1
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Lakshman MK, Malinchak CT, Shank N, Neary MC, Stahl L. Purinyl N-directed aroylation of 6-arylpurine ribo- and 2'-deoxyribonucleosides, and mechanistic insights. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:6718-6726. [PMID: 38916551 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00689e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
The purinyl ring contains four embedded nitrogen atoms of varying basicities. Selective utilization of these ring nitrogen atoms can lead to relatively facile remote functionalization, yielding modified purinyl motifs that are otherwise not easily obtained. Herein, we report previously undescribed N-directed aroylation of 6-arylpurine ribo and the more labile 2'-deoxyribonucleosides. Kinetic isotope analysis as well as reaction with a well-defined dimeric, palladated 9-benzyl 6-arylpurine provided evidence for N-directed cyclometallation as a key step, with a plausible rate-limiting C-H bond cleavage. Radical inhibition experiments indicate the likely intermediacy of aroyl radicals. The chemistry surmounts difficulties often posed in the functionalization of polynitrogenated and polyoxygenated nucleosidic structures that possess complex reactivities and a labile glycosidic bond that is more sensitive in the 2'-deoxy substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh K Lakshman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10031, USA.
- The Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Casina T Malinchak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10031, USA.
- The Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Nathaniel Shank
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Southern University, 11935 Abercorn Street, Savannah, GA 31419, USA
| | - Michelle C Neary
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lothar Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, 151 Cornell Street Stop 9024, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
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2
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He X, Liu K, Yan S, Jiang H, Ma C, Zhang X, Fan X. Synthesis of Heptacyclic Compounds through C-H Bond Activation-Initiated Cascade Reactions. Org Lett 2024. [PMID: 39172522 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Presented herein is an atom- and step-economical method enabling the precise assembly of a heptacyclic scaffold containing both azocine and indoline units through the cascade reactions of indolin-1-yl(aryl)methanimines with diazo indanediones. The formation of products involves C-H bond activation and double carbene insertion followed by intramolecular condensation, retro-[2 + 2] cycloaddition, and recyclization. This cascade reaction not only provided a concise and straightforward strategy for the synthesis of the otherwise difficult to obtain heptacyclic compounds from readily available substrates but also disclosed an unprecedented reaction mode for indoline derivatives and diazo compounds. In general, this novel synthetic protocol has advantages, such as easily obtainable substrates, structurally sophisticated products, concise synthetic procedure, good compatibility with diverse functional groups, and ready scalability. Moreover, the products thus obtained showed decent antiproliferative activity against three human cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing He
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Pingyuan Laboratory, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Kangli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Pingyuan Laboratory, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Shengnan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Pingyuan Laboratory, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Pingyuan Laboratory, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Chunhua Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Pingyuan Laboratory, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Xinying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Pingyuan Laboratory, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Xuesen Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Pingyuan Laboratory, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
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3
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Hu J, Liu J, Cui W, Zheng L, Wang R, Liu ZQ, Pu S. Rh(III)-catalyzed [4 + 1] annulation of 1-arylindazolones with alkynyl cyclobutanols: access to indazolo[1,2- a]indazolones. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:6500-6505. [PMID: 39101292 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob01067a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
A convenient and efficient synthesis of structurally diverse indazolo[1,2-a]indazolones via a Rh(III)-catalyzed [4 + 1] annulation of 1-arylindazolones with alkynyl cyclobutanols has been achieved by combining C-H and C-C bond cleavage. This cascade reaction features readily available starting materials, good functional group tolerance, broad substrate scope, and excellent atom-economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Hu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, P. R. China.
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Institute of Clean Energy and Materials/Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clean Energy and Materials, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Jidan Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Institute of Clean Energy and Materials/Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clean Energy and Materials, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Wenwen Cui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Institute of Clean Energy and Materials/Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clean Energy and Materials, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Liyao Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Institute of Clean Energy and Materials/Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clean Energy and Materials, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Renjie Wang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, P. R. China.
- Department of Ecology and Environment, Yuzhang Normal University, Nanchang, 330103, P. R. China
| | - Zhao-Qing Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Institute of Clean Energy and Materials/Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clean Energy and Materials, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Shouzhi Pu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, P. R. China.
- Department of Ecology and Environment, Yuzhang Normal University, Nanchang, 330103, P. R. China
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4
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Song YC, Cao WH, Wang MX, Wang RQ, Sun YY, Wu AX, Zhu YP. One-Pot Total Synthesis of Natural Products Nitramarine, Nitraridine, and Analogues via a Cascade Oxidation/Pictet-Spengler Condensation/Annulation Process. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 39119659 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
A cascade oxidation/Pictet-Spengler condensation/annulation process has been developed for the one-pot total synthesis of nitramarine, nitraridine, and their analogues. The procedure proceeded with easily available quinolines and tryptophan derivatives. A simple and metal-free approach, wide substrate scope, and functional group tolerance make it applicable for the synthesis of diverse bioactive nitramarine, nitraridine, and their derivatives. Furthermore, the bioactivity evaluation has identified two promising leading compounds 5d and 5e with potent antitumor proliferative activity against breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chun Song
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Hui Cao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, P. R. China
| | - Ming-Xuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, P. R. China
| | - Run-Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, P. R. China
| | - An-Xin Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Ping Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, P. R. China
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5
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Guo W, Jiang J, Wang J. [2.2]Benzoindenophane-Based Chiral Indenyl Ligands: Design, Synthesis, and Applications in Asymmetric C-H Activation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400279. [PMID: 38781117 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Development of chiral indenyl ligands for asymmetric C-H activation is a longstanding challenge, and extremely few successes have been achieved. In this paper, we describe a class of readily accessible, facilely tunable and user-friendly chiral indenyl ligands featuring a [2.2]benzoindenophane skeleton via a divergent synthesis strategy. The corresponding chiral indenyl rhodium catalysts were successfully applied in the asymmetric C-H activation reaction of O-Boc hydroxybenzamide with alkenes to give various chiral dihydroisoquinolone products (up to 97 % yield, up to 98 % ee). Moreover, the asymmetric C-H activation reaction of carboxylic acids with alkynes was also successfully accomplished, providing a range of axially chiral isocoumarins (up to 99 % yield, up to 94 % ee). Notably, this represents the first example of enantioselective transition metal catalyzed C(sp2)-H activation/oxidative coupling of benzoic acids with internal alkynes to construct isocoumarins. Given many attractive features of this class of indenyl ligands, such as convenient synthesis, high tunability and exclusive face-selectivity of coordination, its applications in more catalytic asymmetric C-H activation and in other asymmetric catalysis are foreseen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weicong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Jijun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
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6
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Cattani S, Pandit NK, Buccio M, Balestri D, Ackermann L, Cera G. Iron-Catalyzed C-H Alkylation/Ring Opening with Vinylbenzofurans Enabled by Triazoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404319. [PMID: 38785101 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
We report an unprecedented iron-catalyzed C-H annulation using readily available 2-vinylbenzofurans as the reaction pattern. The redox-neutral strategy, based on cheap, non-toxic, and earth-abundant iron catalysts, exploits triazole assistance to promote a cascade C-H alkylation, benzofuran ring-opening and insertion into a Fe-N bond, to form highly functionalized isoquinolones. Detailed mechanistic studies supported by DFT calculations fully disclosed the manifold of the iron catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Cattani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Neeraj Kumar Pandit
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michele Buccio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Davide Balestri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gianpiero Cera
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
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7
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Dupommier D, Vuagnat M, Rzayev J, Roy S, Jubault P, Besset T. Site-Selective Ortho/Ipso C-H Difunctionalizations of Arenes using Thianthrene as a Leaving Group. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403950. [PMID: 38712851 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Site-selective ortho/ipso C-H difunctionalizations of aromatic compounds were designed to afford polyfunctionalized arenes including challenging 1,2,3,4-tetrasubstituted ones (62 examples, up to 97 % yields). To ensure the excellent regioselectivity of the process while keeping high efficiency, an original strategy based on a "C-H thianthenation/Catellani-type reaction" sequence was developed starting from simple arenes. Non-prefunctionalized arenes were first regioselectively converted into the corresponding thianthrenium salts. Then, a palladium-catalyzed, norbornene (NBE)-mediated process allowed the synthesis of ipso-olefinated/ortho-alkylated polyfunctionalized arenes using a thianthrene as a leaving group (revisited Catellani reaction). Pleasingly, using a commercially available norbornene (NBE) and a unique catalytic system, synthetic challenges known for the Catellani reaction with aryl iodides were smoothly and successfully tackled with the "thianthrenium" approach. The protocol was robust (gram-scale reaction) and was widely applied to the two-fold functionalization of various arenes including bio-active compounds. Moreover, a panel of olefins and alkyl halides as coupling partners was suitable. Pleasingly, the "thianthrenium" strategy was successfully further applied to the incorporation of other groups at the ipso (CN/alkyl/H, aryl) and ortho (alkyl, aryl, amine, thiol) positions, showcasing the generality of the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorian Dupommier
- INSA Rouen Normandie, Univ Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Univ, COBRA UMR 6014, F-76000, Rouen, France
| | - Martin Vuagnat
- INSA Rouen Normandie, Univ Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Univ, COBRA UMR 6014, F-76000, Rouen, France
| | - Javid Rzayev
- INSA Rouen Normandie, Univ Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Univ, COBRA UMR 6014, F-76000, Rouen, France
| | - Sourav Roy
- INSA Rouen Normandie, Univ Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Univ, COBRA UMR 6014, F-76000, Rouen, France
| | - Philippe Jubault
- INSA Rouen Normandie, Univ Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Univ, COBRA UMR 6014, F-76000, Rouen, France
| | - Tatiana Besset
- INSA Rouen Normandie, Univ Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Univ, COBRA UMR 6014, F-76000, Rouen, France
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8
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Vineet Kumar D, Sundararaju B. Manganese-Catalyzed Z-Selective Allylation of Indoles with Allenyl Derivatives. J Org Chem 2024; 89:10087-10092. [PMID: 38982582 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report a manganese-catalyzed Z-selective hydroarylation of allenyl ethylene carbonates (AECs) under mild conditions. The methodology employs an earth-abundant Mn(I)-catalyst, which shows high functional group tolerance, performed at room temperature, resulting in good-to-excellent yields of the products with very high Z-selectivity. Besides, mechanistic insights reveal the substitution effects of the allenes over the control of Z-selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doppalapudi Vineet Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur , Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Basker Sundararaju
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur , Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
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9
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Kharat ND, Naharwal S, Panda SS, Bajaj K, Sakhuja R. Iridium-catalyzed diacylmethylation of tyrosine and its peptides with sulfoxonium ylides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:7622-7625. [PMID: 38957144 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02204a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Pyridyloxy-directed Ir(III)-catalyzed diacylmethylation of protected tyrosines was achieved with alkyl and (hetero)aryl sulfoxonium ylides, furnishing tyrosine-based unnatural amino acids in good yields. Furthermore, the late stage exemplification of the strategy was successfully accomplished in tyrosine-containing dipeptides, tripeptides and tetrapeptides in moderate yields. This methodology is distinguished by its site-selectivity, tolerance of sensitive functional groups, scalability, and retention of the chiral configuration for tyrosine motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendra Dinkar Kharat
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India.
| | - Sushma Naharwal
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India.
| | - Siva S Panda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Kiran Bajaj
- Department of Chemistry, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Rajeev Sakhuja
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India.
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10
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Hasegawa S, Harano K, Motokura K. RhRu Bimetallic Oxide Cluster Catalysts for Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling of Arenes and Carboxylic Acids. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:19059-19069. [PMID: 38842195 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Noble-metal-based bimetallic oxide clusters are promising novel catalysts. In this study, we developed carbon-supported RhRu bimetallic oxide clusters (RhRuOx/C) with a mean diameter of 1.2 nm, which showed remarkable catalytic activity for the cross-dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) of arenes and carboxylic acids with O2 as the sole oxidant. RhRu bimetallic oxide cluster formation was confirmed by aberration-corrected high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Kinetic isotope and substituent effects indicated that arene C-H bond cleavage was the rate-determining step and proceeded via electrophilic concerted metalation-deprotonation mechanism, with a carboxylate as an internal base. Density functional theory calculations supported the proposed mechanism and indicated that the active center for C-H bond activation was Rh(V) rather than Rh(III), while Ru enhanced the electrophilicity of the Rh(V) site by decreasing the negative charge of the surrounding oxygen atoms. Electron-rich arenes showed relatively high reactivity for the RhRuOx/C-catalyzed CDC reaction, and both aliphatic and aromatic carboxylic acids were applicable to the reaction. The RhRuOx/C catalyst is promising for the CDC reaction of arenes and carboxylic acids to produce aryl esters. This work promotes the development of noble-metal-based bimetallic oxide clusters for C-H bond activation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Hasegawa
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Koji Harano
- Center for Basic Research on Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Ken Motokura
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
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11
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Ghosh KK, RajanBabu TV. Ligand Effects in Carboxylic Ester- and Aldehyde-Assisted β-C-H Activation in Regiodivergent and Enantioselective Cycloisomerization-Hydroalkenylation and Cycloisomerization-Hydroarylation, and [2 + 2 + 2]-Cycloadditions of 1,6-Enynes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:18753-18770. [PMID: 38935521 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c06796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report room temperature, atom-economic protocols for high regio- and enantioselective tandem cycloisomerization-hydroarylation and cycloisomerization-hydroalkenylation of 1,6-enynes leading to vicinal carba-functionalized pyrrolidines, tetrahydrofurans, and cyclopentanes. The latter steps in these processes involve carbonyl-coordination-assisted ortho-C-H activation of aromatic aldehydes and esters, and, a similar, yet rarely seen, β-C-H activation in the case of the acrylates. Synthetically useful enantioselective versions of such reactions are rare and are limited to the C2-H activation of indoles and pyrroles. A similar reaction is also observed with N-vinylphthalimide, which also has a carbonyl group suitable for C-H activation. A dibenzooxaphosphole ligand, (2S,2S',3S,3S')-MeO-BIBOP was uniquely identified as crucial to achieving the challenging regio- and enantioselectivity. This methodology gives access to substituted five-membered carbo- and heterocyclic compounds in good yields and excellent enantioselectivities under a low catalyst loading. A primary KIE of 3.5 is observed in an intermolecular competition experiment with methyl benzoate and d5-methyl benzoate, which indicates that the C-H cleavage is the turnover-limiting step of this process. Unlike the acrylates, which undergoes exclusive hydroalkenylation, a β, γ-unsaturated ester, methyl but-3-enoate, undergoes the highly enantioselective cycloisomerization-coupling sequence with a 1,6-enyne giving either a [2 + 2 + 2]-cycloaddition with (S, S)-BDPP or hydroalkenylation with (2S,2'S,3S,3'S)-MeO-BIBOP depending on the ligand employed. The (E)-configuration of the newly formed double bond at the terminal alkynyl carbon (of the starting enyne) in the hydroalkenylation product of β,γ-unsaturated ester suggests a more classical migratory insertion-β-hydride elimination route for the formation of this product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiron K Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - T V RajanBabu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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12
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Mondal S, Jana R. Green light-mediated dual eosin Y/Pd II-catalyzed C(sp 2)-H arylation of N-H unprotected 2-arylquinazolinones. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:5540-5545. [PMID: 38916115 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00779d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
We report herein an eosin Y/Pd(II) dual catalytic approach for regio- and chemoselective C(sp2)-H monoarylation of N-H unprotected 2-phenyl quinazolinone derivatives under green light irradiation with no necessity for any base/additive/external oxidant. The free N-H moiety was post-modified for quinazolinone scaffold diversification and C-H annulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuvam Mondal
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Ranjan Jana
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, West Bengal, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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13
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Zuo Y, Zuo P, Liu M, Wang X, Du J, Li X, Zhang P, Xu Z. Recent approaches for the synthesis of heterocycles from amidines via a metal catalyzed C-H functionalization reaction. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:5014-5031. [PMID: 38831700 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00420e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Transition metal catalyzed C-H bond activation has become one of the most important tools for constructing new chemical bonds. Introducing directing groups to the substrates is the key to a successful reaction, these directing groups can also be further transformed in the reaction. Amidines with their unique structure and reactivity are ideal substrates for transition metal-catalyzed C-H transformations. This review describes the major advances and mechanistic investigations of the C-H activation/annulation tandem reactions of amidines until early 2024, focusing on metal-catalyzed C-H activation of amidines with unsaturated compounds, such as alkynes, ketone, vinylene carbonate, cyclopropanols and their derivatives. Meanwhile this manuscript also explores the reaction of amidines with different carbene precursors, for example diazo compounds, azide, triazoles, pyriodotriazoles, and sulfoxonium ylides as well as their own C-H bond activation/cyclization reactions. A bright outlook is provided at the end of the manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youpeng Zuo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou, Anhui 234000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Pengfei Zuo
- Kunshan Customs, Kunshan, Jiangsu 215300, People's Republic of China
| | - Meijun Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou, Anhui 234000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoqing Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou, Anhui 234000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jun Du
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou, Anhui 234000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoling Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou, Anhui 234000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Pinghua Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou, Anhui 234000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhenhua Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou, Anhui 234000, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Michiyuki T, Maksso I, Ackermann L. Photo-Induced Ruthenium-Catalyzed C-H Arylation Polymerization at Ambient Temperature. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400845. [PMID: 38634987 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Transition metal-catalyzed C-H arylation polymerization (CHAP) is an attractive tool for constructing π-conjugated polymers in a sustainable manner. However, the existing methods primarily rely on palladium catalysis, which usually entails harsh reaction conditions and branching/cross-linking. Here we report the first example of an ambient-temperature ruthenium-catalyzed C-H arylation polymerization induced by visible light irradiation. The present polymerization can produce various meta- and para-linked polymers in excellent yields with high molecular weights. The remarkable feature of our mild reaction platform is represented by high chemoselectivity, leading to polymers that are otherwise inaccessible under conventional reaction conditions at high temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Michiyuki
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Isaac Maksso
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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15
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Sharma T, Sumit, Sachin, Chandra D, Gupta SS, Sharma U. Co(III)-Catalyzed Regioselective Functionalization of Isoquinolones with Naphthoquinones. Org Lett 2024; 26:5027-5031. [PMID: 38829220 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
A strategy for Co(III)-catalyzed C(sp2)-H alkenylation of N-protected isoquinolones with 1,4-naphthoquinones has been disclosed. The developed protocol was efficiently applied for diversely substituted isoquinolones. Preliminary mechanistic experiments revealed the involvement of a five-membered cobaltacycle as an intermediate. Deuterium labeling experiments suggested the reversible nature of the C-H activation step. The scale-up reaction was also carried out, and the product was utilized as a chemosensor to detect Fe3+ ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamanna Sharma
- C-H Activation and Phytochemistry Lab, Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-IHBT, Palampur 176061, India
| | - Sumit
- C-H Activation and Phytochemistry Lab, Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-IHBT, Palampur 176061, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Sachin
- C-H Activation and Phytochemistry Lab, Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-IHBT, Palampur 176061, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Devesh Chandra
- C-H Activation and Phytochemistry Lab, Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-IHBT, Palampur 176061, India
| | - Shiv Shankar Gupta
- C-H Activation and Phytochemistry Lab, Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-IHBT, Palampur 176061, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Upendra Sharma
- C-H Activation and Phytochemistry Lab, Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-IHBT, Palampur 176061, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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16
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Kandanarachchi P, Meyer GA, Musolino SF, Wulff JE, Rhodes LF. Crosslinking Vinyl-Addition Polynorbornenes via Difunctional Diazirines to Generate Low Dielectric-Constant and Low Dielectric-Loss Thermosets. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024:e2400200. [PMID: 38875712 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Thermosets having low dielectric constant (Dk < 3) and low dielectric dissipation factor (Df < 0.003), high glass transition temperature (Tg > 150 °C), and good adhesion to copper are desirable for the low loss layers of the copper clad laminates (CCL) in next generation printed circuit boards. Three different difunctional diazirines are evaluated for both thermal and photochemical crosslinking of a high Tg vinyl-addition polynorbornene resin: poly(5-hexyl-1-norbornene) (poly(HNB)). The substrate polymer, crosslinked by the carbenes generated from the activated diazirines, forms thermosets with Dk < 2.3 and Df < 0.001 at 10 GHz depending on the identity of the diazirine and the loading. The Dk and Df values for one composition are stable for 1600 h at 125 °C in air and for 1400 h at 85 °C and 85% relative humidity, suggesting good long-term reliability of this thermoset. Adhesion of poly(HNB) to copper can be enhanced by priming the copper surface with a diazirine prior to high temperature lamination; peel strength values of greater than 7.5 N cm-1 are achieved. Negative-tone photopatterning of poly(HNB) with diazirines upon exposure to 365 nm light is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jeremy E Wulff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8W 3V6, Canada
| | - Larry F Rhodes
- Promerus, LLC, 225 W. Bartges Street, Akron, OH, 44307, USA
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17
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Templ J, Schnürch M. Strategies for Using Quaternary Ammonium Salts as Alternative Reagents in Alkylations. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400675. [PMID: 38587031 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Alkylation reactions are pivotal in organic chemistry, with wide-ranging utilization across various fields of applied synthetic chemistry. However, conventional reagents employed in alkylations often pose substantial health and exposure risks. Quaternary ammonium salts (QAS) present a promising alternative for these transformations offering significantly reduced hazards as they are non-cancerogenic, non-mutagenic, non-flammable, and non-corrosive. Despite their potential, their use in direct organic transformations remains relatively unexplored. This review outlines strategies for utilizing QAS as alternative reagents in alkylation reactions, providing researchers with safer approaches to chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Templ
- TU Wien, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060, Wien, AUSTRIA
| | - Michael Schnürch
- TU Wien, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060, Wien, AUSTRIA
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18
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Konwar M, Hazarika N, Sarmah BK, Das A. Ruthenium(II)-Catalyzed Oxidative Annulation of Imidazo[1,5-a]quinolin-2-iums Salts and Internal Alkynes via C-H Bond Activation. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401133. [PMID: 38593238 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Ruthenium(II)-catalyzed synthesis of π-conjugated fused imidazo[1,5-a]quinolin-2-ium derivatives have been achieved via C-H activation of quinoline-functionalized NHC (NHC=N-heterocyclic carbene) and oxidative coupling with internal alkynes. The reaction occurred with high efficiency, broad substrate scope, tolerates a wide range of functional groups and utilized into a gram-scale. Synthetic applications of the coupled product have been exemplified in the late-stage derivatization of various highly functionalized scaffolds. Moreover, most of the annulated products exhibit intense fluorescence and have potential applications in optoelectronic devices. Mechanistic studies have provided insights into the spectroscopic characterization of key five-membered ruthenacycle intermediate and Ru(0) sandwich species. Based on several control experiments, deuterium-kinetic isotope effect, and thermodynamic activation parameters the mechanistic finding demonstrated that fused imidazo-[1,5-a]quinolin-2-ium C(2)-H bond cleavage is the rate-determining step and ruling out the possibility of reductive elimination for controlling the rate of reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monuranjan Konwar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Nitumoni Hazarika
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Bikash Kumar Sarmah
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
- Department of Chemistry, Sonari College, Charaideo, 785690, Assam, India
| | - Animesh Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
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19
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Kumar Bisai M, Łosiewicz J, Sotorrios L, Nichol GS, Dominey AP, Cowley MJ, Thomas SP, Macgregor SA, Ingleson MJ. Transition Metal-Free Catalytic C-H Zincation and Alumination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404848. [PMID: 38577790 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
C-H metalation is the most efficient method to prepare aryl-zinc and -aluminium complexes that are ubiquitous nucleophiles. Virtually all C-H metalation routes to form Al/Zn organometallics require stoichiometric, strong Brønsted bases with no base-catalyzed reactions reported. Herein we present a catalytic in amine/ammonium salt (Et3N/[(Et3N)H]+) C-H metalation process to form aryl-zinc and aryl-aluminium complexes. Key to this approach is coupling an endergonic C-H metalation step with a sufficiently exergonic dehydrocoupling step between the ammonium salt by-product of C-H metalation ([(Et3N)H]+) and a Zn-H or Al-Me containing complex. This step, forming H2/MeH, makes the overall cycle exergonic while generating more of the reactive metal electrophile. Mechanistic studies supported by DFT calculations revealed metal-specific dehydrocoupling pathways, with the divergent reactivity due to the different metal valency (which impacts the accessibility of amine-free cationic metal complexes) and steric environment. Notably, dehydrocoupling in the zinc system proceeds through a ligand-mediated pathway involving protonation of the β-diketiminate Cγ position. Given this process is applicable to two disparate metals (Zn and Al), other main group metals and ligand sets are expected to be amenable to this transition metal-free, catalytic C-H metalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Kumar Bisai
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Justyna Łosiewicz
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Lia Sotorrios
- School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Gary S Nichol
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew P Dominey
- GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Cowley
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen P Thomas
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart A Macgregor
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St. Andrews, KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Ingleson
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
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20
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Sonawane SC, Gourkhede R, Saini P, Ramakrishnan S, Balakrishna MS. Cu I-amidobis(phosphine) catalyzed C(sp 3)-C(sp 3) direct homo- and hetero-coupling of unactivated alkanes via C(sp 3)-H activation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:6055-6058. [PMID: 38780035 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01119h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we present a CuI-dimer, [CuI{Ph2PC6H4C(O)NC6H4PPh2-o}]2, which catalyzed direct C(sp3)-H homocoupling of benzyl and cycloalkane derivatives with excellent yields and regio-selectivity. The method is very simple and tolerates various functionalities. Synergistic metal-ligand cooperativity was observed in Cu-N bond cleavage and protonation of nitrogen, and facilitates a bifunctional pathway, minimising the free energy corrugation for catalytic intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin C Sonawane
- Phosphorus Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400 076, India.
| | - Rani Gourkhede
- Phosphorus Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400 076, India.
| | - Prateek Saini
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400 076, India.
| | - Srinivasan Ramakrishnan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400 076, India.
| | - Maravanji S Balakrishna
- Phosphorus Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400 076, India.
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21
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Dong XX, Liu JG, Zhang HX, Zhang B. A Practical and Modular Method for Direct C-H Functionalization of the BODIPY Core via Thianthrenium Salts. Chemistry 2024:e202401929. [PMID: 38818768 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Direct structural modification of small-molecule fluorophores represents a straightforward and appealing strategy for accessing new fluorescent dyes with desired functionalities. We report herein a general and efficient visible-light-mediated method for the direct C-H functionalization of BODIPY, an important fluorescent chromophore, using readily accessible and bench-stable aryl and alkenylthianthrenium salts. This practical approach operates at room temperature with extraordinary site-selectivity, providing a step-economical means to construct various valuable aryl- and alkenyl-substituted BODIPY dyes. Remarkably, this protocol encompasses a broad substrate scope and excellent functional-group tolerance, and allows for the modular synthesis of sophisticated symmetrical and asymmetrical disubstituted BODIPYs by simply employing different combinations of thianthrenium salts. Moreover, the late-stage BODIPY modification of complex drug molecules further highlights the potential of this novel methodology in the synthesis of fluorophore-drug conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Xin Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jing-Guo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Hao-Xiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
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22
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Pati TK, Molla SA, Ghosh NN, Kundu M, Ajarul S, Maity P, Khamrai U, Maiti DK. 2-Pyridone-Directed Cu II-Catalyzed General Method of C(sp 2)-H Activation for C-S, C-Se, and C-N Cross-Coupling: Easy Access to Aryl Thioethers, Selenide Ethers, and Sulfonamides and DFT Study. J Org Chem 2024; 89:6798-6812. [PMID: 38662434 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
We have demonstrated N-substituted 2-pyridones as an N,O-directing group for selective C(sp2)-H-activated thiolation, selenylation, and sulfonamidation of ortho C-H bonds of benzamides. This method utilizes a cost-effective Cu(II)-salt catalyst instead of precious metal catalysts, achieving high yields, including gram-scale synthesis and excellent functional group tolerance. We applied this protocol to access 30 different compounds with high yields, demonstrating thiolation of fluorine-substituted benzamides as well. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations support the mechanism, including acetate-supported concerted metalation deprotonation (CMD) steps and the unique role of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solvent. The facile synthesis of pharmaceutically important sulfonamides and other compounds highlights the method's potential in chemistry and medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmay K Pati
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92, A. P. C. Road, Kolkata700009, India
- Department of Chemistry, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 eighth St, Troy, New York 12180, United States
- TCG Lifesciences Private Limited, Sector V, Salt Lake City, Kolkata 700091, India
| | - Sabir Ali Molla
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92, A. P. C. Road, Kolkata700009, India
| | | | - Mrinalkanti Kundu
- TCG Lifesciences Private Limited, Sector V, Salt Lake City, Kolkata 700091, India
| | - Sk Ajarul
- Government General Degree College at Salboni, Bhimpur, Paschim Medinipur 721516, India
| | - Pradip Maity
- Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India
| | - Uttam Khamrai
- TCG Lifesciences Private Limited, Sector V, Salt Lake City, Kolkata 700091, India
| | - Dilip K Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92, A. P. C. Road, Kolkata700009, India
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23
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da S. Santos B, Finelli FG, Spring DR. Photoredox C(2)-Arylation of Indole- and Tryptophan-Containing Biomolecules. Org Lett 2024; 26:4065-4070. [PMID: 38696591 PMCID: PMC11194849 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
We introduce a novel and straightforward methodology for photoredox arylation of an indole scaffold using aryldiazonium salts under mild and metal-free conditions. Our approach enables the regioselective and chemoselective introduction of several aryl groups to the C(2) position of indoles and tryptophan, even in competition with other amino acids. This approach extends to the late-stage functionalization of peptides and lysozyme, heralding the unprecedented arylation of tryptophan residues in wild-type proteins and offering broad utility in chemical biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno
M. da S. Santos
- Instituto
de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais, Universidade
Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-599, Brazil
| | - Fernanda G. Finelli
- Instituto
de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais, Universidade
Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-599, Brazil
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - David R. Spring
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
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24
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Wang X, Zhong J, Luo M, Zeng X. Cr-Catalyzed Intramolecular Arylative Cross-Coupling of Unactivated C-H Bonds with C-Halide Bonds. Org Lett 2024; 26:4093-4097. [PMID: 38717255 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
We report here a chromium-catalyzed intramolecular arylation of unactivated C-H bonds with C-halide bonds under mild conditions. This reaction was enabled by using a low-cost CrCl2 salt as the precatalyst in combination with allylmagnesium bromide and E/Z-mixed 1-halo-2-styrylarenes as substates, providing a strategy for the construction of functionalized phenanthrene compounds without using external ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Jiaoyue Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Meiming Luo
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Xiaoming Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
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25
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Morton PA, Boyce AL, Pišpek A, Stewart LW, Ward DJ, Tegner BE, Macgregor SA, Mansell SM. Catalyst Design for Rh-Catalyzed Arene and Alkane C-H Borylation: The NHC Affects the Induction Period, and Indenyl is Superior to Cp. Organometallics 2024; 43:974-986. [PMID: 38756993 PMCID: PMC11094794 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.4c00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
In order to establish design criteria for Rh C-H borylation catalysts, analogues of the successful catalyst [Rh(Ind)(SIDipp)(COE)] (Ind = η5-indenyl, SIDipp = 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-4,5-dihydroimidazol-2-ylidene, and COE = cis-cyclooctene) were synthesized by changing the indenyl and carbene ligands. [RhCp(SIDipp)(COE)] (1) formed alongside the C-C activated, cyclometalated byproduct [RhCp(κ2CAr,Ccarbene-SIDipp')(iPr)] (rac-2; SIDipp' = 1-(6-isopropylphenyl)-3-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-4,5-dihydroimidazol-2-ylidene). Computational modeling of COE dissociation showed that both C-C and C-H activation of the SIDipp aryl group is thermally attainable and reversible under experimental conditions, with the C-C activation products being the more thermodynamically stable species. Oxidative addition of 1 with SiH(OEt)3 gave the Rh silyl hydride [RhCp(H){Si(OEt)3}(SIDipp)] (rac-3). [Rh(Ind)(IDipp)(COE)] (4; IDipp = 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-imidazole-2-ylidene), the carbonyl analogue [Rh(Ind)(IDipp)(CO)] (5; νCO = 1940 cm-1, cf. 1944 cm-1 for [Rh(Ind)(SIDipp)(COE)]), and [Rh(Ind)(IMe4)(COE)] (6; IMe4 = 1,3,4,5-tetramethylimidazol-2-ylidene) were also characterized, but attempts to synthesize Rh carbene complexes with fluorenyl or 1,2,3,4-tetrahydrofluorenyl ligands were not successful. For the catalytic C-H borylation of benzene using B2pin2, 1 was inactive at 80 °C, and [Rh(Ind)(SIDipp)(COE)] was superior to all other complexes tested due to the shortest induction period. However, the addition of HBpin to precatalyst 4 eliminated the induction period. Catalytic n-alkane C-H borylation using [Rh(Ind)(NHC)(COE)] gave yields of up to 21% alkylBpin, but [RhCp*(C2H4)2] was the better catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Morton
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K.
| | - Abigayle L. Boyce
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K.
| | - Anamarija Pišpek
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K.
| | - Lennox W. Stewart
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K.
| | - Daniel J. Ward
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K.
| | | | | | - Stephen M. Mansell
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K.
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26
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Barman M, Mishra M, Mandal S, Punniyamurthy T. Palladium Catalysis Enabled Sequential C(sp 3)-H/C-C Activation: Access to Vinyl γ-Lactams. Org Lett 2024; 26:3722-3726. [PMID: 38678543 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
A Pd(II)-catalyzed tandem reaction of aliphatic amides with vinylcyclopropanes (VCPs) was accomplished by merging C(sp3)-H and C-C activation. The reaction of VCP revealed alkenylation/cyclization, followed by ring opening via C-C cleavage, delivering vinyl γ-lactams with (E)-selectivity. The role of ligands, site-selectivity, functional group diversity, mechanistic insight, and synthetic utilities are important practical features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhab Barman
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati-781039, India
| | - Manmath Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati-781039, India
| | - Santu Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati-781039, India
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27
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Thakur R, Paul K. Ruthenium(II)-Catalyzed Sequential C-H/N-H Alkene Annulation Cascade of Phenanthroimidazoles: Synthesis and Photophysical Studies. J Org Chem 2024; 89:6016-6026. [PMID: 38625682 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
We report ruthenium(II)-catalyzed sequential C-H/N-H alkenylation cascade of phenanthroimidazole and alkenes to form novel phenanthroimidazoisoindol acrylates via dual C-H activation and aza-Michael reaction. The two nitrogen atoms of the imidazole ring act as directing groups for regioselective dual sequential ortho C-H activation. These polycyclic N-heterocycles were evaluated for their photophysical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Thakur
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147004, Punjab, India
| | - Kamaldeep Paul
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147004, Punjab, India
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28
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Gao A, Shang Z, Li R, Xu X. Density Functional Theory Study on the Mechanism of Nickel-Catalyzed 3,3-Dialkynylation of 2-Aryl Acrylamides Via Double Vinylic C-H Bond Activation. J Org Chem 2024; 89:6040-6047. [PMID: 38606581 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
The mechanisms of Ni-catalyzed 3,3-dialkynylation of 2-aryl acrylamide have been investigated by using density functional theory calculations. The result shows that this reaction includes double alkynylation, which involves sequential key steps of vinylic C-H bond activation, successive oxidative addition, and reductive elimination, with the second C-H bond activation being the rate-determining step. C-H and N-H bond activation occurs via the concerted metalation-deprotonation mechanism. The calculations show that no transition state exists in the first reductive elimination process, and a negative free energy barrier in the second reductive elimination process though a transition state is identified, indicating that the nickel-catalyzed vinylic C(sp2)-C(sp) bond formation does not require activation energy. Z-E isomerization is the prerequisite for the second alkynylation. In addition, our spin-flip TDDFT (SF-TDDFT) computational result discloses that the actual process of Z-E isomerization occurs on the potential energy surface of the first excited singlet state S1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailin Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Zhenfeng Shang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Ruifang Li
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Xiufang Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
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29
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Li X, Yue SH, Tan ZY, Liu SB, Luo DX, Zhou YJ, Liang XW. Catalytic asymmetric carbenoid α-C-H insertion of ether. RSC Adv 2024; 14:15167-15177. [PMID: 38741618 PMCID: PMC11090019 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra02206h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Significant advancements have been made in catalytic asymmetric α-C-H bond functionalization of ethers via carbenoid insertion over the past decade. Effective asymmetric catalytic systems, featuring a range of chiral metal catalysts, have been established for the enantioselective synthesis of diverse ether substrates. This has led to the generation of various enantioenriched, highly functionalized oxygen-containing structural motifs, facilitating their application in the asymmetric synthesis of bioactive natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University Changsha 410013 China
| | - San-Hong Yue
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha 410013 China
| | - Zi-Yang Tan
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University Changsha 410013 China
| | - Shu-Bo Liu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha 410013 China
| | - De-Xiang Luo
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University Changsha 410013 China
| | - Ying-Jun Zhou
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University Changsha 410013 China
| | - Xiao-Wei Liang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha 410013 China
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30
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Zhang SG, Wan YQ, Zhang WH. Discovery of Dehydroabietylamine Derivatives as Antibacterial and Antifungal Agents. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2024; 87:924-934. [PMID: 38513270 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c01213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
A diverse array of biologically active derivatives was derived by modifying the chemically active sites of dehydroabietylamine. Herein, we describe the synthesis of a new series of C-19-arylated dehydroabietylamine derivatives using a palladium-catalyzed C(sp3)-H activation reaction. Five analogues (3b, 3d, 3h, 3n, and 4a) exhibited antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli. Compound 4a exhibited strong inhibitory activity against DNA Topo II and Topo IV. Molecular docking modeling indicated that it can bind effectively to the target through interactions with amino acid residues. The synthesized compounds were tested in vitro for their antifungal activity against six common phytopathogenic fungi. The mechanism of action of compound 4c against Rhizoctorzia solani was investigated, revealing that it disrupts the morphology of the mycelium and enhances cell membrane permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Guang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Qiang Wan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Hua Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
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31
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Budiman YP, Perutz RN, Steel PG, Radius U, Marder TB. Applications of Transition Metal-Catalyzed ortho-Fluorine-Directed C-H Functionalization of (Poly)fluoroarenes in Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2024; 124:4822-4862. [PMID: 38564710 PMCID: PMC11046440 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis of organic compounds efficiently via fewer steps but in higher yields is desirable as this reduces energy and reagent use, waste production, and thus environmental impact as well as cost. The reactivity of C-H bonds ortho to fluorine substituents in (poly)fluoroarenes with metal centers is enhanced relative to meta and para positions. Thus, direct C-H functionalization of (poly)fluoroarenes without prefunctionalization is becoming a significant area of research in organic chemistry. Novel and selective methodologies to functionalize (poly)fluorinated arenes by taking advantage of the reactivity of C-H bonds ortho to C-F bonds are continuously being developed. This review summarizes the reasons for the enhanced reactivity and the consequent developments in the synthesis of valuable (poly)fluoroarene-containing organic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudha P. Budiman
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, 45363 Sumedang, Indonesia
| | - Robin N. Perutz
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, U.K.
| | - Patrick G. Steel
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Durham, Science
Laboratories, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, U.K.
| | - Udo Radius
- Institute
for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität
Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Todd B. Marder
- Institute
for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität
Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Institute
for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg Germany
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32
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Shlapakov NS, Kobelev AD, Burykina JV, Cheng YZ, You SL, Ananikov VP. Sulfur in Waste-Free Sustainable Synthesis: Advancing Carbon-Carbon Coupling Techniques. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402109. [PMID: 38421344 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
This review explores the pivotal role of sulfur in advancing sustainable carbon-carbon (C-C) coupling reactions. The unique electronic properties of sulfur, as a soft Lewis base with significant mesomeric effect make it an excellent candidate for initiating radical transformations, directing C-H-activation, and facilitating cycloaddition and C-S bond dissociation reactions. These attributes are crucial for developing waste-free methodologies in green chemistry. Our mini-review is focused on existing sulfur-directed C-C coupling techniques, emphasizing their sustainability and comparing state-of-the-art methods with traditional approaches. The review highlights the importance of this research in addressing current challenges in organic synthesis and catalysis. The innovative use of sulfur in photocatalytic, electrochemical and metal-catalyzed processes not only exemplifies significant advancements in the field but also opens new avenues for environmentally friendly chemical processes. By focusing on atom economy and waste minimization, the analysis provides broad appeal and potential for future developments in sustainable organic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita S Shlapakov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect, 47, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey D Kobelev
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect, 47, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Julia V Burykina
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect, 47, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuan-Zheng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu-Li You
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Valentine P Ananikov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect, 47, 119991, Moscow, Russia
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33
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Požgan F, Grošelj U, Svete J, Štefane B, Al Mamari HH. Recent Advances in the Nickel-Catalyzed Alkylation of C-H Bonds. Molecules 2024; 29:1917. [PMID: 38731408 PMCID: PMC11085484 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29091917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Functionalization of C-H bonds has emerged as a powerful strategy for converting inert, nonfunctional C-H bonds into their reactive counterparts. A wide range of C-H bond functionalization reactions has become possible by the catalysis of metals, typically from the second row of transition metals. First-row transition metals can also catalyze C-H functionalization, and they have the merits of greater earth-abundance, lower cost and better environmental friendliness in comparison to their second-row counterparts. C-H bond alkylation is a particularly important C-H functionalization reaction due to its chemical significance and its applications in natural product synthesis. This review covers Ni-catalyzed C-H bond alkylation reactions using alkyl halides and olefins as alkyl sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franc Požgan
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (F.P.); (U.G.); (J.S.); (B.Š.)
| | - Uroš Grošelj
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (F.P.); (U.G.); (J.S.); (B.Š.)
| | - Jurij Svete
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (F.P.); (U.G.); (J.S.); (B.Š.)
| | - Bogdan Štefane
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (F.P.); (U.G.); (J.S.); (B.Š.)
| | - Hamad H. Al Mamari
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman
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34
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Konwar M, Hazarika N, Das A. Ru/O 2-Catalyzed Oxidative C-H Activation/Alkyne Annulation Using Quinoline-Functionalized NHC as a Directing and Functionalizable Group. Org Lett 2024; 26:2965-2970. [PMID: 38593400 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The ruthenium/O2-catalyzed oxidative annulation reaction of imidazo[1,5-a]quinolin-2-ium salts with alkynes via N-heterocyclic carbene-directed C-H activation to obtain π-conjugated fused imidazo[1,5-a]quinolin-2-ium derivatives is reported. Molecular oxygen has been explored as an economic and clean oxidant and an alternative to metal oxidants. The current protocol exhibits a wide range of substrate scope including bioactive (±)-α-tocopherol derivatives. Moreover, most of the annulated products show strong fluorescence properties, indicating their potential for making new light-emitting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monuranjan Konwar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati-781039, Assam India
| | - Nitumoni Hazarika
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati-781039, Assam India
| | - Animesh Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati-781039, Assam India
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35
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Ghosh S, Koner M, Kunhiraman AA, Baidya M. Free Amine-Directed Redox Neutral Ruthenium(II) Catalysis toward Regioselective Synthesis of Heterobiaryls. Org Lett 2024; 26:2987-2992. [PMID: 38563803 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
A regioselective coupling of ortho-heteroaryl anilines and 7-oxabenzonorbornadienes has been developed by leveraging free amine-directed redox-neutral Ru(II) catalysis. This protocol facilitates formal C-2 arylation of the indole moiety under mild conditions to offer valuable heterobiaryls in high yields. The reaction displays a broad substrate generality and scalability and retains efficacy in the presence of diverse pharmacophore scaffolds. Moreover, products bearing a free amine group were successfully employed in Mg(NTf2)2-catalyzed double Michael addition cascade, which led to the synthesis of intricate indole- and pyrrole-fused azaheterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mainak Koner
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anusree A Kunhiraman
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mahiuddin Baidya
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, Tamil Nadu, India
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36
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Guillemard L, Ackermann L, Johansson MJ. Late-stage meta-C-H alkylation of pharmaceuticals to modulate biological properties and expedite molecular optimisation in a single step. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3349. [PMID: 38637496 PMCID: PMC11026381 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46697-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Catalysed C-H activation has emerged as a transformative platform for molecular synthesis and provides new opportunities in drug discovery by late-stage functionalisation (LSF) of complex molecules. Notably, small aliphatic motifs have gained significant interest in medicinal chemistry for their beneficial properties and applications as sp3-rich functional group bioisosteres. In this context, we disclose a versatile strategy with broad applicability for the ruthenium-catalysed late-stage meta-C(sp2)-H alkylation of pharmaceuticals. This general protocol leverages numerous directing groups inherently part of bioactive scaffolds to selectivity install a variety of medicinally relevant bifunctional alkyl units within drug compounds. Our strategy enables the direct modification of unprotected lead structures to quickly generate an array of pharmaceutically useful analogues without resorting to de novo syntheses. Moreover, productive late-stage modulation of key biological characteristics of drug candidates upon remote C-H alkylation proves viable, highlighting the major benefits of our approach to offer in drug development programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Guillemard
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Berlin, Germany.
| | - Magnus J Johansson
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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37
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Fernandes AJ, Giri R, Houk KN, Katayev D. Review and Theoretical Analysis of Fluorinated Radicals in Direct C Ar-H Functionalization of (Hetero)arenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318377. [PMID: 38282182 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
We highlight key contributions in the field of direct radical CAr- H (hetero)aromatic functionalization involving fluorinated radicals. A compilation of Functional Group Transfer Reagents and their diverse activation mechanisms leading to the release of radicals are discussed. The substrate scope for each radical is analyzed and classified into three categories according to the electronic properties of the substrates. Density functional theory computational analysis provides insights into the chemical reactivity of several fluorinated radicals through their electrophilicity and nucleophilicity parameters. Theoretical analysis of their reduction potentials also highlights the remarkable correlation between electrophilicity and oxidizing ability. It is also established that highly fluorinated radicals (e.g. ⋅OCF3) are capable of engaging in single-electron transfer (SET) processes rather than radical addition, which is in good agreement with experimental literature data. A reactivity scale, based on activation barrier of addition of these radicals to benzene is also elaborated using the high accuracy DLPNO-(U)CCSD(T) method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Fernandes
- Department für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rahul Giri
- Department für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kendall N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 90095, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Dmitry Katayev
- Department für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
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38
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Phelps J, Kumar R, Robinson JD, Chu JCK, Flodén NJ, Beaton S, Gaunt MJ. Multicomponent Synthesis of α-Branched Amines via a Zinc-Mediated Carbonyl Alkylative Amination Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:9045-9062. [PMID: 38488310 PMCID: PMC10996026 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Methods for the synthesis of α-branched alkylamines are important due to their ubiquity in biologically active molecules. Despite the development of many methods for amine preparation, C(sp3)-rich nitrogen-containing compounds continue to pose challenges for synthesis. While carbonyl reductive amination (CRA) between ketones and alkylamines is the cornerstone method for α-branched alkylamine synthesis, it is sometimes limited by the sterically demanding condensation step between dialkyl ketones and amines and the more restricted availability of ketones compared to aldehydes. We recently reported a "higher-order" variant of this transformation, carbonyl alkylative amination (CAA), which utilized a halogen atom transfer (XAT)-mediated radical mechanism, enabling the streamlined synthesis of complex α-branched alkylamines. Despite the efficacy of this visible-light-driven approach, it displayed scalability issues, and competitive reductive amination was a problem for certain substrate classes, limiting applicability. Here, we report a change in the reaction regime that expands the CAA platform through the realization of an extremely broad zinc-mediated CAA reaction. This new strategy enabled elimination of competitive CRA, simplified purification, and improved reaction scope. Furthermore, this new reaction harnessed carboxylic acid derivatives as alkyl donors and facilitated the synthesis of α-trialkyl tertiary amines, which cannot be accessed via CRA. This Zn-mediated CAA reaction can be carried out at a variety of scales, from a 10 μmol setup in microtiter plates enabling high-throughput experimentation, to the gram-scale synthesis of medicinally-relevant compounds. We believe that this transformation enables robust, efficient, and economical access to α-branched alkylamines and provides a viable alternative to the current benchmark methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Nils J. Flodén
- Yusuf Hamied Department of
Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Beaton
- Yusuf Hamied Department of
Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J. Gaunt
- Yusuf Hamied Department of
Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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39
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Zhu Q, Long J, Song X, Wang K, Zeng J, Fan Y. KO tBu/DMF-Mediated Hydroalkylation of Alkenes via Benzylic C-H Bond Activation. J Org Chem 2024; 89:3726-3731. [PMID: 38417109 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Catalytic hydroalkylation reaction of alkenes with benzylic hydrocarbons involving t-BuOK/DMF-mediated benzylic C-H bond activation is demonstrated. This direct and operational simple protocol affords a rapid and reliable access to a wide scope of benzylic compounds in good-to-excellent yields. The benzylic C-H's of either activated diarylmethanes (pKa ∼ 32.2) and benzyl thioethers (pKa ∼ 30.8) or inert alkylbenzenes could all act as useful synthetic platforms to be conveniently alkylated under mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiming Zhu
- Institution Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, College of Chemistry and Materials, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530100, P. R. China
| | - Jiajia Long
- Institution Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, College of Chemistry and Materials, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530100, P. R. China
| | - Xianchen Song
- Institution Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, College of Chemistry and Materials, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530100, P. R. China
| | - Kaifang Wang
- Institution Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, College of Chemistry and Materials, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530100, P. R. China
| | - Jingkai Zeng
- Institution Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, College of Chemistry and Materials, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530100, P. R. China
| | - Yuyuan Fan
- Institution Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, College of Chemistry and Materials, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530100, P. R. China
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40
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Sindhe H, Kamble A, Reddy MM, Singh A, Sharma S. Iridium(III)-catalyzed β-trifluoromethyl enone carbonyl-directed regioselective ortho-C(sp 2)-H olefination. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:1162-1166. [PMID: 38226536 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob02024j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Due to the lower LUMO energy level at the β-position of α,β-unsaturated-β-trifluoromethyl enone than that of its non-fluorinated counterpart, there is a challenge to activate the sp2 C-H bond of aromatic rings. Herein, we have reported iridium(III)-catalyzed β-trifluoromethyl enone carbonyl-directed regioselective aromatic C(sp2)-H olefination with acrylates under oxidative conditions. Furthermore, coupling with natural product-derived acrylates, scale-up and product diversification have also been performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haritha Sindhe
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Gandhinagar, Gujarat - 382355, India
| | - Akshay Kamble
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Gandhinagar, Gujarat - 382355, India
| | - Malladi Mounika Reddy
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Gandhinagar, Gujarat - 382355, India.
| | - Amardeep Singh
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Gandhinagar, Gujarat - 382355, India.
| | - Satyasheel Sharma
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Gandhinagar, Gujarat - 382355, India.
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41
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Xu Y, Xiao Y, Zhang X, Fan X. Synthesis of Naphtho[1',2':4,5]furo[3,2- b]pyridinones via Ir(III)-Catalyzed C6/C5 Dual C-H Functionalization of N-Pyridyl-2-pyridones with Diazonaphthalen-2(1 H)-ones. Org Lett 2024; 26:786-791. [PMID: 38251835 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Presented herein is an unprecedented synthesis of naphtho[1',2':4,5]furo[3,2-b]pyridinones via Ir(III)-catalyzed C6/C5 dual C-H functionalization of N-pyridyl-2-pyridones with diazonaphthalen-2(1H)-ones. This protocol forms C-C and C-O bonds in one pot in which diazonaphthalen-2(1H)-ones serve as bifunctional reagents, providing both alkyl and aryloxy sources. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of an Ir(III)-catalyzed synthesis of the title compounds by using diazonaphthalen-2(1H)-ones as bifunctional substrates. Notably, this method features operational simplicity, good functional group tolerance, high efficiency, and high atom economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanshuang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Pingyuan Laboratory, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Yujing Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Pingyuan Laboratory, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Xinying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Pingyuan Laboratory, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Xuesen Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Pingyuan Laboratory, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
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42
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Wen M, Zhang M, Gu F, Geng Y, Liu X, Wu Q, Yang X. Synthesis of spiropyrans via Ru(II)-catalyzed coupling of 3-aryl-2 H-benzo[ b][1,4]oxazines with benzoquinones. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:998-1009. [PMID: 38186088 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01971c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
An efficient Ru(II)-catalyzed C-H activation-based spiroannulation of benzoxazines with the easily available benzoquinone and N-sulfonyl quinone monoimine has been realized, providing a straightforward strategy to access NH-containing spiropyrans in moderate to good yields with good functional group compatibility. The procedure features atom- and step-economy, mild conditions, and excellent chemoselectivity. Moreover, a catalytically competent five-membered cycloruthenated complex has been isolated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengke Wen
- Institute of Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
- College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Mengying Zhang
- Institute of Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Fan Gu
- Institute of Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Yuehua Geng
- Institute of Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Xiangyang Liu
- Institute of Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Qingnan Wu
- Institute of Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Xifa Yang
- Institute of Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
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43
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Zhu YL, Zhao N, Fu XL, Zhao XY, Li YL, Shao YD, Chen J, Lu Y. Co(III)-Catalyzed C6-Selective C-H Activation/Pyridine Migration of 2-Pyridones with Propiolates. Org Lett 2024; 26:12-17. [PMID: 38127552 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
A versatile Co(III)-catalyzed C6-selective C-H activation/pyridine migration of 2-pyridones with available propiolates as coupling partners was demonstrated. This method features high atom economy, excellent regioselectivity, and good functional group tolerance by employing an inexpensive Co(III) catalyst under mild reaction conditions. Moreover, gram-scale synthesis and late-stage modifications of pharmaceuticals were performed to prove the effectiveness of these synthetic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Lu Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Heze University, Heze, Shandong 274015, P. R. China
| | - Na Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Heze University, Heze, Shandong 274015, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Long Fu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Heze University, Heze, Shandong 274015, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Yang Zhao
- Coordination Chemistry Institute, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yan-Lin Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Heze University, Heze, Shandong 274015, P. R. China
| | - You-Dong Shao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Heze University, Heze, Shandong 274015, P. R. China
| | - Jiao Chen
- College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710127, P. R. China
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, P. R. China
| | - Yi Lu
- Coordination Chemistry Institute, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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44
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Pipaón Fernández N, Cruise O, Easton SEF, Kaplan JM, Woodard JL, Hruszkewycz DP, Leitch DC. Direct Heterocycle C-H Alkenylation via Dual Catalysis Using a Palladacycle Precatalyst: Multifactor Optimization and Scope Exploration Enabled by High-Throughput Experimentation. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 38206166 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
One of the major challenges in developing catalytic methods for C-C bond formation is the identification of generally applicable reaction conditions, particularly if multiple substrate structural classes are involved. Pd-catalyzed direct arylation reactions are powerful transformations that enable direct functionalization of C-H bonds; however, the corresponding direct alkenylation reactions, using vinyl (pseudo) halide electrophiles, are less well developed. Inspired by process development efforts toward GSK3368715, an investigational active pharmaceutical ingredient, we report that a Pd(II) palladacycle derived from tri-tert-butylphosphine and Pd(OAc)2 is an effective single-component precatalyst for a variety of direct alkenylation reactions. High-throughput experimentation identified optimal solvent/base combinations for a variety of HetAr-H substrate classes undergoing C-H activation without the need for cocatalysts or stoichiometric silver bases (e.g., Ag2CO3). We propose this reaction proceeds via a dual cooperative catalytic mechanism, where in situ-generated Pd(0) supports a canonical Pd(0)/(II) cross-coupling cycle and the palladacycle effects C-H activation via CMD in a redox-neutral cycle. In all, 192 substrate combinations were tested with a hit rate of approximately 40% and 24 isolated examples. Importantly, this method was applied to prepare a key intermediate in the synthesis of GSK3368715 on multigram scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahiane Pipaón Fernández
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road., Victoria, Briish Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Odhran Cruise
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road., Victoria, Briish Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Sarah E F Easton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road., Victoria, Briish Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Justin M Kaplan
- Chemical Development, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - John L Woodard
- Chemical Development, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Damian P Hruszkewycz
- Chemical Development, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - David C Leitch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road., Victoria, Briish Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
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45
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Shah TA, Sarkar T, Kar S, Maharana PK, Talukdar K, Punniyamurthy T. Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Directed C-H Functionalization in/on Water. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202300815. [PMID: 37932013 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Directing group assisted C-H bond functionalization using transition-metal-catalysis has emerged as a reliable synthetic tool for the construction of regioselective carbon-carbon/heteroatom bonds. Off late, "in/on water directed transition-metal-catalysis", though still underdeveloped, has appeared as one of the prominent themes in sustainable organic chemistry. This article covers the advancements, mechanistic insights and application of the sustainable directed C-H bond functionalization of (hetero)arenes in/on water in the presence of transition-metal-catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq A Shah
- Department of Chemistry and Advanced Material Chemistry Center (AMCC), Khalifa University, PO Box, 127788, Abu Dhabi, U.A.E
| | - Tanumay Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, India
| | - Subhradeep Kar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, India
| | - Prabhat Kumar Maharana
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, India
| | - Kangkan Talukdar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, India
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46
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Rodrigalvarez J, Haut FL, Martin R. Regiodivergent sp3 C-H Functionalization via Ni-Catalyzed Chain-Walking Reactions. JACS AU 2023; 3:3270-3282. [PMID: 38155646 PMCID: PMC10751781 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
The catalytic translocation of a metal catalyst along a saturated hydrocarbon side chain constitutes a powerful strategy for enabling bond-forming reactions at remote, yet previously unfunctionalized, sp3 C-H sites. In recent years, Ni-catalyzed chain-walking reactions have offered counterintuitive strategies for forging sp3 architectures that would be difficult to accomplish otherwise. Although these strategies have evolved into mature tools for advanced organic synthesis, it was only recently that chemists showed the ability to control the motion at which the catalyst "walks" throughout the alkyl chain. Specialized ligand backbones, additives and a judicious choice of noninnocent functional groups on the side chain have allowed the design of "a la carte" protocols that enable regiodivergent bond-forming scenarios at different sp3 C-H sites with distinct topological surface areas. Given the inherent interest in increasing the fraction of sp3 hybridized carbons in medicinal chemistry, Ni-catalyzed regiodivergent chain-walking reactions might expedite the access to target leads in drug discovery campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Rodrigalvarez
- The
Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Franz-Lucas Haut
- The
Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Ruben Martin
- The
Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys, 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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47
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Shim SY. Late-Stage C-H Activation of Drug (Derivative) Molecules with Pd(ll) Catalysis. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302620. [PMID: 37846586 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
This review comprehensively analyses representative examples of Pd(II)-catalyzed late-stage C-H activation reactions and demonstrates their efficacy in converting C-H bonds at multiple positions within drug (derivative) molecules into diverse functional groups. These transformative reactions hold immense potential in medicinal chemistry, enabling the efficient and selective functionalization of specific sites within drug molecules, thereby enhancing their pharmacological activity and expanding the scope of potential drug candidates. Although notable articles have focused on late-stage C-H functionalization reactions of drug-like molecules using transition-metal catalysts, reviews specifically focusing on late-stage C-H functionalization reactions of drug (derivative) molecules using Pd(II) catalysts are required owing to their prominence as the most widely utilized metal catalysts for C-H activation and their ability to introduce a myriad of functional groups at specific C-H bonds. The utilization of Pd-catalyzed C-H activation methodologies demonstrates impressive success in introducing various functional groups, such as cyano (CN), fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), aromatic rings, olefin, alkyl, alkyne, and hydroxyl groups, to drug (derivative) molecules with high regioselectivity and functional-group tolerance. These breakthroughs in late-stage C-H activation reactions serve as invaluable tools for drug discovery and development, thereby offering strategic options to optimize drug candidates and drive the exploration of innovative therapeutic solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Yong Shim
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT) KRICT School, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
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48
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Borgini M, Wieteska Ł, Hinck CS, Krzysiak T, Hinck AP, Wipf P. Synthesis of 13C-methyl-labeled amino acids and their incorporation into proteins in mammalian cells. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:9216-9229. [PMID: 37964666 PMCID: PMC10825848 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01320k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Isotopic labeling of methyl-substituted proteinogenic amino acids with 13C has transformed applications of solution-based NMR spectroscopy and allowed the study of much larger and more complex proteins than previously possible with 15N labeling. Procedures are well-established for producing methyl-labeled proteins expressed in bacteria, with efficient incorporation of 13C-methyl labeled metabolic precursors to enable the isotopic labeling of Ile, Val, and Leu methyl groups. Recently, similar methodology has been applied to enable 13C-methyl labeling of Ile, Val, and Leu in yeast, extending the approach to proteins that do not readily fold when produced in bacteria. Mammalian or insect cells are nonetheless preferable for production of many human proteins, yet 13C-methyl labeling using similar metabolic precursors is not feasible as these cells lack the requisite biosynthetic machinery. Herein, we report versatile and high-yielding synthetic routes to 13C methyl-labeled amino acids based on palladium-catalyzed C(sp3)-H functionalization. We demonstrate the efficient incorporation of two of the synthesized amino acids, 13C-γ2-Ile and 13C-γ1,γ2-Val, into human receptor extracellular domains with multiple disulfides using suspension-cultured HEK293 cells. Production costs are reasonable, even at moderate expression levels of 2-3 mg purified protein per liter of medium, and the method can be extended to label other methyl groups, such as 13C-δ1-Ile and 13C-δ1,δ2-Leu. In summary, we demonstrate the cost-effective production of methyl-labeled proteins in mammalian cells by incorporation of 13C methyl-labeled amino acids generated de novo by a versatile synthetic route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Borgini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
| | - Łukasz Wieteska
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
| | - Cynthia S Hinck
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
| | - Troy Krzysiak
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
| | - Andrew P Hinck
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
| | - Peter Wipf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
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49
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Zhou C, Huang M, Yao Y, Chen C, Yi X, Yang KF, Lai GQ, Xuan W, Zhang P. Transition-metal-free and additive-free intermolecular hydroarylation of alkenes with indoles in hexafluoroisopropanol. Org Biomol Chem 2023. [PMID: 38009332 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01570j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Hydroarylation of alkenes is one of the most straightforward and atom-economical strategy for the construction of multi-aryl-substituted alkanes, but systematic studies have been limited to transition metal catalysis. Here we report a hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP)-promoted hydroarylation of alkenes with indoles without the presence of transition metal catalysts or any additive. HFIP was the only reagent used in this work, and could be easily removed via evaporation, and recovered via distillation in industry settings. This reaction was shown to provide an efficient, clean and operationally simple procedure with a remarkable substrate scope and versatile transformations, delivering a variety of multi-aryl alkanes incorporating the indole motif. In preliminary studies, several of these products showed biologically activity against cells from an array of human cancer cell lines. A mechanistic study was also carried out and suggested that the quinone methide might be the key intermediate. And in contrast to the conclusions of a previous report, the current work suggested that protonation by HFIP might not be the rate-determining step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changsheng Zhou
- Hangzhou Normal University, College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 311121, China.
| | - Ming Huang
- Hangzhou Normal University, College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 311121, China.
| | - Yufeng Yao
- Hangzhou Normal University, College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 311121, China.
| | - Chunyu Chen
- Hangzhou Normal University, College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 311121, China.
| | - Xin Yi
- Hangzhou Normal University, College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 311121, China.
| | - Ke-Fang Yang
- Hangzhou Normal University, College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 311121, China.
| | - Guo-Qiao Lai
- Hangzhou Normal University, College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 311121, China.
| | - Wenjing Xuan
- Westlake University, School of Engineering, Hangzhou 310030, China
| | - Pinglu Zhang
- Hangzhou Normal University, College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 311121, China.
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50
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Chatani N. Nickel-Catalyzed Functionalization Reactions Involving C-H Bond Activation via an Amidate-Promoted Strategy and Its Extension to the Activation of C-F, C-O, C-S, and C-CN Bonds. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:3053-3064. [PMID: 37820051 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusThe development of functionalization reactions involving the activation of C-H bonds has evolved extensively due to the atom and step economy associated with such reactions. Among these reactions, chelation assistance has been shown to provide a powerful solution to the serious issues of reactivity and regioselectivity faced in the activation of C-H bonds. The vast majority of C-H functionalization reactions reported thus far has involved the use of precious metals. Kleiman and Dubeck reported the cyclonickelation of azobenzene and NiCp2 in which an azo group directs a Ni center to activate the ortho C-H bond in close proximity. Although this stoichiometric reaction was discovered earlier than that for other transition-metal complexes, its development as a catalytic reaction was delayed. No general catalytic systems were available for Ni-catalyzed C-H functionalization reactions for a long time. This Account details our group's development of Ni(0)- and Ni(II)-catalyzed chelation-assisted C-H functionalization reactions. It also highlights how the new strategy can be extended to the activation of other unreactive bonds.In the early 2010s, we found that the Ni(0)-catalyzed reaction of aromatic amides that contain a 2-pyridinylmethylamine moiety as a directing group with alkynes results in C-H/N-H oxidative annulation to give isoquinolinones. In addition, the combination of a Ni(II) catalyst and an 8-aminoquinoline directing group was found to be a superior combination for developing a wide variety of C-H functionalization reactions with various electrophiles. The reactions were proposed to include the formation of unstable Ni(IV) and/or Ni(III) species; the generation of such high-valence Ni species was rare at that time, but since then, many papers dealing with DFT and organometallic studies have appeared in the literature in attempts to understand the mechanism. Based on our in-depth considerations of the mechanism with respect to why an N,N-bidentate directing group is required, we realized that the formation of a N-Ni bond by the oxidative addition of a N-H bond to a Ni(0) species or a ligand exchange between a N-H bond and Ni(II) species is the key step. We concluded that the precoordination of the N(sp2) atom in the directing group positions the Ni species to be in close proximity to the N-H bond which permits the formation of a N-Ni bond. Based on this working hypothesis, we carried out the reaction using KOtBu as a base and found that the Ni(0)-catalyzed reaction of aromatic amides that do not contain such a specific directing group with alkynes results in the formation of the desired isoquinolinone, in which an amidate anion acts as the actual directing group. Remarkably, this strategy was found to be applicable to the activation of various other unreactive bonds such as C-F, C-O, C-S, and C-CN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Chatani
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, and Research Center for Environmental Preservation, Osaka University, 565-0871 Osaka Japan
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