First-Row Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Carbonylative Transformations of Carbon Electrophiles

Probing the Mechanism of Ni-Catalyzed Asymmetric Reppe Carbonylation of Cyclopropenes with CO and ROH

There is ongoing intense interest in catalysis with the Earth-abundant metal nickel. This DFT study reveals a plausible mechanism for the first Ni-catalyzed asymmetric Reppe carbonylation of cyclopropenes with carbon monoxide and phenols/alcohols. The RO-H bond undergoes a distinct heterolytic cleavage rather than the proposed oxidative addition, transferring a proton to a nickel-bound anionic carbon atom in a stereoselective manner. This and other novel insights gained can have implications for developing new asymmetric Reppe reactions.

Pd-catalyzed CO-free double carbonylation for the synthesis of 1,4-ketoesters with Mo(CO)6 as the carbonyl source

An unprecedented Pd-catalyzed CO-free double carbonylation using Mo(CO)6 as a safe carbonyl source for the efficient synthesis of 1,4-ketoesters in an atom- and step-economic manner has been developed. The current method features operational safety, a wide substrate range, good functional group compatibility and easy scale-up. The application of carbonylation using a safe carbonyl source for the synthesis of biologically and synthetically useful carbonyl-containing molecules is underway in our lab.

Hydroformylation of Olefins with CO2/H2 and Hydrosilane by Copper/Cobalt Tandem Catalysis

A Cu/Co tandem catalysis protocol was developed to conduct the hydroformylation of olefins using CO2/H2 and PMHS (polymethylhydrosiloxane) as a readily available and environmentally friendly hydride source. This methodology was performed via a two-step approach consisting of the copper-catalyzed reduction of CO2 by hydrosilane and subsequent cobalt-promoted hydroformylation with H2 and the in situ formed CO. The optimized triphos oxide ligand, which presumably facilitates the migratory insertion of CO gives moderate to excellent yields for both terminal and internal alkenes. This earth-abundant metal catalysis provides a reliable and efficient way to afford useful aldehydes in industry using silicon by-product PMHS as hydrogen source and renewable CO2 as carbonyl source.

Umpolung-Enabled Divergent Dearomative Carbonylations

Although dearomative functionalizations enable the direct conversion of flat aromatics into precious three-dimensional architectures, the case for simple arenes remains largely underdeveloped owing to the high aromatic stabilization energy. We herein report a dearomative sequential addition of two nucleophiles to arene π-bonds through umpolung of chromium-arene complexes. This mode enables divergent dearomative carbonylation reactions of benzene derivatives by tolerating various nucleophiles in combination with alcohols or amines under CO-gas-free conditions, thus providing modular access to functionalized esters or amides. The tunable synthesis of 1,3- or 1,4-cyclohexadienes as well as the construction of carbon quaternary centers further highlight the versatility of this dearomatization. Diverse late-stage modifications and derivatizations towards synthetically challenging and bioactive molecules reveal the synthetic utility. A possible mechanism was proposed based on control experiments and intermediate tracking.

Nickel/Photoredox-Catalyzed Carbonylative Cross-Electrophile Coupling of Organohalides and Carboxylic Acid Esters with Phenyl Formate

A photoinduced nickel-catalyzed reductive carbonylative coupling from organohalides and N-(acyloxy)phthalimide esters with phenyl formate as the carbonyl source has been developed. This reaction could perform smoothly under mild conditions, and a series of aryl-alkyl and alkyl-alkyl unsymmetrical ketones were produced without the need of stoichiometric metal reductants. Mechanistic studies indicate that this reaction was initiated from radical capture by Ni(I)-carbonyl species and subsequent rapid carbonyl insertion.

Metal-catalyzed Markovnikov-type selective hydrofunctionalization of terminal alkynes

Metal-catalyzed highly Markovnikov-type selective hydrofunctionalization of terminal alkynes provides a straightforward and atom-economical route to access 1,1-disubstituted alkenes, which have a wide range of applications in organic synthesis. However, the highly Markovnikov-type selective transformations are challenging due to the electronic and steric effects during the addition process. With the development of metal-catalyzed organic synthesis, different metal catalysts have been developed to solve this challenge, especially for platinum group metal catalysts. In this perspective, we review homogeneous metal-catalyzed Markovnikov-type selective hydrofunctionalization of terminal alkynes according to the classified element types as well as reaction mechanisms. Future avenues for investigation are also presented to help expand this exciting field.

Palladium-Catalyzed Cascade Carbonylation Reaction: Synthesis of Fused Isoindolinones

A palladium-catalyzed cascade carbonylation reaction of 2-bromo-N-(2-iodophenyl)benzamides with benzylidenecyclopropanes for the synthesis of fused isoindolinone derivatives has been developed. A broad range of 6/5/6/6 tetracyclic isoindolinone products were efficiently prepared in moderate to good yields with diverse substitution. Two carbonyl groups were incorporated into the substrates in a single step with the formation of four carbon-carbon bonds and two carbon-heteroatom bonds.

Modular and Diverse Synthesis of Acrylamides by Palladium-Catalyzed Hydroaminocarbonylation of Acetylene

The development of all kinds of covalent drugs had a major impact on the improvement of the human health system. Covalent binding to target proteins is achieved by so-called electrophilic warheads, which are incorporated in the respective drug molecule. In the last decade, specifically acrylamides emerged as attractive warheads in covalent drug design. Herein, a straightforward palladium-catalyzed hydroaminocarbonylation of acetylene has been developed, allowing a modular and diverse synthesis of bio-active acrylamides. This general protocol features high atom efficiency, wide functional group compatibility, high chemoselectivity and proceeds additive free under mild reaction conditions. The synthetic utility of this protocol is showcased in the synthesis of ibrutinib, osimertinib, and other bio-active compound derivatives.

Access to Cyclic Borates by Cu-Catalyzed Borylation of Unactivated Vinylcyclopropanes

We report the copper-catalyzed borylation of unactivated vinylcyclopropanes to form six-membered cyclic borate salts. A copper complex bearing an N-heterocyclic ligand in combination with bis(pinacolato)diboron and LiOtBu catalyzes the ring-opening of the substrate under mild reaction conditions. The protocol can be applied to aryl- and heteroaryl-substituted vinylcyclopropanes and can be conducted on a gram scale. The synthetic utility of the lithium salts of the cyclic borate has been demonstrated through regioselective ring-opening functionalizations.

Synthesis of Multisubstituted 2,3-Allenamides via Palladium-Catalyzed Carbonylation of Propargylic Esters

2,3-Allenamides are an important class of unsaturated group-substituted carbonyl compounds. A palladium-catalyzed aminocarbonylation of propargyl acetates with amines for the synthesized tri-/tetrasubstituted 2,3-allenamides has been developed. A broad range of tri-/tetrasubstituted 2,3-allenamides have been prepared from propargyl acetates in good to excellent yields. The reaction featured mild reaction conditions and good functional group tolerance. The applicability of this methodology was further highlighted by the late-stage modification of several natural products and pharmaceuticals.

Expedient access to polysubstituted acrylamides via strain-release-driven dual phosphine and palladium catalysis

Polysubstituted acrylamides are ubiquitous in bioactive molecules and natural products. However, synthetic methods for the assembly of these important motifs remain underdeveloped. Herein, we report the expedient synthesis of structurally diverse and synthetically challenging polysubstituted acrylamides from readily available aromatic amines, cyclopropenones (CpOs), and aryl halides via the synergistic merging of nucleophilic phosphine-mediated amidation and palladium-catalyzed C-H arylation. The reaction is scalable, and some obtained acrylamides proved to be solid state luminogens with obvious aggregation-induced emission (AIE) properties, demonstrating the synthetic potential in drug discovery and material development.

Nickel-Catalyzed Four-Component Carbonylation of 1,3-Butadiene To Access β,γ-Unsaturated Ketones

A new strategy to obtain β,γ-unsaturated ketones via the cross-coupling of 1,3-butadiene, alkyl bromides, and arylboronic acids under 1 bar of CO with nickel as the catalyst has been developed. This newly developed four-component carbonylation procedure features advantages including using a cheap catalytic system, high step economy, mild reaction conditions, and excellent 1,4-regioselectivity, thereby providing a sustainable and alternative tool for β,γ-unsaturated ketones production compared to the present tactics. To elucidate the application potential of this method, olefin synthons are derived from the representative coupling product.

An Electrocatalytic Cascade Reaction for the Synthesis of Ketones Using CO2 as a CO Surrogate

The construction of carbonyl compounds via carbonylation reactions using safe CO sources remains a long-standing challenge to synthetic chemists. Herein, we propose a catalyst cascade Scheme in which CO2 is used as a CO surrogate in the carbonylation of benzyl chlorides. Our approach is based on the cooperation between two coexisting catalytic cycles: the CO2-to-CO electroreduction cycle promoted by [Fe(TPP)Cl] (TPP=meso-tetraphenylporphyrin) and an electrochemical carbonylation cycle catalyzed by [Ni(bpy)Br2] (2,2'-bipyridine). As a proof of concept, this protocol allows for the synthesis of symmetric ketones from good to excellent yields in an undivided cell with non-sacrificial electrodes. The reaction can be directly scaled up to gram-scale and operates effectively at a CO2 concentration of 10 %, demonstrating its robustness. Our mechanistic studies based on cyclic voltammetry, IR spectroelectrochemistry and Density Functional Theory calculations suggest a synergistic effect between the two catalysts. The CO produced from CO2 reduction is key in the formation of the [Ni(bpy)(CO)2], which is proposed as the catalytic intermediate responsible for the C-C bond formation in the carbonylation steps.

Hydrogen Source Tuned Regiodivergent Asymmetric Hydroalkylations of 2-Substituted 1,3-Dienes with Aldehydes by Cobalt-Catalysis

Catalytic methods allowing for the reliable prediction and control of diverse regioselectivity along with the control of enantioselectivity to access different regio- and enantiomers by switching the least reaction parameters are one of the most attractive ways in organic synthesis, which provide access to diverse enantioenriched architectures from identical starting materials. Herein, a Co-catalyzed regiodivergent and enantioselective reductive hydroalkylation of 1,3-dienes with aldehydes has been achieved, furnishing different enantioenriched homoallylic alcohol architectures in good levels of enantioselectivity. The reaction features the switch of regioselectivity tuned by the selection of proton source. The use of an acid as proton source provided asymmetric 1,2-hydroalkylation products under reductive conditions, yet asymmetric 4,3-hydroalkylation products were obtained with silane as hydride source. This catalytic protocol allows for the access of homoallylic alcohols with two continuous saturated carbon centers in good levels of regio-, diastereo-, and enantioselectivity.

Palladium-Catalyzed Three-Component Cascade Carbonylation Reaction to Construct Benzofuran Derivatives

A novel three-component cyclization carbonylation reaction of iodoarene-tethered propargyl ethers with amine and CO is reported. This palladium-catalyzed cascade reaction undergoes a sequence of oxidative addition, unsaturated bond migration, carbonyl insertion, and nucleophilic attack to deliver the benzofuran skeleton. Both aromatic amines and aliphatic amines could proceed smoothly in this transformation under one atm of CO.

Methyl Pyruvate Oxime as a Carbonyl Synthon: Synthesis of Ureas, Carbamates, Thiocarbamates, and Anilides

A new strategy for the synthesis of unsymmetrical ureas, carbamates, thiocarbamates, and anilides was developed with methyl pyruvate oxime as the carbonyl synthon. The intrinsic reactivity of the reagent enabled consecutive disubstitution involving direct amidation and one-pot deoximative substitution with various nucleophiles. The utility of the method was demonstrated with the synthesis of bioactive molecules.

Mechanistic Insights into the Palladium-Catalyzed Perfluoroalkylative Carbonylation of Unactivated Alkenes to β-Perfluoroalkyl Esters: A DFT Study

Transition metal-catalyzed multicomponent carbonylation is an efficient synthetic strategy to access multifunctional esters in high yields with broad functional group tolerance and good chemoselectivity. Considering the development of highly efficient synthetic methods for esters, it remains significant to grasp the mechanism of constructing multifunctional esters. Herein, density functional theoretical calculations were carried out to acquire mechanistic insight into the synthesis of β-perfluoroalkyl esters from a specific palladium-catalyzed perfluoroalkylative carbonylation of unactivated alkenes using carbon monoxide. A detailed mechanistic understanding of this reaction route includes (1) multistep radical reaction process, (2) C-C coupling and CO insertion, (3) ligand exchange, and (4) Pd-based intermediate oxidation and reductive elimination. The multistep radical process was fundamentally rationalized, including Rf· formation and radicals A and E from unactivated alkene and CO oxidation, respectively. The potential energy calculation indicated that the CO insertion into the perfluorinated alkyl radicals preceded Pd-catalyzed oxidation in the competitively multistep free radical reaction process. In addition, the I-/PhO- exchange step was predicted to be spontaneous to products. The IGMH analysis further attested to the reductive elimination process involved in the rate-determining step. Thus, a simple and valid density functional theory (DFT) approach was developed to reveal the multistep radical mechanism for the Pd-catalyzed perfluoroalkylative carbonylation of unactivated alkenes to access functional β-perfluoroalkyl esters.

Regioselective synthesis of N-containing polycyclic compounds via radical annulation cyclization of 1,7-dienes with aldehydes

A convenient method for oxidant-promoted radical cascade acylation or decarbonylative alkylation of 1,7-dienes with aldehydes has been established. This method allows for the rapid construction of N-containing polycyclic skeletons in a highly regio- and stereoselective manner. This transformation provides a simple and efficient method for the preparation of a range of tetrahydro-6H-indeno[2,1-c]quinolinone derivatives by sequential formation of three new carbon-carbon bonds. Additionally, this radical cascade cyclization can selectively convert aldehydes into aroyl/primary aliphatic acyl radicals and secondary or tertiary alkyl radicals.

Pd-catalysed synthesis of oxomalonamides through adjacent triple carbonylation of tertiary amines

The monocarbonylation and dicarbonylation reactions are well-established reactions in carbonylation chemistry. This work reports unusual oxidative adjacent triple carbonylation of the tertiary amine towards oxomalonamide synthesis using a Pd catalyst. The protocol involves the use of inert tertiary amines as an active reservoir of secondary amines through sp3 C-N bond activation using O2 as an ideal oxidant.

Photoredox-catalyzed carbonylative acylation of styrenes with Hantzsch esters

Ketones exist widely in naturally occurring products and are indispensable building blocks in organic synthesis. Carbonylation represents one of the most straightforward methods for ketone preparation and has become an attractive field in modern organic chemistry as well. Among the strategies, photocatalytic carbonylation is also worthy of further exploration. Herein, we developed a three-component carbonylation that provides a new method for the synthesis of ketones from Hantzsch esters, CO and styrenes. The reaction was performed under a blue light environment and yields a series of ketones with moderate to good yields.

Palladium-Catalyzed Iodine Assisted Carbonylation of Indoles with ClCF2CO2Na and Alcohols

A palladium-catalyzed iodine-assisted carbonylation reaction of indoles with readily available ClCF2CO2Na and alcohols has been developed. This protocol provides a practical and efficient approach to highly regioselective indole-3-carboxylates via a preiodination strategy of indoles. Different from classic carbonylation using toxic and difficult-to-handle carbon monoxide, this operationally simple and scalable reaction employed difluorocarbene as the carbonyl surrogate.

Photochemical Synthesis of Acyl Fluorides Using Copper-Catalyzed Fluorocarbonylation of Alkyl Iodides

Acyl fluorides are important reagents due to their unique balance between reactivity and stability. Here, we report a copper-catalyzed carbonylative coupling strategy for synthesizing acyl fluorides under photoirradiation. Alkyl iodides were transformed in high yields into acyl fluorides by using a commercially available copper precatalyst (CuBr·SMe2) and a readily available fluoride salt (KF) at ambient temperature and mild CO pressure (6 atm) under blue light irradiation.

Iron-Catalyzed Aminoalkylative Carbonylative Cyclization of Alkenes toward α-Tetralones

Carbonylative multifunctionalization of alkenes is an efficient approach to introduce multiple functional groups into one molecule from easily available materials. Herein, we developed an iron-catalyzed radical relay carbonylative cyclization of alkenes with acetamides. Various α-tetralones can be constructed in moderate yields from readily available substrates with an earth-abundant iron salt as the catalyst.

One-pot C-N/C-C bond formation and oxidation of donor-acceptor cyclopropanes with tetrahydroisoquinolines: access to benzo-fused indolizines

One-pot C-N/C-C bond formation of donor-acceptor cyclopropanes (DACs) with tetrahydroisoquinolines (THIQs) has been achieved to furnish benzo-fused indolizines. These reactions involve a MgI2-catalyzed ring opening of DACs and oxidative annulation using Mn(OAc)3·2H2O. The substrate scope and functional group diversity are the important practical features.

Nickel-Catalyzed Carbonylative Negishi Cross-Coupling of Unactivated Secondary Alkyl Electrophiles with 1 atm CO Gas

We describe a nickel-catalyzed carbonylative cross-coupling of unactivated secondary alkyl electrophiles with the organozinc reagent at atmospheric CO gas, thus allowing the expedient construction of unsymmetric dialkyl ketones with broad functional group tolerance. The leverage of a newly developed NN2-pincer type ligand enables the chemoselective three-component carbonylation by overcoming the competing Negishi coupling, the undesired β-hydride elimination, and dehalogenation of alkyl iodides side pathways. Both alkyl iodides and alkyl tosylates are compatible in the single electron transfer involved mechanism.

Light-Driven Three-Component Carbonylation of Aryl Halides Using Abundant Metal Carbonyl

Carbonyl compounds are widely found in various pharmaceutical intermediates and synthetic precursors. Herein we report a simple light-driven three-component aryl halide process for synthesizing a variety of carbonylation products, utilizing Co2(CO)8 as an abundant solid carbonyl source, in good to excellent yields. The products can easily be subjected to further functionalization in synthesis. Mechanism studies indicated that this reaction is enabled by aryl radical generation and the subsequent CO insertion, alkene insertion, and protonation process.

Enantioselective C-H bond functionalization under Co(III)-catalysis

While progress in enantioselective C-H functionalization has been accomplished by employing 4d and 5d transition metal-based catalysts, the rapid depletion of these metals in the earth's crust poses a serious threat to making these protocols sustainable. On the other hand, because of their unique reactivity, low toxicity, and high earth abundance, newer strategies utilizing affordable 3d transition metals have come to the forefront. Among the first-row transition metals, high-valent cobalt has recently attracted a lot of attention for catalytic C-H functionalization with mono and bidentate directing groups. This approach was extended for asymmetric catalysis due to a fairly thorough knowledge of its catalytic cycles. Four major themes have been investigated as a result of this insight: (1) rational design of a chiral Cp#Co(III)-catalyst, (2) chiral carboxylic acid with achiral Cp*Co(III)-catalysts using monodentate directing groups, (3) cobalt/salox-based systems, and (4) cobalt/chiral phosphoric acid-based hybrid systems with bidentate directing groups. Herein, we highlight the recent developments in high-valent cobalt-catalyzed enantioselective C-H functionalization up to October 2023, with the strong belief that the current state-of-the-art can attract considerable interest in the synthetic community, encouraging discoveries in the evolving landscape of asymmetric catalysis.

Visible Light-Induced One-Pot Carbonylation of Alkyl Halides with Aryl Formates

Described herein is the development of a visible-light-driven carbonylation of alkyl halides. The exploitation of visible light to activate Pd complexes and the use of formates to serve the dual role of a CO surrogate and a phenoxide source allow the preparation of esters in moderate to good yields. Its relatively mild reaction conditions and the ability to perform this transformation without direct handling of toxic CO gas provide a practical means to access esters from alkyl halides.

EtOS2K as a C1 Source: Solvent- and Temperature-Controlled Selective Synthesis of Quinoline-2-thione and Quinoline-2-one Derivatives

Herein, we disclosed a highly chemoselective synthesis of quinoline-2-one and quinoline-2-thione derivatives using EtOS2K as the C1 source. Quinoline-2-one derivatives were synthesized selectively with NaCl as a catalyst in the solvent DMSO/H2O, while quinoline-2-thione derivatives were produced without the need for any catalyst in an environmentally friendly solvent EtOH/H2O. The reaction conditions were mild and had good functional group tolerance.

Cobalt-Catalyzed Enantioselective C-H Carbonylation towards Chiral Isoindolinones

Transition metal-catalyzed enantioselective C-H carbonylation with carbon monoxide, an essential and easily available C1 feedstock, remains challenging. Here, we disclosed an unprecedented enantioselective C-H carbonylation catalyzed by inexpensive and readily available cobalt(II) salt. The reactions proceed efficiently through desymmetrization, kinetic resolution, and parallel kinetic resolution, affording a broad range of chiral isoindolinones in good yields with excellent enantioselectivities (up to 92 % yield and 99 % ee). The synthetic potential of this method was demonstrated by asymmetric synthesis of biological active compounds, such as (S)-PD172938 and (S)-Pazinaclone. The resulting chiral isoindolinones also serve as chiral ligands in cobalt-catalyzed enantioselective C-H annulation with alkynes to construct phosphorus stereocenter.

Palladium-catalyzed allylation and carbonylation: access to allylhydrazones and allyl acylhydrazones

A palladium-catalyzed allylation of hydrazines with allyl alcohols and aldehydes was developed, enabling the syntheses of a series of allylhydrazones in good to excellent yields with high regioselectivity. Furthermore, the four-component tandem allylation carbonylation of hydrazines with allyl alcohols and aldehydes was established using the catalytic system, producing various allyl acylhydrazones. Additionally, the functionalized allyl acylhydrazones could be smoothly constructed with the catalytic system employing allylhydrazones as a partner. The catalytic system exhibited good functional tolerance with excellent regioselectivities and scaled-up capability, overcoming the limitations of chemoselectivity of the multicomponent transformation and poor conversion of the weak nucleophile.

Copper-catalyzed trichloromethylative carbonylation of ethylene

Difunctionalization of alkenes is an efficient strategy for the synthesis of complex compounds from readily available starting materials. Herein, we developed a copper-catalyzed visible-light-mediated trichloromethylative carbonylation of ethylene by employing commercially available CCl4 and CO as trichloromethyl and carbonyl sources, respectively. With this protocol, various nucleophiles including amines, phenols, and alcohols can be rapidly transformed into β-trichloromethyl carboxylic acid derivatives with good functional-group tolerance. Bis-vinylated γ-trichloromethyl amides can also be obtained by adjusting the pressure of carbon monoxide and ethylene. In addition, this photocatalytic system can be successfully applied in the late-stage functionalization of bioactive molecules and pharmaceutical derivatives as well.

Ruthenium-Catalyzed Carbonylation of α-Aminoaryl-Tethered Alkylidenecyclopropanes: Synthesis of Eight-Membered Benzolactams

The synthesis of medium-sized lactams is a great challenge because of the unfavorable transannular interactions and entropic barriers in the transition state. We have developed a ruthenium-catalyzed carbonylation of α-aminoaryl-tethered alkylidenecyclopropanes (ACPs) that allows for the efficient preparation of valuable eight-membered benzolactams under ligand-free conditions. The amino group served a dual role of both directing group and nucleophile to facilitate the metallacycle formation and the carbonylation.

Regiodivergent Carbonylation of Alkenes: Selective Palladium-Catalyzed Synthesis of Linear and Branched Selenoesters

An unprecedented regiodivergent palladium-catalyzed carbonylation of aromatic alkenes has been developed. Utilizing commercially available Pd(CH3 CN)2 Cl2 in the presence of 1,1'-ferrocenediyl-bis(tert-butyl(pyridin-2-yl)phosphine) ligand L8 diverse selenoesters are obtained in a straightforward manner. Key to success for the control of the regioselectivity of the carbonylation step is the concentration of the acidic co-catalyst. This general protocol features wide functional group compatibility and good regioselectivity. Mechanistic studies suggest that the presence of stoichiometric amounts of acid changes the properties and coordination mode of the ligand leading to reversed regioselectivity.

Deconstructive Carboxylation of Activated Alkenes with Carbon Dioxide

Carboxylation with carbon dioxide (CO2 ) represents one notable methodology to produce carboxylic acids. In contrast to carbon-heteroatom bonds, carbon-carbon bond cleavage for carboxylation with CO2 is far more challenging due to their inherent and less favorable orbital directionality for interacting with transition metals. Here we report a photocatalytic protocol for the deconstructive carboxylation of alkenes with CO2 to generate carboxylic acids in the absence of transition metals. It is emphasized that our protocol provides carboxylic acids with obviously unchanged carbon numbers when terminal alkenes were used. To show the power of this strategy, a variety of pharmaceutically relevant applications including the modular synthesis of propionate nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the late-stage carboxylation of bioactive molecule derivatives are demonstrated.

Functional-Group-Tolerant Pd-Catalyzed Carbonylative Negishi Coupling with Aryl Iodides

A chemoselective Pd-mediated carbonylative Negishi-type catalytic protocol for the synthesis of (hetero)aryl ketones is reported. The protocol employs the PEPPSI-IPr precatalyst and CO gas at atmospheric pressure (balloon) to foster the carbonylative coupling between diverse C(sp3)-hybridized organozinc reagents and a broad range of aryl iodides, including substrates carrying aldehyde, aniline, phenol, or carboxylic acid groups, and heteroaryls.

Nickel-Catalyzed Enantioselective Hydrothiocarbonylation of Cyclopropenes

Hydrothiocarbonylation of olefins using carbon monoxide and thiols is a powerful method to synthesize thioesters from simple building blocks. Owing to the intrinsic challenges of catalyst poisoning, transition-metal-catalyzed asymmetric thiocarbonylation, particularly when utilizing earth abundant metals, remains rare in the literature. Herein, we report a nickel-catalyzed enantioselective hydrothiocarbonylation of cyclopropenes for the synthesis of a diverse collection of functionalized thioesters in good to excellent yields with high stereoselectivity. This new method employs an inexpensive, air-stable nickel(II) precursor, which provides enhanced catalyst fidelity against CO poisoning compared to nickel(0) catalysts.

Cobalt-catalyzed aminoalkylative carbonylation of alkenes toward direct synthesis of γ-amino acid derivatives and peptides

γ-Amino acids and peptides analogues are common constituents of building blocks for numerous biologically active molecules, pharmaceuticals, and natural products. In particular, γ-amino acids are providing with better metabolic stability than α-amino acids. Herein we report a multicomponent carbonylation technology that combines readily available amides, alkenes, and the feedstock gas carbon monoxide to build architecturally complex and functionally diverse γ-amino acid derivatives in a single step by the implementation of radical relay catalysis. This transformation can also be used as a late-stage functionalization strategy to deliver complex, advanced γ-amino acid products for pharmaceutical and other areas.

Carbonylative Transformations Using a DMAP-Based Pd-Catalyst through Ex Situ CO Generation

A phosphine-free, efficient protocol for aminocarbonylation and carbonylative Suzuki-Miyaura coupling has been developed using a novel palladium complex, [PdII(DMAP)2(OAc)2]. The complex was successfully synthesized using a stoichiometric reaction between PdII(OAc)2 and DMAP in acetone at room temperature and characterized using single-crystal X-ray analysis. Only 5 mol % catalyst loading was sufficient for effective carbonylative transformations. "Chloroform-COware" chemistry was utilized for safe and facile insertion of the carbonyl unit using chloroform as an inexpensive CO source in a two-chamber setup. Various value-added pharmaceutically relevant compounds such as CX-516, CX-546, and farampator were synthesized using the technique. Furthermore, the commercially designed COware was engineered to COware-RB setup for sequential one-pot synthesis of indenoisoquinolines (topoisomerase I inhibitors).

Photo-Induced Carbonylation of Aryl Bromides for the Synthesis of Aryl Esters and Amides Under Transition Metal-Free Conditions

In this work, we developed a photo-induced carbonylation of aryl bromides under transition metal-free conditions. The reaction shows good activity with alcohol and amine nucleophiles. Various esters and amides were formed from aryl halides and alcohols and amines under mild conditions in moderate to good yields.

Photo-thermal Cooperative Carbonylation of Ethanol with CO2 on Cu2 O-SrTiCuO3-x

Carbonylation of ethanol with CO2 as carbonyl source into value-added esters is of considerable significance and interest, while remains of great challenge due to the harsh conditions for activation of inert CO2 in that the harsh conditions result in undesired activation of α-C-H and even cleavage of C-C bond in ethanol to deteriorate the specific activation of O-H bond. Herein, we propose a photo-thermal cooperative strategy for carbonylation of ethanol with CO2 , in which CO2 is activated to reactive CO via photo-catalysis with the assistance of *H from thermally-catalyzed dissociation of alcoholic O-H bond. To achieve this proposal, an interfacial site and oxygen vacancy both abundant SrTiCuO3-x supported Cu2 O (Cu2 O-SrTiCuO3-x ) has been designed. A production of up to 320 μmol g-1  h-1 for ethyl formate with a selectivity of 85.6 % to targeted alcoholic O-H activation has been afforded in photo-thermal assisted gas-solid process under 3.29 W cm-1 of UV/Vis light irradiation (144 °C) and 0.2 MPa CO2 . In the photo-driven activation of CO2 and following carbonylation, CO2 activation energy decreases to 12.6 kJ mol-1 , and the cleavage of alcoholic α-C-H bond has been suppressed.

Electrochemical Oxidative Carbonylation of NH-Sulfoximines

The electrochemical synthesis of N-aroylsulfoximines features the use of tetra-n-butylammonium iodide (TBAI) as the medium and a broad substrate scope, thus affording a wide range of N-aroylated sulfoximines in moderate to good yields. The advantages of this electrochemical strategy are augmented by mild reaction conditions that are external oxidant-free, ligand-free, and easy to scale up to gram scale. Both the control experiments and the mechanistic studies revealed that the whole electrochemical process proceeded through a palladium (II/IV/II) catalytic cycle.

Photoinduced Five-Component Radical Relay Aminocarbonylation of Alkenes

Radical single carbonylation reactions with CO constitute a direct and robust strategy toward various carbonyl compounds from readily available chemicals, and have been extensively studied over the past decades. However, realizing highly selective catalytic systems for controlled radical double carbonylation reactions has remained a substantial challenge, particularly for the more advanced multicomponent variants, despite their great potential value. Herein, we report a visible-light-driven radical relay five-component radical double aminocarbonylation reaction of unactivated alkenes using CO under metal-free conditions. This protocol provides direct access to valuable γ-trifluoromethyl α-ketoamides with good yields and high chemoselectivity. Crucial was the identification of distinct dual roles of amine coupling partners, sequentially acting as electron donors for the formation of photoactive electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complexes with radical precursors and then as a CO acceptor via nitrogen radical cations to form carbamoyl radicals. Cross-coupling of carbamoyl radicals with the acyl radicals that are formed in an alkene-based relay process affords double aminocarbonylation products.

Facile End-Functionalization of Poly(Quinolylene-2,3-Methylene) Using the Terminal Palladium Complex: Thiocarbonylation through Formation of an Acyl Palladium Complex at the Polymer Terminal

The end-functionalization of poly(quinolylene-2,3-methylene)s (PQM) via thiocarbonylation is successfully achieved by forming an acyl palladium complex. The terminal palladium complex of the PQMs synthesized by living cyclocopolymerization of o-allenylaryl isocyanide is quantitatively converted to a tractable acyl palladium complex through the carbon monoxide insertion into a palladium-carbon bond. The resulting acyl palladium complex exhibits high reactivity toward thiols, thereby enabling the introduction of various substituents at the ω-chain end of PQM by selectively converting them to thioester groups. The one-pot procedure enables the arbitrary control of both terminal structures of PQMs, including the synthesis of multi-armed block copolymers and a triblock polymer. Additionally, the resulting thioester groups can serve as reactive sites and be converted into amide groups using amines. The new end-functionalization method has the potential to be applied not only to the synthesis of PQM but also to other polymerization reactions using transition-metal complexes, and can lead to a wide range of developments in polymer synthesis.

Palladium-Catalyzed Carbonylative Difunctionalization of Unactivated Alkenes Initiated by Unstabilized Enolates

This report describes the first example of palladium-catalyzed carbonylative difunctionalization of unactivated alkenes initiated by enolate nucleophiles. The approach involves initiation by an unstabilized enolate nucleophile under an atmospheric pressure of CO and termination with a carbon electrophile. This process is compatible with a diverse range of electrophiles, including aryl, heteroaryl, and vinyl iodides to yield synthetically useful 1,5-diketone products, which were demonstrated to be precursors for multi-substituted pyridines. A PdI -dimer complex with two bridging CO units was observed although its role in catalysis is not yet understood.

Palladium Iodide Catalyzed Multicomponent Carbonylative Synthesis of 2-(4-Acylfuran-2-yl)acetamides

2-Propargyl-1,3-dicarbonyl compounds have been carbonylated under oxidative conditions and with the catalysis of the PdI2/KI catalytic system to selectively afford previously unreported 2-(4-acylfuran-2-yl)acetamides in fair to good yields (54-81%) over 19 examples. The process takes place under relatively mild conditions and occurs via a mechanistic pathway involving Csp-H activation by oxidative monoamincarbonylation of the terminal triple bond of the substrates with formation of 2-ynamide intermediates, followed by 5-exo-dig O-cyclization (via intramolecular conjugate addition of the in situ formed enolate to the 2-ynamide moiety) and aromative isomerization.

Palladium-catalyzed Heck-carbonylation of alkene-tethered carbamoyl chlorides with aryl formates

We report a palladium-catalyzed Heck-carbonylation of alkene-tethered carbamoyl chlorides by utilizing aryl formates as convenient CO surrogates. One C-O and two C-C bonds are constructed to give diversiform esterified oxindoles/γ-lactams bearing an all-carbon quaternary stereocenter under gas-free conditions. This transformation features a wide substrate scope and good functional group tolerance and can be easily applied to late-stage functionalization.

Modern Strategies for Carbon Isotope Exchange

In contrast to stable and natural abundant carbon-12, the synthesis of organic molecules with carbon (radio)isotopes must be conceived and optimized in order to navigate through the hurdles of radiochemical requirements, such as high costs of the starting materials, harsh conditions and radioactive waste generation. In addition, it must initiate from the small cohort of available C-labeled building blocks. For long time, multi-step approaches have represented the sole available patterns. On the other side, the development of chemical reactions based on the reversible cleavage of C-C bonds might offer new opportunities and reshape retrosynthetic analysis in radiosynthesis. This review aims to provide a short survey on the recently emerged carbon isotope exchange technologies that provide effective opportunity for late-stage labeling. At present, such strategies have relied on the use of primary and easily accessible radiolabeled C1-building blocks, such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and cyanides, while the activation principles have been based on thermal, photocatalytic, metal-catalyzed and biocatalytic processes.

Palladium-Catalyzed Carbonylative Dearomatization of Indoles to Achieve Carbonyl-Containing Spirocyclic Indolenines Bearing an All-Carbon Quaternary Center

A Pd-catalyzed carbonylative dearomatization via an acyl Pd complex has been developed. Diversified carbonyl-containing spirocyclic indolenines with an all-carbon quaternary center were constructed in an efficient and straightforward way with good to excellent yields. The protocol features a simple catalytic system, operational simplicity, a broad substrate scope, easy scale-up, and versatile transformations. In addition, the asymmetric reaction was initially explored with moderate enantioselectivity.

Unlocking full and fast conversion in photocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction for applications in radio-carbonylation

Harvesting sunlight to drive carbon dioxide (CO₂) valorisation represents an ideal concept to support a sustainable and carbon-neutral economy. While the photochemical reduction of CO₂ to carbon monoxide (CO) has emerged as a hot research topic, the full CO₂-to-CO conversion remains an often-overlooked criterion that prevents a productive and direct valorisation of CO into high-value-added chemicals. Herein, we report a photocatalytic process that unlocks full and fast CO₂-to-CO conversion (<10 min) and its straightforward valorisation into human health related field of radiochemistry with carbon isotopes. Guided by reaction-model-based kinetic simulations to rationalize reaction optimisations, this manifold opens new opportunities for the direct access to ¹¹C- and ¹⁴C-labeled pharmaceuticals from their primary isotopic sources [¹¹C]CO₂ and [¹⁴C]CO₂.