1
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Andrews KG, Horton PN, Coles SJ. Programmable synthesis of organic cages with reduced symmetry. Chem Sci 2024; 15:6536-6543. [PMID: 38699263 PMCID: PMC11062111 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00889h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Integrating symmetry-reducing methods into self-assembly methodology is desirable to efficiently realise the full potential of molecular cages as hosts and catalysts. Although techniques have been explored for metal organic (coordination) cages, rational strategies to develop low symmetry organic cages remain limited. In this article, we describe rules to program the shape and symmetry of organic cage cavities by designing edge pieces that bias the orientation of the amide linkages. We apply the rules to synthesise cages with well-defined cavities, supported by evidence from crystallography, spectroscopy and modelling. Access to low-symmetry, self-assembled organic cages such as those presented, will widen the current bottleneck preventing study of organic enzyme mimics, and provide synthetic tools for novel functional material design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith G Andrews
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3TA UK
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University Lower Mount Joy, South Rd Durham DH1 3LE UK
| | - Peter N Horton
- UK National Crystallography Service, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Simon J Coles
- UK National Crystallography Service, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
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2
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Xu Z, Ye Y, Liu Y, Liu H, Jiang S. Design and assembly of porous organic cages. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:2261-2282. [PMID: 38318641 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05091b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Porous organic cages (POCs) represent a notable category of porous materials, showing remarkable material properties due to their inherent porosity. Unlike extended frameworks which are constructed by strong covalent or coordination bonds, POCs are composed of discrete molecular units held together by weak intermolecular forces. Their structure and chemical traits can be systematically tailored, making them suitable for a range of applications including gas storage and separation, molecular separation and recognition, catalysis, and proton and ion conduction. This review provides a comprehensive overview of POCs, covering their synthesis methods, structure and properties, computational approaches, and applications, serving as a primer for those who are new to the domain. A special emphasis is placed on the growing role of computational methods, highlighting how advanced data-driven techniques and automation are increasingly aiding the rapid exploration and understanding of POCs. We conclude by addressing the prevailing challenges and future prospects in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zezhao Xu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Yangzhi Ye
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Yilan Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Huiyu Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Shan Jiang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
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3
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Holsten M, Elbert SM, Rominger F, Zhang WS, Schröder RR, Mastalerz M. Single Crystals of Insoluble Porous Salicylimine Cages. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302116. [PMID: 37577877 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Porous organic cages (POCs) are meanwhile an established class of porous materials. Most of them are soluble to a certain extend and thus processable in or from solution. However, a few of larger salicylimine cages were reported to be insoluble in any organic solvents and thus characterized as amorphous materials. These cages were now synthesized as single-crystalline materials to get insight into packing motifs and preferred intermolecular interactions. Furthermore, the pairs of crystalline and amorphous materials for each cage allowed to compare their gas-sorption properties in both morphological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattes Holsten
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sven M Elbert
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wen-Shan Zhang
- Bioquant, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rasmus R Schröder
- Bioquant, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Mastalerz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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4
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Zhang G, Lin W, Huang F, Sessler J, Khashab NM. Industrial Separation Challenges: How Does Supramolecular Chemistry Help? J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:19143-19163. [PMID: 37624708 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The chemical industry and the chemical processes underscoring it are under intense scrutiny as the demands for the transition to more sustainable and environmentally friendly practices are increasing. Traditional industrial separation systems, such as thermally driven distillation for hydrocarbon purification, are energy intensive. The development of more energy efficient separation technologies is thus emerging as a critical need, as is the creation of new materials that may permit a transition away from classic distillation-based separations. In this Perspective, we focus on porous organic cages and macrocycles that can adsorb guest molecules selectively through various host-guest interactions and permit molecular sieving behavior at the molecular level. Specifically, we summarize the recent advances where receptor-based adsorbent materials have been shown to be effective for industrially relevant hydrocarbon separations, highlighting the underlying host-guest interactions that impart selectivity and permit the observed separations. This approach to sustainable separations is currently in its infancy. Nevertheless, several receptor-based adsorbent materials with extrinsic/intrinsic voids or special functional groups have been reported in recent years that can selectively capture various targeted guest molecules. We believe that the understanding of the interactions that drive selectivity at a molecular level accruing from these initial systems will permit an ever-more-effective "bottom-up" design of tailored molecular sieves that, in due course, will allow adsorbent material-based approaches to separations to transition from the laboratory into an industrial setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengwu Zhang
- Smart Hybrid Materials Laboratory (SHMs), Chemistry Program, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Weibin Lin
- Smart Hybrid Materials Laboratory (SHMs), Chemistry Program, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Feihe Huang
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311215, P. R. China
| | - Jonathan Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Niveen M Khashab
- Smart Hybrid Materials Laboratory (SHMs), Chemistry Program, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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5
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Chen Q, Li Z, Lei Y, Chen Y, Tang H, Wu G, Sun B, Wei Y, Jiao T, Zhang S, Huang F, Wang L, Li H. The sharp structural switch of covalent cages mediated by subtle variation of directing groups. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4627. [PMID: 37532710 PMCID: PMC10397198 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40255-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
It is considered a more formidable task to precisely control the self-assembled products containing purely covalent components, due to a lack of intrinsic templates such as transition metals to suppress entropy loss during self-assembly. Here, we attempt to tackle this challenge by using directing groups. That is, the self-assembly products of condensing a 1:2 mixture of a tetraformyl and a biamine can be precisely controlled by slightly changing the substituent groups in the aldehyde precursor. This is because different directing groups provide hydrogen bonds with different modes to the adjacent imine units, so that the building blocks are endowed with totally different conformations. Each conformation favors the formation of a specific product that is thus produced selectively, including chiral and achiral cages. These results of using a specific directing group to favor a target product pave the way for accomplishing atom economy in synthesizing purely covalent molecules without relying on toxic transition metal templates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Zhaoyong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Ye Lei
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Yixin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Hua Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Guangcheng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Bin Sun
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, PR China
| | - Yuxi Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Tianyu Jiao
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Songna Zhang
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, PR China.
| | - Feihe Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China.
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, PR China.
| | - Linjun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China.
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China.
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China.
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, PR China.
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6
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Rimsza J, Nenoff TM. Design of Enhanced Porous Organic Cage Solubility in Type 2 Porous Liquids. J Mol Liq 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2023.121536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
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7
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Kunde T, Pausch T, Guńka PA, Krzyżanowski M, Kasprzak A, Schmidt BM. Fast, solvent-free synthesis of ferrocene-containing organic cages via dynamic covalent chemistry in the solid state. Chem Sci 2022; 13:2877-2883. [PMID: 35382473 PMCID: PMC8905640 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06372c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple, solvent-free synthetic protocol towards the synthesis of organic self-assembled macromolecules has been established. By employing mechanochemistry using glassware readily available to every organic chemist, we were able to synthesise three novel organic cage compounds exemplarily and to speed up the synthesis of a ferrocene-containing macrocycle by a factor of 288 compared to the solution-based synthesis. The structural investigation of the newly synthesised cages revealed different modes of connectivity from using ferrocene-containing aldehydes caused by the free rotation of the cyclopentadienyl units against each other. By extending the facile solvent-free synthesis to ball-milling, even compounds that show lower reactivity could be employed in the dynamic covalent formation of organometallic cage compounds. The presented protocol gives access to otherwise inaccessible structures, speeds up general synthetic workflows, and simultaneously reduces the environmental impact of supramolecular syntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Kunde
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 D-40225 Düsseldorf Germany http://www.bmschmidtlab.de
| | - Tobias Pausch
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 D-40225 Düsseldorf Germany http://www.bmschmidtlab.de
| | - Piotr A Guńka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology Noakowskiego Str. 3 00-664 Warsaw Poland
| | - Maurycy Krzyżanowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology Noakowskiego Str. 3 00-664 Warsaw Poland
| | - Artur Kasprzak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology Noakowskiego Str. 3 00-664 Warsaw Poland
| | - Bernd M Schmidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 D-40225 Düsseldorf Germany http://www.bmschmidtlab.de
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8
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Bhandari P, Mondal B, Howlader P, Mukherjee PS. Face‐Directed Tetrahedral Organic Cage Anchored Palladium Nanoparticles for Selective Homocoupling Reactions. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pallab Bhandari
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012 India
| | - Bijnaneswar Mondal
- Department of Chemistry Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya Bilaspur Chhattisgarh 495009 India
| | - Prodip Howlader
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012 India
| | - Partha Sarathi Mukherjee
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012 India
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9
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Ivanova S, Köster E, Holstein JJ, Keller N, Clever GH, Bein T, Beuerle F. Isoreticular Crystallization of Highly Porous Cubic Covalent Organic Cage Compounds*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:17455-17463. [PMID: 33905140 PMCID: PMC8362030 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202102982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Modular frameworks featuring well-defined pore structures in microscale domains establish tailor-made porous materials. For open molecular solids however, maintaining long-range order after desolvation is inherently challenging, since packing is usually governed by only a few supramolecular interactions. Here we report on two series of nanocubes obtained by co-condensation of two different hexahydroxy tribenzotriquinacenes (TBTQs) and benzene-1,4-diboronic acids (BDBAs) with varying linear alkyl chains in 2,5-position. n-Butyl groups at the apical position of the TBTQ vertices yielded soluble model compounds, which were analyzed by mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy. In contrast, methyl-substituted cages spontaneously crystallized as isostructural and highly porous solids with BET surface areas and pore volumes of up to 3426 m2 g-1 and 1.84 cm3 g-1 . Single crystal X-ray diffraction and sorption measurements revealed an intricate cubic arrangement of alternating micro- and mesopores in the range of 0.97-2.2 nm that are fine-tuned by the alkyl substituents at the BDBA linker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Ivanova
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgInstitut für Organische ChemieAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgCenter for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC)Theodor-Boveri-Weg97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Eva Köster
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgInstitut für Organische ChemieAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgCenter for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC)Theodor-Boveri-Weg97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Julian J. Holstein
- Technische Universität DortmundFakultät für Chemie und Chemische BiologieOtto-Hahn-Strasse 644227DortmundGermany
| | - Niklas Keller
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenDepartment of Chemistry & Center for NanoScience (CeNS)Butenandtstrasse 5–1381377MünchenGermany
| | - Guido H. Clever
- Technische Universität DortmundFakultät für Chemie und Chemische BiologieOtto-Hahn-Strasse 644227DortmundGermany
| | - Thomas Bein
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenDepartment of Chemistry & Center for NanoScience (CeNS)Butenandtstrasse 5–1381377MünchenGermany
| | - Florian Beuerle
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgInstitut für Organische ChemieAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgCenter for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC)Theodor-Boveri-Weg97074WürzburgGermany
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10
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Ivanova S, Köster E, Holstein JJ, Keller N, Clever GH, Bein T, Beuerle F. Isoretikuläre Kristallisation von hochporösen kubischen kovalentorganischen Käfigverbindungen**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202102982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Ivanova
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Institut für Organische Chemie Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC) Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
| | - Eva Köster
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Institut für Organische Chemie Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC) Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
| | - Julian J. Holstein
- Technische Universität Dortmund Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie Otto-Hahn-Straße 6 44227 Dortmund Deutschland
| | - Niklas Keller
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Department of Chemistry & Center for NanoScience (CeNS) Butenandtstraße 5–13 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Guido H. Clever
- Technische Universität Dortmund Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie Otto-Hahn-Straße 6 44227 Dortmund Deutschland
| | - Thomas Bein
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Department of Chemistry & Center for NanoScience (CeNS) Butenandtstraße 5–13 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Florian Beuerle
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Institut für Organische Chemie Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC) Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
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11
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Bourguignon C, Schindler D, Zhou G, Rominger F, Mastalerz M. Cucurbitimines - imine cages with concave walls. Org Chem Front 2021; 8:3668-3674. [PMID: 34354838 PMCID: PMC8276630 DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00478f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The variety of shape-persistent organic cages by imine bond formation has tremendously enlarged in recent years by using different building blocks (aldehydes and amines) in the condensation reactions. Here, we describe the use of a kinked tetraldehyde to generate pumpkin-shaped cages with concave walls, similar to cucurbiturils. Kinked tetraaldehyde building blocks lead in condensation reactions with diamines to pumpkin shaped cages – the cucurbitimines.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Bourguignon
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Dorothee Schindler
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Gangxiang Zhou
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Michael Mastalerz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
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12
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Deegan MM, Dworzak MR, Gosselin AJ, Korman KJ, Bloch ED. Gas Storage in Porous Molecular Materials. Chemistry 2021; 27:4531-4547. [PMID: 33112484 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Molecules with permanent porosity in the solid state have been studied for decades. Porosity in these systems is governed by intrinsic pore space, as in cages or macrocycles, and extrinsic void space, created through loose, intermolecular solid-state packing. The development of permanently porous molecular materials, especially cages with organic or metal-organic composition, has seen increased interest over the past decade, and as such, incredibly high surface areas have been reported for these solids. Despite this, examples of these materials being explored for gas storage applications are relatively limited. This minireview outlines existing molecular systems that have been investigated for gas storage and highlights strategies that have been used to understand adsorption mechanisms in porous molecular materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meaghan M Deegan
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Michael R Dworzak
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Aeri J Gosselin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Kyle J Korman
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Eric D Bloch
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
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13
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Su K, Wang W, Du S, Ji C, Zhou M, Yuan D. Reticular Chemistry in the Construction of Porous Organic Cages. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:18060-18072. [PMID: 32938188 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c07367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Reticular chemistry offers the possibility of systematic design of porous materials with different pores by varying the building blocks, while the emerging porous organic cage (POC) system remains generally unexplored. A series of new POCs with dimeric cages with odd-even behaviors, unprecedented trimeric triangular prisms, and the largest recorded hexameric octahedra have been prepared. These POCs are all constructed from the same tetratopic tetraformylresorcin[4]arene cavitand by simply varying the diamine ligands through Schiff-base reactions and are fully characterized by X-ray crystallography, gas sorption measurements, NMR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. The odd-even effects in the POC conformation changes of the [2 + 4] dimeric cages have been confirmed by density functional theory calculations, which are the first examples of odd-even effects reported in the cavitand-based cage system. Moreover, the "V" shape phenylenediamine linkers are responsible for the novel [3 + 6] triangular prisms. The window size and environment can be easily functionalized by different groups, providing a promising platform for the construction of multivariate POCs. Use of linear phenylenediamines led to record-breakingly large [6 + 12] truncated octahedral cages, the maximum inner cavity diameters and volumes of which could be readily modulated by increasing the spacer length of the phenylenediamine linkers. This work can lead to an understanding of the self-assembly behaviors of POCs and also sheds light on the rational design of POC materials for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kongzhao Su
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
| | - Shunfu Du
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China.,College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, P. R. China
| | - Chunqing Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Mi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
| | - Daqiang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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14
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Korman KJ, Decker GE, Dworzak MR, Deegan MM, Antonio AM, Taggart GA, Bloch ED. Using Low-Pressure Methane Adsorption Isotherms for Higher-Throughput Screening of Methane Storage Materials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:40318-40327. [PMID: 32786240 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c11200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A useful correlation between the low-pressure (up to 1.2 bar), low-temperature (195 K) and high-pressure (up to 65 bar), room temperature (298 K) methane storage properties of a range of porous materials is reported. Methane isotherms under these two sets of conditions show a remarkable agreement in both equilibrium adsorption and deliverable capacities for materials with pore volumes that are less than approximately 0.80 cm3/g. This trend holds well for the suite of metal-organic frameworks and porous coordination cages we studied, in addition to a zeolite and porous organic cage. Although it is well known that gravimetric gas storage capacity trends with gravimetric surface area, the 1.2 bar, 195 K excess adsorption capacity of a given framework is a better indicator of its room temperature, 65 bar capacity. Given the significantly smaller sample quantities needed for low-pressure measurements, greater accessibility to researchers around the world, accuracy of the measurement, and higher throughput, we envision this method as a rapid screening tool for the identification of methane storage materials. As excess/total adsorption and gravimetric/volumetric adsorption can be interconverted by simple utilization of the scalar quantities of pore volume or density, respectively, this method can be easily adapted to obtain both gravimetric and volumetric total adsorption capacities for a given adsorbent. In terms of volumetric methane adsorption, we further investigate the relationship between crystallographic and bulk density for the adsorbents studied here. With this analysis, it becomes apparent that in the absence of novel synthetic approaches, reported volumetric storage capacities should be viewed as an optimistic upper limit for a given material and not necessarily a true reflection of its actual adsorption properties as most MOFs have bulk densities that are less than half of their crystallographic values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J Korman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Gerald E Decker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Michael R Dworzak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Meaghan M Deegan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Alexandra M Antonio
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Garrett A Taggart
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Eric D Bloch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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15
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Greenaway RL, Jelfs KE. High-Throughput Approaches for the Discovery of Supramolecular Organic Cages. Chempluschem 2020; 85:1813-1823. [PMID: 32833311 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The assembly of complex molecules, such as organic cages, can be achieved through supramolecular and dynamic covalent strategies. Their use in a range of applications has been demonstrated, including gas uptake, molecular separations, and in catalysis. However, the targeted design and synthesis of new species for particular applications is challenging, particularly as the systems become more complex. High-throughput computation-only and experiment-only approaches have been developed to streamline the discovery process, although are still not widely implemented. Additionally, combined hybrid workflows can dramatically accelerate the discovery process and lead to the serendipitous discovery and rationalisation of new supramolecular assemblies that would not have been designed based on intuition alone. This Minireview focuses on the advances in high-throughput approaches that have been developed and applied in the discovery of supramolecular organic cages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Greenaway
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Kim E Jelfs
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
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16
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Cui P, Svensson Grape E, Spackman PR, Wu Y, Clowes R, Day GM, Inge AK, Little MA, Cooper AI. An Expandable Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Framework Characterized by Three-Dimensional Electron Diffraction. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:12743-12750. [PMID: 32597187 PMCID: PMC7467715 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c04885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A molecular crystal of a 2-D hydrogen-bonded organic framework (HOF) undergoes an unusual structural transformation after solvent removal from the crystal pores during activation. The conformationally flexible host molecule, ABTPA, adapts its molecular conformation during activation to initiate a framework expansion. The microcrystalline activated phase was characterized by three-dimensional electron diffraction (3D ED), which revealed that ABTPA uses out-of-plane anthracene units as adaptive structural anchors. These units change orientation to generate an expanded, lower density framework material in the activated structure. The porous HOF, ABTPA-2, has robust dynamic porosity (SABET = 1183 m2 g-1) and exhibits negative area thermal expansion. We use crystal structure prediction (CSP) to understand the underlying energetics behind the structural transformation and discuss the challenges facing CSP for such flexible molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Cui
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K
| | - Erik Svensson Grape
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
| | - Peter R Spackman
- Computational Systems Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K.,Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K
| | - Rob Clowes
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K
| | - Graeme M Day
- Computational Systems Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K.,Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K
| | - A Ken Inge
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
| | - Marc A Little
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K
| | - Andrew I Cooper
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K.,Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K
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17
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Sharma V, De D, Saha R, Chattaraj PK, Bharadwaj PK. Flexibility Induced Encapsulation of Ultrafine Palladium Nanoparticles into Organic Cages for Tsuji-Trost Allylation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:8539-8546. [PMID: 31977185 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b19480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A series of three positional isomers of organic cages namely o-OC, m-OC, and p-OC, have been self-assembled using dynamic covalent chemistry. Their room temperature controlled fabrication with palladium gives ultrafine diameter (1-2 nm) of palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs). We observed that the shape-flexibility of cages have great impact on the formation of Pd NPs. Theoretical calculations reveals that theoretically obtainable size of Pd NPs for each cage which was complementary to the experimental results. Theoretical studies indicate that the driving forces for the specific orientational preference may be ascribed to subtle variations on the level of π-π interactions, which ultimately governs the growth of Pd NPs therein. It is the first example of shape-flexible synthesis of organic cages where flexibility governs the nanoparticle growth. Pd NPs have shown excellent catalysis of Tsuji-Trost allylation at room temperature and pressure in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivekanand Sharma
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur , Kanpur 208016 , India
| | - Dinesh De
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur , Kanpur 208016 , India
| | - Ranajit Saha
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Theoretical Studies , Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur , Kharagpur - 721302 , India
| | - Pratim Kumar Chattaraj
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Theoretical Studies , Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur , Kharagpur - 721302 , India
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Mumbai , 400076 , India
| | - Parimal K Bharadwaj
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur , Kanpur 208016 , India
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18
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Craig GA, Larpent P, Urabe H, Legrand A, Bonneau M, Kusaka S, Furukawa S. Hysteresis in the gas sorption isotherms of metal–organic cages accompanied by subtle changes in molecular packing. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:3689-3692. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc00932f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cooperative gas uptake in metal–organic cages is tuned using supramolecular chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin A. Craig
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Science (WPI-iCeMS)
- Kyoto University
- Yoshida
- Sakyo-ku
- Kyoto 606-8501
| | - Patrick Larpent
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Science (WPI-iCeMS)
- Kyoto University
- Yoshida
- Sakyo-ku
- Kyoto 606-8501
| | - Hinano Urabe
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Science (WPI-iCeMS)
- Kyoto University
- Yoshida
- Sakyo-ku
- Kyoto 606-8501
| | - Alexandre Legrand
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Science (WPI-iCeMS)
- Kyoto University
- Yoshida
- Sakyo-ku
- Kyoto 606-8501
| | - Mickaele Bonneau
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Science (WPI-iCeMS)
- Kyoto University
- Yoshida
- Sakyo-ku
- Kyoto 606-8501
| | - Shinpei Kusaka
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Science (WPI-iCeMS)
- Kyoto University
- Yoshida
- Sakyo-ku
- Kyoto 606-8501
| | - Shuhei Furukawa
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Science (WPI-iCeMS)
- Kyoto University
- Yoshida
- Sakyo-ku
- Kyoto 606-8501
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