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10
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Arumughan V, Nypelö T, Hasani M, Larsson A. Fundamental aspects of the non-covalent modification of cellulose via polymer adsorption. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 298:102529. [PMID: 34773888 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2021.102529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The increasing need for new material applications based on cellulose demands increased functional diversity and thus new functionalisation/modification approaches. The non-covalent modification of cellulose fibres via the adsorption of functional polymers has emerged as a promising route for tailoring the properties of material. This review focuses on fundamental aspects of polymer adsorption on cellulose surfaces, where the adsorption of polyelectrolytes and non-polyelectrolytes are treated separately. Adsorption studies on model surfaces as well as cellulose macro-fibres are reviewed. A correlation of the adsorption findings with the Scheutjens-Fleer polymer adsorption theory is provided, allowing the fundamentals behind the polymer adsorption phenomenon and its context in utilization of cellulose fibres to be understood.
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11
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Tardy BL, Mattos BD, Otoni CG, Beaumont M, Majoinen J, Kämäräinen T, Rojas OJ. Deconstruction and Reassembly of Renewable Polymers and Biocolloids into Next Generation Structured Materials. Chem Rev 2021; 121:14088-14188. [PMID: 34415732 PMCID: PMC8630709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review considers the most recent developments in supramolecular and supraparticle structures obtained from natural, renewable biopolymers as well as their disassembly and reassembly into engineered materials. We introduce the main interactions that control bottom-up synthesis and top-down design at different length scales, highlighting the promise of natural biopolymers and associated building blocks. The latter have become main actors in the recent surge of the scientific and patent literature related to the subject. Such developments make prominent use of multicomponent and hierarchical polymeric assemblies and structures that contain polysaccharides (cellulose, chitin, and others), polyphenols (lignins, tannins), and proteins (soy, whey, silk, and other proteins). We offer a comprehensive discussion about the interactions that exist in their native architectures (including multicomponent and composite forms), the chemical modification of polysaccharides and their deconstruction into high axial aspect nanofibers and nanorods. We reflect on the availability and suitability of the latter types of building blocks to enable superstructures and colloidal associations. As far as processing, we describe the most relevant transitions, from the solution to the gel state and the routes that can be used to arrive to consolidated materials with prescribed properties. We highlight the implementation of supramolecular and superstructures in different technological fields that exploit the synergies exhibited by renewable polymers and biocolloids integrated in structured materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaise L. Tardy
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Bruno D. Mattos
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Caio G. Otoni
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, P.O. Box 6154, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
- Department
of Materials Engineering, Federal University
of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luís, km 235, São
Carlos, São Paulo 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Marco Beaumont
- School
of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University
of Technology, 2 George
Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Johanna Majoinen
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Tero Kämäräinen
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Orlando J. Rojas
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
- Bioproducts
Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department
of Chemistry and Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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12
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Arumughan V, Nypelö T, Hasani M, Brelid H, Albertsson S, Wågberg L, Larsson A. Specific ion effects in the adsorption of carboxymethyl cellulose on cellulose: The influence of industrially relevant divalent cations. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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13
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Ajdary R, Tardy BL, Mattos BD, Bai L, Rojas OJ. Plant Nanomaterials and Inspiration from Nature: Water Interactions and Hierarchically Structured Hydrogels. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2001085. [PMID: 32537860 PMCID: PMC11468645 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202001085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in the area of plant-based hydrogels are introduced, especially those derived from wood as a widely available, multiscale, and hierarchical source of nanomaterials, as well as other cell wall elements. With water being fundamental in a hydrogel, water interactions, hydration, and swelling, all critically important in designing, processing, and achieving the desired properties of sustainable and functional hydrogels, are highlighted. A plant, by itself, is a form of a hydrogel, at least at given states of development, and for this reason phenomena such as fluid transport, diffusion, capillarity, and ionic effects are examined. These aspects are highly relevant not only to plants, especially lignified tissues, but also to the porous structures produced after removal of water (foams, sponges, cryogels, xerogels, and aerogels). Thus, a useful source of critical and comprehensive information is provided regarding the synthesis of hydrogels from plant materials (and especially wood nanostructures), and about the role of water, not only for processing but for developing hydrogel properties and uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubina Ajdary
- Department of Bioproducts and BiosystemsSchool of Chemical EngineeringAalto UniversityP.O. Box 16300, AaltoEspooFIN‐00076Finland
| | - Blaise L. Tardy
- Department of Bioproducts and BiosystemsSchool of Chemical EngineeringAalto UniversityP.O. Box 16300, AaltoEspooFIN‐00076Finland
| | - Bruno D. Mattos
- Department of Bioproducts and BiosystemsSchool of Chemical EngineeringAalto UniversityP.O. Box 16300, AaltoEspooFIN‐00076Finland
| | - Long Bai
- Departments of Chemical & Biological EngineeringChemistry and, Wood ScienceThe University of British Columbia2360 East MallVancouverBCV6T 1Z3Canada
| | - Orlando J. Rojas
- Department of Bioproducts and BiosystemsSchool of Chemical EngineeringAalto UniversityP.O. Box 16300, AaltoEspooFIN‐00076Finland
- Departments of Chemical & Biological EngineeringChemistry and, Wood ScienceThe University of British Columbia2360 East MallVancouverBCV6T 1Z3Canada
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14
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Lugoloobi I, Maniriho H, Jia L, Namulinda T, Shi X, Zhao Y. Cellulose nanocrystals in cancer diagnostics and treatment. J Control Release 2021; 336:207-232. [PMID: 34102221 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is currently a major threat to public health, being among the principal causes of death to the global population. With carcinogenesis mechanisms, cancer invasion, and metastasis remaining blurred, cancer diagnosis and novel drug delivery approaches should be developed urgently to enable management and treatment. A dream break-through would be a non-invasive instantaneous monitoring of cancer initiation and progression to fast-track diagnosis for timely specialist treatment decisions. These innovations would enhance the established treatment protocols, unlimited by evasive biological complexities during tumorigenesis. It is therefore contingent that emerging and future scientific technologies be equally biased towards such innovations by exploiting the apparent properties of new developments and materials especially nanomaterials. CNCs as nanomaterials have undisputable physical and excellent biological properties that enhanced their interest as biomedical materials. This article therefore highlights CNCs utility in cancer diagnosis and therapy. Their extraction, properties, modification, in-vivo/in-vitro medical applications, biocompatibility, challenges and future perspectives are precisely discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishaq Lugoloobi
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hillary Maniriho
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Liang Jia
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Tabbisa Namulinda
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyang Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Yili Zhao
- College of Textile Science and Engineering (International Institute of Silk), Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Bast L, Klockars KW, Greca LG, Rojas OJ, Tardy BL, Bruns N. Infiltration of Proteins in Cholesteric Cellulose Structures. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:2067-2080. [PMID: 33899466 PMCID: PMC8154265 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) can spontaneously self-assemble into chiral nematic (cn) structures, similar to natural cholesteric organizations. The latter display highly dissipative fracture propagation mechanisms given their "brick" (particles) and "mortar" (soft matrix) architecture. Unfortunately, CNCs in liquid media have strong supramolecular interactions with most macromolecules, leading to aggregated suspensions. Herein, we describe a method to prepare nanocomposite materials from chiral nematic CNCs (cn-CNCs) with strongly interacting secondary components. Films of cn-CNCs were infiltrated at various loadings with strongly interacting silk proteins and bovine serum albumin. For comparison and to determine the molecular weight range of macromolecules that can infiltrate cn-CNC films, they were also infiltrated with a range of poly(ethylene glycol) polymers that do not interact strongly with CNCs. The extent and impact of infiltration were evaluated by studying the optical reflection properties of the resulting hybrid materials (UV-vis spectroscopy), while fracture dissipation mechanisms were observed via electron microscopy. We propose that infiltration of cn-CNCs enables the introduction of virtually any secondary phase for nanocomposite formation that is otherwise not possible using simple mixing or other conventional approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia
K. Bast
- Adolphe
Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University
of Strathclyde, Thomas
Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Konrad W. Klockars
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O.
Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Luiz G. Greca
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O.
Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Orlando J. Rojas
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O.
Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland
- Departments
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chemistry, and Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Blaise L. Tardy
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O.
Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Nico Bruns
- Adolphe
Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University
of Strathclyde, Thomas
Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
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16
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Sampl C, Eyley S, Thielemans W, Hirn U, Spirk S. Real-time adsorption of optical brightening agents on cellulose thin films. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 261:117826. [PMID: 33766333 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Optical brightening agents (OBAs) are commonly used in textile and paper industry to adjust product brightness and color appearence. Continuous production processes lead to short residence time of the dyes in the fiber suspension, making it necessary to understand the kinetics of adsorption. The interaction mechanisms of OBAs with cellulose are challenging to establish as the fibrous nature of cellulosic substrates complicates acquisition of real-time data. Here, we explore the real-time adsorption of different OBAs (di, tetra- and hexasulfonated compounds) onto different cellulose surfaces using surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy. Ionic strength, surface topography and polarity were varied and yielded 0.76-11.35 mg m-2 OBA on cellulose. We identified four independent mechanisms governing OBA-cellulose interactions. These involve the polarity of the cellulose surface, the solubility of the OBA, the ionic strength during adsorption and presence of bivalent cations such as Ca2+. These results can be exploited for process optimization in related industries as they allow for a simple adjustment and experimental testing procedures including performance assessment of novel OBAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Sampl
- Graz University of Technology, Institute of Bioproducts and Paper Technology (BPTI), Inffeldgasse 23, 8010 Graz, Austria; CD-Laboratory for Fibre Swelling and Paper Performance, Inffeldgasse 23, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Samuel Eyley
- Sustainable Materials Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Etienne Sabbelaan 53, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Wim Thielemans
- Sustainable Materials Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Etienne Sabbelaan 53, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Ulrich Hirn
- Graz University of Technology, Institute of Bioproducts and Paper Technology (BPTI), Inffeldgasse 23, 8010 Graz, Austria; CD-Laboratory for Fibre Swelling and Paper Performance, Inffeldgasse 23, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Stefan Spirk
- Graz University of Technology, Institute of Bioproducts and Paper Technology (BPTI), Inffeldgasse 23, 8010 Graz, Austria; CD-Laboratory for Fibre Swelling and Paper Performance, Inffeldgasse 23, 8010 Graz, Austria
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17
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Colloidal stability of cellulose nanocrystals in aqueous solutions containing monovalent, divalent, and trivalent inorganic salts. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 584:456-463. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.09.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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18
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Lombardo S, Villares A. Engineered Multilayer Microcapsules Based on Polysaccharides Nanomaterials. Molecules 2020; 25:E4420. [PMID: 32993007 PMCID: PMC7582779 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The preparation of microcapsules composed by natural materials have received great attention, as they represent promising systems for the fabrication of micro-containers for controlled loading and release of active compounds, and for other applications. Using polysaccharides as the main materials is receiving increasing interest, as they constitute the main components of the plant cell wall, which represent an ideal platform to mimic for creating biocompatible systems with specific responsive properties. Several researchers have recently described methods for the preparation of microcapsules with various sizes and properties using cell wall polysaccharide nanomaterials. Researchers have focused mostly in using cellulose nanomaterials as structural components in a bio-mimetic approach, as cellulose constitutes the main structural component of the plant cell wall. In this review, we describe the microcapsules systems presented in the literature, focusing on the works where polysaccharide nanomaterials were used as the main structural components. We present the methods and the principles behind the preparation of these systems, and the interactions involved in stabilizing the structures. We show the specific and stimuli-responsive properties of the reported microcapsules, and we describe how these characteristics can be exploited for specific applications.
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19
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Facchine EG, Jin SA, Spontak RJ, Khan SA, Rojas OJ. Quantitative Calorimetric Studies of the Chiral Nematic Mesophase in Aqueous Cellulose Nanocrystal Suspensions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:10830-10837. [PMID: 32808787 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous suspensions of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) can spontaneously form a chiral nematic mesophase at a critical concentration (c*). Unfortunately, no current analytical technique permits rapid detection of c*. Herein, we introduce a facile and accurate approach to assess c* rapidly (<2 h) from a small sample volume and compare our results with those obtained by conventional methods. Our strategy employs isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) to measure the heat associated with interactions in the suspension, which can identify the onset of mesophase formation as the heat signature is sensitive to the suspension viscosity and thus capable of detecting small changes in the suspension environment. We measure c* for CNC samples differing in surface charge and aspect ratio, and find that both lower aspect ratios and higher surface charges increase c*. Our ITC results reveal the role of CNC interactions prior to the visual observation of mesophase formation and elucidate mesomorphic effects related to nanocrystals and their suspensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily G Facchine
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Soo-Ah Jin
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Richard J Spontak
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Saad A Khan
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- Department of Byproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Aalto, Espoo FI-00076, Finland
- Bioproducts Institute, Departments of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chemistry and Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
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20
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Garg M, Linares M, Zozoulenko I. Theoretical Rationalization of Self-Assembly of Cellulose Nanocrystals: Effect of Surface Modifications and Counterions. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:3069-3080. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Garg
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, Norrköping SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Mathieu Linares
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, Norrköping SE-60174, Sweden
- Scientific Visualization Group, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, Norrköping SE-60174, Sweden
- Swedish e-Science Research Centre (SeRC), Linköping University, Linköping SE-581 83, Sweden
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, Norrköping SE-60174, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, Norrköping SE-60174, Sweden
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21
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Zhang D, Soto MA, Lewis L, Hamad WY, MacLachlan MJ. Host–Guest Chemistry Within Cellulose Nanocrystal Gel Receptors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201913030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongjie Zhang
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z1 Canada
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and StorageSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHarbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 P. R. China
| | - Miguel A. Soto
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Lev Lewis
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Wadood Y. Hamad
- Transformation and Interfaces Group, Bioproducts Innovation Centre of ExcellenceFPInnovations 2665 East Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Mark J. MacLachlan
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z1 Canada
- Quantum Matter InstituteUniversity of British Columbia 2355 East Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z4 Canada
- WPI Nano Life Science InstituteKanazawa University Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan
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22
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Zhang D, Soto MA, Lewis L, Hamad WY, MacLachlan MJ. Host-Guest Chemistry Within Cellulose Nanocrystal Gel Receptors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:4705-4710. [PMID: 31943580 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201913030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) spontaneously assemble into gels when mixed with a polyionic organic or inorganic salt. Here, we have used this ion-induced gelation strategy to create functional CNC gels with a rigid tetracationic macrocycle, cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) (CBPQT4+ ). Addition of [CBPQT]Cl4 to CNCs causes gelation and embeds an active host inside the material. The fabricated CNC gels can reversibly absorb guest molecules from solution then undergo molecular recognition processes that create colorful host-guest complexes. These materials have been implemented in gel chromatography (for guest exchange and separation), and as elements to encode 2- and 3-dimensional patterns. We anticipate that this concept might be extended to design a set of responsive and selective gel-like materials functioning as, for instance, water-pollutant scavengers, substrates for chiral separations, or molecular flasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjie Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada.,MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Miguel A Soto
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Lev Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Wadood Y Hamad
- Transformation and Interfaces Group, Bioproducts Innovation Centre of Excellence, FPInnovations, 2665 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Mark J MacLachlan
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada.,Quantum Matter Institute, University of British Columbia, 2355 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada.,WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
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