1
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Honaker LW, Gao TN, de Graaf KR, Bogaardt TVM, Vink P, Stürzer T, Kociok-Köhn G, Zuilhof H, Miloserdov FM, Deshpande S. 2D and 3D Self-Assembly of Fluorine-Free Pillar-[5]-Arenes and Perfluorinated Diacids at All-Aqueous Interfaces. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2401807. [PMID: 38790132 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202401807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
The interaction of perfluorinated molecules, also known as "forever chemicals" due to their pervasiveness, with their environment remains an important yet poorly understood topic. In this work, the self-assembly of perfluorinated molecules with multivalent hosts, pillar-[5]-arenes, is investigated. It is found that perfluoroalkyl diacids and pillar-[5]-arenes rapidly and strongly complex with each other at aqueous interfaces, forming solid interfacially templated films. Their complexation is shown to be driven primarily by fluorophilic aggregation and assisted by electrostatic interactions, as supported by the crystal structure of the complexes, and leads to the formation of quasi-2D phase-separated films. This self-assembly process can be further manipulated using aqueous two-phase system microdroplets, enabling the controlled formation of 3D micro-scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence W Honaker
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, 6708 WE, The Netherlands
| | - Tu-Nan Gao
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, 6708 WE, The Netherlands
- Biobased Chemistry and Technology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, 6708 WG, The Netherlands
| | - Kelsey R de Graaf
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, 6708 WE, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, 6708 WE, The Netherlands
| | - Tessa V M Bogaardt
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, 6708 WE, The Netherlands
| | - Pim Vink
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, 6708 WE, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Han Zuilhof
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, 6708 WE, The Netherlands
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
- China-Australia Institute for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314001, P. R. China
| | - Fedor M Miloserdov
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, 6708 WE, The Netherlands
| | - Siddharth Deshpande
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, 6708 WE, The Netherlands
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2
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Xiao J, Yin M, Yang M, Ren J, Liu C, Lian J, Lu X, Jiang Y, Yao Y, Luo J. Lipase and pH-responsive diblock copolymers featuring fluorocarbon and carboxyl betaine for methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus infections. J Control Release 2024; 369:39-52. [PMID: 38508523 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria along with their resilient biofilms necessitates the development of creative antimicrobial remedies. We designed versatile fluorinated polymer micelles with surface-charge-switchable properties, demonstrating enhanced efficacy against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) in planktonic and biofilm states. Polymethacrylate diblock copolymers with pendant fluorocarbon chains and carboxyl betaine groups were prepared using reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization. Amphiphilic fluorinated copolymers self-assembled into micelles, encapsulating ciprofloxacin in their cores (CIP@FCBMs) for antibacterial and antibiofilm applications. As a control, fluorine-free copolymer micelles loaded with ciprofloxacin (CIP@BCBMs) were prepared. Although both CIP@FCBMs and CIP@BCBMs exhibited pH-responsive surface charges and lipase-triggered drug release, CIP@FCBMs exhibited powerful antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities in vitro and in vivo, attributed to superior serum stability, higher drug loading, enhanced fluorination-facilitated cellular uptake, and lipase-triggered drug release. Collectively, reversing surface charge, on-demand antibiotic release, and fluorination-mediated nanoparticles hold promise for treating bacterial infections and biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jipeng Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China; Precision Medicine Translational Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Meihui Yin
- College of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China; Precision Medicine Translational Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Min Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jinghang Ren
- CCTEG Xi'an Research Institute (Group) Co., Ltd, Xi'an 710000, Shanxi, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- CCTEG Xi'an Research Institute (Group) Co., Ltd, Xi'an 710000, Shanxi, China.
| | - Jiali Lian
- College of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xinyu Lu
- College of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuchen Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yongchao Yao
- Precision Medicine Translational Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Jianbin Luo
- College of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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3
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Zhang JA, Haddleton D, Wilson P, Zhu LH, Dai CY, Zhao LL. pH-Responsive Amphiphilic Triblock Fluoropolymers as Assemble Oxygen Nanoshuttles for Enhancing PDT against Hypoxic Tumor. Bioconjug Chem 2024; 35:400-411. [PMID: 38366969 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.4c00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a cancer treatment strategy that utilizes photosensitizers to convert oxygen within tumors into reactive singlet oxygen (1O2) to lyse tumor cells. Nevertheless, pre-existing tumor hypoxia and oxygen consumption during PDT can lead to an insufficient oxygen supply, potentially reducing the photodynamic efficacy. In response to this issue, we have devised a pH-responsive amphiphilic triblock fluorinated polymer (PDP) using copper-mediated RDRP. This polymer, composed of poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate, 2-(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate, and (perfluorooctyl)ethyl acrylate, self-assembles in an aqueous environment. Oxygen, chlorine e6 (Ce6), and doxorubicin (DOX) can be codelivered efficiently by PDP. The incorporation of perfluorocarbon into the formulation enhances the oxygen-carrying capacity of PDP, consequently extending the lifetime of 1O2. This increased lifetime, in turn, amplifies the PDT effect and escalates the cellular cytotoxicity. Compared with PDT alone, PDP@Ce6-DOX-O2 NPs demonstrated significant inhibition of tumor growth. This study proposes a novel strategy for enhancing the efficacy of PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-An Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, Hainan 571158, China
| | - David Haddleton
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Paul Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Lin-Hua Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, Hainan 571158, China
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
- Key Laboratory of Functional Organic Polymers of Haikou, Tropical Functional Polymer Materials Engineering Research Center of Hainan, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Chun-Yan Dai
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, Hainan 571158, China
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
- Key Laboratory of Functional Organic Polymers of Haikou, Tropical Functional Polymer Materials Engineering Research Center of Hainan, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Lin-Lu Zhao
- College of Emergency and Trauma, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
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Chen CY, Chen CY. Targeted and Oxygen-Enriched Nanoplatform for Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy: In Vitro 2D Cell and 3D Spheroid Model Evaluation. Macromol Biosci 2023; 23:e2300196. [PMID: 37565670 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202300196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxic microenvironment and limited penetration of photosensitizers within solid tumors are two crucial factors that restrict photodynamic therapy (PDT) efficacy. Herein, a new fluorinated mixed micelle (M60@PFC-Ce6) is developed as a tumor-penetrating and oxygen-enriching nanoplatform, which consists of chlorin e6 (Ce6) and perfluorocarbons (PFCs) co-loaded into fluorinated micelles to relieve hypoxia conditions as well as folate as targeting ligand that facilitates the selective biodistribution within tumor solids. The incorporation of fluorinated copolymers into mixed micelles exhibits not only a great increase in the oxygen-loading capacity, but also improves the stability of liquid PFCs emulsion within micelles without leakage. M60@PFC-Ce6 shows excellent oxygen delivery capability, good intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and superior phototoxicity in vitro for both 2D monolayer of cells and 3D multicellular spheroid model. These results indicate the enriched oxygen delivery and increased cellular uptake resulting from folate-targeted ability to enhance ROS production and PDT efficacy. The penetration study of M60@PFC-Ce6 into a 3D spheroid confirms that small micellar size and folate-conjugation are beneficial for micelles to penetrate and accumulate within spheroids. Thus, a new nanoplatform with enriched oxygen-carrying amounts, better drug penetration, and stable micellar properties that relieve tumor hypoxia and improve PDT efficacy is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-Yu Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi County, 62102, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yi Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi County, 62102, Taiwan
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5
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Li S, Yang F, Wang Y, Jia L, Hou X. Self-reported and self-facilitated theranostic oxygen nano-economizer for precise and hypoxia alleviation-potentiated photodynamic therapy. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:5734-5752. [PMID: 37807765 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh01244a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been extensively investigated for cancer treatment by virtue of singlet oxygen-induced oxidative damage to tumors. Nevertheless, the therapeutic efficiency of PDT is still limited by the low singlet oxygen yield attributed to the improper irradiation duration and the tumor hypoxic microenvironment. To tackle these challenges, we elaborately design a theranostic oxygen nano-economizer to self-report the optimal irradiation duration and alleviate tumor hypoxia simultaneously, which is engineered by fluorescent 9,10-anthracenyl bis (benzoic acid) (DPA)-MOF, tetrakis (4-carboxyphenyl) porphyrin (TCPP), triphenyl phosphine (TPP) and redox-responsive lipid-PEG (DSPE-SS-PEG2k). Upon laser irradiation, the fluorescence of DPA-MOF could be quenched, thereby self-reporting the optimal irradiation duration for sufficient PDT. The decoration of DSPE-SS-PEG2k and TPP endows the theranostic oxygen nano-economizer with a tumor-specific response and mitochondrial targeting capability, respectively. Notably, singlet oxygen generated from TCPP reduces oxygen consumption by disrupting the entire oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) pathway in the mitochondria of tumor cells, further improving the level of singlet oxygen in a self-facilitated manner for hypoxia alleviation-potentiated PDT. As expected, such a self-reported and self-facilitated theranostic oxygen nano-economizer exhibits potent antitumor activity in the 4T1 tumor-bearing mouse model. This study offers a theranostic paradigm for precise and hypoxia alleviation-potentiated cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumeng Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
| | - Fujun Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
| | - Yongdan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
| | - Linshan Jia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohong Hou
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110016, P. R. China.
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6
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Zhang Z, Chen K, Ameduri B, Chen M. Fluoropolymer Nanoparticles Synthesized via Reversible-Deactivation Radical Polymerizations and Their Applications. Chem Rev 2023; 123:12431-12470. [PMID: 37906708 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Fluorinated polymeric nanoparticles (FPNPs) combine unique properties of fluorocarbon and polymeric nanoparticles, which has stimulated massive interest for decades. However, fluoropolymers are not readily available from nature, resulting in synthetic developments to obtain FPNPs via free radical polymerizations. Recently, while increasing cutting-edge directions demand tailored FPNPs, such materials have been difficult to access via conventional approaches. Reversible-deactivation radical polymerizations (RDRPs) are powerful methods to afford well-defined polymers. Researchers have applied RDRPs to the fabrication of FPNPs, enabling the construction of particles with improved complexity in terms of structure, composition, morphology, and functionality. Related examples can be classified into three categories. First, well-defined fluoropolymers synthesized via RDRPs have been utilized as precursors to form FPNPs through self-folding and solution self-assembly. Second, thermally and photoinitiated RDRPs have been explored to realize in situ preparations of FPNPs with varied morphologies via polymerization-induced self-assembly and cross-linking copolymerization. Third, grafting from inorganic nanoparticles has been investigated based on RDRPs. Importantly, those advancements have promoted studies toward promising applications, including magnetic resonance imaging, biomedical delivery, energy storage, adsorption of perfluorinated alkyl substances, photosensitizers, and so on. This Review should present useful knowledge to researchers in polymer science and nanomaterials and inspire innovative ideas for the synthesis and applications of FPNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexi Zhang
- Department of Macromolecular Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Kaixuan Chen
- Department of Macromolecular Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Bruno Ameduri
- Institute Charles Gerhardt of Montpellier (ICGM), CNRS, University of Montpellier, ENSCM, Montpellier 34296, France
| | - Mao Chen
- Department of Macromolecular Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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7
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Zhang J, Jiang X, Luo W, Mo Y, Dai C, Zhu L. PEGA-BA@Ce6@PFCE Micelles as Oxygen Nanoshuttles for Tumor Hypoxia Relief and Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy. Molecules 2023; 28:6697. [PMID: 37764473 PMCID: PMC10535279 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor hypoxia, which is mainly caused by the inefficient microvascular systems induced by rapid tumor growth, is a common characteristic of most solid tumors and has been found to hinder treatment outcomes for many types of cancer therapeutics. In this study, an amphiphilic block copolymer, poly (ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate-block-n-butyl acrylate (PEGA-BA), was prepared via the ATRP method and self-assembled into core-shell micelles as nano radiosensitizers. These micelles encapsulated a photosensitizer, Chlorin e6 (Ce6), and demonstrated well-defined morphology, a uniform size distribution, and high oxygen loading capacity. Cell experiments showed that PEGA-BA@Ce6@PFCE micelles could effectively enter cells. Further in vitro anticancer studies demonstrated that the PEGA-BA@Ce6@PFCE micelles significantly suppressed the tumor cell survival rate when exposed to a laser.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junan Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; (J.Z.); (W.L.); (Y.M.)
| | - Xiaoyun Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; (J.Z.); (W.L.); (Y.M.)
| | - Wenyue Luo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; (J.Z.); (W.L.); (Y.M.)
| | - Yongjie Mo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; (J.Z.); (W.L.); (Y.M.)
| | - Chunyan Dai
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; (J.Z.); (W.L.); (Y.M.)
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Linhua Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; (J.Z.); (W.L.); (Y.M.)
- Key Laboratory of Functional Organic Polymers of Haikou, Haikou 571158, China
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8
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Zou J, Zhang F, Fan W, Li L, Yang Z. Editorial: Synthesis of novel photosensitizers for cancer theranostics. Front Chem 2023; 11:1188243. [PMID: 37492526 PMCID: PMC10364599 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1188243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Zou
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Surgery, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fuwu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Wenpei Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Fujian Cross Strait Institute of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
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9
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Guo Z, Zhu AT, Fang RH, Zhang L. Recent Developments in Nanoparticle-Based Photo-Immunotherapy for Cancer Treatment. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2300252. [PMID: 36960932 PMCID: PMC10192221 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Phototherapy is an emerging approach for cancer treatment that is effective at controlling the growth of primary tumors. In the presence of light irradiation, photothermal and photodynamic agents that are delivered to tumor sites can induce local hyperthermia and the production of reactive oxygen species, respectively, that directly eradicate cancer cells. Nanoparticles, characterized by their small size and tunable physiochemical properties, have been widely utilized as carriers for phototherapeutic agents to improve their biocompatibility and tumor-targeted delivery. Nanocarriers can also be used to implement various codelivery strategies for further enhancing phototherapeutic efficiency. More recently, there has been considerable interest in augmenting the immunological effects of nanoparticle-based phototherapies, which can yield durable and systemic antitumor responses. This review provides an overview of recent developments in using nanoparticle technology to achieve photo-immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyuan Guo
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Audrey T Zhu
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Ronnie H Fang
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Liangfang Zhang
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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10
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Khorshidi S, Younesi S, Karkhaneh A. Peroxide mediated oxygen delivery in cancer therapy. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 219:112832. [PMID: 36137337 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a serious obstacle in cancer treatment. The aberrant vascular network as well as the abnormal extracellular matrix arrangement results in formation of a hypoxic regions in tumors which show high resistance to the curing. Hypoxia makes the cancer treatment challengeable via two mechanisms; first and foremost, hypoxia changes the cell metabolism and leads the cells towards an aggressive and metastatic phenotype and second, hypoxia decreases the efficiency of the various cancer treatment modalities. Most of the cancer treatment methods including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, photodynamic therapy, sonodynamic therapy and immunotherapy are negatively affected by the oxygen deprivation. Therefore, the regional oxygenation is requisite to alleviate the negative impacts of the hypoxia on tumor cells and tumor therapy modalities. A great deal of effort has been put forth to resolve the problem of hypoxia in tumors. Peroxides have gained tremendous attention as oxygen generating components in cancer therapy. The concurrent loading of the peroxides and cancer treatment components into a single delivery system can bring about a multipurpose delivery system and substantially encourage the success of the cancer amelioration. In this review, we have tried to after the description of a relation between hypoxia and cancer treatment modalities, discuss the role of peroxides in tumor hyperoxygenation and cancer therapy success. Thereafter, we have summarized a number of vehicles for the delivery of the peroxide alone or in combination with other therapeutic components for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajedeh Khorshidi
- Biomedical Engineering Faculty, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
| | - Sogol Younesi
- Biomedical Engineering Faculty, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
| | - Akbar Karkhaneh
- Biomedical Engineering Faculty, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran.
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Rosa M, Jędryka N, Skorupska S, Grabowska-Jadach I, Malinowski M. New Route to Glycosylated Porphyrins via Aromatic Nucleophilic Substitution (SNAr)—Synthesis and Cellular Uptake Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911321. [PMID: 36232622 PMCID: PMC9570116 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoporphyrins are group of compounds of high value for the purpose of photodynamic therapy and other biomedical applications. Despite great progress in the field, new diversity-oriented syntheses of carbohydrate-porphyrin hybrids are increasingly desired. Herein, we present efficient, mild, and metal-free conditions for synthesis of glycoporphyrins. The versatile nature of the SNAr procedure is presented in 16 examples. Preliminary biological studies have been conducted on the cytotoxicity and cellular uptake of the final molecules.
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12
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Xia L, Tian J, Yue T, Cao H, Chu J, Cai H, Zhang W. Pillar[5]arene-Based Acid-Triggered Supramolecular Porphyrin Photosensitizer for Combating Bacterial Infections and Biofilm Dispersion. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2102015. [PMID: 34787954 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202102015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of pathogenic bacterial infection has long been the most serious threat to human life and attracted widespread attention. Herein, a supramolecular photosensitizer platform based on carboxylatopillar[5]arene (CP5) and tetrafluorophenyl porphyrin functionalized with a quaternary ammonium group (TFPP-QA) for combating bacteria and dispersing biofilm via photodynamic treatment is constructed. By introducing the host macrocycle CP5 and host-guest interaction, the supramolecular photosensitizer has great biocompatibility and acid responsiveness. On the one hand, the acid-triggered dissociation of TFPP-QA/CP5 could induce the porphyrin photosensitizer to target bacterial cells and disrupt the charge balance of bacterial membranes, enhance the permeability of the bacterial membrane. On the other hand, the TFPP-QA/CP5 antibacterial platform possesses superb reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation capability under light irradiation, leading to enhanced photodynamic antibacterial efficacy. The in vitro and in vivo studies show that the supramolecular photosensitizers exhibit high antibacterial efficiency and biofilm dissipation effect under 660 nm light irradiation. Therefore, it is anticipated that the rational design and integration of photosensitizers and quaternary ammonium compounds through the supramolecular strategy would provide a promising prospect for clinical photodynamic antimicrobial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xia
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Jia Tian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Tao Yue
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Hongliang Cao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Ju Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Haibo Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Weian Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
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13
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Zhang C, Yan K, Fu C, Peng H, Hawker CJ, Whittaker AK. Biological Utility of Fluorinated Compounds: from Materials Design to Molecular Imaging, Therapeutics and Environmental Remediation. Chem Rev 2022; 122:167-208. [PMID: 34609131 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The applications of fluorinated molecules in bioengineering and nanotechnology are expanding rapidly with the controlled introduction of fluorine being broadly studied due to the unique properties of C-F bonds. This review will focus on the design and utility of C-F containing materials in imaging, therapeutics, and environmental applications with a central theme being the importance of controlling fluorine-fluorine interactions and understanding how such interactions impact biological behavior. Low natural abundance of fluorine is shown to provide sensitivity and background advantages for imaging and detection of a variety of diseases with 19F magnetic resonance imaging, 18F positron emission tomography and ultrasound discussed as illustrative examples. The presence of C-F bonds can also be used to tailor membrane permeability and pharmacokinetic properties of drugs and delivery agents for enhanced cell uptake and therapeutics. A key message of this review is that while the promise of C-F containing materials is significant, a subset of highly fluorinated compounds such as per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), have been identified as posing a potential risk to human health. The unique properties of the C-F bond and the significant potential for fluorine-fluorine interactions in PFAS structures necessitate the development of new strategies for facile and efficient environmental removal and remediation. Recent progress in the development of fluorine-containing compounds as molecular imaging and therapeutic agents will be reviewed and their design features contrasted with environmental and health risks for PFAS systems. Finally, present challenges and future directions in the exploitation of the biological aspects of fluorinated systems will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Kai Yan
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Green Chemicals and Functional Materials, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Changkui Fu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Hui Peng
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Craig J Hawker
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Andrew K Whittaker
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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14
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Dong Y, Zhou L, Shen Z, Ma Q, Zhao Y, Sun Y, Cao J. Iodinated cyanine dye-based nanosystem for synergistic phototherapy and hypoxia-activated bioreductive therapy. Drug Deliv 2022; 29:238-253. [PMID: 35001784 PMCID: PMC8745379 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2021.2023701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been applied in cancer treatment by utilizing reactive oxygen species (ROS) to kill cancer cells. However, the effectiveness of PDT is greatly reduced due to local hypoxia. Hypoxic activated chemotherapy combined with PDT is expected to be a novel strategy to enhance anti-cancer therapy. Herein, a novel liposome (LCT) incorporated with photosensitizer (PS) and bioreductive prodrugs was developed for PDT-activated chemotherapy. In the design, CyI, an iodinated cyanine dye, which could simultaneously generate enhanced ROS and heat than other commonly used cyanine dyes, was loaded into the lipid bilayer; while tirapazamine (TPZ), a hypoxia-activated prodrug was encapsulated in the hydrophilic nucleus. Upon appropriate near-infrared (NIR) irradiation, CyI could simultaneously produce ROS and heat for synergistic PDT and photothermal therapy (PTT), as well as provide fluorescence signals for precise real-time imaging. Meanwhile, the continuous consumption of oxygen would result in a hypoxia microenvironment, further activating TPZ free radicals for chemotherapy, which could induce DNA double-strand breakage and chromosome aberration. Moreover, the prepared LCT could stimulate acute immune response through PDT activation, leading to synergistic PDT/PTT/chemo/immunotherapy to kill cancer cells and reduce tumor metastasis. Both in vitro and in vivo results demonstrated improved anticancer efficacy of LCT compared with traditional PDT or chemotherapy. It is expected that these iodinated cyanine dyes-based liposomes will provide a powerful and versatile theranostic strategy for tumor target phototherapy and PDT-induced chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxia Dong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ling Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription Effect and Clinical Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Zijun Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qingming Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yifan Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yong Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jie Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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15
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Hu H, Deng X, Song Q, Yang W, Zhang Y, Liu W, Wang S, Liang Z, Xing X, Zhu J, Zhang J, Shao Z, Wang B, Zhang Y. Mitochondria-targeted accumulation of oxygen-irrelevant free radicals for enhanced synergistic low-temperature photothermal and thermodynamic therapy. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:390. [PMID: 34823543 PMCID: PMC8620660 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-01142-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although lower temperature (< 45 °C) photothermal therapy (LPTT) have attracted enormous attention in cancer therapy, the therapeutic effect is still unsatisfying when applying LPTT alone. Therefore, combining with other therapies is urgently needed to improve the therapeutic effect of LPTT. Recently reported oxygen-irrelevant free radicals based thermodynamic therapy (TDT) exhibit promising potential for hypoxic tumor treatment. However, overexpression of glutathione (GSH) in cancer cells would potently scavenge the free radicals before their arrival to the specific site and dramatically diminish the therapeutic efficacy. METHODS AND RESULTS In this work, a core-shell nanoplatform with an appropriate size composed of arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD) functioned polydopamine (PDA) as a shell and a triphenylphosphonium (TPP) modified hollow mesoporous manganese dioxide (H-mMnO2) as a core was designed and fabricated for the first time. This nanostructure endows a size-controllable hollow cavity mMnO2 and thickness-tunable PDA layers, which effectively prevented the pre-matured release of encapsulated azo initiator 2,2'-azobis[2-(2-imidazolin-2-yl) propane] dihydrochloride (AIBI) and revealed pH/NIR dual-responsive release performance. With the mitochondria-targeting ability of TPP, the smart nanocomposites (AIBI@H-mMnO2-TPP@PDA-RGD, AHTPR) could efficiently induce mitochondrial associated apoptosis in cancer cells at relatively low temperatures (< 45 °C) via selectively releasing oxygen-irrelevant free radicals in mitochondria and facilitating the depletion of intracellular GSH, exhibiting the advantages of mitochondria-targeted LPTT/TDT. More importantly, remarkable inhibition of tumor growth was observed in a subcutaneous xenograft model of osteosarcoma (OS) with negligible side effects. CONCLUSIONS The synergistic therapy efficacy was confirmed by effectively inducing cancer cell death in vitro and completely eradicating the tumors in vivo. Additionally, the excellent biosafety and biocompatibility of the nanoplatforms were confirmed both in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, the current study provides a novel paradigm toward oxygen-independent free-radical-based cancer therapy, especially for the treatment of hypoxic solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhi Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022 China
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050051 China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Intelligent Orthopeadic Equipment, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei China
| | - Xiangtian Deng
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071 China
| | - Qingcheng Song
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050051 China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Intelligent Orthopeadic Equipment, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei China
| | - Wenbo Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022 China
| | - Yiran Zhang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071 China
| | - Weijian Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022 China
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050051 China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Intelligent Orthopeadic Equipment, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei China
| | - Shangyu Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022 China
| | - Zihui Liang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-Constructed by the Province and Ministry, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062 China
| | - Xin Xing
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050051 China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Intelligent Orthopeadic Equipment, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei China
| | - Jian Zhu
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071 China
| | - Junzhe Zhang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071 China
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050051 China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Intelligent Orthopeadic Equipment, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei China
| | - Zengwu Shao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022 China
| | - Baichuan Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022 China
| | - Yingze Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022 China
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050051 China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Intelligent Orthopeadic Equipment, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei China
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16
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Pham TC, Nguyen VN, Choi Y, Lee S, Yoon J. Recent Strategies to Develop Innovative Photosensitizers for Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy. Chem Rev 2021; 121:13454-13619. [PMID: 34582186 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 532] [Impact Index Per Article: 177.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review presents a robust strategy to design photosensitizers (PSs) for various species. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a photochemical-based treatment approach that involves the use of light combined with a light-activated chemical, referred to as a PS. Attractively, PDT is one of the alternatives to conventional cancer treatment due to its noninvasive nature, high cure rates, and low side effects. PSs play an important factor in photoinduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Although the concept of photosensitizer-based photodynamic therapy has been widely adopted for clinical trials and bioimaging, until now, to our surprise, there has been no relevant review article on rational designs of organic PSs for PDT. Furthermore, most of published review articles in PDT focused on nanomaterials and nanotechnology based on traditional PSs. Therefore, this review aimed at reporting recent strategies to develop innovative organic photosensitizers for enhanced photodynamic therapy, with each example described in detail instead of providing only a general overview, as is typically done in previous reviews of PDT, to provide intuitive, vivid, and specific insights to the readers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Chung Pham
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Van-Nghia Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Yeonghwan Choi
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Songyi Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea.,Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Juyoung Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
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17
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Lin L, Song X, Dong X, Li B. Nano-photosensitizers for enhanced photodynamic therapy. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 36:102597. [PMID: 34699982 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) utilizes photosensitizers (PSs) together with irradiation light of specific wavelength interacting with oxygen to generate cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS), which could trigger apoptosis and/or necrosis-induced cell death in target tissues. During the past two decades, multifunctional nano-PSs employing nanotechnology and nanomedicine developed, which present not only photosensitizing properties but additionally accurate drug release abilities, efficient response to optical stimuli and hypoxia resistance. Further, nano-PSs have been developed to enhance PDT efficacy by improving the ROS yield. In addition, nano-PSs with additive or synergistic therapies are significant for both currently preclinical study and future clinical practice, given their capability of considerable higher therapeutic efficacy under safer systemic drug dosage. In this review, nano-PSs that allow precise drug delivery for efficient absorption by target cells are introduced. Nano-PSs boosting sensitivity and conversion efficiency to PDT-activating stimuli are highlighted. Nano-PSs developed to address the challenging hypoxia conditions during PDT of deep-sited tumors are summarized. Specifically, PSs capable of synergistic therapy and the emerging novel types with higher ROS yield that further enhance PDT efficacy are presented. Finally, future demands for ideal nano-PSs, emphasizing clinical translation and application are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Lin
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, China
| | - Xuejiao Song
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics and Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Technology University, Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Xiaocheng Dong
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics and Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Technology University, Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Buhong Li
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, China.
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18
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Paramio I, Torres T, de la Torre G. Self-Assembled Porphyrinoids: One-Component Nanostructured Photomedicines. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:2441-2451. [PMID: 33900022 PMCID: PMC8453889 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is becoming a promising way to treat various kinds of cancers, with few side effects. Porphyrinoids are the most relevant photosensitizers (PS) in PDT, because they present high extinction coefficients, biocompatibility, and excellent photochemical behavior. To maximize therapeutic effects, polymer-PS conjugates, and PS-loaded nanoparticles have been developed, with insights in improving tumor delivery. However, some drawbacks such as non-biodegradability, multistep fabrication, and low reagent loadings limit their clinical application. A novel strategy, noted by some authors as the "one-for-all" approach, is emerging to circumvent the use of additional delivery agents. This approach relies on the self-assembly of amphiphilic PS to fabricate nanostructures with improved transport properties. In this review we focus on different rational designs of porphyrinoid PS to achieve some of the following attributes in nanoassembly: i) selective uptake, through the incorporation of recognizable biological vectors; ii) responsiveness to stimuli; iii) combination of imaging and therapeutic functions; and iv) multimodal therapy, including photothermal or chemotherapy abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Paramio
- Department of Organic ChemistryUniversidad Autónoma de MadridC/Francisco Tomás y Valiente 728049MadridSpain
| | - Tomás Torres
- Department of Organic ChemistryUniversidad Autónoma de MadridC/Francisco Tomás y Valiente 728049MadridSpain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem)Universidad Autónoma de MadridC/Francisco Tomás y Valiente 728049MadridSpain
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados (IMDEA)-NanocienciaC/Faraday 928049MadridSpain
| | - Gema de la Torre
- Department of Organic ChemistryUniversidad Autónoma de MadridC/Francisco Tomás y Valiente 728049MadridSpain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem)Universidad Autónoma de MadridC/Francisco Tomás y Valiente 728049MadridSpain
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19
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Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a treatment modality in which a photosensitizer is irradiated with light, producing reactive oxygen species, often via energy transfer with oxygen. As it is common for tumors to be hypoxic, methods to deliver photosensitizer and oxygen are desirable. One such approach is the use of perfluorocarbons, molecules in which all C-H bonds are replaced with C-F bonds, to co-deliver oxygen because of the high solubility of gases in perfluorocarbons. This review highlights the benefits and limitations of several fluorinated nanomaterial architectures for use in PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael A Day
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States
| | - Ellen M Sletten
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States
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20
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Liu Z, Wu M, Lan M, Zhang W. Boosting cancer therapy efficiency via photoinduced radical production. Chem Sci 2021; 12:9500-9505. [PMID: 34349925 PMCID: PMC8278883 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01220g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Current cancer therapy has been restricted by the hypoxic microenvironment of tumors, especially for strongly oxygen-dependent photodynamic therapy. To defeat tumor hypoxia, an oxygen-irrelevant radical nanogenerator, PI/FBC, is developed by the co-assembly of iodized polymer PI and NIR photosensitizer FBC, and further evaluated as a remote controllable free radical generation platform for enhancing antitumor efficiency. The PI/FBC radical nanogenerator can be excited by NIR light to produce ROS through transfer of energy to oxygen and induce the formation of toxic iodine radicals via electron transfer to PI. Notably, unlike conventional tumor treatments, such a radical nanogenerator is controllable and insusceptible to oxygen concentration. Moreover, benefiting from the strong NIR emission of FBC, the distribution of the PI/FBC radical nanogenerator can be monitored without incorporating other imaging agents. This PI/FBC radical nanogenerator treatment will no doubt broaden the family of antitumor strategies by using non-oxygen radicals, which is significant for reference in the development of promising anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Mengsi Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Minbo Lan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Weian Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
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21
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Sai DL, Lee J, Nguyen DL, Kim YP. Tailoring photosensitive ROS for advanced photodynamic therapy. Exp Mol Med 2021; 53:495-504. [PMID: 33833374 PMCID: PMC8102594 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-021-00599-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been considered a noninvasive and cost-effective modality for tumor treatment. However, the complexity of tumor microenvironments poses challenges to the implementation of traditional PDT. Here, we review recent advances in PDT to resolve the current problems. Major breakthroughs in PDTs are enabling significant progress in molecular medicine and are interconnected with innovative strategies based on smart bio/nanomaterials or therapeutic insights. We focus on newly developed PDT strategies designed by tailoring photosensitive reactive oxygen species generation, which include the use of proteinaceous photosensitizers, self-illumination, or oxygen-independent approaches. While these updated PDT platforms are expected to enable major advances in cancer treatment, addressing future challenges related to biosafety and target specificity is discussed throughout as a necessary goal to expand the usefulness of PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duc Loc Sai
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Lee
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Duc Long Nguyen
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Pil Kim
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
- Department of HY-KIST Bio-Convergence, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
- Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
- Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
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22
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23
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Calori IR, Bi H, Tedesco AC. Expanding the Limits of Photodynamic Therapy: The Design of Organelles and Hypoxia-Targeting Nanomaterials for Enhanced Photokilling of Cancer. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:195-228. [PMID: 35014281 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive clinical protocol that combines a nontoxic photosensitizer (PS), appropriate visible light, and molecular oxygen for cancer treatment. This triad generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) in situ, leading to different cell death pathways and limiting the arrival of nutrients by irreversible destruction of the tumor vascular system. Despite the number of formulations and applications available, the advancement of therapy is hindered by some characteristics such as the hypoxic condition of solid tumors and the limited energy density (light fluence) that reaches the target. As a result, the use of PDT as a definitive monotherapy for cancer is generally restricted to pretumor lesions or neoplastic tissue of approximately 1 cm in size. To expand this limitation, researchers have synthesized functional nanoparticles (NPs) capable of carrying classical photosensitizers with self-supplying oxygen as well as targeting specific organelles such as mitochondria and lysosomes. This has improved outcomes in vitro and in vivo. This review highlights the basis of PDT, many of the most commonly used strategies of functionalization of smart NPs, and their potential to break the current limits of the classical protocol of PDT against cancer. The application and future perspectives of the multifunctional nanoparticles in PDT are also discussed in some detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Italo Rodrigo Calori
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering, Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo-Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Hong Bi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Antonio Claudio Tedesco
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering, Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo-Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-901, Brazil.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei 230601, China
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24
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Du J, Shi T, Long S, Chen P, Sun W, Fan J, Peng X. Enhanced photodynamic therapy for overcoming tumor hypoxia: From microenvironment regulation to photosensitizer innovation. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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25
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Lv J, Cheng Y. Fluoropolymers in biomedical applications: state-of-the-art and future perspectives. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:5435-5467. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00258e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Biomedical applications of fluoropolymers in gene delivery, protein delivery, drug delivery, 19F MRI, PDT, anti-fouling, anti-bacterial, cell culture, and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Lv
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology
- School of Life Sciences
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Yiyun Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology
- School of Life Sciences
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai
- China
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26
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Wu M, Liu Z, Zhang W. An ultra-stable bio-inspired bacteriochlorin analogue for hypoxia-tolerant photodynamic therapy. Chem Sci 2020; 12:1295-1301. [PMID: 34163892 PMCID: PMC8179026 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05525e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) greatly suffers from the weak NIR-absorption, oxygen dependence and poor stability of photosensitizers (PSs). Herein, inspired by natural bacteriochlorin, we develop a bacteriochlorin analogue, tetrafluorophenyl bacteriochlorin (FBC), by one-step reduction of tetrafluorophenyl porphyrin (TFPP). FBC can realize deep tissue penetration, benefitting from the strong NIR absorption. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation capacity of FBC can retain around 60% with a 1.0 cm-thick pork skin as the barrier. Besides, FBC could not only produce oxygen-dependent 1O2, but also generate less oxygen-dependent O2 -˙ and ˙OH to achieve excellent PDT even in hypoxic tumors. Moreover, FBC exhibits an ultra-high stability and it is almost unchanged even under visible light at room temperature for 15 months. Interestingly, the high reactivity of the fluorophenyl group makes it easy for FBC to produce FBC derivatives. A biocompatible FBC nanogel could be directly formed by blending FBC with SH-PEG-SH. The FBC nanogel displays excellent photodynamic efficacy in vitro and in vivo. Thus, FBC would be a promising PS for the clinical PDT of deep tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengsi Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Zhiyong Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Weian Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
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Pucelik B, Sułek A, Barzowska A, Dąbrowski JM. Recent advances in strategies for overcoming hypoxia in photodynamic therapy of cancer. Cancer Lett 2020; 492:116-135. [PMID: 32693200 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The selectivity of photodynamic therapy (PDT) derived from the tailored accumulation of photosensitizing drug (photosensitizer; PS) in the tumor microenvironment (TME), and from local irradiation, turns it into a "magic bullet" for the treatment of resistant tumors without sparing the healthy tissue and possible adverse effects. However, locally-induced hypoxia is one of the undesirable consequences of PDT, which may contribute to the emergence of resistance and significantly reduce therapeutic outcomes. Therefore, the development of strategies using new approaches in nanotechnology and molecular biology can offer an increased opportunity to eliminate the disadvantages of hypoxia. Emerging evidence indicates that wisely designed phototherapeutic procedures, including: (i) ROS-tunable photosensitizers, (ii) organelle targeting, (iii) nano-based photoactive drugs and/or PS delivery nanosystems, as well as (iv) combining them with other strategies (i.e. PTT, chemotherapy, theranostics or the design of dual anticancer drug and photosensitizers) can significantly improve the PDT efficacy and overcome the resistance. This mini-review addresses the role of hypoxia and hypoxia-related molecular mechanisms of the HIF-1α pathway in the regulation of PDT efficacy. It also discusses the most recent achievements as well as future perspectives and potential challenges of PDT application against hypoxic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Pucelik
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Kraków, Poland; Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Adam Sułek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agata Barzowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
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Hu D, Pan M, Yu Y, Sun A, Shi K, Qu Y, Qian Z. Application of nanotechnology for enhancing photodynamic therapy via ameliorating, neglecting, or exploiting tumor hypoxia. VIEW 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/viw2.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- DanRong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu Sichuan P. R. China
| | - Meng Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu Sichuan P. R. China
| | - Yan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu Sichuan P. R. China
| | - Ao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu Sichuan P. R. China
| | - Kun Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu Sichuan P. R. China
| | - Ying Qu
- Department of Hematology and Research Laboratory of HematologyState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu Sichuan P. R. China
| | - ZhiYong Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu Sichuan P. R. China
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