1
|
Caliskanyürek V, Riabchunova A, Kupfer S, Ma F, Wang JW, Karnahl M. Exploring the Potential of Al(III) Photosensitizers for Energy Transfer Reactions. Inorg Chem 2024. [PMID: 39132844 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Three homoleptic Al(III) complexes (Al1-Al3) with different degrees of methylation at the 2-pyridylpyrrolide ligand were systematically tested for their function as photosensitizers (PS) in two types of energy transfer reactions. First, in the generation of reactive singlet oxygen (1O2), and second, in the isomerization of (E)- to (Z)-stilbene. 1O2 was directly evidenced by its characteristic NIR emission at around 1276 nm and indirectly by the reaction with an organic substrate [e.g. 2,5-diphenylfuran (DPF)] using in situ UV/vis spectroscopy. In a previous study, the presence of additional methyl groups was found to be beneficial for the photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to CO, but here Al1 without any methyl groups exhibits superior performance. To rationalize this behavior, a combination of photophysical experiments (absorption, emission and excited state lifetimes) together with photostability measurements and scalar-relativistic time-dependent density functional theory calculations was applied. As a result, Al1 exhibited the highest emission quantum yield (64%), the longest emission lifetime (8.7 ns) and the best photostability under the reaction conditions required for the energy transfer reactions (e.g. in aerated chloroform). Moreover, Al1 provided the highest rate constant (0.043 min-1) for the photocatalytic oxygenation of DPF, outperforming even noble metal-based competitors such as [Ru(bpy)3]2+. Finally, its superior photostability enabled a long-term test (7 h), in which Al1 was successfully recycled seven times, underlining the high potential of this new class of earth-abundant PSs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Volkan Caliskanyürek
- Department of Energy Conversion, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 31, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Anastasiia Riabchunova
- Department of Energy Conversion, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 31, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stephan Kupfer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Fan Ma
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Jia-Wei Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Michael Karnahl
- Department of Energy Conversion, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 31, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Solé-Daura A, Maseras F. Straightforward computational determination of energy-transfer kinetics through the application of the Marcus theory. Chem Sci 2024:d4sc03352c. [PMID: 39149213 PMCID: PMC11322899 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc03352c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Energy transfer (EnT) photocatalysis holds the potential to revolutionize synthetic chemistry, unlocking the excited-state reactivity of non-chromophoric compounds via indirect sensitization. This strategy gives access to synthetic routes to valuable molecular scaffolds that are otherwise inaccessible through ground-state pathways. Despite the promising nature of this chemistry, it still represents a largely uncharted area for computational chemistry, hindering the development of structure-activity relationships and design rules to rationally exploit the potential of EnT photocatalysis. Here, we examined the application of the classical Marcus theory in combination with DFT calculations as a convenient strategy to estimate the kinetics of EnT processes, focusing on the indirect sensitization of alkenes recently reported by Gilmour, Kerzig and co-workers for subsequent isomerization [Zähringer et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2023, 145, 21576]. Our results demonstrate a remarkable capability of this approach to estimate free-energy barriers for EnT processes with high accuracy, yielding precise qualitative assessments and quantitative predictions with typical discrepancies of less than 2 kcal mol-1 compared to experimental values and a small mean average error (MAE) of 1.2 kcal mol-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Albert Solé-Daura
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Avgda. Països Catalans, 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Feliu Maseras
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Avgda. Països Catalans, 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ju S, Li D, Mai BK, Liu X, Vallota-Eastman A, Wu J, Valentine DL, Liu P, Yang Y. Stereodivergent photobiocatalytic radical cyclization through the repurposing and directed evolution of fatty acid photodecarboxylases. Nat Chem 2024; 16:1339-1347. [PMID: 38632367 PMCID: PMC11321912 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01494-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Despite their intriguing photophysical and photochemical activities, naturally occurring photoenzymes have not yet been repurposed for new-to-nature activities. Here we engineered fatty acid photodecarboxylases to catalyse unnatural photoredox radical C-C bond formation by leveraging the strongly oxidizing excited-state flavoquinone cofactor. Through genome mining, rational engineering and directed evolution, we developed a panel of radical photocyclases to facilitate decarboxylative radical cyclization with excellent chemo-, enantio- and diastereoselectivities. Our high-throughput experimental workflow allowed for the directed evolution of fatty acid photodecarboxylases. An orthogonal set of radical photocyclases was engineered to access all four possible stereoisomers of the stereochemical dyad, affording fully diastereo- and enantiodivergent biotransformations in asymmetric radical biocatalysis. Molecular dynamics simulations show that our evolved radical photocyclases allow near-attack conformations to be easily accessed, enabling chemoselective radical cyclization. The development of stereoselective radical photocyclases provides unnatural C-C-bond-forming activities in natural photoenzyme families, which can be used to tame the stereochemistry of free-radical-mediated reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuyun Ju
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Dian Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Binh Khanh Mai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Alec Vallota-Eastman
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program for Marine Science, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Jianping Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - David L Valentine
- Marine Science Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
- Department of Earth Science, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
- Biomolecular Science and Engineering (BMSE) Program, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hoch M, Sparascio S, Cerveri A, Bigi F, Maggi R, Viscardi R, Maestri G. The effect of tethered bi-naphthyls on visible-light promoted alkene-alkene [2 + 2] cycloadditions. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2024; 23:1543-1563. [PMID: 39073548 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-024-00615-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Dispersion interactions are ubiquitous weak interactions that can play a role in many chemical events. Tailor-made catalysts and additives can lead to more selective reactions by properly exploiting dispersion interactions. Although radical-π dispersion interactions are known to have an important stabilizing role, this concept has been so far overlooked in synthetic photochemistry. We recently proved that similar dispersion interactions can play a profound impact on several reactions involving an energy transfer step. We present herein a study on the co-catalytic effect of tethered bi-naphthyl derivatives on the visible-light-promoted alkene-alkene [2 + 2] cycloaddition. A library of tethered bi-naphthyl derivatives was prepared in order to evaluate the impact of the tether on the efficiency of the prototypical [2 + 2] cycloaddition. The best performing additives showed a dramatic effect on the efficiency of the cyclization, and a rationalization of their relative efficiency was carried out through DFT modeling. The best co-catalyst allowed one to isolate desired products in good to excellent yields even employing several challenging substrates. These results offer new tools to devise optimized [2 + 2] photocycloaddition methods and provide valuable information for the design of organic co-catalyst that can boost photochemical reactions by exploiting dispersion interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Hoch
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Sara Sparascio
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Alessandro Cerveri
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Franca Bigi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
- IMEM-CNR, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Raimondo Maggi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Rosanna Viscardi
- ENEA, Casaccia Research Center, 00123, Santa Maria di Galeria, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Maestri
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kuntze K, Isokuortti J, van der Wal JJ, Laaksonen T, Crespi S, Durandin NA, Priimagi A. Detour to success: photoswitching via indirect excitation. Chem Sci 2024; 15:11684-11698. [PMID: 39092110 PMCID: PMC11290455 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02538e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Photoswitchable molecules that undergo nanoscopic changes upon photoisomerisation can be harnessed to control macroscopic properties such as colour, solubility, shape, and motion of the systems they are incorporated into. These molecules find applications in various fields of chemistry, physics, biology, and materials science. Until recently, research efforts have focused on the design of efficient photoswitches responsive to low-energy (red or near-infrared) irradiation, which however may compromise other molecular properties such as thermal stability and robustness. Indirect isomerisation methods enable photoisomerisation with low-energy photons without altering the photoswitch core, and also open up new avenues in controlling the thermal switching mechanism. In this perspective, we present the state of the art of five indirect excitation methods: two-photon excitation, triplet sensitisation, photon upconversion, photoinduced electron transfer, and indirect thermal methods. Each impacts our understanding of the fundamental physicochemical properties of photochemical switches, and offers unique application prospects in biomedical technologies and beyond.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Kuntze
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University Tampere Finland
| | - Jussi Isokuortti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin Austin TX USA
| | - Jacob J van der Wal
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Timo Laaksonen
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University Tampere Finland
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Stefano Crespi
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Nikita A Durandin
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University Tampere Finland
| | - Arri Priimagi
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University Tampere Finland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Guo SY, Liu YP, Huang JS, He LB, He GC, Ji DW, Wan B, Chen QA. Visible light-induced chemoselective 1,2-diheteroarylation of alkenes. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6102. [PMID: 39030211 PMCID: PMC11271625 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50460-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Visible-light photocatalysis has evolved as a powerful technique to enable controllable radical reactions. Exploring unique photocatalytic mode for obtaining new chemoselectivity and product diversity is of great significance. Herein, we present a photo-induced chemoselective 1,2-diheteroarylation of unactivated alkenes utilizing halopyridines and quinolines. The ring-fused azaarenes serve as not only substrate, but also potential precursors for halogen-atom abstraction for pyridyl radical generation in this photocatalysis. As a complement to metal catalysis, this photo-induced radical process with mild and redox neutral conditions assembles two different heteroaryl groups into alkenes regioselectively and contribute to broad substrates scope. The obtained products containing aza-arene units permit various further diversifications, demonstrating the synthetic utility of this protocol. We anticipate that this protocol will trigger the further advancement of photo-induced alkyl/aryl halides activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yu Guo
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Yi-Peng Liu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Jin-Song Huang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Li-Bowen He
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gu-Cheng He
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ding-Wei Ji
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Boshun Wan
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Qing-An Chen
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kim D, Rosko MC, Castellano FN, Gray TG, Teets TS. Long Excited-State Lifetimes in Three-Coordinate Copper(I) Complexes via Triplet-Triplet Energy Transfer to Pyrene-Decorated Isocyanides. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:19193-19204. [PMID: 38956456 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
There has been much effort to improve excited-state lifetimes in photosensitizers based on earth-abundant first-row transition metals. Copper(I) complexes have gained significant attention in this field, and in most cases, sterically driven approaches are used to optimize their lifetimes. This study presents a series of three-coordinate copper(I) complexes (Cu1-Cu3) where the excited-state lifetime is extended by triplet-triplet energy transfer. The heteroleptic compounds feature a cyclohexyl-substituted β-diketiminate (CyNacNacMe) paired with aryl isocyanide ligands, giving the general formula Cu(CyNacNacMe)(CN-Ar) (CN-dmp = 2,6-dimethylphenyl isocyanide for Cu1; CN-pyr = 1-pyrenyl isocyanide for Cu2; CN-dmp-pyr = 2,6-dimethyl-4-(1-pyrenyl)phenyl isocyanide for Cu3). The nature, energies, and dynamics of the low-energy triplet excited states are assessed with a combination of photoluminescence measurements at room temperature and 77 K, ultrafast transient absorption (UFTA) spectroscopy, and DFT calculations. The complexes with the pyrene-decorated isocyanides (Cu2 and Cu3) exhibit extended excited-state lifetimes resulting from triplet-triplet energy transfer (TTET) between the short-lived charge-transfer excited state (3CT) and the long-lived pyrene-centered triplet state (3pyr). This TTET process is irreversible in Cu3, producing exclusively the 3pyr state, and in Cu2, the 3CT and 3pyr states are nearly isoenergetic, enabling reversible TTET and long-lived 3CT luminescence. The improved photophysical properties in Cu2 and Cu3 result in improvements in activity for both photocatalytic stilbene E/Z isomerization via triplet energy transfer and photoredox transformations involving hydrodebromination and C-O bond activation. These results illustrate that the extended excited-state lifetimes achieved through TTET result in newly conceived photosynthetically relevant earth-abundant transition metal complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dooyoung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Michael C Rosko
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Felix N Castellano
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Thomas G Gray
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Thomas S Teets
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hou L, Yang L, Yang G, Luo Z, Xiao W, Yang L, Wang F, Gong LZ, Liu X, Cao W, Feng X. Catalytic Asymmetric Dearomative [2 + 2] Photocycloaddition/Ring-Expansion Sequence of Indoles with Diversified Alkenes. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 38993029 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c06780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Developing novel strategies for catalytic asymmetric dearomatization (CADA) reactions is highly valuable. Visible light-mediated photocatalysis is demonstrated to be a powerful tool to activate aromatic compounds for further synthetic transformations. Herein, a catalytic asymmetric dearomative [2 + 2] photocycloaddition/ring-expansion sequence of indoles with simple alkenes was reported, providing a facile access to enantioenriched cyclopenta[b]indoles with good to high yields and enantioselectivities by means of chiral lanthanide photocatalysis. This protocol exhibited a broad substrate scope and good functional group tolerance, as well as potential applications in the synthesis of bioactive molecules. Mechanistic studies, including control experiments, UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, emission spectroscopy, and DFT calculations, were carried out, shedding insights into the reaction mechanism and the origin of enantioselectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liuzhen Hou
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Longqing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Gaofei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Zhe Luo
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Wanlong Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Linhan Yang
- Center for Natural Products Research, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610061, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Center for Natural Products Research, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610061, China
| | - Liu-Zhu Gong
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Weidi Cao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xiaoming Feng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zheng Y, Dong QX, Wen SY, Ran H, Huang HM. Di-π-ethane Rearrangement of Cyano Groups via Energy-Transfer Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:18210-18217. [PMID: 38788197 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Molecular rearrangement occupies a pivotal position among fundamental transformations in synthetic chemistry. Radical translocation has emerged as a prevalent synthetic tool, efficiently facilitating the migration of diverse functional groups. In contrast, the development of di-π-methane rearrangement remains limited, particularly in terms of the translocation of cyano functional groups. This is primarily attributed to the energetically unfavorable three-membered-ring transition state. Herein, we introduce an unprecedented di-π-ethane rearrangement enabled by energy-transfer catalysis under visible light conditions. This innovative open-shell rearrangement boasts broad tolerance toward a range of functional groups, encompassing even complex drug and natural product derivatives. Overall, the reported di-π-ethane rearrangement represents a complementary strategy to the development of radical translocation enabled by energy-transfer catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zheng
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Qi-Xin Dong
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Shu-Ya Wen
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Hui Ran
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Huan-Ming Huang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rossino G, Marrubini G, Brindisi M, Granje M, Linciano P, Rossi D, Collina S. A green Heck reaction protocol towards trisubstituted alkenes, versatile pharmaceutical intermediates. Front Chem 2024; 12:1431382. [PMID: 39050371 PMCID: PMC11266092 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1431382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The Heck reaction is widely employed to build a variety of biologically relevant scaffolds and has been successfully implemented in the production of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Typically, the reaction with terminal alkenes gives high yields and stereoselectivity toward the trans-substituted alkenes product, and many green variants of the original protocol have been developed for such substrates. However, these methodologies may not be applied with the same efficiency to reactions with challenging substrates, such as internal olefins, providing trisubstituted alkenes. In the present work, we have implemented a Heck reaction protocol under green conditions to access trisubstituted alkenes as final products or key intermediates of pharmaceutical interest. A set of preliminary experiments performed on a model reaction led to selecting a simple and green setup based on a design of experiments (DoE) study. In such a way, the best experimental conditions (catalyst loading, equivalents of alkene, base and tetraalkylammonium salt, composition, and amount of solvent) have been identified. Then, a second set of experiments were performed, bringing the reaction to completion and considering additional factors. The protocol thus defined involves using EtOH as the solvent, microwave (mw) irradiation to achieve short reaction times, and the supported catalyst Pd EnCat®40, which affords an easier recovery and reuse. These conditions were tested on different aryl bromides and internal olefines to evaluate the substrate scope. Furthermore, with the aim to limit as much as possible the production of waste, a simple isomerization procedure was developed to convert the isomeric byproducts into the desired conjugated E alkene, which is also the thermodynamically favoured product. The approach herein disclosed represents a green, efficient, and easy-to-use handle towards different trisubstituted alkenes via the Heck reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Rossino
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | - Marc Granje
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Daniela Rossi
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Simona Collina
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Liu L, Ren S, Yu S. Kinetic Resolution of N-Allylic Pyrazoles via Photoexcited Chiral Copper Complex-Catalyzed Alkene E → Z Isomerization. Org Lett 2024; 26:5232-5236. [PMID: 38869179 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we present an efficient and practical kinetic resolution (KR) of racemic allylic pyrazoles utilizing photoexcited chiral-copper-complex-mediated alkene E → Z isomerization. This method enables the synthesis of both enantioenriched E- and Z-allylic pyrazoles, achieving enantiomeric excesses (e.e.) of up to 97% and selectivity factors (S factors) as high as 217. Remarkably, the method's ability to furnish allylic pyrazoles with the Z-configuration, which is notably arduous to obtain under thermodynamic control, underscores the transformative potential of this synthetic protocol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023 (China)
| | - Shiqi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023 (China)
| | - Shouyun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023 (China)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li M, Huang XL, Zhang ZY, Wang Z, Wu Z, Yang H, Shen WJ, Cheng YZ, You SL. Gd(III)-Catalyzed Regio-, Diastereo-, and Enantioselective [4 + 2] Photocycloaddition of Naphthalene Derivatives. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:16982-16989. [PMID: 38870424 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Catalytic asymmetric dearomatization (CADA) reactions have evolved into an efficient strategy for accessing chiral polycyclic and spirocyclic scaffolds from readily available planar aromatics. Despite the significant developments, the CADA reaction of naphthalenes remains underdeveloped. Herein, we report a Gd(III)-catalyzed asymmetric dearomatization reaction of naphthalene with a chiral PyBox ligand via visible-light-enabled [4 + 2] cycloaddition. This reaction features application of a chiral Gd/PyBox complex, which regulates the reactivity and selectivity simultaneously, in excited-state catalysis. A wide range of functional groups is compatible with this protocol, giving the highly enantioenriched bridged polycycles in excellent yields (up to 96%) and selectivity (up to >20:1 chemoselectivity, >20:1 dr, >99% ee). The synthetic utility is demonstrated by a 2 mmol scale reaction, removal of directing group, and diversifications of products. Preliminary mechanistic experiments are performed to elucidate the reaction mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muzi Li
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xu-Lun Huang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zuo-Yu Zhang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhiping Wang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhuo Wu
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hui Yang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wen-Jie Shen
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuan-Zheng Cheng
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shu-Li You
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhen YY, Qu JP, Kang YB. Synthesis Enabled by E-to-Z Isomerization Using CBZ6 as Energy Transfer Photocatalyst. Org Lett 2024; 26:5177-5181. [PMID: 38856646 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
The reactions of Z-isomers and E-isomers usually are different in consideration of the regioselectivity of chemoselectivity. The syntheses of Z-isomers are not feasible in many cases. The energy transfer (EnT) E/Z-photoisomerization might yield the Z-isomers. In this work, CBZ6 was proven to be an EnT photocatalyst for the E → Z-isomerization of C-C or C-N double bonds. The transformations of in situ generated Z-isomers of oximes and stilbenes consequently afforded the desired reversed Beckmann rearrangement products and phenanthrenes, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ying Zhen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jian-Ping Qu
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yan-Biao Kang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zeng Q, Nirwan Y, Benet-Buchholz J, Kleij AW. An Expedient Radical Approach for the Decarboxylative Synthesis of Stereodefined All-Carbon Tetrasubstituted Olefins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403651. [PMID: 38619179 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
We report a user-friendly approach for the decarboxylative formation of stereodefined and complex tri- and tetra-substituted olefins from vinyl cyclic carbonates and amines as radical precursors. The protocol relies on easy photo-initiated α-amino-radical formation followed by addition onto the double bond of the substrate resulting in a sequence involving carbonate ring-opening, double bond relay, CO2 extrusion and finally O-protonation. The developed protocol is efficient for both mismatched and matched polarity substrate combinations, and the scope of elaborate stereodefined olefins that can be forged including drug-functionalized derivatives is wide, diverse and further extendable to other types of heterocyclic and radical precursors. Mechanistic control reactions show that the decarboxylation step is a key driving force towards product formation, with the initial radical addition under steric control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zeng
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-Cerca), the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica/Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel⋅lí Domingo s/n, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Yamini Nirwan
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-Cerca), the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona
| | - Jordi Benet-Buchholz
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-Cerca), the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona
| | - Arjan W Kleij
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-Cerca), the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona
- Catalan Institute of Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Pg. Lluís, Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Suga M, Fukushima S, Makino K, Nakamura K, Tabata H, Oshitari T, Natsugari H, Kuroda N, Kanemaru K, Oda Y, Takahashi H. Isomerization of E-Cinnamamides into Z-Cinnamamides Using a Recycling Photoreactor. J Org Chem 2024; 89:8836-8844. [PMID: 38836790 PMCID: PMC11197087 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
The photocatalytic synthesis of thermodynamically less-stable Z-alkenes has received considerable research attention in recent years. In this study, a recycling photoreactor was applied to the photoisomerization of E-alkenes (cinnamamide and Weinreb amide derivatives) to produce Z-alkenes. The closed-loop recycling system comprises an immobilized photosensitizer to achieve rapid photoisomerization and a high-performance liquid chromatography instrument for separation of the Z/E diastereomers. After 4-10 cycles, the desired pure Z-alkenes were obtained efficiently. In the photoreactor system, a photosensitizer (thioxanthone) was covalently immobilized on silica gel via amide bonding, which led to an enhanced photocatalytic activity compared to the parent thioxanthone. This recycling photoreactor shows promise as an alternative system for the production of Z-alkenes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mayuko Suga
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University
of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Saki Fukushima
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University
of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Kosho Makino
- Research
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino
University, Nishitokyo, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan
| | - Kayo Nakamura
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University
of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Hidetsugu Tabata
- Faculty
of Pharma Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Tetsuta Oshitari
- Faculty
of Pharma Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Hideaki Natsugari
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Science, The University
of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Noritaka Kuroda
- YMC
Company Limited, 284 Daigo, Karasuma Nishiiru Gojo-dori, Shimogyo-ku, Kyoto 600-8106, Japan
| | - Kunio Kanemaru
- IWASAKI
Electric Company Limited, 1-1, Ichiriyama-cho, Gyoda-shi, Saitama 361-8505, Japan
| | - Yuji Oda
- IWASAKI
Electric Company Limited, 1-1, Ichiriyama-cho, Gyoda-shi, Saitama 361-8505, Japan
| | - Hideyo Takahashi
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University
of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Huang H, Xu L, Zhang C, Cheng C, Chai Z, Yan H, Chen FE. Photoswitched Stereodivergent Synthesis of Allylic Sulfones. Org Lett 2024; 26:4916-4920. [PMID: 38821041 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
The present Letter demonstrates a photoswitched stereodivergent synthesis of allylic sulfones from sodium sulfinates, triphenylvinylphosphonium chloride, and (hetero)aromatic aldehydes in a single step. Mechanistically, cis-allylic sulfones, generated from the unstabilized ylide intermediates and aldehydes in situ, could be finally converted to trans-allylic sulfones via photochemical isomerization in the presence of a catalytic amount of bis(2-thienyl) ketone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huashan Huang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
- Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory, Quanzhou 362801, P. R. China
| | - Liuhui Xu
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
- Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory, Quanzhou 362801, P. R. China
| | - Chunmei Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
- Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory, Quanzhou 362801, P. R. China
| | - Changwu Cheng
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
- Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory, Quanzhou 362801, P. R. China
| | - Zhi Chai
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Hong Yan
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
- Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory, Quanzhou 362801, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Fen-Er Chen
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
- Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory, Quanzhou 362801, P. R. China
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
McGhie L, Marotta A, Loftus PO, Seeberger PH, Funes-Ardoiz I, Molloy JJ. Photogeneration of α-Bimetalloid Radicals via Selective Activation of Multifunctional C1 Units. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:15850-15859. [PMID: 38805091 PMCID: PMC11177267 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Light-driven strategies that enable the chemoselective activation of a specific bond in multifunctional systems are comparatively underexplored in comparison to transition-metal-based technologies, yet desirable when considering the controlled exploration of chemical space. With the current drive to discover next-generation therapeutics, reaction design that enables the strategic incorporation of an sp3 carbon center, containing multiple synthetic handles for the subsequent exploration of chemical space would be highly enabling. Here, we describe the photoactivation of ambiphilic C1 units to generate α-bimetalloid radicals using only a Lewis base and light source to directly activate the C-I bond. Interception of these transient radicals with various SOMOphiles enables the rapid synthesis of organic scaffolds containing synthetic handles (B, Si, and Ge) for subsequent orthogonal activation. In-depth theoretical and mechanistic studies reveal the prominent role of 2,6-lutidine in forming a photoactive charge transfer complex and in stabilizing in situ generated iodine radicals, as well as the influential role of the boron p-orbital in the activation/weakening of the C-I bond. This simple and efficient methodology enabled expedient access to functionalized 3D frameworks that can be further derivatized using available technologies for C-B and C-Si bond activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lewis McGhie
- Department
of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute
of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam 14476, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Alessandro Marotta
- Department
of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute
of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam 14476, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Patrick O. Loftus
- Department
of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute
of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Peter H. Seeberger
- Department
of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute
of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam 14476, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Ignacio Funes-Ardoiz
- Department
of Chemistry, Instituto de Investigación Química de
la Universidad de La Rioja (IQUR), Universidad
de La Rioja Madre de Dios 53, Logroño 26004, Spain
| | - John J. Molloy
- Department
of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute
of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kim D, Teets TS. Sterically Encumbered Aryl Isocyanides Extend Excited-State Lifetimes and Improve the Photocatalytic Performance of Three-Coordinate Copper(I) β-Diketiminate Charge-Transfer Chromophores. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 38853542 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Copper(I) complexes are prominent candidates to replace noble metal-based photosensitizers. We recently introduced a three-coordinate design for copper(I) charge-transfer chromophores that pair β-diketiminate ligands with aryl isocyanides. The excited-state lifetime in these compounds can be extended using a bichromophoric "triplet reservoir" strategy, which comes at the expense of a decrease in excited-state energy and reducing power. In this work, we introduce a complementary, sterically driven strategy for increasing the excited-state lifetimes of these photosensitizers, which gives a higher-energy, more strongly reducing charge-transfer triplet state than does the bichromophore approach. The compounds presented (Cu1-Cu4) have the general formula Cu(CyNacNacMe)(CN-Ar), where CyNacNacMe is a cyclohexyl-substituted β-diketiminate and CN-Ar is an aryl isocyanide with a variable steric profile. Their structural features and electrochemical and photophysical properties are described. The complexes with sterically encumbered 2,6-diisopropylphenyl or m-terphenyl isocyanide ligands (Cu2-Cu4) exhibit prolonged excited-state lifetimes relative to those of the parent 2,6-dimethylphenyl isocyanide compound Cu1. Specifically, one of the m-terphenyl isocyanide compounds, Cu3, displays an excited-state lifetime of 276 ns, approximately 30 times longer than that of Cu1 (9.3 ns). The photoluminescence quantum yield of Cu3 (0.09) also increases by two orders of magnitude compared to that of Cu1 (0.0008). The strong excited-state reducing power (*Eox = -2.4 V vs Fc+/0) and long lifetime of Cu3 lead to higher yields in photoredox and photocatalytic isomerization reactions, which include dehalogenation and/or hydrodgenation of benzophenone substrates, C-O bond activation of a lignin model substrate, and photocatalytic E/Z isomerization of stilbene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dooyoung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Thomas S Teets
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Romero N, Chavagnan T, Roisnel T, Welle A, Kirillov E, Carpentier JF. Dinuclear group IV metal complexes based on a bis(indenyl)-( E/ Z)-stilbene platform: a potential prototype of "photoswitchable" catalysts for olefin polymerization. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:9452-9466. [PMID: 38767126 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00498a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The preparation of dizirconium complexes based on a novel bis(indenyl)-(E/Z)-stilbene platform was explored. Negishi coupling between the in situ-generated diorganozincates obtained from the respective o/m/p-(E/Z)-dibromostilbenes and the bromo-functionalized zirconocene (η5-Cp*)(η5-2-methyl-4-bromoindenyl)ZrCl2, or, alternatively, the preparation of bis(indene)stilbene pro-ligands {o/m/p-(E/Z)-BisIndSB}H2 through Negishi coupling of the corresponding dibromostilbenes with 4-bromoindene and subsequent metallation/transmetallation with Cp*ZrCl3 or Zr(NMe2)4, allowed the preparation of a series of dinuclear complexes. These were analyzed by NMR spectroscopy and some of them by iASAP-mass spectrometry and by X-ray diffraction studies. Experimental results were compared with DFT modelling of the targeted dinuclear complexes evidencing that the (E)-complexes are more stable by 7-11 kcal mol-1 than their (Z)-analogues. Thermal, uncontrolled isomerization of (Z)- to (E)-stilbene platform was observed experimentally for some systems, in the course of their synthesis, either from the (Z)-dibromostilbene reagent or on the dinuclear complexes resulting from the Negishi coupling. Photoisomerization of the (E)- and (Z)-{BisIndSB}H2 proligands and of complexes {o-(E)-BisIndSB}(Zr(NMe2)3)2 and {m-(E)-BisIndSB}(ZrCl2Cp*)2 was investigated under a variety of conditions. It proved effective for the proligands but induced decomposition of the dizirconium complexes. Time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) computations were performed to identify unambiguously the nature of the observed absorption bands and account for decomposition of the complexes. Preliminary ethylene/1-hexene homo- and copolymerization investigations did not evidence putative cooperativity phenomena within these dinuclear systems nor significantly differentiated behavior between the (Z)- and (E)-isomers of a given type of complex under the reaction conditions investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Romero
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Thierry Chavagnan
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Thierry Roisnel
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, Centre de diffractométrie, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Alexandre Welle
- TotalEnergies OneTech Belgium, Zone Industrielle C, B-7181 Feluy, Belgium
| | - Evgueni Kirillov
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Jean-François Carpentier
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
K P S, Russelisaac Premakumari S, Cho KB, Lee A. Hydrosulfonylation of Alkynes for Stereodivergent Synthesis of Vinyl Sulfones: Synthetic Strategy and Mechanistic Insights. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:14816-14828. [PMID: 38752975 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Direct synthesis of thermodynamically less favorable (Z)-vinyl sulfones presents a notable challenge in organic synthesis. In addition, the development of a stereodivergent synthesis for (E)- and (Z)-vinyl sulfones is crucial but remains elusive. In this study, we present a hydrosulfonylation of aryl-substituted alkynes, achieving a stereodivergent synthesis of (E)- and (Z)-vinyl sulfones by leveraging both thermodynamic and kinetic controls. Notably, the synthesis of challenging (Z)-vinyl sulfones was achieved through a kinetically controlled process without the need for a catalyst. To synthesize (E)-vinyl sulfones, unconventional visible light-mediated isomerization was employed as a means of facilitating the transition to the thermodynamically favored form. The present study encompasses a comprehensive experimental and computational investigation, which provides valuable insights into the reaction mechanism. This investigation reveals two plausible isomerization pathways: a novel double spin-flip mechanism and a hydrogen atom transfer process in the presence of eosin Y. This study not only advances our understanding of isomerization mechanisms beyond conventional energy-transfer routes but also offers a robust and switchable strategy for synthesizing (E)- and (Z)-vinyl sulfones, thereby providing a versatile avenue for the creation of valuable compounds in the fields of organic synthesis and medicinal chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sujith K P
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Steiny Russelisaac Premakumari
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Bin Cho
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Anna Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ruyet L, Roblick C, Häfliger J, Wang ZX, Stoffels TJ, Daniliuc CG, Gilmour R. Catalytic Ring Expanding Difluorination: An Enantioselective Platform to Access β,β-Difluorinated Carbocycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403957. [PMID: 38482736 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Cyclic β,β-difluoro-carbonyl compounds have a venerable history as drug discovery leads, but limitations in the synthesis arsenal continue to impede chemical space exploration. This challenge is particularly acute in the arena of fluorinated medium rings where installing the difluoromethylene unit subtly alters the ring conformation by expanding the internal angle (∠C-CF2-C>∠C-CH2-C): this provides a handle to modulate physicochemistry (e.g. pKa). To reconcile this disparity, a highly modular ring expansion has been devised that leverages simple α,β-unsaturated esters and amides, and processes them to one-carbon homologated rings with concomitant geminal difluorination (6 to 10 membered rings, up to 95 % yield). This process is a rare example of the formal difluorination of an internal alkene and is enabled by sequential I(III)-enabled O-activation. Validation of enantioselective catalysis in the generation of unprecedented medium ring scaffolds is reported (up to 93 : 7 e.r.) together with X-ray structural analyses and product derivatization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louise Ruyet
- University of Münster, Institute for Organic Chemistry, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Christoph Roblick
- University of Münster, Institute for Organic Chemistry, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Joel Häfliger
- University of Münster, Institute for Organic Chemistry, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Zi-Xuan Wang
- University of Münster, Institute for Organic Chemistry, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Tobias Jürgen Stoffels
- University of Münster, Institute for Organic Chemistry, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Constantin G Daniliuc
- University of Münster, Institute for Organic Chemistry, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Ryan Gilmour
- University of Münster, Institute for Organic Chemistry, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kweon B, Blank L, Soika J, Messara A, Daniliuc CG, Gilmour R. Regio- and Stereo-Selective Isomerization of Borylated 1,3-Dienes Enabled by Selective Energy Transfer Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404233. [PMID: 38545942 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Configurationally-defined dienes are pervasive across the bioactive natural product spectrum, where they typically manifest themselves as sorbic acid-based fragments. These C5 motifs reflect the biosynthesis algorithms that facilitate their construction. To complement established biosynthetic paradigms, a chemical platform to facilitate the construction of stereochemically defined, functionalizable dienes by light-enabled isomerization has been devised. Enabled by selective energy transfer catalysis, a variety of substituted β-boryl sorbic acid derivatives can be isomerized in a regio- and stereo-selective manner (up to 97 : 3). Directionality is guided by a stabilizing nO→pB interaction in the product: this constitutes a formal anti-hydroboration of the starting alkyne. This operationally simple reaction employs low catalyst loadings (1 mol %) and is complete in 1 h. X-ray analysis supports the hypothesis that the nO→pB interaction leads to chromophore bifurcation: this provides a structural foundation for selective energy transfer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Byeongseok Kweon
- University of Münster, Institute for Organic Chemistry, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Lukas Blank
- University of Münster, Institute for Organic Chemistry, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Julia Soika
- University of Münster, Institute for Organic Chemistry, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Amélia Messara
- University of Münster, Institute for Organic Chemistry, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Constantin G Daniliuc
- University of Münster, Institute for Organic Chemistry, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Ryan Gilmour
- University of Münster, Institute for Organic Chemistry, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhu G, Zhang H, Han L, Wang H, Zhu A, Li L. Solvent-Driven Room-Temperature Curtius Rearrangements to Access Nucleotides Bearing Substituted Fused Pyridones. Org Lett 2024; 26:4356-4360. [PMID: 38739349 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
The intramolecular Curtius rearrangement suffers from a high reaction temperature, low yields, tedious product isolation, and difficult scale up. This study presents a room-temperature Curtius rearrangement that can be novelly driven by the HFIP solvent, followed by light-illuminated intramolecular cyclization. Such a mild reaction allows for the preparation of various fused pyridone derivatives with diverse substituent groups that have rarely been incorporated by previous methods. The roles of HFIP and light are investigated by a set of control experiments through a combination of IR and NMR titration. Furthermore, using the substituted fused pyridones as unnatural bases, we can obtain a panel of new nucleotides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gongming Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Pingyuan Laboratory, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Haiyang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Pingyuan Laboratory, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Liyang Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Pingyuan Laboratory, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Honglei Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Pingyuan Laboratory, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Anlian Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Pingyuan Laboratory, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Lingjun Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Pingyuan Laboratory, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Targos K, Gogoi AR, Ángel Rentería-Gómez, Kim MJ, Gutierrez O, Wickens ZK. Mechanism of Z-Selective Allylic Functionalization via Thianthrenium Salts. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:13689-13696. [PMID: 38739163 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
A detailed mechanistic study of the Z-selective allylic functionalization via thianthrenium salts is presented. Kinetic analyses, deuterium labeling experiments, and computational methods are used to rationalize the observed reactivity and selectivity. We find that the reaction proceeds via a rate-determining and stereodetermining allylic deprotonation of an alkenylthianthrenium species. The Z-configuration of the resultant allylic ylide is translated into the Z-allylic amine product through a sequence of subsequent fast and irreversible steps: protonation to form a Z-allylic thianthrenium electrophile and then regioselective substitution by the nucleophile. In the stereodetermining deprotonation step, computational studies identified a series of stabilizing nonbonding interactions in the Z-alkene-forming transition state that contribute to the stereoselectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karina Targos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Achyut R Gogoi
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Ángel Rentería-Gómez
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Min Ji Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Osvaldo Gutierrez
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Zachary K Wickens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Rubel CZ, Ravn AK, Ho HC, Yang S, Li ZQ, Engle KM, Vantourout JC. Stereodivergent, Kinetically Controlled Isomerization of Terminal Alkenes via Nickel Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202320081. [PMID: 38494945 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202320081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Because internal alkenes are more challenging synthetic targets than terminal alkenes, metal-catalyzed olefin mono-transposition (i.e., positional isomerization) approaches have emerged to afford valuable E- or Z- internal alkenes from their complementary terminal alkene feedstocks. However, the applicability of these methods has been hampered by lack of generality, commercial availability of precatalysts, and scalability. Here, we report a nickel-catalyzed platform for the stereodivergent E/Z-selective synthesis of internal alkenes at room temperature. Commercial reagents enable this one-carbon transposition of terminal alkenes to valuable E- or Z-internal alkenes via a Ni-H-mediated insertion/elimination mechanism. Though the mechanistic regime is the same in both systems, the underlying pathways that lead to each of the active catalysts are distinct, with the Z-selective catalyst forming from comproportionation of an oxidative addition complex followed by oxidative addition with substrate and the E-selective catalyst forming from protonation of the metal by the trialkylphosphonium salt additive. In each case, ligand sterics and denticity control stereochemistry and prevent over-isomerization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camille Z Rubel
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires (ICMBS, UMR 5246 du CNRS), Université Lyon, Université Lyon 1, 1 rue Victor Grignard, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Anne K Ravn
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Hang Chi Ho
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shenghua Yang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Zi-Qi Li
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Keary M Engle
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Julien C Vantourout
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires (ICMBS, UMR 5246 du CNRS), Université Lyon, Université Lyon 1, 1 rue Victor Grignard, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffauserstrasse, 4332, Stein, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Di Terlizzi L, Nicchio L, Protti S, Fagnoni M. Visible photons as ideal reagents for the activation of coloured organic compounds. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:4926-4975. [PMID: 38596901 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs01129a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
In recent decades, the traceless nature of visible photons has been exploited for the development of efficient synthetic strategies for the photoconversion of colourless compounds, namely, photocatalysis, chromophore activation, and the formation of an electron donor/acceptor (EDA) complex. However, the use of photoreactive coloured organic compounds is the optimal strategy to boost visible photons as ideal reagents in synthetic protocols. In view of such premises, the present review aims to provide its readership with a collection of recent photochemical strategies facilitated via direct light absorption by coloured molecules. The protocols have been classified and presented according to the nature of the intermediate/excited state achieved during the transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Di Terlizzi
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Luca Nicchio
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Stefano Protti
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Fagnoni
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Nishino S, Sudo K, Kurahashi T. Nickel-Photoredox-Catalyzed Stereoconvergent Coupling of Alkenyl Halides and Nitrogen-Containing Heterocycles. Org Lett 2024; 26:4049-4054. [PMID: 38717164 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Nitrogen-containing heterocycles possessing N-alkenyl substituents are an important structural motif. However, the synthetic methods reported thus far cannot selectively synthesize the Z stereoisomer on the basis of the stereochemistry of the substituted alkenes. Herein, we report the stereoconvergent coupling of heterocycles and alkenyl halides consisting of a mixture of E/Z stereoisomers, which selectively afforded the thermodynamically less stable Z-coupling product. Mechanistic studies suggest that a nickel photoredox catalyst facilitates the formation of N-centered heteroarene radicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sodai Nishino
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| | - Kô Sudo
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| | - Takuya Kurahashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Long J, Wang L, Liu X, Liu J, Luo SP, Fang X. Palladium-Catalyzed Hydrocyanation of Ynoates: En Route to the Stereodivergent Synthesis of β-Cyanated α,β-Unsaturated Esters via Ligand Controlled Regio- and Stereoselectivity. Org Lett 2024; 26:3945-3950. [PMID: 38679885 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
A Pd-catalyzed highly regio- and stereoselective hydrocyanation was developed, providing a novel approach to the stereodivergent synthesis of β-cyano-substituted acrylates in good yields with a wide substrate scope. The judicious selection of ligands was crucial for elegant control over the stereodivergence. Furthermore, the success of the E-hydrocyanation hinges on the right matching of Pd and L1, which not only ensured the catalytic activity but also prevented the formation of α-cyanation products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinguo Long
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Lingna Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xuefen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Jie Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Shu-Ping Luo
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xianjie Fang
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Zubkov MO, Dilman AD. Radical reactions enabled by polyfluoroaryl fragments: photocatalysis and beyond. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:4741-4785. [PMID: 38536104 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00889d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Polyfluoroarenes have been known for a long time, but they are most often used as fluorinated building blocks for the synthesis of aromatic compounds. At the same time, due to peculiar fluorine effect, they have unique properties that provide applications in various fields ranging from synthesis to materials science. This review summarizes advances in the radical chemistry of polyfluoroarenes, which have become possible mainly with the advent of photocatalysis. Transformations of the fluorinated ring via the C-F bond activation, as well as use of fluoroaryl fragments as activating groups and hydrogen atom transfer agents are discussed. The ability of fluoroarenes to serve as catalysts is also considred.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail O Zubkov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leninsky prosp. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Alexander D Dilman
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leninsky prosp. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Goti G, Manal K, Sivaguru J, Dell'Amico L. The impact of UV light on synthetic photochemistry and photocatalysis. Nat Chem 2024; 16:684-692. [PMID: 38429343 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01472-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
During the past 15 years, an increasing number of research groups have embraced visible-light-mediated synthetic transformations as a powerful strategy for the construction and functionalization of organic molecules. This trend has followed the advent and development of photocatalysis, which often operates under mild visible-light irradiation. Nowadays, the general perception of UV-light photochemistry is often as an out-of-fashion approach that is difficult to perform and leads to unselective reaction pathways. Here we wish to propose an alternative and more realistic point of view to the scientific community. First, we will provide an overview of the use of UV light in modern photochemistry, highlighting the pivotal role it still plays in the development of new, efficient synthetic methods. We will then show how the high levels of mechanistic understanding reached for UV-light-driven processes have been key in the implementation of the related visible-light-driven transformations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Goti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Kavyasree Manal
- Center for Photochemical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA
| | - Jayaraman Sivaguru
- Center for Photochemical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA.
| | - Luca Dell'Amico
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wang J, Gu J, Zou JY, Zhang MJ, Shen R, Ye Z, Xu PX, He Y. Photocatalytic Z/E isomerization unlocking the stereodivergent construction of axially chiral alkene frameworks. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3254. [PMID: 38627395 PMCID: PMC11021481 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47404-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The past century has witnessed a large number of reports on the Z/E isomerization of alkenes. However, the vast majority of them are still limited to the isomerization of di- and tri-substituted alkenes. The stereospecific Z/E isomerization of tetrasubstituted alkenes remains to be an underdeveloped area, thus lacking in a stereodivergent synthesis of axially chiral alkenes. Herein we report the atroposelective synthesis of tetrasubstituted alkene analogues by asymmetric allylic substitution-isomerization, followed by their Z/E isomerization via triplet energy transfer photocatalysis. In this regard, the stereodivergent synthesis of axially chiral N-vinylquinolinones is achieved efficiently. Mechanistic studies indicate that the benzylic radical generation and distribution are two key factors for preserving the enantioselectivities of axially chiral compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Jun Gu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Jia-Yu Zou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Meng-Jie Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Rui Shen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Zhiwen Ye
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Ping-Xun Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Ying He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Posz JM, Sharma N, Royalty PA, Liu Y, Salome C, Fessard TC, Brown MK. Synthesis of Borylated Carbocycles by [2 + 2]-Cycloadditions and Photo-Ene Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:10142-10149. [PMID: 38536870 PMCID: PMC11041674 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Saturated bicyclic compounds make up a valuable class of building blocks in the development of agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals. Here, we present the synthesis of borylated bicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes via crossed [2 + 2]-cycloaddition. Due to the presence of the C-B bond, a variety of structures can be easily prepared that are not accessible by other methods. Moreover, a rare photo-ene reaction is also disclosed, allowing for the diastereoselective synthesis of trisubstituted borylated cyclopentanes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jarett M Posz
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Neetu Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Paige A Royalty
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Yanyao Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Christophe Salome
- SpiroChem AG, Rosental Area, WRO-1047-3, Mattenstrasse 22, Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | - Thomas C Fessard
- SpiroChem AG, Rosental Area, WRO-1047-3, Mattenstrasse 22, Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | - M Kevin Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Zhou Y, Jiang Q, Cheng Y, Hu M, Duan XH, Liu L. Photoredox-Catalyzed Acylchlorination of α-CF 3 Alkenes with Acyl Chloride and Application as Masked Access to β-CF 3-enones. Org Lett 2024; 26:2656-2661. [PMID: 38526445 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
We disclose a photocatalytic strategy that simultaneously addresses the construction of trifluoromethylated quaternary carbon centers and the preparation of β-CF3-enones through radical difunctionalization of α-CF3 alkenes with acyl chlorides. This method is characterized by its broad functional group compatibility, high efficiency, and atom economy. The versatility of this transformation is poised to broaden the applications of α-CF3 alkenes, providing new pathways for the rapid assembly of structurally diverse fluorinated compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youkang Zhou
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Qi Jiang
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yangyang Cheng
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province and Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Mingyou Hu
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xin-Hua Duan
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Le Liu
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Hervieu C, Kirillova MS, Hu Y, Cuesta-Galisteo S, Merino E, Nevado C. Chiral arylsulfinylamides as reagents for visible light-mediated asymmetric alkene aminoarylations. Nat Chem 2024; 16:607-614. [PMID: 38228849 PMCID: PMC10997517 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01414-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Two- or one-electron-mediated difunctionalizations of internal alkenes represent straightforward approaches to assemble molecular complexity by the simultaneous formation of two contiguous Csp3 stereocentres. Although racemic versions have been extensively explored, asymmetric variants, especially those involving open-shell C-centred radical species, are much more limited both in number and scope. Here we describe enantioenriched arylsulfinylamides as all-in-one reagents for the efficient asymmetric, intermolecular aminoarylation of alkenes. Under mild photoredox conditions, nitrogen addition of the arylsulfinylamide onto the double bond, followed by 1,4-translocation of the aromatic ring, produce, in a single operation, the corresponding aminoarylation adducts in enantiomerically enriched form. The sulfinyl group acts here as a traceless chiral auxiliary, as it is eliminated in situ under the mild reaction conditions. Optically pure β,β-diarylethylamines, aryl-α,β-ethylenediamines and α-aryl-β-aminoalcohols, prominent motifs in pharmaceuticals, bioactive natural products and ligands for transition metals, are thereby accessible with excellent levels of regio-, relative and absolute stereocontrol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Hervieu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Yawen Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Estíbaliz Merino
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Investigación Andrés M. del Río (IQAR), Facultad de Farmacia, Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Cristina Nevado
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Käfer S, Niemeyer N, Tölle J, Neugebauer J. Triplet Excitation-Energy Transfer Couplings from Subsystem Time-Dependent Density-Functional Theory. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:2475-2490. [PMID: 38450637 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c01365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
We present an implementation of triplet excitation-energy transfer (TEET) couplings based on subsystem-based time-dependent density-functional theory (sTDDFT). TEET couplings are systematically investigated by comparing "exact" and approximate variants of sTDDFT. We demonstrate that, while sTDDFT utilizing explicit approximate non-additive kinetic energy (NAKE) density functionals is well-suited for describing singlet EET processes, it is inadequate for characterizing TEET. However, we show that projection-based embedding (PbE)-based sTDDFT addresses the challenges faced by NAKE-sTDDFT and emerges as a promising method for accurately describing electronic couplings in TEET processes. We also introduce the mixed PbE-/NAKE-embedding procedure to investigate the TEET effects in solvated pairs of chromophores. This approach offers a good balance between accuracy and efficiency, enabling comprehensive studies of TEET processes in complex environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Käfer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 36, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Niklas Niemeyer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 36, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Johannes Tölle
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Johannes Neugebauer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 36, Münster 48149, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Zhu Y, Wang Y, Shen W, Chen X, Liu Q, Yang L, Zhong G, Zhang J. Stereoselective Synthesis of Complex Polyenes through Sequential α-/β-C-H Functionalization of trans-Styrenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202315273. [PMID: 38217399 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Sequential C-H functionalization of molecules containing multiple C-H bonds can efficiently lead to structural diversity. Herein we present the first chelation-assisted sequential α-/β-C-H functionalization of E-styrenes with simple alkenes and alkynes in excellent regio- and stereo-selectivity. The process involves α C-H functionalization by six-membered exo-cyclopalladation to result in tri- and tetrasubstituted 1,3-dienes and β C-H functionalization through seven-membered endo-cyclopalladation to produce tetra- and pentasubstituted 1,3,5-trienes in up to 97 % yield with up to >99/1 E/Z selectivity, both enabled by the chelation assistance of pyrazinamide. The protocol is demonstrated to be widely applicable, tolerant to a wide range of functional groups and bioactive fragments, and suitable for gram-scale synthesis as well as one-pot and two step preparation of trienes. Mechanistic experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to elucidate the selectivity and reactivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Zhu
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yini Wang
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenzhou Shen
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Chemistry, Eastern Institute of Technology, Ningbo, 315200, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiuhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, China
| | - Limin Yang
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guofu Zhong
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Chemistry, Eastern Institute of Technology, Ningbo, 315200, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310015, China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Chandu P, Biswas S, Pal K, Sureshkumar D. Organophotoredox Catalysis: Switchable Radical Generation from Alkyl Sodium Sulfinates for Sulfonylation and Alkylative Activation of C-C Bonds of Cyclopropenes. J Org Chem 2024; 89:3912-3925. [PMID: 38446801 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Generating alkyl radicals from the sulfonyl radicals remains challenging in synthetic chemistry. Here, we report an efficient photocatalyzed strategy using alkyl sodium sulfinates as both sulfonylating and alkylating reagents by controlling the reaction temperature. This methodology provides a versatile protocol for synthesizing diastereoselective sulfonylated cyclopropanes and poly-substituted styrene derivatives. This methodology is successfully demonstrated with a wide variety of cyclopropenes and alkyl sulfinates, showcasing its broad substrate scope, high diastereo- and E/Z selectivity, and yielding good to excellent yields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Palasetty Chandu
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741246, India
| | - Sourabh Biswas
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741246, India
| | - Koustav Pal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741246, India
| | - Devarajulu Sureshkumar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741246, India
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Liang D, Zhou QQ, Xuan J. Multiple-cycle photochemical cascade reactions. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:2156-2174. [PMID: 38385507 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00071d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Cascade reactions represent an efficient and economical synthetic approach, enabling the rapid synthesis of a wide array of structurally complex organic compounds. These compounds, previously inaccessible, can now be synthesized in a remarkably limited number of steps. Concurrently, the photochemical reactions of organic molecules have gained prominence as a potent strategy for accessing a diverse range of radical species and intermediates. This is achieved in a controlled manner under mild conditions. Owing to the relentless endeavors of chemists, significant strides have been made in the realm of photochemical cascade reactions. These advancements have facilitated the synthesis of novel molecular structures with high complexity, structures that are typically challenging to generate under thermal conditions. In this review, we comprehensively summarize and underscore the recent pivotal advancements in visible-light-induced cascade reactions. Our focus is on the elucidation of multiple photochemical catalytic cycles, emphasizing the catalytic activation modes and the types of reactions involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Liang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236037, China
| | - Quan-Quan Zhou
- Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China.
| | - Jun Xuan
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials and Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials of Anhui Province, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Sun X, Zhao JZ, Wu CS, Zhang KW, Cheng L. Flavin mononucleotide regulated photochemical isomerization and degradation of zeatin. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:2021-2026. [PMID: 38372990 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00028e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
cis-Zeatin (cZ), a cytokinin often overlooked compared to trans-zeatin (tZ), can now be controlled in live cells and plants through a new biocompatible reaction. Using flavin photosensitizers, cZ can be isomerized to tZ or degraded, depending on the presence of a reducing reagent. This breakthrough offers a novel approach for regulating plant growth through chemical molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Sun
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiang-Zhe Zhao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, China.
| | - Chuan-Shuo Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ke-Wei Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, China.
| | - Liang Cheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Ghorai D, Tóth BL, Lanzi M, Kleij AW. Vinyl and Alkynyl Substituted Heterocycles as Privileged Scaffolds in Transition Metal Promoted Stereoselective Synthesis. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:726-738. [PMID: 38387878 PMCID: PMC10918838 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusBiologically active compounds and pharmaceutically relevant intermediates often feature sterically congested stereogenic centers, in particular, carbon stereocenters that are either tertiary tetrasubstituted ones or quaternary in nature. Synthons that comprise such bulky and often structurally complex core units are of high synthetic value and represent important incentives for communities connected to drug discovery and development. Streamlined approaches that give access to a diverse set of compounds incorporating acyclic bulky stereocenters are relatively limited, though vital. They enable further exploration of three-dimensional entities that can be designed and implemented in discovery programs, thereby extending the pool of molecular properties that is inaccessible for flat molecules. However, the lack of modular substrates in particular areas of chemical space inspired us to consider functionalized heterocycles known as cyclic carbonates and carbamates as a productive way to create sterically crowded alkenes and stereocenters.In this Account, we describe the major approximations we followed over the course of 8 years using transition metal (TM) catalysis as an instrument to control the stereochemical course of various allylic and propargylic substitution processes and related transformations. Allylic substitution reactions empowered by Pd-catalysis utilizing a variety of nucleophiles are discussed, with amination being the seed of all of this combined work. These procedures build on vinyl-substituted cyclic carbonates (VCCs) that are simple and easy-to-access precursors and highly modular in nature compared to synthetically limited vinyl oxiranes. Overall these decarboxylative conversions take place with either "linear" or "branched" regioselectivities that are ligand controlled and offer access to a wide scope of functional allylic scaffolds. Alternative approaches, including dual TM/photocatalyzed transformations, allowed us to expand the repertoire of challenging stereoselective conversions. This was achieved through key single-electron pathways and via formal umpolung of intermediates, resulting in new types of carbon-carbon bond formation reactions significantly expanding the scope of allylic substitution reactions.Heterocyclic substrate variants that have triple bond functional groups were also designed by us to enable difficult-to-promote stereoselective propargylic substitution reactions through TM catalysis. In these processes, inspired by the Nishibayashi laboratory and their seminal findings in the area, we discovered various new reactivity patterns. This provided access to a range of different stereodefined building blocks such as 1,2-diborylated 1,3-dienes and tetrasubstituted α-allenols under Cu- or Ni-catalysis. In this realm, the use of lactone-derived substrates gives access to elusive chiral γ-amino acids and lactams with high stereofidelity and good structural diversity.Apart from the synthetic efforts, we have elucidated some of the pertinent mechanistic manifolds operative in these transformations to better understand the limitations and opportunities with these specifically functionalized heterocycles that allowed us to create complex synthons. We combined both theoretical and experimental investigations that lead to several unexpected outcomes in terms of enantioinduction models, catalyst preactivation, and intermediates that are intimately connected to rationales for the observed selectivity profiles. The combined work we have communicated over the years offers insight into the unique reactivity of cyclic carbonates/carbamates acting as privileged precursors. It may inspire other members of the synthetic communities to widen the scope of precursors toward novel stereoselective transformations with added value in drug discovery and development in both academic and commercial settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debasish Ghorai
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), the Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Balázs L. Tóth
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), the Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Matteo Lanzi
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), the Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Arjan W. Kleij
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), the Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Catalan
Institute of Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Pg. Lluis Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Zhou G, Guo Z, Liu S, Shen X. Divergent Synthesis of Fluoroalkyl Ketones through Controlling the Reactivity of Organoboronate Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:4026-4035. [PMID: 38299789 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report a divergent synthesis of fluoroalkyl ketones through visible-light-induced reactions between readily available organoboronic esters and fluoroalkyl acylsilanes. Selective control of the reactivity of the in situ generated organoboronate complexes is the key to achieving divergent transformations. Under basic conditions, the organoboronate complexes undergo deboronative fluoride elimination, resulting in the formation of enol silyl ethers as intermediates that react with various electrophiles to generate defluorinated ketones as the products. Moreover, in combination with peroxide, a 1,2-shift of fluoroalkyl group is favored over deboronative fluoride elimination to generate ketal intermediates, leading to the formation of ketones as the products. This transition-metal-free reaction is operationally simple, and aryl, alkenyl, and alkyl boronic esters are all suitable substrates. The synthetic potential has been demonstrated by gram-scale reactions and facile synthesis of bioactive molecules including zifrosilone and its fluoroalkyl analogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zhou
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhuanzhuan Guo
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiao Shen
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Quirós I, Martín M, Gomez-Mendoza M, Cabrera-Afonso MJ, Liras M, Fernández I, Nóvoa L, Tortosa M. Isonitriles as Alkyl Radical Precursors in Visible Light Mediated Hydro- and Deuterodeamination Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317683. [PMID: 38150265 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report the use of isonitriles as alkyl radical precursors in light-mediated hydro- and deuterodeamination reactions. The reaction is scalable, shows broad functional group compatibility and potential to be used in late-stage functionalization. Importantly, the method is general for Cα -primary, Cα -secondary and Cα -tertiary alkyl isonitriles. For most examples, high yields were obtained through direct visible-light irradiation of the isonitrile in the presence of a silyl radical precursor. Interestingly, in the presence of an organic photocatalyst (4CzIPN) a dramatic acceleration was observed. In-depth mechanistic studies using UV/Vis absorption, steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence, and transient absorption spectroscopy suggest that the excited state of 4CzIPN can engage in a single-electron transfer with the isonitrile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Quirós
- Organic Chemistry Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Avda. Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Martín
- Organic Chemistry Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Avda. Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Gomez-Mendoza
- Photoactivated Processes Unit, IMDEA Energy, Av. Ramón de la Sagra 3, Móstoles, 28935, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Jesús Cabrera-Afonso
- Organic Chemistry Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Avda. Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Liras
- Photoactivated Processes Unit, IMDEA Energy, Av. Ramón de la Sagra 3, Móstoles, 28935, Madrid, Spain
| | - Israel Fernández
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Center of Innovation in Advanced Chemistry (ORFEO-CINQA), Spain
| | - Luis Nóvoa
- Organic Chemistry Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Avda. Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariola Tortosa
- Organic Chemistry Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Avda. Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Avda. Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Center of Innovation in Advanced Chemistry (ORFEO-CINQA), Spain
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Dutta S, Erchinger JE, Strieth-Kalthoff F, Kleinmans R, Glorius F. Energy transfer photocatalysis: exciting modes of reactivity. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:1068-1089. [PMID: 38168974 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00190c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Excited (triplet) states offer a myriad of attractive synthetic pathways, including cycloadditions, selective homolytic bond cleavages and strain-release chemistry, isomerizations, deracemizations, or the fusion with metal catalysis. Recent years have seen enormous advantages in enabling these reactivity modes through visible-light-mediated triplet-triplet energy transfer catalysis (TTEnT). This tutorial review provides an overview of this emerging strategy for synthesizing sought-after organic motifs in a mild, selective, and sustainable manner. Building on the photophysical foundations of energy transfer, this review also discusses catalyst design, as well as the challenges and opportunities of energy transfer catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subhabrata Dutta
- University of Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Johannes E Erchinger
- University of Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Felix Strieth-Kalthoff
- University of Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Roman Kleinmans
- University of Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Frank Glorius
- University of Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Mao R, Taylor DM, Wackelin DJ, Wu SJ, Sicinski KM, Arnold FH. Biocatalytic, Stereoconvergent Alkylation of ( Z/E)-Trisubstituted Silyl Enol Ethers. NATURE SYNTHESIS 2024; 3:256-264. [PMID: 39130128 PMCID: PMC11309014 DOI: 10.1038/s44160-023-00431-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Alkene functionalization has garnered significant attention due to the versatile reactivity of C=C bonds. A major challenge is the selective conversion of isomeric alkenes into chiral products. Researchers have devised various biocatalytic strategies to transform isomeric alkenes into stereopure compounds; while selective, the enzymes often specifically convert one alkene isomer, thereby diminishing overall yield. To increase the overall yield, scientists have introduced additional driving forces to interconvert alkene isomers. This improves the yield of biocatalytic alkene functionalization at the cost of increased energy consumption and chemical waste. Developing a stereoconvergent enzyme for alkene functionalization offers an ideal solution, although such catalysts are rarely reported. Here we present engineered hemoproteins derived from a bacterial cytochrome P450 that efficiently catalyze the stereoconvergent α-carbonyl alkylation of isomeric silyl enol ethers, producing stereopure products. Through screening and directed evolution, we generated P450BM3 variant SCA-G2, which catalyzes stereoconvergent carbene transfer in E. coli, with high efficiency and stereoselectivity toward various Z/E mixtures of silyl enol ethers. In contrast to established stereospecific transformations that leave one isomer unreacted, SCA-G2 converts both isomers to a stereopure product. This biocatalytic approach simplifies the synthesis of chiral α-branched ketones by eliminating the need for stoichiometric chiral auxiliaries, strongly basic alkali-metal enolates, and harsh conditions, delivering products with high efficiency and excellent chemo- and stereoselectivities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sophia J. Wu
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, United States
| | - Kathleen M. Sicinski
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, United States
| | - Frances H. Arnold
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, United States
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Han C, Kundu BK, Liang Y, Sun Y. Near-Infrared Light-Driven Photocatalysis with an Emphasis on Two-Photon Excitation: Concepts, Materials, and Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2307759. [PMID: 37703435 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Efficient utilization of sunlight in photocatalysis is widely recognized as a promising solution for addressing the growing energy demand and environmental issues resulting from fossil fuel consumption. Recently, there have been significant developments in various near-infrared (NIR) light-harvesting systems for artificial photosynthesis and photocatalytic environmental remediation. This review provides an overview of the most recent advancements in the utilization of NIR light through the creation of novel nanostructured materials and molecular photosensitizers, as well as modulating strategies to enhance the photocatalytic processes. A special focus is given to the emerging two-photon excitation NIR photocatalysis. The unique features and limitations of different systems are critically evaluated. In particular, it highlights the advantages of utilizing NIR light and two-photon excitation compared to UV-visible irradiation and one-photon excitation. Ongoing challenges and potential solutions for the future exploration of NIR light-responsive materials are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Han
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Bidyut Kumar Kundu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Yujun Liang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Yujie Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Shi Q, Kang XW, Liu Z, Sakthivel P, Aman H, Chang R, Yan X, Pang Y, Dai S, Ding B, Ye J. Single-Electron Oxidation-Initiated Enantioselective Hydrosulfonylation of Olefins Enabled by Photoenzymatic Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:2748-2756. [PMID: 38214454 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Controlling the enantioselectivity of hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) reactions has been a long-standing synthetic challenge. While recent advances on photoenzymatic catalysis have demonstrated the great potential of non-natural photoenzymes, all of the transformations are initiated by single-electron reduction of the substrate, with only one notable exception. Herein, we report an oxidation-initiated photoenzymatic enantioselective hydrosulfonylation of olefins using a novel mutant of gluconobacter ene-reductase (GluER-W100F-W342F). Compared to known photoenzymatic systems, our approach does not rely on the formation of an electron donor-acceptor complex between the substrates and enzyme cofactor and simplifies the reaction system by obviating the addition of a cofactor regeneration mixture. More importantly, the GluER variant exhibits high reactivity and enantioselectivity and a broad substrate scope. Mechanistic studies support the proposed oxidation-initiated mechanism and reveal that a tyrosine-mediated HAT process is involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinglong Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiu-Wen Kang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhiyong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory on Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Pandaram Sakthivel
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hasil Aman
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Rui Chang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yubing Pang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shaobo Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory on Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Bei Ding
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Juntao Ye
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Chiminelli M, Scarica G, Serafino A, Marchiò L, Viscardi R, Maestri G. Visible-Light-Promoted Tandem Skeletal Rearrangement/Dearomatization of Heteroaryl Enallenes. Molecules 2024; 29:595. [PMID: 38338340 PMCID: PMC10856172 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Access to complex three-dimensional molecular architectures via dearomatization of ubiquitous aryl rings is a powerful synthetic tool, which faces, however, an inherent challenge to overcome energetic costs due to the loss of aromatic stabilization energy. Photochemical methods that allow one to populate high-energy states can thus be an ideal strategy to accomplish otherwise prohibitive reaction pathways. We present an original dearomative rearrangement of heteroaryl acryloylallenamides that leads to complex fused tricycles. The visible-light-promoted method occurs under mild conditions and tolerates a variety of functional groups. According to DFT modeling used to rationalize the outcome of the cascade, the reaction involves a sequential [2+2] allene-alkene photocycloaddition, which is followed by a selective retro- [2+2] step that paves the way for the dearomatization of the heteroaryl partner. This scenario is original with respect to the reported photochemical reactivity of similar substrates and thus holds promise for ample future developments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Chiminelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17°, 43124 Parma, Italy; (M.C.); (G.S.); (A.S.); (L.M.)
| | - Gabriele Scarica
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17°, 43124 Parma, Italy; (M.C.); (G.S.); (A.S.); (L.M.)
| | - Andrea Serafino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17°, 43124 Parma, Italy; (M.C.); (G.S.); (A.S.); (L.M.)
| | - Luciano Marchiò
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17°, 43124 Parma, Italy; (M.C.); (G.S.); (A.S.); (L.M.)
| | - Rosanna Viscardi
- ENEA, Casaccia Research Center, Santa Maria di Galeria, 00123 Roma, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Maestri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17°, 43124 Parma, Italy; (M.C.); (G.S.); (A.S.); (L.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Sakakibara Y, Itami K, Murakami K. Switchable Decarboxylation by Energy- or Electron-Transfer Photocatalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:1554-1562. [PMID: 38103176 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Kolbe dimerization and Hofer-Moest reactions are well-investigated carboxylic acid transformations, wherein new carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds are constructed via electrochemical decarboxylation. These transformations can be switched by choosing an electrode that allows control of the reactive intermediate, such as carbon radical or carbocation. However, the requirement of a high current density diminishes the functional group compatibility with these electrochemical reactions. Here, we demonstrate the photocatalytic decarboxylative transformation of activated carboxylic acids in a switchable and functional group-compatible manner. We discovered that switching between Kolbe-type or Hofer-Moest-type reactions can be accomplished with suitable photocatalysts by controlling the reaction pathways: energy transfer (EnT) and single-electron transfer (SET). The EnT pathway promoted by an organo-photocatalyst yielded 1,2-diarylethane from arylacetic acids, whereas the ruthenium photoredox catalyst allows the construction of an ester scaffold with two arylmethyl moieties via the SET pathway. The resulting radical intermediates were coupled to olefins to realize multicomponent reactions. Consequently, four different products were selectively obtained from a simple carboxylic acid. This discovery offers new opportunities for selectively synthesizing multiple products via switchable reactions using identical substrates with minimal cost and effort.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yota Sakakibara
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa 464-8602, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda 669-1330, Hyogo, Japan
- Japanese Science and Technology Agency (JST)-PRESTO, Chiyoda 102-0076, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Itami
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa 464-8602, Nagoya, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa 464-8602, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kei Murakami
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda 669-1330, Hyogo, Japan
- Japanese Science and Technology Agency (JST)-PRESTO, Chiyoda 102-0076, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Cerveri A, Scarica G, Sparascio S, Hoch M, Chiminelli M, Tegoni M, Protti S, Maestri G. Boosting Energy-Transfer Processes via Dispersion Interactions. Chemistry 2024:e202304010. [PMID: 38224554 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
The generation of open-shell intermediates under mild conditions has opened broad synthetic opportunities during this century. However, these reactive species often require a case specific and tailored tuning of experimental parameters in order to efficiently convert substrates into products. We report a general approach that can overcome these ubiquitous limitations for several visible-light promoted energy-transfer processes. The use of either naphthalene (5-20 equiv.) or simple binaphthyl derivatives (10-30 mol %) greatly increases their efficiency, giving rise to a new strategy for catalysis. The trend is consistent among different media, photocatalysts, light sources and substrates, allowing one to improve existing methods, to more easily optimize conditions for new ones, and, moreover, to disclose otherwise inaccessible reaction pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Cerveri
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Gabriele Scarica
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Sara Sparascio
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Matteo Hoch
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Maurizio Chiminelli
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Matteo Tegoni
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Stefano Protti
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, Università di Pavia, Via Taramelli 10, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Maestri
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Chen PC, You PY, Wu LY, Chin Z, Chiu KH, Hsieh ST, Huang YW. Diastereodivergent α-Homoallylation of Cyclic Enones. Org Lett 2024. [PMID: 38181402 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c04151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
α,β-Unsaturated carbonyls are essential structural motifs for nucleophiles of disease-related proteins. Methods for stereoselective functionalizations at the α-position include the Morita-Baylis-Hillman, Negishi, Sonogashira, Stille, and Rauhut-Currier reactions. Described here is a method for the diastereodivergent α-homoallylation of cyclic enones via a sequence of conjugate addition, aldol condensation, and diastereoselective [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement. Mechanistic investigations revealed that the [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement proceeds with transfer of chirality. These inspire a photocatalyzed olefin isomerization of the aldol condensation product leading to a highly diastereoselective [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement to furnish the α-homoallylation of cyclic enones. Importantly, this photocatalyzed olefin isomerization/diastereoselective [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement reaction sequence permits a full stereocontrol of the exo-β-position featuring an allyl group as a synthetic functional handle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Po-Chou Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Pei-Yun You
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Li-Yun Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Zhanyi Chin
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Kuan-Hua Chiu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Song-Ting Hsieh
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yu-Wen Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan, Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|