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Zhang X, Luo Y, Xia L, Song Y, Li W, Kong L, Liu Y, Shen C, Huang C, Chu Y. A study on the determination of the metabolites of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene using a dual-drift tube ion mobility spectrometer. Talanta 2024; 281:126857. [PMID: 39255620 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2024] [Revised: 09/05/2024] [Accepted: 09/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) and its four metabolites, namely 2-ADNT, 4-ADNT, 2,4-DANT, and 2,6-DANT, are highly toxic substances. These metabolites also serve as biomarkers for assessing the health of individuals exposed to TNT. In this study, a homemade DDT-IMS apparatus was utilized to detect these metabolites. Under negative detection mode, the drift times of 2-ADNT and 4-ADNT showed subtle shifts within a drift tube temperature range of 100 °C-120 °C, aiding in their differentiation. In positive detection mode for 2,4-DANT and 2,6-DANT, significant variations were observed in both the number and drift time of their positive product ions across a drift tube temperature range of 80 °C-120 °C. Consequently, optimal analytical performance for these metabolites was achieved at approximately 100 °C. Evaluation of the instrumental response during the measurement of the four metabolites in both positive and negative modes revealed that negative detection mode offered greater advantages of detecting these compounds. The working ranges for measuring the four metabolites spanned two orders of magnitude, with detection limits for each metabolite nearly below 1 ng. Notably, clear identification of the signals for these metabolites was achieved even when samples were mixed in urine, highlighting the ability of the DDT-IMS in detecting TNT metabolites. The developed DDT-IMS detection method has significant potential for enhancing environmental risk assessment and biological hazard evaluation, particularly in relation to human exposure to TNT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 230031, Hefei, China; University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Yuanjiang Luo
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 230031, Hefei, China; University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Lei Xia
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 230031, Hefei, China.
| | - Yu Song
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 230031, Hefei, China
| | - Wanjun Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 230031, Hefei, China
| | - Lingwen Kong
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 230031, Hefei, China; University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Yawei Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 230031, Hefei, China
| | - Chengyin Shen
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 230031, Hefei, China
| | - Chaoqun Huang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 230031, Hefei, China.
| | - Yannan Chu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 230031, Hefei, China
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2
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Mráz J, Hanzlíková I, Brabec M. Toxicokinetic relationship between the adducts in globin and their cleavage products in the urine: Implications for human biomonitoring. Toxicol Lett 2024; 398:82-88. [PMID: 38906437 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2024.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Globin adducts of various chemicals, persisting in organism over the whole lifetime of erythrocytes, have been used as biomarkers of cumulative exposures to parent compounds. After removal of aged erythrocytes from the bloodstream, cleavage products of these adducts are excreted with urine as alternative, non-invasively accessible biomarkers. In our biomonitoring studies on workers exposed to ethylene oxide, its adduct with globin, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)valine, and the related urinary cleavage product N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-L-valyl-L-leucine have been determined. To describe a toxicokinetic relationship between the above types of biomarkers, a general compartmental model for simulation of formation and removal of globin adducts has been constructed in the form of code in R statistical computing environment. The essential input variables include lifetime of erythrocytes, extent of adduct formation following a single defined exposure, and parameters of exposure scenario, while other possible variables are optional. It was shown that both biomarkers reflect the past exposures differently as the adduct level in globin is a mean value of adduct levels across all compartments (subpopulations of erythrocytes of the same age) while excretion of cleavage products reflects the adduct level in the oldest compartment. Application of the model to various scenarios of continuous exposure demonstrated its usefulness for human biomonitoring data interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Mráz
- National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | | | - Marek Brabec
- National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Computer Science, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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3
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Birolli WG, Lanças FM, dos Santos Neto ÁJ, Silveira HCS. Determination of pesticide residues in urine by chromatography-mass spectrometry: methods and applications. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1336014. [PMID: 38932775 PMCID: PMC11199415 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1336014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pollution has emerged as a significant threat to humanity, necessitating a thorough evaluation of its impacts. As a result, various methods for human biomonitoring have been proposed as vital tools for assessing, managing, and mitigating exposure risks. Among these methods, urine stands out as the most commonly analyzed biological sample and the primary matrix for biomonitoring studies. Objectives This review concentrates on exploring the literature concerning residual pesticide determination in urine, utilizing liquid and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, and its practical applications. Method The examination focused on methods developed since 2010. Additionally, applications reported between 2015 and 2022 were thoroughly reviewed, utilizing Web of Science as a primary resource. Synthesis Recent advancements in chromatography-mass spectrometry technology have significantly enhanced the development of multi-residue methods. These determinations are now capable of simultaneously detecting numerous pesticide residues from various chemical and use classes. Furthermore, these methods encompass analytes from a variety of environmental contaminants, offering a comprehensive approach to biomonitoring. These methodologies have been employed across diverse perspectives, including toxicological studies, assessing pesticide exposure in the general population, occupational exposure among farmers, pest control workers, horticulturists, and florists, as well as investigating consequences during pregnancy and childhood, neurodevelopmental impacts, and reproductive disorders. Future directions Such strategies were essential in examining the health risks associated with exposure to complex mixtures, including pesticides and other relevant compounds, thereby painting a broader and more accurate picture of human exposure. Moreover, the implementation of integrated strategies, involving international research initiatives and biomonitoring programs, is crucial to optimize resource utilization, enhancing efficiency in health risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willian Garcia Birolli
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil
- Chromatography Group, São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Mauro Lanças
- Chromatography Group, São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Lorenzo-Parodi N, Leitner E, Schmidt TC. Comparison of gas chromatographic techniques for the analysis of iodinated derivatives of aromatic amines. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023:10.1007/s00216-023-04713-8. [PMID: 37208487 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04713-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Some aromatic amines (AA) have been classified as carcinogens to humans. After entering the body, mainly through tobacco smoke, they can be detected in urine. Thus, their trace analysis as biomarkers in biofluids is of high relevance and can be achieved with gas chromatography (GC-MS), usually after derivatization. This study compares three gas chromatographic methods for the analysis of ten iodinated derivatives of AA: GC-MS in single-ion monitoring (SIM) mode with (1) electron ionization (GC-EI-MS) and (2) negative chemical ionization (GC-NCI-MS), and (3) GC-EI-MS/MS in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode using electron ionization. All methods and most analytes showed good coefficients of determination (R2 > 0.99) for broad linear ranges covering three to five orders of magnitude in the picogram-per-liter to nanogram-per-liter range, with one and two exceptions for (1) and (2) respectively. Excellent limits of detection (LODs) of 9-50, 3.0-7.3, and 0.9-3.9 pg/L were observed for (1), (2), and (3) respectively, and good precision was achieved (intra-day repeatability < 15% and inter-day repeatability < 20% for most techniques and concentration levels). On average, recoveries between 80 and 104% were observed for all techniques. Urine samples of smokers and non-smokers were successfully analyzed, and p-toluidine and 2-chloroaniline could be found at significantly (α = 0.05) higher concentrations among smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Lorenzo-Parodi
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Erich Leitner
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9/II 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Torsten C Schmidt
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45141, Essen, Germany.
- Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45141, Essen, Germany.
- IWW Water Centre, Moritzstrasse 26, 45476, Mülheim an Der Ruhr, Germany.
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Gladchuk AS, Gorbunov AY, Keltsieva OA, Ilyushonok SK, Babakov VN, Shilovskikh VV, Kolonitskii PD, Stepashkin NA, Soboleva A, Muradymov MZ, Krasnov NV, Sukhodolov NG, Selyutin AA, Frolov A, Podolskaya EP. Coating of a MALDI target with metal oxide nanoparticles by droplet-free electrospraying – a versatile tool for in situ enrichment of human globin adducts of halogen-containing drug metabolites. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2023.108708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
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Linhart I, Hanzlíková I, Mráz J, Dušková Š. New Aminobiphenylcysteine Derivatives in Globin and Urine of Rats Dosed with 4-Aminobiphenyl, a Tobacco Smoke Carcinogen. Chem Res Toxicol 2023; 36:430-437. [PMID: 36861465 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
The 4-biphenylnitrenium ion (BPN), a reactive metabolic intermediate of the tobacco smoke carcinogen 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP), can react with nucleophilic sulfanyl groups in glutathione (GSH) as well as in proteins. The main site of attack of these S-nucleophiles was predicted using simple orientational rules of aromatic nucleophilic substitution. Thereafter, a series of presumptive 4-ABP metabolites and adducts with cysteine were synthesized, namely, S-(4-amino-3-biphenyl)cysteine (ABPC), N-acetyl-S-(4-amino-3-biphenyl)cysteine (4-amino-3-biphenylmercapturic acid, ABPMA), S-(4-acetamido-3-biphenyl)cysteine (AcABPC), and N-acetyl-S-(4-acetamido-3-biphenyl)cysteine (4-acetamido-3-biphenylmercapturic acid, AcABPMA). Then, globin and urine of rats dosed with a single ip dose of 4-ABP (27 mg/kg b.w.) was analyzed by HPLC-ESI-MS2. ABPC was identified in acid-hydrolyzed globin at levels of 3.52 ± 0.50, 2.74 ± 0.51, and 1.25 ± 0.12 nmol/g globin (mean ± S.D.; n = 6) on days 1, 3, and 8 after dosing, respectively. In the urine collected on day 1 (0-24 h) after dosing, excretion of ABPMA, AcABPMA, and AcABPC amounted to 1.97 ± 0.88, 3.09 ± 0.75, and 3.69 ± 1.49 nmol/kg b.w. (mean ± S.D.; n = 6), respectively. On day 2, excretion of the metabolites decreased by one order of magnitude followed by a slower decrease on day 8. Regarding the possible formation of AcABPC from ABPC, N-acetylation of the amino group at the biphenyl moiety prior to that at cysteine appears to be very unlikely. Thus, the structure of AcABPC indicates the involvement of N-acetyl-4-biphenylnitrenium ion (AcBPN) and/or its reactive ester precursors in in vivo reactions with GSH and protein-bound cysteine. ABPC in globin might become an alternative biomarker of the dose of toxicologically relevant metabolic intermediates of 4-ABP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Linhart
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Iveta Hanzlíková
- National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Šrobárova 49/48, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Mráz
- National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Šrobárova 49/48, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Šárka Dušková
- National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Šrobárova 49/48, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic
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Vryonidis E, Karlsson I, Aasa J, Carlsson H, Motwani HV, Pedersen M, Eriksson J, Törnqvist MÅ. Pathways to Identify Electrophiles In Vivo Using Hemoglobin Adducts: Hydroxypropanoic Acid Valine Adduct and Its Possible Precursors. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:2227-2240. [PMID: 36395356 PMCID: PMC9768813 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Analytical methods and tools for the characterization of the human exposome by untargeted mass spectrometry approaches are advancing rapidly. Adductomics methods have been developed for untargeted screening of short-lived electrophiles, in the form of adducts to proteins or DNA, in vivo. The identification of an adduct and its precursor electrophile in the blood is more complex than that of stable chemicals. The present work aims to illustrate procedures for the identification of an adduct to N-terminal valine in hemoglobin detected with adductomics, and pathways for the tracing of its precursor and possible exposure sources. Identification of the adduct proceeded via preparation and characterization of standards of adduct analytes. Possible precursor(s) and exposure sources were investigated by measurements in blood of adduct formation by precursors in vitro and adduct levels in vivo. The adduct was identified as hydroxypropanoic acid valine (HPA-Val) by verification with a synthesized reference. The HPA-Val was measured together with other adducts (from acrylamide, glycidamide, glycidol, and acrylic acid) in human blood (n = 51, schoolchildren). The HPA-Val levels ranged between 6 and 76 pmol/g hemoglobin. The analysis of reference samples from humans and rodents showed that the HPA-Val adduct was observed in all studied samples. No correlation of the HPA-Val level with the other studied adducts was observed in humans, nor was an increase in tobacco smokers observed. A small increase was observed in rodents exposed to glycidol. The formation of the HPA-Val adduct upon incubation of blood with glycidic acid (an epoxide) was shown. The relatively high adduct levels observed in vivo in relation to the measured reactivity of the epoxide, and the fact that the epoxide is not described as naturally occurring, suggest that glycidic acid is not the only precursor of the HPA-Val adduct identified in vivo. Another endogenous electrophile is suspected to contribute to the in vivo HPA-Val adduct level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efstathios Vryonidis
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Isabella Karlsson
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jenny Aasa
- Department
of Risk and Benefit Assessment, Swedish
Food Agency, SE-751 26 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Henrik Carlsson
- Department
of Medical Sciences, Clinical Chemistry, Uppsala University, SE-751
85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hitesh V. Motwani
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marie Pedersen
- Department
of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, DK-1353 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Johan Eriksson
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Margareta Å. Törnqvist
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden,
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8
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Sabbioni G, Pugh SA. New Method to Biomonitor Workers Exposed to 1,6-Hexamethylene Diisocyanate. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:2285-2295. [PMID: 36413493 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Isocyanates such as 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), 4,4'-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate, and toluene diisocyanate are highly reactive compounds that have a variety of commercial applications, including manufacturing polyurethane foam, elastomers, paints, adhesives, coatings, insecticides, and many other products. Their primary route of occupational exposure is through inhalation. Due to their high chemical reactivity, they are toxic and have adverse effects at the cellular and subcellular levels, leading to irritative and immunological reactions associated with lung disease. High concentrations of isocyanates are strong respiratory irritants. Bronchial sensitization and asthma are among the major adverse clinical reactions associated with low-level chronic exposure to isocyanates. Albumin adducts have been linked to the mechanism of occupational asthma caused by isocyanates. Isocyanates react in vivo with albumin, which is recognized by the immune system. Albumin adducts of isocyanates trigger immune responses and are probably the antigenic basis for isocyanate asthma. Sensitization to isocyanates is the main pathway for adverse health effects. Therefore, markers for the biologically effective dose such as albumin adducts of HDI are needed. A new isocyanate adduct of HDI with lysine─Nε-[(6-amino-hexyl-amino)carbonyl]-lysine (HDI-Lys)─was synthesized and characterized by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and mass spectrometry (MS). Appropriate internal standards─HDI-Lys-4,4'-5,5'-d4 (HDI-d4-Lys) and Nε-[(7-amino-heptyl-amino)carbonyl]-lysine (Hep-Lys)─were synthesized to establish a LC-MS/MS method for the analysis of HDI adducts in in vitro modified albumin and in workers. The presence of HDI-Lys was found after pronase digestion of albumin and confirmed by two independent chromatographic approaches: with a C8 reversed-phase column and with a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography column. Quantification was performed with positive electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS. The adduct peak found in vivo was confirmed with the less sensitive negative ESI-MS. In summary, these are new compounds and methods to determine isocyanate-specific adducts with albumin in workers exposed to HDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Sabbioni
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Toxicology, CH-6780 Airolo, Switzerland.,Walther-Straub-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Nussbaumstrasse 26, D-80336 München, Germany
| | - Shirley A Pugh
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Toxicology, CH-6780 Airolo, Switzerland
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9
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Sabbioni G, Castaño A, Esteban López M, Göen T, Mol H, Riou M, Tagne-Fotso R. Literature review and evaluation of biomarkers, matrices and analytical methods for chemicals selected in the research program Human Biomonitoring for the European Union (HBM4EU). ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 169:107458. [PMID: 36179646 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Humans are potentially exposed to a large amount of chemicals present in the environment and in the workplace. In the European Human Biomonitoring initiative (Human Biomonitoring for the European Union = HBM4EU), acrylamide, mycotoxins (aflatoxin B1, deoxynivalenol, fumonisin B1), diisocyanates (4,4'-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate, 2,4- and 2,6-toluene diisocyanate), and pyrethroids were included among the prioritized chemicals of concern for human health. For the present literature review, the analytical methods used in worldwide biomonitoring studies for these compounds were collected and presented in comprehensive tables, including the following parameter: determined biomarker, matrix, sample amount, work-up procedure, available laboratory quality assurance and quality assessment information, analytical techniques, and limit of detection. Based on the data presented in these tables, the most suitable methods were recommended. According to the paradigm of biomonitoring, the information about two different biomarkers of exposure was evaluated: a) internal dose = parent compounds and metabolites in urine and blood; and b) the biologically effective = dose measured as blood protein adducts. Urine was the preferred matrix used for deoxynivalenol, fumonisin B1, and pyrethroids (biomarkers of internal dose). Markers of the biological effective dose were determined as hemoglobin adducts for diisocyanates and acrylamide, and as serum-albumin-adducts of aflatoxin B1 and diisocyanates. The analyses and quantitation of the protein adducts in blood or the metabolites in urine were mostly performed with LC-MS/MS or GC-MS in the presence of isotope-labeled internal standards. This review also addresses the critical aspects of the application, use and selection of biomarkers. For future biomonitoring studies, a more comprehensive approach is discussed to broaden the selection of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Sabbioni
- Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Research and Transfer Service, Lugano, Switzerland; Institute of Environmental and Occupational Toxicology, Airolo, Switzerland; Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Argelia Castaño
- National Centre for Environmental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, Spain.
| | - Marta Esteban López
- National Centre for Environmental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, Spain.
| | - Thomas Göen
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (IPASUM), Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Hans Mol
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Part of Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Margaux Riou
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Santé publique France, The National Public Health Agency, Saint-Maurice, France.
| | - Romuald Tagne-Fotso
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Santé publique France, The National Public Health Agency, Saint-Maurice, France.
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Ndreu L, Sasse S, Karlberg AT, Karlsson I. Haptenation of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor: A Potential Biomarker for Contact Hypersensitivity. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 4:856614. [PMID: 35465102 PMCID: PMC9019732 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.856614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunological response in contact hypersensitivity is incited by small electrophilic compounds, known as haptens, that react with endogenous proteins after skin absorption. However, the identity of hapten-modified proteins seen as immunogenic remains as yet largely unknown. In a recent study, we have for the first time identified a hapten-modified protein in the local lymph nodes of mice treated topically with the model hapten tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate (TRITC). The TRITC modification was located on the N-terminal proline of the protein macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). The focus of the current study was to investigate the presence of the same hapten-protein conjugate in blood samples from mice treated topically with TRITC. Furthermore, TRITC modifications of the two major blood proteins, namely hemoglobin (Hb) and albumin (Alb), as well as TRITC modifications of MIF other than the N-terminal proline, were examined. Following incubation with different molar ratios of TRITC, a proteomic approach was applied to characterize conjugate formation of the three aforementioned proteins, using high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). The targeted screening of the TRITC-treated mice blood and lymph node samples for these sites led to the identification of only the same TRITC-MIF conjugate previously detected in the lymph nodes. No Hb and Alb conjugates were detected. Quantification of both the TRITC-modified and unmodified N-terminal peptide of MIF in blood and lymph node samples gave interesting insights of MIF’s role in murine contact hypersensitivity. Incubation of MIF with four different haptens encompassing different reactivity mechanisms and potencies, showed adduct formation at different amino acid residues, suggesting that MIF can be the preferred target for a wide variety of haptens. The present study provides essential progress toward understanding of hapten-protein conjugate formation in contact hypersensitivity and identifies hapten-modified MIF as a potential biomarker for this condition. Further investigation of MIF as a target protein can be a next step to determine if MIF is a biomarker that can be used to develop better diagnostic tools and targeted therapeutics for individuals with allergic contact dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Ndreu
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Samantha Sasse
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ann-Therese Karlberg
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Isabella Karlsson
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Isabella Karlsson,
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Abstract
Chemicals are measured regularly in air, food, the environment, and the workplace. Biomonitoring of chemicals in biological fluids is a tool to determine the individual exposure. Blood protein adducts of xenobiotics are a marker of both exposure and the biologically effective dose. Urinary metabolites and blood metabolites are short term exposure markers. Stable hemoglobin adducts are exposure markers of up to 120 days. Blood protein adducts are formed with many xenobiotics at different sites of the blood proteins. Newer methods apply the techniques developed in the field of proteomics. Larger adducted peptides with 20 amino acids are used for quantitation. Unfortunately, at present the methods do not reach the limits of detection obtained with the methods looking at single amino acid adducts or at chemically cleaved adducts. Therefore, to progress in the field new approaches are needed.
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12
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Xu S, Yang D, Wang B, Chen Y, Ye S, Qu J. Generation of a Sulfinamide Species from Facile N-O Bond Cleavage of Nitrosobenzene by a Thiolate-Bridged Diiron Complex. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:17374-17387. [PMID: 34617736 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c03542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The activation of nitrosobenzene promoted by transition-metal complexes has gained considerable interest due to its significance for understanding biological processes and catalytic C-N bond formation processes. Despite intensive studies in the past decades, there are only limited cases where electron-rich metal centers were commonly employed to achieve the N-O or C-N bond cleavage of the coordinated nitrosobenzene. In this regard, it is significant and challenging to construct a suitable functional system for examining its unique reactivity toward reductive activation of nitrosoarene. Herein, we present a {Fe2S2} functional platform that can activate nitrosobenzene via an unprecedented iron-directed thiolate insertion into the N-O bond to selectively generate a well-defined diiron benzenesulfinamide complex. Furthermore, computational studies support a proposal that in this concerted four-electron reduction process of nitrosobenzene the iron center serves as an important electron shuttle. Notably, compared to the intact bridging nitrosoarene ligand, the benzenesulfinamide moiety has priority to convert into aniline in the presence of separate or combined protons and reductants, which may imply the formation of the sulfinamide species accelerates reduction process of nitrosoarene. The reaction pattern presented here represents a novel activation mode of nitrosobenzene realized by a thiolate-bridged diiron complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunlin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P.R. China
| | - Dawei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P.R. China
| | - Baomin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P.R. China
| | - Yifeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China
| | - Shengfa Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P.R. China
| | - Jingping Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China
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13
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Wang Z, Yue G, Ji X, Song H, Yan P, Zhao J, Jia X. Tandem Michael Addition-Cyclization of Nitroalkenes with 1,3-Dicarbonyl Compounds Accompanied by Removal of Nitro Group. J Org Chem 2021; 86:14131-14143. [PMID: 34494850 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A tandem Michael addition-cyclization of nitroalkenes with 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds was developed using phase transfer catalyst (PTC), allowing for the synthesis of polysubstituted-[4,5]-dihydrofuran in high yields. A wide range of substrates were demonstrated by this one-step process. Meanwhile, nitro group was substituted to form corresponding nitrite ion detected in the aqueous phase providing a reasonable pathway for denitrating poisonous and explosive nitro-containing compounds. The proposed mechanism was also supported by our DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhizhao Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, PR China
| | - Guoren Yue
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, PR China
| | - Xiangdong Ji
- Key Laboratory of Hexi Corridor Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hexi University, Zhangye 734000, PR China
| | - Hai Song
- Key Laboratory of Hexi Corridor Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hexi University, Zhangye 734000, PR China
| | - Penji Yan
- Key Laboratory of Hexi Corridor Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hexi University, Zhangye 734000, PR China
| | - Jixing Zhao
- Analysis and Testing Center, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, PR China
| | - Xin Jia
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, PR China
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14
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Bellamri M, Walmsley SJ, Turesky RJ. Metabolism and biomarkers of heterocyclic aromatic amines in humans. Genes Environ 2021; 43:29. [PMID: 34271992 PMCID: PMC8284014 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-021-00200-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) form during the high-temperature cooking of meats, poultry, and fish. Some HAAs also arise during the combustion of tobacco. HAAs are multisite carcinogens in rodents, inducing cancer of the liver, gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, mammary, and prostate glands. HAAs undergo metabolic activation by N-hydroxylation of the exocyclic amine groups to produce the proposed reactive intermediate, the heteroaryl nitrenium ion, which is the critical metabolite implicated in DNA damage and genotoxicity. Humans efficiently convert HAAs to these reactive intermediates, resulting in HAA protein and DNA adduct formation. Some epidemiologic studies have reported an association between frequent consumption of well-done cooked meats and elevated cancer risk of the colorectum, pancreas, and prostate. However, other studies have reported no associations between cooked meat and these cancer sites. A significant limitation in epidemiology studies assessing the role of HAAs and cooked meat in cancer risk is their reliance on food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) to gauge HAA exposure. FFQs are problematic because of limitations in self-reported dietary history accuracy, and estimating HAA intake formed in cooked meats at the parts-per-billion level is challenging. There is a critical need to establish long-lived biomarkers of HAAs for implementation in molecular epidemiology studies designed to assess the role of HAAs in health risk. This review article highlights the mechanisms of HAA formation, mutagenesis and carcinogenesis, the metabolism of several prominent HAAs, and the impact of critical xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes on biological effects. The analytical approaches that have successfully biomonitored HAAs and their biomarkers for molecular epidemiology studies are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medjda Bellamri
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Cancer and Cardiovascular Research Building, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Scott J Walmsley
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Cancer and Cardiovascular Research Building, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.,Institute of Health Informatics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Robert J Turesky
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Cancer and Cardiovascular Research Building, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA. .,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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15
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Wu Y, Zhu J, Fu P, Tong W, Hong H, Chen M. Machine Learning for Predicting Risk of Drug-Induced Autoimmune Diseases by Structural Alerts and Daily Dose. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18137139. [PMID: 34281077 PMCID: PMC8296890 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18137139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
An effective approach for assessing a drug’s potential to induce autoimmune diseases (ADs) is needed in drug development. Here, we aim to develop a workflow to examine the association between structural alerts and drugs-induced ADs to improve toxicological prescreening tools. Considering reactive metabolite (RM) formation as a well-documented mechanism for drug-induced ADs, we investigated whether the presence of certain RM-related structural alerts was predictive for the risk of drug-induced AD. We constructed a database containing 171 RM-related structural alerts, generated a dataset of 407 AD- and non-AD-associated drugs, and performed statistical analysis. The nitrogen-containing benzene substituent alerts were found to be significantly associated with the risk of drug-induced ADs (odds ratio = 2.95, p = 0.0036). Furthermore, we developed a machine-learning-based predictive model by using daily dose and nitrogen-containing benzene substituent alerts as the top inputs and achieved the predictive performance of area under curve (AUC) of 70%. Additionally, we confirmed the reactivity of the nitrogen-containing benzene substituent aniline and related metabolites using quantum chemistry analysis and explored the underlying mechanisms. These identified structural alerts could be helpful in identifying drug candidates that carry a potential risk of drug-induced ADs to improve their safety profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wu
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA; (Y.W.); (J.Z.); (W.T.); (H.H.)
| | - Jieqiang Zhu
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA; (Y.W.); (J.Z.); (W.T.); (H.H.)
| | - Peter Fu
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Division of Biochemical Toxicology, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA;
| | - Weida Tong
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA; (Y.W.); (J.Z.); (W.T.); (H.H.)
| | - Huixiao Hong
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA; (Y.W.); (J.Z.); (W.T.); (H.H.)
| | - Minjun Chen
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA; (Y.W.); (J.Z.); (W.T.); (H.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Fax: +1-870-543-7865
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16
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Linhart I, Hanzlíková I, Mráz J, Dušková Š, Tvrdíková M, Vachová H. Novel aminoarylcysteine adducts in globin of rats dosed with naphthylamine and nitronaphthalene isomers. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:79-89. [PMID: 33156369 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02907-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Novel aminonaphthylcysteine (ANC) adducts, formed via naphthylnitrenium ions and/or their metabolic precursors in the biotransformation of naphthylamines (NA) and nitronaphthalenes (NN), were identified and quantified in globin of rats dosed intraperitoneally with 0.16 mmol/kg b.w. of 1-NA, 1-NN, 2-NA and 2-NN. Using HPLC-ESI-MS2 analysis of the globin hydrolysates, S-(1-amino-2-naphthyl)cysteine (1A2NC) together with S-(4-amino-1-naphthyl)cysteine (4A1NC) were found in rats given 1-NA or 1-NN, and S-(2-amino-1-naphthyl)cysteine (2A1NC) in those given 2-NA or 2-NN. The highest level of ANC was produced by the most mutagenic and carcinogenic isomer 2-NA (35.8 ± 5.4 nmol/g globin). The ratio of ANC adduct levels for 1-NA, 1-NN, 2-NA and 2-NN was 1:2:100:3, respectively. Notably, the ratio of 1A2NC:4A1NC in globin of rats dosed with 1-NA and 1-NN differed significantly (2:98 versus 16:84 respectively), indicating differences in mechanism of the adduct formation. Moreover, aminonaphthylmercapturic acids, formed via conjugation of naphthylnitrenium ions and/or their metabolic precursors with glutathione, were identified in the rat urine. Their amounts excreted after dosing rats with 1-NA, 1-NN, 2-NA and 2-NN were in the ratio 1:100:40:2, respectively. For all four compounds tested, haemoglobin binding index for ANC was several-fold higher than that for the sulphinamide adducts, generated via nitrosoarene metabolites. Due to involvement of electrophilic intermediates in their formation, ANC adducts in globin may become toxicologically more relevant biomarkers of cumulative exposure to carcinogenic or non-carcinogenic arylamines and nitroarenes than the currently used sulphinamide adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Linhart
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Iveta Hanzlíková
- National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Šrobárova 48, 100 42, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Mráz
- National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Šrobárova 48, 100 42, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Šárka Dušková
- National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Šrobárova 48, 100 42, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Tvrdíková
- National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Šrobárova 48, 100 42, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Vachová
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic
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17
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Vorkamp K, Castaño A, Antignac JP, Boada LD, Cequier E, Covaci A, Esteban López M, Haug LS, Kasper-Sonnenberg M, Koch HM, Pérez Luzardo O, Osīte A, Rambaud L, Pinorini MT, Sabbioni G, Thomsen C. Biomarkers, matrices and analytical methods targeting human exposure to chemicals selected for a European human biomonitoring initiative. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 146:106082. [PMID: 33227583 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The major purpose of human biomonitoring is the mapping and assessment of human exposure to chemicals. The European initiative HBM4EU has prioritized seven substance groups and two metals relevant for human exposure: Phthalates and substitutes (1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester, DINCH), bisphenols, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), halogenated and organophosphorous flame retardants (HFRs and OPFRs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), arylamines, cadmium and chromium. As a first step towards comparable European-wide data, the most suitable biomarkers, human matrices and analytical methods for each substance group or metal were selected from the scientific literature, based on a set of selection criteria. The biomarkers included parent compounds of PFASs and HFRs in serum, of bisphenols and arylamines in urine, metabolites of phthalates, DINCH, OPFRs and PAHs in urine as well as metals in blood and urine, with a preference to measure Cr in erythrocytes representing Cr (VI) exposure. High performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was the method of choice for bisphenols, PFASs, the HFR hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD), phenolic HFRs as well as the metabolites of phthalates, DINCH, OPFRs and PAHs in urine. Gas chromatographic (GC) methods were selected for the remaining compounds, e.g. GC-low resolution MS with electron capture negative ionization (ECNI) for HFRs. Both GC-MS and LC-MS/MS were suitable for arylamines. New developments towards increased applications of GC-MS/MS may offer alternatives to GC-MS or LC-MS/MS approaches, e.g. for bisphenols. The metals were best determined by inductively coupled plasma (ICP)-MS, with the particular challenge of avoiding interferences in the Cd determination in urine. The evaluation process revealed research needs towards higher sensitivity and non-invasive sampling as well as a need for more stringent quality assurance/quality control applications and assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Vorkamp
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Denmark.
| | - Argelia Castaño
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, National Centre for Environmental Health, Spain.
| | | | - Luis D Boada
- University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Institute for Biomedical and Health Research, Spain.
| | | | - Adrian Covaci
- University of Antwerp, Toxicological Centre, Belgium.
| | - Marta Esteban López
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, National Centre for Environmental Health, Spain.
| | - Line S Haug
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway.
| | - Monika Kasper-Sonnenberg
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance - Institute of the Ruhr-University, Germany.
| | - Holger M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance - Institute of the Ruhr-University, Germany.
| | - Octavio Pérez Luzardo
- University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Institute for Biomedical and Health Research, Spain.
| | - Agnese Osīte
- University of Latvia, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Latvia.
| | - Loïc Rambaud
- Santé Publique France, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, France.
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18
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Sabbioni G, Day BW. Prioritizing aromatic amines for biomonitoring studies. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 328:109191. [PMID: 32649936 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Sabbioni
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Toxicology, CH-6780, Airolo, Switzerland; Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-80336, München, Germany.
| | - Billy W Day
- Medantox LLC, Pittsburgh, PA, 15241, USA; ReNeuroGen LLC, Elm Grove, WI, 53122, USA
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19
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Sabbioni G, Berset JD, Day BW. Is It Realistic to Propose Determination of a Lifetime Internal Exposome? Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:2010-2021. [PMID: 32672951 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Biomonitoring of xenobiotics has been performed for many years in occupational and environmental medicine. It has revealed hidden exposures and the exposure of workers could be reduced. Although most of the toxic effects of chemicals on humans were discovered in workers, the scientific community has more recently focused on environmental samples. In several countries, urinary and blood samples have been collected and analyzed for xenobiotics. Health, biochemical, and clinical parameters were measured in the biomonitoring program of the Unites States. The data were collected and evaluated as group values, comparing races, ages, and gender. The term exposome was created in order to relate chemical exposure to health effects together with the terms genome, proteome, and transcriptome. Internal exposures were mostly established with snapshot measurements, which can lead to an obvious misclassification of the individual exposures. Albumin and hemoglobin adducts of xenobiotics reflect the exposure of a larger time frame, up to 120 days. It is likely that only a small fraction of xenobiotics form such adducts. In addition, adduct analyses are more work intensive than the measurement of xenobiotics and metabolites in urine and/or blood. New technology, such as high-resolution mass spectrometry, will enable the discovery of new compounds that have been overlooked in the past, since over 300,000 chemicals are commercially available and most likely also present in the environment. Yet, quantification will be challenging, as it was for the older methods. At this stage, determination of a lifetime internal exposome is very unrealistic. Instead of an experimental approach with a large number of people, which is economically and scientifically not feasible, in silico methods should be developed further to predict exposure, toxicity, and potential health effects of mixtures. The computer models will help to focus internal exposure investigations on smaller groups of people and smaller number of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Sabbioni
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Toxicology, CH-6780 Airolo, Switzerland.,Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-80336 München, Germany
| | - Jean-Daniel Berset
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Toxicology, CH-6780 Airolo, Switzerland
| | - Billy W Day
- Medantox LLC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15241, United States.,ReNeuroGen LLC, Elm Grove, Wisconsin 53122, United States
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20
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Metzler M, Bitsch A, Degen GH. The life of Hans-Günter Neumann and his contributions to chemical carcinogenesis. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:1773-1778. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02713-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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21
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Jiao Y, Cui CF, He HY, He C, Duan CY. Fluorescent Recognition of 4-Amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene by a Cerium-Based Metal–Organic Tetrahedron. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:6575-6578. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b03077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Zhou Y, Liu X, Jiang W, Shu Y, Xu G. A theoretical insight into the reaction mechanisms of a 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene nitroso metabolite with thiols for toxic effects. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2019; 8:270-276. [PMID: 30997026 PMCID: PMC6430087 DOI: 10.1039/c8tx00326b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is a class C carcinogen as rated by the Environmental Protection Agency. One of the toxicity mechanisms of TNT is the covalent binding of its metabolites to critical proteins. However, knowledge about their molecular reaction mechanisms is scarce. Herein, we have provided density functional theory (DFT) simulation evidences for the reaction mechanisms of the nitroso metabolite of TNT with the sulfhydryl group of model thiols for the first time. The results show that the solvent-mediated proton-transfer mechanism plays a significant role in the entire process. For the formation of semimercaptal, the mechanism is slightly different from the previous one where the thiolate anion attacks the nitroso group. The rearrangement of semimercaptal needs to be triggered by an acid or hydrated ion (H3O+), which is consistent with the previous assumption. The other pathway, the conversion of semimercaptal to hydroxylamine, has to overcome a higher barrier, although it does not need the participation of an acid or a hydrated ion. In addition, the details on transition states, intermediates and free energy surfaces for three reactions are given, which make up for the lack of experimental knowledge. These conclusions can help to deeply understand the toxic effects of TNT and other nitroaromatic explosives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering , Sichuan University of Science and Engineering , Zigong 643000 , China .
- Institute of Chemical Materials , China Academy of Engineering and Physics , 621900 Mianyang , China
| | - Xiaoqiang Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering , Sichuan University of Science and Engineering , Zigong 643000 , China .
| | - Weidong Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering , Sichuan University of Science and Engineering , Zigong 643000 , China .
| | - Yuanjie Shu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering , Sichuan University of Science and Engineering , Zigong 643000 , China .
| | - Guojun Xu
- The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University , 116000 Dalian , China .
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