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Hartendorp AT, Ahlal I, Visser WF, Baloe EP, Lensen DGW, van Alphen MJ, Nagtegaal H, de Ruijter W, Klerx WNM, Talhout R. Determination of Nicotine Protonation State in E-Liquids by Low-Resolution Benchtop NMR Spectroscopy. Chem Res Toxicol 2024; 37:1283-1289. [PMID: 39053905 PMCID: PMC11337208 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Over several years, e-liquids with "nicotine salts" have gained considerable popularity. These e-liquids have a low pH, at which nicotine occurs mostly in its monoprotonated form. Manufacturers usually accomplish this by the addition of an organic acid, such as levulinic acid, benzoic acid, or lactic acid. Nicotine in its protonated form can be more easily inhaled, enhancing the addictiveness and attractiveness of products. Several techniques have been described for measuring the protonation state of nicotine in e-liquids. However, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is particularly suited for this purpose because it can be performed on unaltered e-liquids. In this article, we demonstrate the suitability of a benchtop NMR (60 MHz) instrument for determining the protonation state of nicotine in e-liquids. The method is subsequently applied to measure the protonation state of 33 commercially available e-liquids and to investigate whether the vaping process alters the protonation state of nicotine. For this purpose, the protonation state in the condensed aerosol obtained by automated vaping of different e-liquids was compared with that of the original e-liquids. Two distinct populations were observed in the protonation state of nicotine in commercial e-liquids: free-base (fraction of free-base nicotine αfb > 0.80) and protonated (αfb < 0.40). For 30 e-liquids out of 33, the information on the packaging regarding the presence of nicotine salt was in agreement with the observed protonation state. Three e-liquids contained nicotine salt, even though this was not stated on the packaging. Measuring the protonation state of nicotine before and after (machine) vaping revealed that the protonation state of e-liquids is not affected by vaping. In conclusion, it is possible to determine the nicotine protonation state with the described method. Two clusters can be distinguished in the protonation state of commercial e-liquids, and the protonation state of nicotine remains unchanged after vaping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnout
P. T. Hartendorp
- Centre for Health
Protection, National Institute for Public
Health and the Environment
(RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721
MA Bilthoven, The
Netherlands
| | - Imane Ahlal
- Centre for Health
Protection, National Institute for Public
Health and the Environment
(RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721
MA Bilthoven, The
Netherlands
| | - Wouter F. Visser
- Centre for Health
Protection, National Institute for Public
Health and the Environment
(RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721
MA Bilthoven, The
Netherlands
| | - Ernesto P. Baloe
- Centre for Health
Protection, National Institute for Public
Health and the Environment
(RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721
MA Bilthoven, The
Netherlands
| | - Daan G. W. Lensen
- Centre for Health
Protection, National Institute for Public
Health and the Environment
(RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721
MA Bilthoven, The
Netherlands
| | - Max J. van Alphen
- Centre for Health
Protection, National Institute for Public
Health and the Environment
(RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721
MA Bilthoven, The
Netherlands
| | - Hetty Nagtegaal
- Centre for Health
Protection, National Institute for Public
Health and the Environment
(RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721
MA Bilthoven, The
Netherlands
| | - Wilbert de Ruijter
- Centre for Health
Protection, National Institute for Public
Health and the Environment
(RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721
MA Bilthoven, The
Netherlands
| | - Walther N. M. Klerx
- Centre for Health
Protection, National Institute for Public
Health and the Environment
(RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721
MA Bilthoven, The
Netherlands
| | - Reinskje Talhout
- Centre for Health
Protection, National Institute for Public
Health and the Environment
(RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721
MA Bilthoven, The
Netherlands
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2
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Li L, Wen J, Deng Y, Yang J, Yuan Y, Shen Y, Liu G, Tian Y, Lei D. Direct Extraction and Determination of Free Nicotine in Cigarette Smoke. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2024; 2024:9273705. [PMID: 38737631 PMCID: PMC11088464 DOI: 10.1155/2024/9273705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
The accurate determination of the free nicotine content in cigarette smoke is crucial for assessing cigarette quality, studying harm and addiction, and reducing tar levels. Currently, the determination of free nicotine in tobacco products primarily relies on methods such as pH calculation, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME), and traditional solvent extraction. However, these methods have limitations that restrict their widespread application. In this study, the free nicotine in cigarette smoke was directly extracted by using cyclohexane according to the traditional solvent extraction method and detected via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Compared with the traditional two-phase solvent extraction, our experimental method is easy to execute and eliminates the influence of aqueous solutions on the original distribution of nicotine in cigarette smoke particulate matter. Furthermore, the presence of protonated nicotine in tobacco does not affect the determination. Compared with HS-SPME and NMR spectroscopy, our approach, which involves solvent extraction followed by chromatographic separation and instrumental detection, offers simplicity, improved precision, better detection limits, and reduced interference during the instrumental detection stage. The standard addition recoveries in the conducted experiment ranged from 96.2% to 102.5%. The limit of detection was 2.8 μg/cig, and the correlation coefficient (R2) for the quadratic regression of the standard curve exceeded 0.999. The relative standard deviation for parallel samples was between 1.7% and 3.4% (n = 5), fully meeting the requirements for the determination of free nicotine in cigarette smoke. Analysis of cigarette samples from 38 commercially available brands revealed that the content of free nicotine ranged from 0.376 to 0.716 mg/cig, with an average of 0.540 mg/cig, and free nicotine accounted for 39.1%-88.8% of the total nicotine content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Co., Ltd., No. 56, Section 1 of Cheng Long Avenue, Jinjiang District, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Jing Wen
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Co., Ltd., No. 56, Section 1 of Cheng Long Avenue, Jinjiang District, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Yuyang Deng
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Co., Ltd., No. 56, Section 1 of Cheng Long Avenue, Jinjiang District, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Juan Yang
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Co., Ltd., No. 56, Section 1 of Cheng Long Avenue, Jinjiang District, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Yue Yuan
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Co., Ltd., No. 56, Section 1 of Cheng Long Avenue, Jinjiang District, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Yi Shen
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Co., Ltd., No. 56, Section 1 of Cheng Long Avenue, Jinjiang District, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Guoce Liu
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Co., Ltd., No. 56, Section 1 of Cheng Long Avenue, Jinjiang District, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Yonghong Tian
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Co., Ltd., No. 56, Section 1 of Cheng Long Avenue, Jinjiang District, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Dean Lei
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Co., Ltd., No. 56, Section 1 of Cheng Long Avenue, Jinjiang District, Chengdu 610066, China
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Kim YH, Kim SH. Development and validation of a method for preparing heated tobacco product aerosol condensate (HTPAC) for large-scale toxicity data acquisition. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 267:115621. [PMID: 37879201 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
A method of preparing heated tobacco product aerosol condensate (HTPAC) was developed to expedite HTP toxicity evaluation, and the effectiveness was assessed. To prepare HTPAC, HTP aerosol was generated and collected using a Cambridge filter (particulate phase) and Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline (DPBS; gaseous phase). The aerosol collected on the Cambridge filter was extracted using methanol, which was thereafter removed by nitrogen purging. The HTP aerosol residue was mixed with DPBS loaded with the collected HTP vapor, ultimately yielding HTPAC. Nicotine and formaldehyde, key harmful compounds in HTP aerosol, were detected in HTPAC (901 ± 224 and 22.2 ± 3.90 µg stick-1, respectively, comparable to those in HTP aerosol (990-1350 (nicotine) and 2.33-21.9 µg stick-1 (formaldehyde)). Propylene glycol and vegetable glycerin, which influence the amount of HTP aerosol, were detected at similar levels in HTPAC and HTP aerosol (propylene glycol = 616 ± 57.1 (HTPAC) and 320-630 µg stick-1 (aerosol) and vegetable glycerin = 2418 ± 224 (HTPAC) and 1667-4000 µg stick-1 (aerosol)). Known components of HTP aerosol (hydroxyacetone, acetic acid, triacetin, and 2-furanmethanol) were also detected in HTPAC. Consequently, HTPAC offers an effective method for concentrating harmful compounds found in HTP aerosols. This, in turn, facilitates comprehensive toxicity assessments, paving the way for guidelines ensuring the safe utilization of HTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hyun Kim
- Department of Environment & Energy, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54896, Republic of Korea; School of Civil, Environmental, Resources and Energy Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54896, Republic of Korea; Soil Environment Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54896, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung-Hwan Kim
- Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do 56212, Republic of Korea
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Berthet A, Butty A, Rossier J, Sadowski IJ, Froidevaux P. 210Po and 210Pb content in the smoke of Heated Tobacco Products versus Conventional Cigarette smoking. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10314. [PMID: 35725999 PMCID: PMC9207432 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14200-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
210Po is a radioactive component of conventional cigarette tobacco smoke and is a recognized carcinogen. Despite the expanding market of heated tobacco products, no data are available on the activity of 210Po in the smoke of IQOS Heets cigarette. We determined the 210Po activity in the mainstream smoke of thirteen cigarette brands available on the Swiss market using a smoking machine and compared the results to the 210Po activity measured in the mainstream smoke of the IQOS system. In addition, we measured the 210Po and 210Pb loss on heating after uniform heating from 50 to 600 °C for several cigarette brands and the Heets cigarettes. 13.6 ± 4.1% of 210Po activity was found in the mainstream smoke in conventional cigarette smoking (7% for 210Pb). This dropped to 1.8 ± 0.3% in the mainstream smoke of IQOS Heets. Conversely, when the tobacco was heated uniformly at 330 °C, a loss of 210Po of more than 80% was observed for all type of cigarettes. Apparently, IQOS significantly reduced the 210Po and 210Pb activities in the mainstream smoke. However, our results show that only 15% of the Heets tobacco reaches 330 °C with IQOS. While IQOS reduces the 210Po and 210Pb activities in the mainstream smoke compared to conventional cigarettes, it only heats a marginal fraction of the tobacco present in the Heets cigarette. Because smoking is an addiction (mostly due to nicotine), IQOS could possibly deliver an unsatisfactory dose of nicotine to a Heets cigarette smoker, as most of the tobacco is left unaltered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Berthet
- University of Lausanne, Ctr Primary Care & Publ Hlth Unisante, 1010, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Audrey Butty
- University of Lausanne, Ctr Primary Care & Publ Hlth Unisante, 1010, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jérémie Rossier
- Institute of Radiation Physics, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Grand Pré 1, 1007, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Pascal Froidevaux
- Institute of Radiation Physics, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Grand Pré 1, 1007, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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5
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El-Kaassamani M, Yen M, Talih S, El-Hellani A. Analysis of mainstream emissions, secondhand emissions and the environmental impact of IQOS waste: a systematic review on IQOS that accounts for data source. Tob Control 2022; 33:tobaccocontrol-2021-056986. [PMID: 35568394 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-056986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To highlight the general features of IQOS literature focusing on the chemical analysis of IQOS emissions. DATA SOURCES PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus databases were searched on 8 November 2021 using the terms 'heated tobacco product', 'heat-not-burn', 'IQOS' and 'tobacco heating system' with time restriction (2010-2021). The search yielded 5480 records. STUDY SELECTION Relevant publications on topics related to IQOS assessment were retrieved (n=341). Two reviewers worked separately and reached agreement by consensus. DATA EXTRACTION Data on author affiliation and funding, article type and date of publication were extracted. Publications were categorised depending on their focus and outcomes. Data on IQOS emissions from the chemical analysis category were extracted. DATA SYNTHESIS Of the included publications, 25% were published by Philip Morris International (PMI) affiliates or PMI-funded studies. PMI-sponsored publications on emissions, toxicology assessments and health effects were comparable in number to those reported by independent research, in contrast to publications on IQOS use, market trends and regulation. Data on nicotine yield, carbonyl emissions, other mainstream emissions, secondhand emissions and IQOS waste were compared between data sources to highlight agreement or disagreement between PMI-sponsored and independent research. CONCLUSIONS Our analysis showed agreement between the data sources on nicotine yield from IQOS under the same puffing conditions. Also, both sources agreed that IQOS emits significantly reduced levels of some emissions compared with combustible cigarettes. However, independent studies and examination of PMI's data showed significant increases in other emissions from and beyond the Food and Drug Administration's harmful and potentially harmful constituents list.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malak El-Kaassamani
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Miaoshan Yen
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Soha Talih
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ahmad El-Hellani
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Public Health, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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6
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Meehan-Atrash J, Luo W, McWhirter KJ, Dennis DG, Sarlah D, Jensen RP, Afreh I, Jiang J, Barsanti KC, Ortiz A, Strongin RM. The influence of terpenes on the release of volatile organic compounds and active ingredients to cannabis vaping aerosols. RSC Adv 2021; 11:11714-11723. [PMID: 35423635 PMCID: PMC8695911 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00934f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoid and VOC emissions from vaping cannabis concentrates vary depending on terpene content, power level and consumption method.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wentai Luo
- Department of Chemistry
- Portland State University
- Portland
- USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
| | - Kevin J. McWhirter
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
- Portland State University
- Portland
- USA
| | - David G. Dennis
- Roger Adams Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Illinois
- Urbana
- USA
| | - David Sarlah
- Roger Adams Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Illinois
- Urbana
- USA
| | | | - Isaac Afreh
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology
- University of California-Riverside
- Riverside
- USA
| | - Jia Jiang
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology
- University of California-Riverside
- Riverside
- USA
| | - Kelley C. Barsanti
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology
- University of California-Riverside
- Riverside
- USA
| | - Alisha Ortiz
- Department of Chemistry
- Portland State University
- Portland
- USA
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Harvanko AM, Havel CM, Jacob P, Benowitz NL. Characterization of Nicotine Salts in 23 Electronic Cigarette Refill Liquids. Nicotine Tob Res 2020; 22:1239-1243. [PMID: 31821492 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntz232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many electronic cigarette manufacturers have begun offering liquids containing "nicotine salts," which are formed when an acid is mixed in a solution with free-base nicotine. Type of salt could play a significant role in the abuse liability of electronic cigarette liquids. As a first step to understanding nicotine salts, this study sought to identify the types of acids present in 23 commercially available electronic cigarette liquids. AIMS AND METHODS Twenty-three electronic cigarette liquids advertised as containing nicotine salts were purchased for analysis. These liquids were tested for the presence of 11 different organic acids that were deemed likely to be used in a nicotine salt formulation. Liquids were analyzed using a combination of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry methods, then compared to authentic acid standards for identification. RESULTS Six of the 11 possible acids were identified in the liquids, from most to least common: lactic, benzoic, levulinic, salicyclic, malic, and tartaric acid. Acid(s) could not be identified in one of the liquids. Though most liquids contained only one type, three of the liquids contained multiple acids. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that several types of salts/acids are currently being used in electronic cigarette liquids. The type and concentration of salt(s) used in these liquids may differentially alter sensations in the throat and upper airway, and overall pharmacology of the aerosols by altering liquid pH and from flavor and sensory characteristics of the acids themselves. IMPLICATIONS This study demonstrates that at least six different types of acids are being used to create the nicotine salts in electronic cigarette liquids, with the acids lactic, benzoic, and levulinic being the most frequently identified. Identification of these acids can serve as the foundation for future research to determine if type of nicotine salt alters pharmacological and toxicological effects of electronic cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arit M Harvanko
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Christopher M Havel
- Clinical Pharmacology Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Peyton Jacob
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA
- Clinical Pharmacology Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Neal L Benowitz
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA
- Clinical Pharmacology Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA
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Gholap VV, Kosmider L, Golshahi L, Halquist MS. Nicotine forms: why and how do they matter in nicotine delivery from electronic cigarettes? Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2020; 17:1727-1736. [PMID: 32842785 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2020.1814736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Unregulated e-cigarette devices and their nicotine content have amplified the potential of e-cigarettes as addictive agents. Several e-cigarette-related parameters have been identified altering nicotine's absorption profile, so their potential effects on addiction should be considered. Of these factors, nicotine forms (protonated and free base) play a significant role in the addiction potential yet their impact on nicotine's absorption has been studied with limited research. AREAS COVERED Current review aims to emphasize on the possible mechanism behind different absorption profiles of nicotine forms considering their physical states (droplet and vapor phase) and the aerosol particle size, their analysis in e-cigarette research and the regulatory attention warranted by them to combat nicotine addiction in the population due to e-cigarettes. EXPERT OPINION The protonated form of nicotine is being correlated with the smooth sensory effects and high nicotine absorption as compared to free base nicotine. With the introduction of nicotine salts, which yield mostly the protonated form, the youth popularity of e-cigarettes has spiked exponentially. While it is important to control nicotine levels in e-cigarette products, attention should also be given to the nicotine forms present in these products in order to address nicotine addiction in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinit V Gholap
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Leon Kosmider
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Medical University of Silesia , Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Laleh Golshahi
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Matthew S Halquist
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia, USA
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Jackson A, Grobman B, Krishnan-Sarin S. Recent findings in the pharmacology of inhaled nicotine: Preclinical and clinical in vivo studies. Neuropharmacology 2020; 176:108218. [PMID: 32592708 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The rise of vaping in adolescents, the recent entrance of new inhaled nicotine products such as iQOS on the market and e-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury cases has created concern for the use of inhaled non-combustible nicotine products. This narrative review discusses recent experimental in vivo studies that utilize human, rat and mouse models to understand the pharmacological impact of nicotine from non-combustible products. METHODS The search engine PubMed was utilized with the following search terms: inhaled nicotine, nicotine e-cigarette, heated tobacco products, iQOS, electronic cigarette, nicotine inhaler, nicotine vaping. This review highlights recent primary in vivo studies of inhaled nicotine administration experimental paradigms that occurred in laboratory settings using human and rodent (rats and mice) models that have been published from January 2017-December 2019. RESULTS The pharmacokinetics of nicotine via e-cigarettes is influenced by the PG/VG and flavor constituents in e-liquids, the presence of nicotine salts in e-liquids, puff topography of nicotine and tobacco product users and the power of the e-cigarette device. The pharmacodynamic impact of inhaled nicotine has cardiovascular, pulmonary and central nervous system implications. CONCLUSION The articles reviewed here highlight the importance of both animal and human models to fully understand the impact of inhaled nicotine pharmacology There is a need for more rodent pharmacokinetic inhaled nicotine studies to understand the influences of factors such as flavor and nicotine salts. Additionally, consensus on nicotine measurement in both human and rodent studies is greatly needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asti Jackson
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, United States.
| | - Ben Grobman
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, United States
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Maiti M, Sarkar M, Liu D. Mechanism of nicotine degradation and adsorption by a nano-TiO 2 engineered reduced graphene oxide composite in light variant conditions. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy00073f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Excellent nicotine degradation was demonstrated by the rGO–TiO2 nanohybrid due to ROS generation under UV irradiation as well as nicotine adsorption on defective carbon rings of the rGO–TiO2 nanohybrid in visible light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moumita Maiti
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science
- Zhejiang University
- China
| | - Manas Sarkar
- Institute of Advanced Engineering Structures and Materials
- Zhejiang University
- China
| | - Donghong Liu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science
- Zhejiang University
- China
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