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Electronic nicotine delivery system design and aerosol toxicants: A systematic review. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234189. [PMID: 32497139 PMCID: PMC7272070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS; e-cigarettes), consisting of a battery, heating element and e-liquid, have evolved significantly with wide variation in design, components, operating powers, and chemical constituents. Generated aerosols have been reported to contain potentially toxic substances. We conducted a systematic review to assess what is known about the presence of toxicants in ENDS aerosols in order to inform how system design could mitigate risk. METHODS Articles reporting on or evaluating design characteristics of ENDS and aerosol constituents were included and summarized. RESULTS The search identified 2,305 articles, of which 92 were included after full-text review. Findings were grouped into 6 major categories of potentially harmful chemicals: carbonyls, volatile organic chemicals, trace elements, reactive oxygen species and free radicals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and tobacco-specific nitrosamines. In general, higher concentrations of aerosol toxicants are associated with increased power or voltage. Aerosol toxicants are also associated with e-liquid flavoring agents existing as primary ingredients or as products of thermal degradation. CONCLUSIONS Improved ENDS design can reduce toxicant levels. Additional research is needed to develop a framework for optimizing system characteristics to minimize exposure, especially with respect to heating power and e-liquids. Both manufacturers and regulatory agencies have roles in reducing toxicants and potential health risks from ENDS.
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Bozzella MJ, Magyar M, DeBiasi RL, Ferrer K. Epiglottitis Associated With Intermittent E-cigarette Use: The Vagaries of Vaping Toxicity. Pediatrics 2020; 145:peds.2019-2399. [PMID: 32024750 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2019-2399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
An adolescent female patient presenting with subacute onset of dysphagia and hoarseness underwent a direct laryngoscopy, which revealed epiglottitis. After 2 hospitalizations and multiple consultations and biopsies, all infectious testing results for viral, bacterial, fungal, and acid-fast bacilli etiologies were negative. The patient's use of electronic cigarettes was the only exposure elicited with a likely role in her presentation. This case, combined with the growing body of evidence revealing the toxic effects of vaping and the increasing use of electronic cigarettes among adolescent patients, highlights the many unknowns and risks regarding the biological effects of this practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew Magyar
- Hospitalist Medicine, Children's National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia; and
| | - Roberta L DeBiasi
- Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Kathleen Ferrer
- Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and.,Hospitalist Medicine, Children's National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia; and.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
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Cromwell B, Mota LC, Levine M. Detection of Potentially Toxic Additives in Electronic Cigarettes and Cigarette Flavourings. ANAL LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2019.1708922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Cromwell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Lisa Cid Mota
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Mindy Levine
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
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Shein M, Jeschke G. Comparison of Free Radical Levels in the Aerosol from Conventional Cigarettes, Electronic Cigarettes, and Heat-Not-Burn Tobacco Products. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:1289-1298. [PMID: 30932480 PMCID: PMC6584902 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aerosols from electronic cigarettes and heat-not-burn tobacco products have been found to contain lower levels of almost all compounds from the list of Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents known to be present in tobacco products and tobacco smoke than smoke from conventional cigarettes. Free radicals, which also pose potential health risks, are not considered in this list, and their levels in the different product types have not yet been compared under standardized conditions. We compared the type and quantity of free radicals in mainstream aerosol of 3R4F research cigarettes, two types of electronic cigarettes, and a heat-not-burn tobacco product. Free radicals and NO in the gas phases were separately spin trapped and quantified by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy by using a smoking machine for aerosol generation and a flow-through cell to enhance reproducibility of the quantification. Particulate matter was separated by a Cambridge filter and extracted, and persistent radicals were quantified by EPR spectroscopy. Levels of organic radicals for electronic cigarettes and the heat-not-burn product, as measured with the PBN spin trap, did not exceed 1% of the level observed for conventional cigarettes and were close to the radical level observed in air blanks. The radicals found in the smoke of conventional cigarettes were oxygen centered, most probably alkoxy radicals, whereas a signal for carbon-centered radicals near the detection limit was observed in aerosol from the heat-not-burn product and electronic cigarettes. The NO level in aerosol produced by electronic cigarettes was below our detection limit, whereas for the heat-not-burn product, it reached about 7% of the level observed for whole smoke from 3R4F cigarettes. Persistent radicals in particulate matter could be quantified only for 3R4F cigarettes. Aerosols from vaping and heat-not-burn tobacco products have much lower free radical levels than cigarette smoke, however, the toxicological implications of this finding are as yet unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gunnar Jeschke
- Department of Chemistry and
Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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Kasza KA, Coleman B, Sharma E, Conway KP, Cummings KM, Goniewicz ML, Niaura RS, Lambert EY, Schneller LM, Feirman SP, Donaldson EA, Cheng YC, Murphy I, Pearson JL, Trinidad DR, Bansal-Travers M, Elton-Marshall T, Gundersen DA, Stanton CA, Abrams DB, Fong GT, Borek N, Compton WM, Hyland AJ. Correlates of Transitions in Tobacco Product Use by U.S. Adult Tobacco Users between 2013⁻2014 and 2014⁻2015: Findings from the PATH Study Wave 1 and Wave 2. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E2556. [PMID: 30441875 PMCID: PMC6266124 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15112556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
More than half of adult tobacco users in the United States (U.S.) transitioned in tobacco product use between 2013⁻2014 and 2014⁻2015. We examine how characteristics of adult tobacco users in the U.S. relate to transitions in tobacco product use. Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study data were analyzed from 12,862 adult current tobacco users who participated in Wave 1 (W1, 2013⁻2014) and Wave 2 (W2, 2014⁻2015). Three types of transitions were examined-(1) adding tobacco product(s); (2) switching to non-cigarette tobacco product(s); and (3) discontinuing all tobacco use-among those currently using: (1) any tobacco product; (2) cigarettes only (i.e., exclusive cigarette); and (3) cigarettes plus another tobacco product(s) (i.e., poly-cigarette). Multinomial logistic regression analyses determined relative risk of type of transition versus no transition as a function of demographic and tobacco use characteristics. Transitions in tobacco product use among adult tobacco users were common overall, but varied among different demographic groups, including by age, sex, sexual orientation, race/ethnicity, educational attainment, and poverty level. Further, cigarette smokers with higher dependence scores were more likely to add product(s) and less likely to discontinue tobacco use compared to those with low dependence scores. That high nicotine dependence is a barrier to discontinuing tobacco use adds evidence to support policy to lower nicotine content of cigarettes and to evaluate new products for their potential to reduce cigarette use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin A Kasza
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
| | - Blair Coleman
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
| | | | - Kevin P Conway
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - K Michael Cummings
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
| | - Maciej L Goniewicz
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
| | - Raymond S Niaura
- The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies, Truth Initiative, Washington, DC 20001, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Y Lambert
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Liane M Schneller
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
| | - Shari P Feirman
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
| | - Elisabeth A Donaldson
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
| | - Yu-Ching Cheng
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
| | - Iilun Murphy
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
| | - Jennifer L Pearson
- The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies, Truth Initiative, Washington, DC 20001, USA.
| | - Dennis R Trinidad
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Maansi Bansal-Travers
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
| | - Tara Elton-Marshall
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, London, ON M5T 1R8, Canada.
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada.
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
- Ontario Tobacco Research Unit, Toronto, ON M5S 2S1, Canada.
| | - Daniel A Gundersen
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, Somerset, NJ 08873, USA.
- Survey and Data Management Core, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | | | - David B Abrams
- The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies, Truth Initiative, Washington, DC 20001, USA.
| | - Geoffrey T Fong
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON M5G 0A3, Canada.
| | - Nicolette Borek
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
| | - Wilson M Compton
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Andrew J Hyland
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
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