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Han Q, Veríssimo NVP, Bryant SJ, Martin AV, Huang Y, Pereira JFB, Santos-Ebinuma VC, Zhai J, Bryant G, Drummond CJ, Greaves TL. Scattering approaches to unravel protein solution behaviors in ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents: From basic principles to recent developments. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 331:103242. [PMID: 38964196 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2024.103242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Proteins in ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have gained significant attention due to their potential applications in various fields, including biocatalysis, bioseparation, biomolecular delivery, and structural biology. Scattering approaches including dynamic light scattering (DLS) and small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering (SAXS and SANS) have been used to understand the solution behavior of proteins at the nanoscale and microscale. This review provides a thorough exploration of the application of these scattering techniques to elucidate protein properties in ILs and DESs. Specifically, the review begins with the theoretical foundations of the relevant scattering approaches and describes the essential solvent properties of ILs and DESs linked to scattering such as refractive index, scattering length density, ion-pairs, liquid nanostructure, solvent aggregation, and specific ion effects. Next, a detailed introduction is provided on protein properties such as type, concentration, size, flexibility and structure as observed through scattering methodologies. This is followed by a review of the literature on the use of scattering for proteins in ILs and DESs. It is highlighted that enhanced data analysis and modeling tools are necessary for assessing protein flexibility and structure, and for understanding protein hydration, aggregation and specific ion effects. It is also noted that complementary approaches are recommended for comprehensively understanding the behavior of proteins in solution due to the complex interplay of factors, including ion-binding, dynamic hydration, intermolecular interactions, and specific ion effects. Finally, the challenges and potential research directions for this field are proposed, including experimental design, data analysis approaches, and supporting methods to obtain fundamental understandings of complex protein behavior and protein systems in solution. We envisage that this review will support further studies of protein interface science, and in particular studies on solvent and ion effects on proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Han
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - Nathalia V P Veríssimo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-020, Brazil
| | - Saffron J Bryant
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Andrew V Martin
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Yuhong Huang
- Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jorge F B Pereira
- Univ Coimbra, CERES, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pólo II - Pinhal de Marrocos, Coimbra 3030-790, Portugal
| | - Valéria C Santos-Ebinuma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-020, Brazil
| | - Jiali Zhai
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Gary Bryant
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Calum J Drummond
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Tamar L Greaves
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
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2
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Kuddushi M, Xu BB, Malek N, Zhang X. Review of ionic liquid and ionogel-based biomaterials for advanced drug delivery. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 331:103244. [PMID: 38959813 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2024.103244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) play a crucial role in the design of novel materials. The ionic nature of ILs provides numerous advantages in drug delivery, acting as a green solvent or active ingredient to enhance the solubility, permeability, and binding efficiency of drugs. They could also function as a structuring agent in the development of nano/micro particles for drug delivery, including micelles, vesicles, gels, emulsion, and more. This review summarize the ILs and IL-based gel structures with their advanced drug delivery applications. The first part of review focuses on the role of ILs in drug formulation and the applications of ILs in drug delivery. The second part of review offers a comprehensive overview of recent drug delivery applications of IL-based gel. It aims to offer new perspectives and attract more attention to open up new avenues in the biomedical applications of ILs and IL-based gels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzammil Kuddushi
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Ben Bin Xu
- Mechanical and Construction Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Naved Malek
- Ionic Liquid Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat 07, India
| | - Xuehua Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada.
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Olejniczak A, Stachowiak W, Ziental D, Długaszewska J, Rzemieniecki T, Wysokowski M, Jesionowski T, Niemczak M. Unraveling the Potential of Vitamin B 3-Derived Salts with a Salicylate Anion as Dermal Active Agents for Acne Treatment. Mol Pharm 2024. [PMID: 39141824 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
This study is focused on the utilization of naturally occurring salicylic acid and nicotinamide (vitamin B3) in the development of novel sustainable Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) with significant potential for treating acne vulgaris. The study highlights how the chemical structure of the cation significantly influences surface activity, lipophilicity, and solubility in aqueous media. Furthermore, the new ionic forms of APIs, the synthesis of which was assessed with Green Chemistry metrics, exhibited very good antibacterial properties against common pathogens that contribute to the development of acne, resulting in remarkable enhancement of biological activity ranging from 200 to as much as 2000 times when compared to salicylic acid alone. The molecular docking studies also revealed the excellent anti-inflammatory activity of N-alkylnicotinamide salicylates comparable to commonly used drugs (indomethacin, ibuprofen, and acetylsalicylic acid) and were even characterized by better IC50 values than common anti-inflammatory drugs in some cases. The derivative, featuring a decyl substituent in the pyridinium ring of nicotinamide, exhibited efficacy against Cutibacterium acnes while displaying favorable water solubility and improved wettability on hydrophobic surfaces, marking it as particularly promising. To investigate the impact of the APIs on the biosphere, the EC50 parameter was determined against a model representative of crustaceans─Artemia franciscana. The majority of compounds (with the exception of the salt containing the dodecyl substituent) could be classified as "Relatively Harmless" or "Practically Nontoxic", indicating their potential low environmental impact, which is essential in the context of modern drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Olejniczak
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, Poznan 60-965, Poland
| | - Witold Stachowiak
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, Poznan 60-965, Poland
| | - Daniel Ziental
- Chair and Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, Poznan 60-806, Poland
| | - Jolanta Długaszewska
- Chair and Department of Genetics and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, Poznan 60-806, Poland
| | - Tomasz Rzemieniecki
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, Poznan 60-965, Poland
| | - Marcin Wysokowski
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, Poznan 60-965, Poland
| | - Teofil Jesionowski
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, Poznan 60-965, Poland
| | - Michał Niemczak
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, Poznan 60-965, Poland
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Khan O, Bhawale R, Vasave R, Mehra NK. Ionic liquid-based formulation approaches for enhanced transmucosal drug delivery. Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:104109. [PMID: 39032809 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2024.104109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
The utilization of ionic liquids (ILs) in pharmaceutical drug delivery applications has seen significant expansion in recent years, owing to their distinctive characteristics and inherent adjustability. These innovative compounds can be used to tackle challenges associated with traditional dosage forms, such as polymorphism, inadequate solubility, permeability, and efficacy in topical drug delivery systems. Here, we provide a brief classification of ILs, and their effectiveness in augmenting transmucosal drug delivery approaches by improving the solubility and permeability of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) by temporary mucus modulation aiding the paracellular transport of APIs, prolonging drug retention, and, thus, aiding controlled drug release across various mucosal surfaces. We also highlight potential advances in, and future perspectives of, IL-based formulations in mucosal drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Khan
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Rohit Bhawale
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Ravindra Vasave
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Neelesh Kumar Mehra
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
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Liu Q, Li X, Liu B, Kong J, Wang Q, Gao Z. Using Polymers as Crystal Inhibitors to Prevent the Crystallization of the Rotigotine Patch. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:630. [PMID: 38794291 PMCID: PMC11125195 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16050630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to enhance the stability of the Rotigotine (ROT) patch using polymers as crystal inhibitors. Three polymers (Poloxamer 188, Soluplus, TPGS) were selected as crystal inhibitors to formulate ROT patches with varying drug loadings (20%, 40%, 60%, and 80%, w/w). SEM and XRD analysis revealed that the Soluplus and Soluplus-TPGS groups with a high concentration (80%, w/w) of ROT could be stored at room temperature for at least 90 days without crystallization. Moreover, the crystallization nucleation time and growth rate were utilized to assess the ability of Poloxamer 188, Soluplus, and TPGS to hinder the formation of ROT crystals and slow down its crystallization rate. Molecular docking results elucidated the intermolecular forces between ROT and different polymers, revealing their mechanisms for crystal inhibition. The ROT-Soluplus-TPGS combination exhibited the lowest binding free energy (-5.3 kcal/mol), indicating the highest binding stability, thereby effectively reducing crystal precipitation. In vitro skin permeation studies demonstrated that ROT patches containing crystal inhibitors exhibited promising transdermal effects. With increasing ROT concentration, the cumulative drug permeation substantially increased, while the lag time was notably reduced. This study offers novel insights for the development of ROT patches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiantong Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (Q.L.); (X.L.); (B.L.); (J.K.); (Q.W.)
| | - Xing Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (Q.L.); (X.L.); (B.L.); (J.K.); (Q.W.)
| | - Bo Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (Q.L.); (X.L.); (B.L.); (J.K.); (Q.W.)
| | - Jiahao Kong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (Q.L.); (X.L.); (B.L.); (J.K.); (Q.W.)
| | - Qing Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (Q.L.); (X.L.); (B.L.); (J.K.); (Q.W.)
| | - Zhigang Gao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (Q.L.); (X.L.); (B.L.); (J.K.); (Q.W.)
- Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of Technology, Ningbo 315016, China
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6
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Egorova KS, Kibardin AV, Posvyatenko AV, Ananikov VP. Mechanisms of Biological Effects of Ionic Liquids: From Single Cells to Multicellular Organisms. Chem Rev 2024; 124:4679-4733. [PMID: 38621413 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The review presents a detailed discussion of the evolving field studying interactions between ionic liquids (ILs) and biological systems. Originating from molten salt electrolytes to present multiapplication substances, ILs have found usage across various fields due to their exceptional physicochemical properties, including excellent tunability. However, their interactions with biological systems and potential influence on living organisms remain largely unexplored. This review examines the cytotoxic effects of ILs on cell cultures, biomolecules, and vertebrate and invertebrate organisms. Our understanding of IL toxicity, while growing in recent years, is yet nascent. The established findings include correlations between harmful effects of ILs and their ability to disturb cellular membranes, their potential to trigger oxidative stress in cells, and their ability to cause cell death via apoptosis. Future research directions proposed in the review include studying the distribution of various ILs within cellular compartments and organelles, investigating metabolic transformations of ILs in cells and organisms, detailed analysis of IL effects on proteins involved in oxidative stress and apoptosis, correlation studies between IL doses, exposure times and resulting adverse effects, and examination of effects of subtoxic concentrations of ILs on various biological objects. This review aims to serve as a critical analysis of the current body of knowledge on IL-related toxicity mechanisms. Furthermore, it can guide researchers toward the design of less toxic ILs and the informed use of ILs in drug development and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia S Egorova
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexey V Kibardin
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Alexandra V Posvyatenko
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Valentine P Ananikov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
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Wada N, Hara T, Takahashi K. Facile Separation of Acetic Acid from 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Acetate Ionic Liquid with the Aid of a Protic Solvent. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:2755-2761. [PMID: 38462722 PMCID: PMC10962345 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c07225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (EmimAc), an excellent solvent for cellulosic biomass, is expected to be utilized in chemical conversion, such as in biomass acetylation with acetic anhydride. The corresponding carboxylic acid, acetic acid (AcH), is quantitatively generated as a byproduct and should be separated from EmimAc for recycling. However, the strong interaction between EmimAc and AcH makes their separation difficult under moderate conditions. This study examined the efficacy of protic solvents in distillation and extraction to weaken this interaction through solvation or hydrogen-bonding interactions. The separation efficiency of AcH from EmimAc via distillation increased as the boiling point of the protic solvent increased. Water addition was more effective than the addition of alcohols with boiling points similar to those of water such as 1-propanol and 2-butanol. Furthermore, the favorable effect of water addition on the extraction of AcH was confirmed using common organic solvents, such as diisopropyl ether, diethyl ether, and ethyl acetate. The partition coefficient (α) of AcH between the aqueous and organic phases increased with an increasing dielectric constant of the organic solvent, whereas the α value of EmimAc decreased. Repeated treatments in both distillation and extraction facilitated the complete separation of AcH from EmimAc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Wada
- Faculty
of Biological Science and Technology, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hara
- Graduate
School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kenji Takahashi
- Faculty
of Biological Science and Technology, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
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Veríssimo NVP, Mussagy CU, Bento HBS, Pereira JFB, Santos-Ebinuma VDC. Ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents for the stabilization of biopharmaceuticals: A review. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 71:108316. [PMID: 38199490 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Biopharmaceuticals have allowed the control of previously untreatable diseases. However, their low solubility and stability still hinder their application, transport, and storage. Hence, researchers have applied different compounds to preserve and enhance the delivery of biopharmaceuticals, such as ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs). Although the biopharmaceutical industry can employ various substances for enhancing formulations, their effect will change depending on the properties of the target biomolecule and environmental conditions. Hence, this review organized the current state-of-the-art on the application of ILs and DESs to stabilize biopharmaceuticals, considering the properties of the biomolecules, ILs, and DESs classes, concentration range, types of stability, and effect. We also provided a critical discussion regarding the potential utilization of ILs and DESs in pharmaceutical formulations, considering the restrictions in this field, as well as the advantages and drawbacks of these substances for medical applications. Overall, the most applied IL and DES classes for stabilizing biopharmaceuticals were cholinium-, imidazolium-, and ammonium-based, with cholinium ILs also employed to improve their delivery. Interestingly, dilute and concentrated ILs and DESs solutions presented similar results regarding the stabilization of biopharmaceuticals. With additional investigation, ILs and DESs have the potential to overcome current challenges in biopharmaceutical formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia Vieira Porphirio Veríssimo
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, CEP: 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo University, CEP: 14040-020 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Cassamo Usemane Mussagy
- Escuela de Agronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas y de los Alimentos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Quillota 2260000, Chile.
| | - Heitor Buzetti Simões Bento
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, CEP: 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Valéria de Carvalho Santos-Ebinuma
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, CEP: 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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Bhat AR, Padder RA, Husain M, Patel R. Development of Cholinium-Based API Ionic Liquids with Enhanced Drug Solubility: Biological Evaluation and Interfacial Properties. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:535-549. [PMID: 38271213 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
We report an efficient sustainable two-step anion exchange synthetic procedure for the preparation of choline API ionic liquids (Cho-API-ILs) that contain active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) as anions combined with choline-based cations. We have evaluated the in vitro cytotoxicity for the synthesized compounds using three different cells lines, namely, HEK293 (normal kidney cell line), SW480, and HCT 116 (colon carcinoma cells). The solubility of APIs and Cho-API-ILs was evaluated in water/buffer solutions and was found higher for Cho-API-ILs. Further, we have investigated the antimicrobial potential of the pure APIs, ILs, and Cho-API-ILs against clinically relevant microorganisms, and the results demonstrated the promise of Cho-API-ILs as potent antimicrobial agents to treat bacterial infections. Moreover, the aggregation and adsorption properties of the Cho-API-ILs were observed by using a surface tension technique. The aggregation behavior of these Cho-API-ILs was further supported by conductivity and pyrene probe fluorescence. The thermodynamics of aggregation for Cho-API-ILs has been assessed from the temperature dependence of surface tension. The micellar size and their stability have been studied by dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and zeta potential. Therefore, the duality in the nature of Cho-API-ILs has been explored with the upgradation of their physical, chemical, and biopharmaceutical properties, which enhance the opportunities for advances in pharmaceutical sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ab Raouf Bhat
- Biophysical Chemistry Laboratory, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India 110025
| | - Rayees Ahmed Padder
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India 110025
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8021, United States
| | - Mohammad Husain
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India 110025
| | - Rajan Patel
- Biophysical Chemistry Laboratory, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India 110025
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