1
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Li L, Zhou Y, Xi Z, Guo Z, Duan JC, Yu ZX, Gao H. Desulfurdioxidative N-N Coupling of N-Arylhydroxylamines and N-Sulfinylanilines: Reaction Development and Mechanism. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202406478. [PMID: 38637953 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202406478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
A highly efficient and chemoselective approach for the divergent assembling of unsymmetrical hydrazines through an unprecedented intermolecular desulfurdioxidative N-N coupling is developed. This metal free protocol employs readily accessible N-arylhydroxylamines and N-sulfinylanilines to provide highly valuable hydrazine products with good reaction yields and excellent functional group tolerance under simple conditions. Computational studies suggest that the in situ generated O-sulfenylated arylhydroxylamine intermediate undergoes a retro-[2π+2σ] cycloaddition via a stepwise diradical mechanism to form the N-N bond and release SO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linwei Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, 27 South Shanda Road, Ji'nan, 250100, Shandong, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhenguo Xi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, 27 South Shanda Road, Ji'nan, 250100, Shandong, China
| | - Zhaoquan Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, 27 South Shanda Road, Ji'nan, 250100, Shandong, China
| | - Ji-Cheng Duan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Hongyin Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, 27 South Shanda Road, Ji'nan, 250100, Shandong, China
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2
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Crooke AM, Chand AK, Cui Z, Balskus EP. Elucidation of Chalkophomycin Biosynthesis Reveals N-Hydroxypyrrole-Forming Enzymes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:16268-16280. [PMID: 38810110 PMCID: PMC11177257 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Reactive functional groups, such as N-nitrosamines, impart unique bioactivities to the natural products in which they are found. Recent work has illuminated enzymatic N-nitrosation reactions in microbial natural product biosynthesis, motivating interest in discovering additional metabolites constructed using such reactivity. Here, we use a genome mining approach to identify over 400 cryptic biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) encoding homologues of the N-nitrosating biosynthetic enzyme SznF, including the BGC for chalkophomycin, a CuII-binding metabolite that contains a C-type diazeniumdiolate and N-hydroxypyrrole. Characterizing chalkophomycin biosynthetic enzymes reveals previously unknown enzymes responsible for N-hydroxypyrrole biosynthesis, including the first prolyl-N-hydroxylase, and a key step in the assembly of the diazeniumdiolate-containing amino acid graminine. Discovery of this pathway enriches our understanding of the biosynthetic logic employed in constructing unusual heteroatom-heteroatom bond-containing functional groups, enabling future efforts in natural product discovery and biocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Marie Crooke
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard
University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Anika K. Chand
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard
University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Zheng Cui
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard
University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Emily P. Balskus
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard
University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Howard
Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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3
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He Q, Zhang HR, Zou Y. A Cytochrome P450 Catalyzes Oxidative Coupling Formation of Insecticidal Dimeric Indole Piperazine Alkaloids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404000. [PMID: 38527935 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP450)-catalyzed oxidative coupling is an efficient strategy for using simple building blocks to construct complex structural scaffolds of natural products. Among them, heterodimeric coupling between two different monomers is relatively scarce, and the corresponding CYP450s are largely undiscovered. In this study, we discovered a fungal CYP450 (CpsD) and its associated cps cluster from 37208 CYP450s of Pfam PF00067 family member database and subsequently identified a group of new skeleton indole piperazine alkaloids (campesines A-G) by combination of genome mining and heterologous synthesis. Importantly, CYP450 CpsD mainly catalyzes intermolecular oxidative heterocoupling of two different indole piperazine monomers to generate an unexpected 6/5/6/6/6/6/5/6 eight-ring scaffold through the formation of one C-C bond and two C-N bonds, illuminating its first dimerase role in this family of natural products. The proposed catalytic mechanism of CpsD was deeply investigated by diversified substrate derivatization. Moreover, dimeric campesine G shows good insecticidal activity against the global honeybee pest Galleria mellonella. Our study shows a representative example of discovering new skeleton monomeric and dimeric indole piperazine alkaloids from microbial resources, expands our knowledge of bond formation by CYP450s and supports further development of the newly discovered and engineered campesine family compounds as potential biopesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian He
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Hua-Ran Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Yi Zou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
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4
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Matsuda K, Wakimoto T. Bacterial Hydrazine Biosynthetic Pathways Featuring Cupin/Methionyl tRNA Synthetase-like Enzymes. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202300874. [PMID: 38458972 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Nitrogen-Nitrogen (N-N) bond-containing functional groups in natural products and synthetic drugs play significant roles in exerting biological activities. The mechanisms of N-N bond formation in natural organic molecules have garnered increasing attention over the decades. Recent advances have illuminated various enzymatic and nonenzymatic strategies, and our understanding of natural N-N bond construction is rapidly expanding. A group of didomain proteins with zinc-binding cupin/methionyl-tRNA synthetase (MetRS)-like domains, also known as hydrazine synthetases, generates amino acid-based hydrazines, which serve as key biosynthetic precursors of diverse N-N bond-containing functionalities such as hydrazone, diazo, triazene, pyrazole, and pyridazinone groups. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on hydrazine synthetase mechanisms and the various pathways employing this unique bond-forming machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Matsuda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 6, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Wakimoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 6, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
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5
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Crooke AM, Chand AK, Cui Z, Balskus EP. Elucidation of chalkophomycin biosynthesis reveals N-hydroxypyrrole-forming enzymes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.24.577118. [PMID: 38328124 PMCID: PMC10849742 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.24.577118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Reactive functional groups, such as N-nitrosamines, impart unique bioactivities to the natural products in which they are found. Recent work has illuminated enzymatic N-nitrosation reactions in microbial natural product biosynthesis, motivating an interest in discovering additional metabolites constructed using such reactivity. Here, we use a genome mining approach to identify over 400 cryptic biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) encoding homologs of the N-nitrosating biosynthetic enzyme SznF, including the BGC for chalkophomycin, a CuII-binding metabolite that contains a C-type diazeniumdiolate and N-hydroxypyrrole. Characterizing chalkophomycin biosynthetic enzymes reveals previously unknown enzymes responsible for N-hydroxypyrrole biosynthesis, including the first prolyl-N-hydroxylase, and a key step in assembly of the diazeniumdiolate-containing amino acid graminine. Discovery of this pathway enriches our understanding of the biosynthetic logic employed in constructing unusual heteroatom-heteroatom bond-containing functional groups, enabling future efforts in natural product discovery and biocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Marie Crooke
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Anika K. Chand
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Zheng Cui
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Emily P. Balskus
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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6
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Fang W, Luo ZW, Wang YC, Zhou W, Li L, Chen Y, Zhang X, Dai M, Dai JJ. S N2 Reaction at the Amide Nitrogen Center Enables Hydrazide Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317570. [PMID: 38366960 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Nucleophilic substitutions are fundamentally important transformations in synthetic organic chemistry. Despite the substantial advances in bimolecular nucleophilic substitutions (SN2) at saturated carbon centers, analogous SN2 reaction at the amide nitrogen atom remains extremely limited. Here we report an SN2 substitution method at the amide nitrogen atom with amine nucleophiles for nitrogen-nitrogen (N-N) bond formation that leads to a novel strategy toward biologically and medicinally important hydrazide derivatives. We found the use of sulfonate-leaving groups at the amide nitrogen atom played a pivotal role in the reaction. This new N-N coupling reaction allows the use of O-tosyl hydroxamates as electrophiles and readily available amines, including acyclic aliphatic amines and saturated N-heterocycles as nucleophiles. The reaction features mild conditions, broad substrate scope (>80 examples), excellent functional group tolerability, and scalability. The method is applicable to late-stage modification of various approved drug molecules, thus enabling complex hydrazide scaffold synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Fang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Zhi-Wen Luo
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Ye-Cheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Wei Zhou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yimin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xiangke Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Mingji Dai
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Jian-Jun Dai
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
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7
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Matsuda K, Nakahara Y, Choirunnisa AR, Arima K, Wakimoto T. Phylogeny-guided Characterization of Bacterial Hydrazine Biosynthesis Mediated by Cupin/methionyl tRNA Synthetase-like Enzymes. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202300838. [PMID: 38403952 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Cupin/methionyl-tRNA synthetase (MetRS)-like didomain enzymes catalyze nitrogen-nitrogen (N-N) bond formation between Nω-hydroxylamines and amino acids to generate hydrazines, key biosynthetic intermediates of various natural products containing N-N bonds. While the combination of these two building blocks leads to the creation of diverse hydrazine products, the full extent of their structural diversity remains largely unknown. To explore this, we herein conducted phylogeny-guided genome-mining of related hydrazine biosynthetic pathways consisting of two enzymes: flavin-dependent Nω-hydroxylating monooxygenases (NMOs) that produce Nω-hydroxylamine precursors and cupin/MetRS-like enzymes that couple the Nω-hydroxylamines with amino acids via N-N bonds. A phylogenetic analysis identified the largely unexplored sequence spaces of these enzyme families. The biochemical characterization of NMOs demonstrated their capabilities to produce various Nω-hydroxylamines, including those previously not known as precursors of N-N bonds. Furthermore, the characterization of cupin/MetRS-like enzymes identified five new hydrazine products with novel combinations of building blocks, including one containing non-amino acid building blocks: 1,3-diaminopropane and putrescine. This study substantially expanded the variety of N-N bond forming pathways mediated by cupin/MetRS-like enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Matsuda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 6, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yuto Nakahara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 6, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Atina Rizkiya Choirunnisa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 6, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Kuga Arima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 6, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Wakimoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 6, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
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8
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Kathiravan S, Dhillon P, Zhang T, Nicholls IA. Metal free cross-dehydrogenative N-N coupling of primary amides with Lewis basic amines. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2643. [PMID: 38531886 PMCID: PMC10966042 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46890-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Hydrazides, N-N containing structural motifs, are important due to their presence in a wide variety of biologically significant compounds. While the homo N-N coupling of two NH moieties to form the hydrazide N-N bond is well developed, the cross-dehydrogenative hetero N-N coupling remains very unevolved. Here we present an efficient intermolecular N-N cross-coupling of a series of primary benzamides with broad range of Lewis basic primary and secondary amines using PhI(OAc)2 as both a terminal oxidant and a cross-coupling mediator, without the need for metal catalysts, high temperatures, and inert atmospheres, and with substantial potential for use in the late-stage functionalization of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subban Kathiravan
- Bioorganic & Biophysical Chemistry Laboratory, Centre for Biomaterials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry & Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, SE-39182, Sweden.
- Attana AB, Greta Arwidssons väg 21, 11419, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Prakriti Dhillon
- Bioorganic & Biophysical Chemistry Laboratory, Centre for Biomaterials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry & Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, SE-39182, Sweden
| | - Tianshu Zhang
- Bioorganic & Biophysical Chemistry Laboratory, Centre for Biomaterials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry & Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, SE-39182, Sweden
| | - Ian A Nicholls
- Bioorganic & Biophysical Chemistry Laboratory, Centre for Biomaterials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry & Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, SE-39182, Sweden.
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9
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Li Q, Chen J, Luo Y, Xia Y. Photoredox-Catalyzed Hydroacylation of Azobenzenes with Carboxylic Acids. Org Lett 2024; 26:1517-1521. [PMID: 38346172 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Acyl hydrazides are widely found in bioactive compounds and have important applications as versatile synthetic intermediates. In the current report, a photoredox-catalyzed hydroacylation of azobenzenes was disclosed with carboxylic acids as the acylation reagent, affording a variety of N,N'-disubstituted hydrazides. The process possesses the advantages of mild reaction conditions, broad substrate scope, and high efficiency. Preliminary mechanistic investigation indicated that the addition of an acyl radical to the azo compound should be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jianhui Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yanshu Luo
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yuanzhi Xia
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
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10
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Liang Q, Cai Y, Jiang W, Pang M, Fan L, Zhang G. Palladium-catalyzed allylation and carbonylation: access to allylhydrazones and allyl acylhydrazones. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:1638-1641. [PMID: 38235749 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05531k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
A palladium-catalyzed allylation of hydrazines with allyl alcohols and aldehydes was developed, enabling the syntheses of a series of allylhydrazones in good to excellent yields with high regioselectivity. Furthermore, the four-component tandem allylation carbonylation of hydrazines with allyl alcohols and aldehydes was established using the catalytic system, producing various allyl acylhydrazones. Additionally, the functionalized allyl acylhydrazones could be smoothly constructed with the catalytic system employing allylhydrazones as a partner. The catalytic system exhibited good functional tolerance with excellent regioselectivities and scaled-up capability, overcoming the limitations of chemoselectivity of the multicomponent transformation and poor conversion of the weak nucleophile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yan Cai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Wenjun Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Mengdi Pang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Liming Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Guoying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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11
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Zhu SY, He WJ, Shen GC, Bai ZQ, Song FF, He G, Wang H, Chen G. Ligand-Promoted Iron-Catalyzed Nitrene Transfer for the Synthesis of Hydrazines and Triazanes through N-Amidation of Arylamines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202312465. [PMID: 37997539 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report that bulky alkylphosphines such as PtBu3 can switch the roles from actor to spectator ligands to promote the FeCl2 -catalyzed N-amidation reaction of arylamines with dioxazolones, giving hydrazides in high efficiency and chemoselectivity. Mechanistic studies indicated that the phosphine ligands could facilitate the decarboxylation of dioxazolones on the Fe center, and the hydrogen bonding interactions between the arylamines and the ligands on Fe nitrenoid intermediates might play a role in modulating the delicate interplay between the phosphine ligand, arylamine, and acyl nitrene N, favoring N-N coupling over N-P coupling. The new ligand-promoted N-amidation protocols offer a convenient way to access various challenging triazane compounds via double or sequential N-amidation of primary arylamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Wen-Ji He
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Guan-Chi Shen
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zi-Qian Bai
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Fang-Fang Song
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Gang He
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Gong Chen
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300192, China
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12
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Fan C, Zhou F, Huang W, Xue Y, Xu C, Zhang R, Xian M, Feng X. Characterization of an efficient N-oxygenase from Saccharothrix sp. and its application in the synthesis of azomycin. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2023; 16:194. [PMID: 38104149 PMCID: PMC10724926 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02446-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nitro group constitutes a significant functional moiety within numerous valuable substances, such as nitroimidazoles, a class of antimicrobial drugs exhibiting broad spectrum activity. Conventional chemical methods for synthesizing nitro compounds suffer from harsh conditions, multiple steps, and environmental issues. Biocatalysis has emerged as a promising alternative to overcome these drawbacks, with certain enzymes capable of catalyzing nitro group formation gradually being discovered in nature. Nevertheless, the practical application is hindered by the restricted diversity and low catalytic activity exhibited by the reported nitrifying enzymes. RESULTS A novel N-oxygenase SaRohS harboring higher catalytic capability of transformation 2-aminoimidazole to azomycin was characterized from Saccharothrix sp. Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that SaRohS belongs to the heme-oxygenase-like diiron oxygenase (HDOs) family. SaRohS exhibited optimal activity at pH 5.5 and 25 ℃, respectively. The enzyme maintained relatively stable activity within the pH range of 4.5 to 6.5 and the temperature range of 20 ℃ to 35 ℃. Following sequence alignment and structural analysis, several promising amino acid residues were meticulously chosen for catalytic performance evaluation. Site-directed mutations showed that threonine 75 was essential for the catalytic activity. The dual mutant enzyme G95A/K115T exhibited the highest catalytic efficiency, which was approximately 5.8-fold higher than that of the wild-type and 22.3-fold higher than that of the reported N-oxygenase KaRohS from Kitasatospora azatica. The underlying catalytic mechanism was investigated through molecular docking and molecular dynamics. Finally, whole-cell biocatalysis was performed and 2-aminoimidazole could be effectively converted into azomycin with a reaction conversion rate of 42% within 14 h. CONCLUSIONS An efficient N-oxygenase that catalyzes 2-aminoimidazole to azomycin was screened form Saccharothrix sp., its phylogenetics and enzymatic properties were analyzed. Through site-directed mutation, enhancements in catalytic competence were achieved, and the molecular basis underlying the enhanced enzymatic activity of the mutants was revealed via molecular docking and dynamic simulation. Furthermore, the application potential of this enzyme was assessed through whole cell biocatalysis, demonstrating it as a promising alternative method for azomycin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanle Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Fang Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Wei Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Yi Xue
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Chao Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Rubing Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Mo Xian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China.
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, 266101, China.
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, 266101, China.
| | - Xinjun Feng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China.
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, 266101, China.
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, 266101, China.
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13
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Guo YY, Tian ZH, Ma C, Han YC, Bai D, Jiang Z. Unlocking mild-condition benzene ring contraction using nonheme diiron N-oxygenase. Chem Sci 2023; 14:11907-11913. [PMID: 37920353 PMCID: PMC10619644 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04660e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Benzene ring contractions are useful yet rare reactions that offer a convenient synthetic route to various valuable chemicals. However, the traditional methods of benzene contraction rely on noble-metal catalysts under extreme conditions with poor efficiency and uncontrollable selectivity. Mild-condition contractions of the benzene ring are rarely reported. This study presents a one-step, one-pot benzene ring contraction reaction mediated by an engineered nonheme diiron N-oxygenase. Using various aniline substrates as amine sources, the enzyme causes the phloroglucinol-benzene-ring contraction to afford a series of 4-cyclopentene-1,3-dione structures. A reaction detail study reveals that the nonheme diiron N-oxygenase first oxidizes the aromatic amine to a nitroso intermediate, which then attacks the phloroglucinol anion and causes benzene ring contraction. Besides, we have identified two potent antitumor compounds from the ring-contracted products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 China
| | - Ze-Hua Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 China
| | - ChunHua Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 China
| | - Yu-Chen Han
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 China
| | - DaChang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 China
| | - ZhiYong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 China
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14
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Chen X, Li B. How nature incorporates sulfur and selenium into bioactive natural products. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2023; 76:102377. [PMID: 37598530 PMCID: PMC10538389 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.102377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Living organisms have evolved various strategies to incorporate sulfur and selenium into bioactive natural products. These chalcogen-containing compounds serve important and diverse biological functions for their producers and many of them are essential medicines against infectious diseases and cancer. We review recent advances in the biosynthesis of some sulfur/selenium-containing natural products with a focus on the formation or cleavage of C-S/C-Se bonds. We highlight unusual enzymes that catalyze these transformations, describe their proposed mechanisms, and discuss how understanding these enzymes may facilitate the discovery and synthesis of novel natural products containing sulfur or selenium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Chemistry, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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15
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Zhao Y, Liu X, Xiao Z, Zhou J, Song X, Wang X, Hu L, Wang Y, Sun P, Wang W, He X, Lin S, Deng Z, Pan L, Jiang M. O-methyltransferase-like enzyme catalyzed diazo installation in polyketide biosynthesis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5372. [PMID: 37666836 PMCID: PMC10477347 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41062-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diazo compounds are rare natural products possessing various biological activities. Kinamycin and lomaiviticin, two diazo natural products featured by the diazobenzofluorene core, exhibit exceptional potency as chemotherapeutic agents. Despite the extensive studies on their biosynthetic gene clusters and the assembly of their polyketide scaffolds, the formation of the characteristic diazo group remains elusive. L-Glutamylhydrazine was recently shown to be the hydrazine donor in kinamycin biosynthesis, however, the mechanism for the installation of the hydrazine group onto the kinamycin scaffold is still unclear. Here we describe an O-methyltransferase-like protein, AlpH, which is responsible for the hydrazine incorporation in kinamycin biosynthesis. AlpH catalyses a unique SAM-independent coupling of L-glutamylhydrazine and polyketide intermediate via a rare Mannich reaction in polyketide biosynthesis. Our discovery expands the catalytic diversity of O-methyltransferase-like enzymes and lays a strong foundation for the discovery and development of novel diazo natural products through genome mining and synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200030, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Xiangyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200030, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Zhihong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200030, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200030, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Xingyu Song
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, 200438, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaozheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200030, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Lijun Hu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Center for Bioactive Natural Molecules and Innovative Drugs Research, Jinan University, 510632, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ying Wang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Center for Bioactive Natural Molecules and Innovative Drugs Research, Jinan University, 510632, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Peng Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guo-He Road, 200433, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Wenning Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, 200438, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyi He
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200030, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Shuangjun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200030, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Zixin Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200030, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Lifeng Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200030, Shanghai, P. R. China.
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16
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Stephan P, Langley C, Winkler D, Basquin J, Caputi L, O'Connor SE, Kries H. Directed Evolution of Piperazic Acid Incorporation by a Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202304843. [PMID: 37326625 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202304843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Engineering of biosynthetic enzymes is increasingly employed to synthesize structural analogues of antibiotics. Of special interest are nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) responsible for the production of important antimicrobial peptides. Here, directed evolution of an adenylation domain of a Pro-specific NRPS module completely switched substrate specificity to the non-standard amino acid piperazic acid (Piz) bearing a labile N-N bond. This success was achieved by UPLC-MS/MS-based screening of small, rationally designed mutant libraries and can presumably be replicated with a larger number of substrates and NRPS modules. The evolved NRPS produces a Piz-derived gramicidin S analogue. Thus, we give new impetus to the too-early dismissed idea that widely accessible low-throughput methods can switch the specificity of NRPSs in a biosynthetically useful fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Stephan
- Junior Research Group Biosynthetic Design of Natural Products, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Chloe Langley
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Daniela Winkler
- Junior Research Group Biosynthetic Design of Natural Products, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Jérôme Basquin
- Department of Structural Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152, Planegg Martinsried, Germany
| | - Lorenzo Caputi
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Sarah E O'Connor
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Hajo Kries
- Junior Research Group Biosynthetic Design of Natural Products, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
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17
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Makris C, Leckrone JK, Butler A. Tistrellabactins A and B Are Photoreactive C-Diazeniumdiolate Siderophores from the Marine-Derived Strain Tistrella mobilis KA081020-065. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 86:1770-1778. [PMID: 37341506 PMCID: PMC10391617 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
The C-diazeniumdiolate group in the amino acid graminine is emerging as a new microbially produced Fe(III) coordinating ligand in siderophores, which is photoreactive. While the few siderophores reported from this class have only been isolated from soil-associated microbes, here we report the first C-diazeniumdiolate siderophores tistrellabactins A and B, isolated from the bioactive marine-derived strain Tistrella mobilis KA081020-065. The structural characterization of the tistrellabactins reveals unique biosynthetic features including an NRPS module iteratively loading glutamine residues and a promiscuous adenylation domain yielding either tistrellabactin A with an asparagine residue or tistrellabactin B with an aspartic acid residue at analogous positions. Beyond the function of scavenging Fe(III) for growth, these siderophores are photoreactive upon irradiation with UV light, releasing the equivalent of nitric oxide (NO) and an H atom from the C-diazeniumdiolate group. Fe(III)-tistrellabactin is also photoreactive, with both the C-diazeniumdiolate and the β-hydroxyaspartate residues undergoing photoreactions, resulting in a photoproduct without the ability to chelate Fe(III).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Makris
- Department of Chemistry &
Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
| | - Jamie K. Leckrone
- Department of Chemistry &
Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
| | - Alison Butler
- Department of Chemistry &
Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
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18
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Butler ND, Sen S, Brown LB, Lin M, Kunjapur AM. A platform for distributed production of synthetic nitrated proteins in live bacteria. Nat Chem Biol 2023; 19:911-920. [PMID: 37188959 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-023-01338-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The incorporation of the nonstandard amino acid para-nitro-L-phenylalanine (pN-Phe) within proteins has been used for diverse applications, including the termination of immune self-tolerance. However, the requirement for the provision of chemically synthesized pN-Phe to cells limits the contexts where this technology can be harnessed. Here we report the construction of a live bacterial producer of synthetic nitrated proteins by coupling metabolic engineering and genetic code expansion. We achieved the biosynthesis of pN-Phe in Escherichia coli by creating a pathway that features a previously uncharacterized nonheme diiron N-monooxygenase, which resulted in pN-Phe titers of 820 ± 130 µM after optimization. After we identified an orthogonal translation system that exhibited selectivity toward pN-Phe rather than a precursor metabolite, we constructed a single strain that incorporated biosynthesized pN-Phe within a specific site of a reporter protein. Overall, our study has created a foundational technology platform for distributed and autonomous production of nitrated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil D Butler
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Sabyasachi Sen
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Lucas B Brown
- Systems, Synthetic, and Physical Biology Program, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Minwei Lin
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Aditya M Kunjapur
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.
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19
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Karabulut S, Wijerathne DV, Gauld JW. Computational Insights into the Formation and Structure of S-N Containing Cyclic Peptides. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:18234-18244. [PMID: 37251184 PMCID: PMC10210182 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic peptides are known to have biologically important roles and may also be applicable to the pharmaceutical and other industries. Furthermore, thiols and amines, which are found throughout biological systems, can react to form S-N bonds and to date, ∼100 biomolecules containing such a bond have been identified. However, while there are in principle numerous S-N containing peptide-derived rings possible, only a few are presently known to occur in biochemical systems. Density functional theory-based calculations have been used to consider the formation and structure of S-N containing cyclic peptides from systematic series of linear peptides in which a cysteinyl has first been oxidized to a sulfenic or sulfonic acid. In addition, the possible effect of the cysteine's vicinal residue on the free energy of formation has also been considered. In general, when the cysteine is first oxidized to a sulfenic acid, only the formation of smaller S-N containing rings is calculated to be exergonic in aqueous solution. In contrast, when the cysteine is first oxidized to a sulfonic acid, the formation of all rings considered (with one exception) is calculated to be endergonic in aqueous solution. The nature of vicinal residue can influence ring formation through stabilizing or destabilizing intramolecular interactions.
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20
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Narayanan M, Ali SS, El-Sheekh M. A comprehensive review on the potential of microbial enzymes in multipollutant bioremediation: Mechanisms, challenges, and future prospects. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 334:117532. [PMID: 36801803 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Industrialization and other human activity represent significant environmental hazards. Toxic contaminants can harm a comprehensive platform of living organisms in their particular environments. Bioremediation is an effective remediation process in which harmful pollutants are eliminated from the environment using microorganisms or their enzymes. Microorganisms in the environment often create a variety of enzymes that can eliminate hazardous contaminants by using them as a substrate for development and growth. Through their catalytic reaction mechanism, microbial enzymes may degrade and eliminate harmful environmental pollutants and transform them into non-toxic forms. The principal types of microbial enzymes which can degrade most hazardous environmental contaminants include hydrolases, lipases, oxidoreductases, oxygenases, and laccases. Several immobilizations, genetic engineering strategies, and nanotechnology applications have been developed to improve enzyme performance and reduce pollution removal process costs. Until now, the practically applicable microbial enzymes from various microbial sources and their ability to degrade multipollutant effectively or transformation potential and mechanisms are unknown. Hence, more research and further studies are required. Additionally, there is a gap in the suitable approaches considering toxic multipollutants bioremediation using enzymatic applications. This review focused on the enzymatic elimination of harmful contaminants in the environment, such as dyes, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, plastics, heavy metals, and pesticides. Recent trends and future growth for effectively removing harmful contaminants by enzymatic degradation are also thoroughly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathiyazhagan Narayanan
- Division of Research and Innovations, Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science, Chennai, 602 105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sameh Samir Ali
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt; Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Mostafa El-Sheekh
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt.
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21
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Ghosh S, Majumder S, Ghosh D, Hajra A. Redox-neutral carbon-heteroatom bond formation under photoredox catalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023. [PMID: 37171250 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc01873c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Recently, visible-light-mediated photoredox catalysis has been emerging as one of the fastest growing fields in organic chemistry because of its low cost, easy availability and environmental benignness. In the past five years, a new yet challenging trend, visible-light-induced redox-neutral carbon-heteroatom bond formation reaction involving presumed radical intermediates, has been flourishing rapidly. Although mostly transition metal-based photoredox catalysts were reported, a few organophotoredox catalysts have also shown efficacy towards carbon-heteroatom bond formation reactions. This review intends to summarize the recent research progress in redox-neutral carbon-heteroatom bond formations based on active intermediate(s) involved under photoredox catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan 731235, India.
| | - Souvik Majumder
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan 731235, India.
| | - Debashis Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, St. Joseph's University, Bangalore 560027, Karnataka, India
| | - Alakananda Hajra
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan 731235, India.
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22
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Cheng X, Li L, Shan S, Pang S, Qu Y, Lu Y. Photooxidative Coupling of Thiols Promoted by Bromo(trichloro)methane in a Basic Aqueous Medium. Synlett 2023. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1752654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
AbstractA transition-metal- and organic-solvent-free oxidative coupling of thiols catalyzed by BrCCl3 and NaOH in an aqueous medium with oxygen as a green oxidant was established The facile and green method has a broad substrate scope in converting thiols into the corresponding disulfides with medium to excellent yields (up to 91%). This method could potentially be used to construct bioactive molecules containing disulfide bonds and to label bioactive molecules with disulfide bonds.
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23
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Hill J, Beckler TD, Crich D. Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Di- and Trisubstituted Hydroxylamines. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062816. [PMID: 36985788 PMCID: PMC10051932 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
As an underrepresented functional group in bioorganic and medicinal chemistry, the hydroxylamine unit has historically received little attention from the synthetic community. Recent developments, however, suggest that hydroxylamines may have broader applications such that a review covering recent developments in the synthesis of this functional group is timely. With this in mind, this review primarily covers developments in the past 15 years in the preparation of di- and trisubstituted hydroxylamines. The mechanism of the reactions and key features and shortcomings are discussed throughout the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarvis Hill
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, 250 West Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 302 East Campus Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Thomas D Beckler
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, 250 West Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 302 East Campus Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - David Crich
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, 250 West Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 302 East Campus Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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24
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Cu-catalysed enantioselective radical heteroatomic S-O cross-coupling. Nat Chem 2023; 15:395-404. [PMID: 36575341 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-01102-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The transition-metal-catalysed cross-coupling reaction has established itself as one of the most reliable and practical synthetic tools for the efficient construction of carbon-carbon/heteroatom (p-block elements other than carbon) bonds in both racemic and enantioselective manners. In contrast, development of the corresponding heteroatom-heteroatom cross-couplings has so far remained elusive, probably due to the under-investigated and often challenging heteroatom-heteroatom reductive elimination. Here we demonstrate the use of single-electron reductive elimination as a strategy for developing enantioselective S-O coupling under Cu catalysis, based on both experimental and theoretical results. The reaction manifests its synthetic potential by the ready preparation of challenging chiral alcohols featuring congested stereocentres, the expedient valorization of the biomass-derived feedstock glycerol, and the remarkable catalytic 4,6-desymmetrization of inositol. These results demonstrate the potential of enantioselective radical heteroatomic cross-coupling as a general chiral heteroatom-heteroatom formation strategy.
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25
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He X, Peng G, Luo J, Huang JP, Yang J, Yan Y, Gu YC, Wang L, Huang SX. O-Alkylazoxymycins A-F, Naturally Occurring Azoxy-Aromatic Compounds from Streptomyces sp. Py50. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 86:176-181. [PMID: 36634313 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c00892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Six new azoxy-aromatic compounds (o-alkylazoxymycins A-F, 1-6) and two new nitrogen-bearing phenylvaleric/phenylheptanoic acid derivatives (o-alkylphemycins A and B, 7 and 8) were isolated from Streptomyces sp. Py50. Their structures were elucidated based on HRESIMS, NMR, UV spectroscopic analyses, and X-ray crystallographic data. O-Alkylazoxymycins A-F (1-6) are the first natural examples of azoxy compounds with the azoxy bond attached to the ortho-position of the phenylheptanoic acid or phenylvaleric acid moiety. Compounds 1, 5, and 6 were active against Epidermophyton floccosum with MIC50 values ranging from 10.1 to 51.2 μM. A plausible biosynthetic pathway of 2 and 3 was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin He
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoqing Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianying Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Ping Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Yijun Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Cheng Gu
- Syngenta Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, U.K
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Xiong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
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26
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Han Y, Cui X. Copper-Catalyzed Enantioselective Radical Heteroatomic S—O Cross-Coupling. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202300013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2023]
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27
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Ushimaru R, Abe I. Unusual Dioxygen-Dependent Reactions Catalyzed by Nonheme Iron Enzymes in Natural Product Biosynthesis. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c05247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richiro Ushimaru
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- ACT-X, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Ikuro Abe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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28
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Makris C, Carmichael JR, Zhou H, Butler A. C-Diazeniumdiolate Graminine in the Siderophore Gramibactin Is Photoreactive and Originates from Arginine. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:3140-3147. [PMID: 36354305 PMCID: PMC9679993 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Siderophores are synthesized by microbes to facilitate iron acquisition required for growth. Catecholate, hydroxamate, and α-hydroxycarboxylate groups comprise well-established ligands coordinating Fe(III) in siderophores. Recently, a C-type diazeniumdiolate ligand in the newly identified amino acid graminine (Gra) was found in the siderophore gramibactin (Gbt) produced by Paraburkholderia graminis DSM 17151. The N-N bond in the diazeniumdiolate is a distinguishing feature of Gra, yet the origin and reactivity of this C-type diazeniumdiolate group has remained elusive until now. Here, we identify l-arginine as the direct precursor to l-Gra through the isotopic labeling of l-Arg, l-ornithine, and l-citrulline. Furthermore, these isotopic labeling studies establish that the N-N bond in Gra must be formed between the Nδ and Nω of the guanidinium group in l-Arg. We also show the diazeniumdiolate groups in apo-Gbt are photoreactive, with loss of nitric oxide (NO) and H+ from each d-Gra yielding E/Z oxime isomers in the photoproduct. With the loss of Gbt's ability to chelate Fe(III) upon exposure to UV light, our results hint at this siderophore playing a larger ecological role. Not only are NO and oximes important in plant biology for communication and defense, but so too are NO-releasing compounds and oximes attractive in medicinal applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hongjun Zhou
- Department of Chemistry &
Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
| | - Alison Butler
- Department of Chemistry &
Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
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29
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Synthesis of N-acyl sulfenamides via copper catalysis and their use as S-sulfenylating reagents of thiols. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6445. [PMID: 36307408 PMCID: PMC9616856 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34223-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfur-heteroatom bonds such as S-S and S-N are found in a variety of natural products and often play important roles in biological processes. Despite their widespread applications, the synthesis of sulfenamides, which feature S-N bonds that may be cleaved under mild conditions, remains underdeveloped. Here, we report a method for synthesis of N-acyl sulfenamides via copper-catalyzed nitrene-mediated S-amidation reaction of thiols with dioxazolones. This method is efficient, convenient, and broadly applicable. Moreover, the resulting N-acetyl sulfenamides are highly effective S-sulfenylation reagents for the synthesis of unsymmetrical disulfides under mild conditions. The S-sulfenylation protocol enables facile access to sterically demanding disulfides that are difficult to synthesize by other means.
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30
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Düşünceli SD, Şahan MH, Kaloğlu M, Üstün E, Özdemir İ. Applications of quinoxaline‐bridged bis(benzimidazolium) salts as ligand sources for the palladium‐catalyzed Suzuki and Heck cross‐coupling reactions in an aqueous medium. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.202200304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Serpil Demir Düşünceli
- Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Chemistry İnönü University Malatya Turkey
- Catalysis Research and Application Center İnönü University Malatya Turkey
- Drug Application and Research Center İnönü University Malatya Turkey
| | - Mehmet Hanifi Şahan
- Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Chemistry İnönü University Malatya Turkey
| | - Murat Kaloğlu
- Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Chemistry İnönü University Malatya Turkey
- Catalysis Research and Application Center İnönü University Malatya Turkey
- Drug Application and Research Center İnönü University Malatya Turkey
| | - Elvan Üstün
- Faculty of Science and Art, Department of Chemistry Ordu University Ordu Turkey
| | - İsmail Özdemir
- Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Chemistry İnönü University Malatya Turkey
- Catalysis Research and Application Center İnönü University Malatya Turkey
- Drug Application and Research Center İnönü University Malatya Turkey
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31
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Kong L, Deng Z, You D. Chemistry and biosynthesis of bacterial polycyclic xanthone natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:2057-2095. [PMID: 36083257 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00046f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Covering: up to the end of 2021Bacterial polycyclic xanthone natural products (BPXNPs) are a growing family of natural xanthones featuring a pentangular architecture with various modifications to the tricyclic xanthone chromophore. Their structural diversities and various activities have fueled biosynthetic and chemical synthetic studies. Moreover, their more potent activities than the clinically used drugs make them potential candidates for the treatment of diseases. Future unraveling of structure activity relationships (SARs) will provide new options for the (bio)-synthesis of drug analogues with higher activities. This review summarizes the isolation, structural elucidation and biological activities and more importantly, the recent strategies for the microbial biosynthesis and chemical synthesis of BPXNPs. Regarding their biosynthesis, we discuss the recent progress in enzymes that synthesize tricyclic xanthone, the protein candidates for structural moieties (methylene dioxygen bridge and nitrogen heterocycle), tailoring enzymes for methylation and halogenation. The chemical synthesis part summarizes the recent methodology for the division synthesis and coupling construction of achiral molecular skeletons. Ultimately, perspectives on the biosynthetic study of BPXNPs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxin Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Zixin Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Delin You
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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32
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Ernst S, Mährlein A, Ritzmann NH, Drees SL, Fetzner S. A comparative study of
N
‐hydroxylating flavoprotein monooxygenases reveals differences in kinetics and cofactor binding. FEBS J 2022; 289:5637-5655. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.16444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Ernst
- Institute of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology University of Münster Germany
| | - Almuth Mährlein
- Institute of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology University of Münster Germany
| | - Niklas H. Ritzmann
- Institute of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology University of Münster Germany
| | - Steffen L. Drees
- Institute of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology University of Münster Germany
| | - Susanne Fetzner
- Institute of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology University of Münster Germany
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33
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Wei ZW, Niikura H, Morgan KD, Vacariu CM, Andersen RJ, Ryan KS. Free Piperazic Acid as a Precursor to Nonribosomal Peptides. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:13556-13564. [PMID: 35867963 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Piperazic acid (Piz) is a nonproteinogenic amino acid possessing a rare nitrogen-nitrogen bond. However, little is known about how Piz is incorporated into nonribosomal peptides, including whether adenylation domains specific to Piz exist. In this study, we show that free piperazic acid is directly adenylated and then incorporated into the incarnatapeptin nonribosomal peptides through isotopic incorporation studies. We also use in vitro reconstitution to demonstrate adenylation of free piperazic acid with a three-domain nonribosomal peptide synthetase from the incarnatapeptin gene cluster. We furthermore use bioinformatics and site-directed mutagenesis to outline consensus sequences for the adenylation of piperazic acid, which can now be used for the prediction of gene clusters linked to piperazic-acid-containing peptides. Finally, we discover a fusion protein of a piperazate synthase and an adenylation domain, highlighting the close biosynthetic relationship of piperazic acid formation and its adenylation. Altogether, our work demonstrates the evolution of biosynthetic systems for the activation of free piperazic acid through adenylation, a pathway we suggest is likely to be employed in the majority of pathways to piperazic-acid-containing peptides.
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34
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Matsuda K, Arima K, Akiyama S, Yamada Y, Abe Y, Suenaga H, Hashimoto J, Shin-Ya K, Nishiyama M, Wakimoto T. A Natural Dihydropyridazinone Scaffold Generated from a Unique Substrate for a Hydrazine-Forming Enzyme. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:12954-12960. [PMID: 35771530 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen-nitrogen bond-containing functional groups are rare, but they are found in a considerably wide class of natural products. Recent clarifications of the biosynthetic routes for such functional groups shed light onto overlooked biosynthetic genes distributed across the bacterial kingdom, highlighting the presence of yet-to-be identified natural products with peculiar functional groups. Here, the genome-mining approach targeting a unique hydrazine-forming gene led to the discovery of actinopyridazinones A (1) and B (2), the first natural products with dihydropyridazinone rings. The structure of actinopyridazinone A was unambiguously established by total synthesis. Biosynthetic studies unveiled the structural diversity of natural hydrazines derived from this family of N-N bond-forming enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Matsuda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.,Global Station for Biosurfaces and Drug Discovery, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 6, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Kuga Arima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Satoko Akiyama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yuito Yamada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yo Abe
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Hikaru Suenaga
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Junko Hashimoto
- Japan Biological Informatics Consortium (JBIC), Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Kazuo Shin-Ya
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Makoto Nishiyama
- Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.,Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Wakimoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.,Global Station for Biosurfaces and Drug Discovery, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 6, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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35
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Li X, Fan J, Cui D, Yan H, Shan S, Lu Y, Cheng X, Loh TP. Catalyst‐ and metal‐free photo‐oxidative coupling of thiols with BrCCl3. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoman Li
- Nanjing Tech University Institute of Advanced Synthesis CHINA
| | - Jiali Fan
- Nanjing Tech University Institute of Advanced Synthesis CHINA
| | - Dezhi Cui
- Nanjing Tech University Institute of Advanced Synthesis CHINA
| | - Hui Yan
- Nanjing Tech University Institute of Advanced Synthesis CHINA
| | - Shiquan Shan
- Nanjing Tech University Institute of Advanced Synthesis CHINA
| | - Yongna Lu
- Nanjing Tech University Institute of Advanced Synthesis CHINA
| | - Xiamin Cheng
- Nanjing Tech University Institute of Advanced Synthesis 30 South Puzhu Road 211816 Nanjing CHINA
| | - Teck-peng Loh
- Nanyang Technological University Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry SINGAPORE
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36
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Nunez Avila AG, Deschênes-Simard B, Arnold JE, Morency M, Chartrand D, Maris T, Berger G, Day GM, Hanessian S, Wuest JD. Surprising Chemistry of 6-Azidotetrazolo[5,1- a]phthalazine: What a Purported Natural Product Reveals about the Polymorphism of Explosives. J Org Chem 2022; 87:6680-6694. [PMID: 35504046 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
6-Azidotetrazolo[5,1-a]phthalazine (ATPH) is a nitrogen-rich compound of surprisingly broad interest. It is purported to be a natural product, yet it is closely related to substances developed as explosives and is highly polymorphic despite having a nearly planar structure with little flexibility. Seven solid forms of ATPH have been characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The structures show diverse patterns of molecular organization, including both stacked sheets and herringbone packing. In all cases, N···N and C-H···N interactions play key roles in ensuring molecular cohesion. The high polymorphism of ATPH appears to arise in part from the ability of virtually every atom of nitrogen and hydrogen in the molecule to take part in close N···N and C-H···N contacts. As a result, adjacent molecules can adopt many different relative orientations that are energetically similar, thereby generating a polymorphic landscape with an unusually high density of potential structures. This landscape has been explored in detail by the computational prediction of crystal structures. Studying ATPH has provided insights into the field of energetic materials, where access to multiple polymorphs can be used to improve performance and clarify how it depends on molecular packing. In addition, our work with ATPH shows how valuable insights into molecular crystallization, often gleaned from statistical analyses of structural databases, can also come from in-depth empirical and theoretical studies of single compounds that show distinctive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joseph E Arnold
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Mathieu Morency
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Daniel Chartrand
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Thierry Maris
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Gilles Berger
- Microbiologie, Chimie bioorganique et macromoléculaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, Bruxelles 1050, Belgium
| | - Graeme M Day
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Stephen Hanessian
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - James D Wuest
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
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37
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He HY, Niikura H, Du YL, Ryan KS. Synthetic and biosynthetic routes to nitrogen-nitrogen bonds. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:2991-3046. [PMID: 35311838 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00458c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The nitrogen-nitrogen bond is a core feature of diverse functional groups like hydrazines, nitrosamines, diazos, and pyrazoles. Such functional groups are found in >300 known natural products. Such N-N bond-containing functional groups are also found in significant percentage of clinical drugs. Therefore, there is wide interest in synthetic and enzymatic methods to form nitrogen-nitrogen bonds. In this review, we summarize synthetic and biosynthetic approaches to diverse nitrogen-nitrogen-bond-containing functional groups, with a focus on biosynthetic pathways and enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yan He
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. .,Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Haruka Niikura
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
| | - Yi-Ling Du
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Katherine S Ryan
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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38
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A concise and focused overview upon arylglyoxal monohydrates-based one-pot multi-component synthesis of fascinating potentially biologically active pyridazines. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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39
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40
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Beng TK, Sax M, Borg C. Serendipitous synthesis of 2-alkenyl- and 2-aryl-4-thiazolidinones using dithiodiglycolic anhydride. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj03719j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dithiodiglycolic anhydride undergoes an efficient formal cycloaddition with imines to afford functionalized 4-thiazolidinones, without complications arising from the anhydride-imine reaction or the sulfa-Michael reaction (in the case of 1,3-azadienes).
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy K. Beng
- Department of Chemistry, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA 98926, USA
| | - Mckenna Sax
- Department of Chemistry, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA 98926, USA
| | - Claire Borg
- Department of Chemistry, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA 98926, USA
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41
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Clinger JA, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Miller MD, Hall RE, Van Lanen SG, Phillips Jr. GN, Thorson JS, Elshahawi SI. Structure and Function of a Dual Reductase-Dehydratase Enzyme System Involved in p-Terphenyl Biosynthesis. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:2816-2824. [PMID: 34763417 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We report the identification of the ter gene cluster responsible for the formation of the p-terphenyl derivatives terfestatins B and C and echoside B from the Appalachian Streptomyces strain RM-5-8. We characterize the function of TerB/C, catalysts that work together as a dual enzyme system in the biosynthesis of natural terphenyls. TerB acts as a reductase and TerC as a dehydratase to enable the conversion of polyporic acid to a terphenyl triol intermediate. X-ray crystallography of the apo and substrate-bound forms for both enzymes provides additional mechanistic insights. Validation of the TerC structural model via mutagenesis highlights a critical role of arginine 143 and aspartate 173 in catalysis. Cumulatively, this work highlights a set of enzymes acting in harmony to control and direct reactive intermediates and advances fundamental understanding of the previously unresolved early steps in terphenyl biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A. Clinger
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Yinan Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substance of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Mitchell D. Miller
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Ronnie E. Hall
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Steven G. Van Lanen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - George N. Phillips Jr.
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Jon S. Thorson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Sherif I. Elshahawi
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, California 92618, United States
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42
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Shi R, Ow H, Thomas GM, Chang S, Chen H, Wang W, Yoon B. Zwitterionic Dipicolinic Acid-Based Tracers for Reservoir Surveillance Application. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c03468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rena Shi
- Aramco Research Center─Boston, Aramco Services Company, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Hooisweng Ow
- Aramco Research Center─Boston, Aramco Services Company, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Gawain M. Thomas
- Aramco Research Center─Boston, Aramco Services Company, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Sehoon Chang
- Aramco Research Center─Boston, Aramco Services Company, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Hsieh Chen
- Aramco Research Center─Boston, Aramco Services Company, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Wei Wang
- Aramco Research Center─Boston, Aramco Services Company, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Bora Yoon
- Aramco Research Center─Boston, Aramco Services Company, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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43
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Zhao G, Peng W, Song K, Shi J, Lu X, Wang B, Du YL. Molecular basis of enzymatic nitrogen-nitrogen formation by a family of zinc-binding cupin enzymes. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7205. [PMID: 34893622 PMCID: PMC8664883 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27523-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecules with a nitrogen-nitrogen (N-N) bond in their structures exhibit various biological activities and other unique properties. A few microbial proteins are recently emerging as dedicated N-N bond forming enzymes in natural product biosynthesis. However, the details of these biochemical processes remain largely unknown. Here, through in vitro biochemical characterization and computational studies, we report the molecular basis of hydrazine bond formation by a family of di-domain enzymes. These enzymes are widespread in bacteria and sometimes naturally exist as two standalone enzymes. We reveal that the methionyl-tRNA synthase-like domain/protein catalyzes ATP-dependent condensation of two amino acids substrates to form a highly unstable ester intermediate, which is subsequently captured by the zinc-binding cupin domain/protein and undergoes redox-neutral intramolecular rearrangement to give the N-N bond containing product. These results provide important mechanistic insights into enzymatic N-N bond formation and should facilitate future development of novel N-N forming biocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiyun Zhao
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XState Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003 Hangzhou, China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XInstitute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Peng
- grid.12955.3a0000 0001 2264 7233State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005 Xiamen, China
| | - Kaihui Song
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XInstitute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingkun Shi
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XInstitute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - Xingyu Lu
- grid.494629.40000 0004 8008 9315Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Instrumentation and Service Center for Molecular Sciences, Westlake University, 310024 Hangzhou, China
| | - Binju Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China.
| | - Yi-Ling Du
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003, Hangzhou, China. .,Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China.
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44
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Del Rio Flores A, Twigg FF, Du Y, Cai W, Aguirre DQ, Sato M, Dror MJ, Narayanamoorthy M, Geng J, Zill NA, Zhai R, Zhang W. Biosynthesis of triacsin featuring an N-hydroxytriazene pharmacophore. Nat Chem Biol 2021; 17:1305-1313. [PMID: 34725510 PMCID: PMC8605994 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-021-00895-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Triacsins are an intriguing class of specialized metabolites possessing a conserved N-hydroxytriazene moiety not found in any other known natural products. Triacsins are notable as potent acyl-CoA synthetase inhibitors in lipid metabolism, yet their biosynthesis has remained elusive. Through extensive mutagenesis and biochemical studies, we here report all enzymes required to construct and install the N-hydroxytriazene pharmacophore of triacsins. Two distinct ATP-dependent enzymes were revealed to catalyze the two consecutive N-N bond formation reactions, including a glycine-utilizing, hydrazine-forming enzyme (Tri28) and a nitrite-utilizing, N-nitrosating enzyme (Tri17). This study paves the way for future mechanistic interrogation and biocatalytic application of enzymes for N-N bond formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Del Rio Flores
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Frederick F Twigg
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Yongle Du
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Wenlong Cai
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Daniel Q Aguirre
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Michio Sato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Moriel J Dror
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | | | - Jiaxin Geng
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Nicholas A Zill
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Rui Zhai
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, United States.
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45
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Zou D, Cui Y, Li S, Sang D, Liu W, Zhao T, Gu X, Chen T, Li Y. The applicability of high-speed counter-current chromatography for preparative separation of biosynthesis products: Glycosylation products as example. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:4368-4375. [PMID: 34687498 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Biosynthesis is a promising way to manufacture desired products, however, the purification of its final products is a tough work due to the huge amount of reaction matrix. Liquid stationary phase of high-speed counter-current chromatography could easily avoid the commonly disadvantages that occurred in traditional column chromatography in the field of biosynthesized products purification. This characteristic makes high-speed counter-current chromatography particularly applicable for final products separation in biosynthesis. In this study, the glycosylation products of Silybin B by one-pot glycosylation were successfully purified by high-speed counter-current chromatography to show the applicability of high-speed counter-current chromatography for preparative separation of biosynthesis products. An optimized n-hexane/ethyl acetate/methanol/water (2:5:2:3, v/v/v/v) system was applied in this study. As a result, four Silybin B glycosylation products, including 7 mg of Silybin B-5-O-β-D-glucoside (SG-1), 12 mg of Silybin B-3-O-β-D-glucoside (SG-2), 10 mg of Silybin B-7-O-β-D-glucoside (SG-3), and 24 mg of Silybin B-20-O-β-D-glucoside (SG-4), were simultaneously separated from 200 mg of glycosylation crude products, with the purity of 89.3, 95.2, 96.4, and 97.5%, respectively. Their structures were identified by spectroscopic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denglang Zou
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Formation Mechanism and Comprehensive Utilization of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in Qinghai Province, Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, School of Life Science, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, P. R. China
| | - Yunbin Cui
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Formation Mechanism and Comprehensive Utilization of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in Qinghai Province, Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, School of Life Science, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, P. R. China
| | - Si Li
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Formation Mechanism and Comprehensive Utilization of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in Qinghai Province, Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, School of Life Science, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, P. R. China
| | - Duocheng Sang
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Formation Mechanism and Comprehensive Utilization of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in Qinghai Province, Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, School of Life Science, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, P. R. China
| | - Weimeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Formation Mechanism and Comprehensive Utilization of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in Qinghai Province, Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, School of Life Science, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, P. R. China
| | - Tianshu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Formation Mechanism and Comprehensive Utilization of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in Qinghai Province, Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, School of Life Science, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, P. R. China
| | - Xueli Gu
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Formation Mechanism and Comprehensive Utilization of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in Qinghai Province, Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, School of Life Science, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, P. R. China
| | - Tao Chen
- Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, P. R. China
| | - Yulin Li
- Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, P. R. China
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46
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Xu X, Yan L, Wang S, Wang P, Yang AX, Li X, Lu H, Cao ZY. Selective synthesis of sulfoxides and sulfones via controllable oxidation of sulfides with N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:8691-8695. [PMID: 34581382 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01632f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A practical and mild method for the switchable synthesis of sulfoxides or sulfones via selective oxidation of sulfides using cheap N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide (NFSI) as the oxidant has been developed. These highly chemoselective transformations were simply achieved by varying the NFSI loading with H2O as the green solvent and oxygen source without any additives. The good functional group tolerance makes the strategy valuable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Xu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China.
| | - Leyu Yan
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China.
| | - Shengqiang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China.
| | - Panpan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China.
| | - A-Xiu Yang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China.
| | - Xiaolong Li
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China.
| | - Hao Lu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China.
| | - Zhong-Yan Cao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
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47
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Valentino H, Sobrado P. Characterization of a Nitro-Forming Enzyme Involved in Fosfazinomycin Biosynthesis. Biochemistry 2021; 60:2851-2864. [PMID: 34516102 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.1c00512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
N-hydroxylating monooxygenases (NMOs) are a subclass of flavin-dependent enzymes that hydroxylate nitrogen atoms. Recently, unique NMOs that perform multiple reactions on one substrate molecule have been identified. Fosfazinomycin M (FzmM) is one such NMO, forming nitrosuccinate from aspartate (Asp) in the fosfazinomycin biosynthetic pathway in some Streptomyces sp. This work details the biochemical and kinetic analysis of FzmM. Steady-state kinetic investigation shows that FzmM performs a coupled reaction with Asp (kcat, 3.0 ± 0.01 s-1) forming nitrosuccinate, which can be converted to fumarate and nitrite by the action of FzmL. FzmM displays a 70-fold higher kcat/KM value for NADPH compared to NADH and has a narrow optimal pH range (7.5-8.0). Contrary to other NMOs where the kred is rate-limiting, FzmM exhibits a very fast kred (50 ± 0.01 s-1 at 4 °C) with NADPH. NADPH binds at a KD value of ∼400 μM, and hydride transfer occurs with pro-R stereochemistry. Oxidation of FzmM in the absence of Asp exhibits a spectrum with a shoulder at ∼370 nm, consistent with the formation of a C(4a)-hydroperoxyflavin intermediate, which decays into oxidized flavin and hydrogen peroxide at a rate 100-fold slower than the kcat. This reaction is enhanced in the presence of Asp with a slightly faster kox than the kcat, suggesting that flavin dehydration or Asp oxidation is partially rate limiting. Multiple sequence analyses of FzmM to NMOs identified conserved residues involved in flavin binding but not for NADPH. Additional sequence analysis to related monooxygenases suggests that FzmM shares sequence motifs absent in other NMOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Valentino
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States.,Center for Drug Discovery, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Pablo Sobrado
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States.,Center for Drug Discovery, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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48
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Du Z, Qi Q, Gao W, Ma L, Liu Z, Wang R, Chen J. Electrochemical Heteroatom-Heteroatom Bond Construction. CHEM REC 2021; 22:e202100178. [PMID: 34463430 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Heteroatom-heteroatom linkage, with S-S bond as a presentative motif, served a crucial role in biochemicals, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and material sciences. Thus, preparation of the privileged scaffold has always been attracting tremendous attention from the synthetic community. However, classic protocols suffered from several drawbacks, such as toxic and unstable agents, poor functional group tolerance, multiple steps, and explosive oxidizing regents as well as the transitional metal catalysts. Electrochemical organic synthesis exhibited a promising alternative to the traditional chemical reaction due to the sustainable electricity can be employed as the traceless redox agents. Hence, toxic and explosive oxidants and/or transitional metals could be discarded under mild reaction with high efficiency. In this context, a series of electrochemical approaches for the construction of heteroatom-heteroatom bond were reviewed. Notably, most of the cases illustrated the dehydrogenative feature with the clean energy molecules hydrogen as the sole by-product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiying Du
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiqi Qi
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Gao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, People's Republic of China.,Archives of Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Ma
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenxian Liu
- Intellectual Property Operations Management Office, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruiming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianbin Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, People's Republic of China.,Intellectual Property Operations Management Office, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, People's Republic of China
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49
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Laskar K, Farhan M, Ahmad A. Yb/Chitosan Catalyzed Synthesis of Highly Substituted Piperidine Derivatives for Potential Nuclease Activity and DNA Binding Study. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:2252-2263. [PMID: 33302849 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666201210114343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herein, a new chitosan-supported ytterbium nano-catalyst has been prepared and used in a mild, efficient, and expeditious method for the synthesis of substituted piperidine derivatives via threecomponent condensation of substituted anilines, formaldehyde and different cyclic/acyclic active methylene compounds at room temperature. METHODS The catalyst was characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDX, TEM, ICP-AES and the stability of the catalyst was evaluated by TG analysis. The synthesized compound 3,3,11,11-Tetramethyl-15-(phenyl)-15- azadispiro[5.1.5.3]hexadecane-1,5,9,13-tetrone (3a) was explored for pBR322 DNA cleavage activity and genotoxicity. Further, the interaction of 3a with CT-DNA was investigated through UV-vis, fluorescence and viscosity. RESULTS The preparation of Yb/chitosan nano-catalyst was verified and the catalyst was found effective towards substituted piperidine formations with the catalyst reusability. Compound 3a was successfully tested for DNA cleavage activity. In addition, fluorescence results revealed that compound 3a interacted with DNA with a binding affinity of 4.84 x 104 M-1. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that compounds bearing spiro-piperidine scaffold, synthesized using reusable nano-catalyst, could be effective biological agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khairujjaman Laskar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tezpur University, Napaam784028, Assam, India
| | - Mohd Farhan
- Department of Basic Sciences, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aamir Ahmad
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
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50
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Garia A, Grover J, Jain N. Metal‐Free Synthesis of Anthranils by PhIO Mediated Heterocyclization of
ortho
‐Carbonyl Anilines. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alankrita Garia
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology New Delhi 110016 India
| | - Jatin Grover
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology New Delhi 110016 India
| | - Nidhi Jain
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology New Delhi 110016 India
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