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Chirsir P, Palm EH, Baskaran S, Schymanski EL, Wang Z, Wolf R, Hale SE, Arp HPH. Grouping strategies for assessing and managing persistent and mobile substances. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES EUROPE 2024; 36:102. [PMID: 38784824 PMCID: PMC11108893 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-024-00919-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Background Persistent, mobile and toxic (PMT), or very persistent and very mobile (vPvM) substances are a wide class of chemicals that are recalcitrant to degradation, easily transported, and potentially harmful to humans and the environment. Due to their persistence and mobility, these substances are often widespread in the environment once emitted, particularly in water resources, causing increased challenges during water treatment processes. Some PMT/vPvM substances such as GenX and perfluorobutane sulfonic acid have been identified as substances of very high concern (SVHCs) under the European Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) regulation. With hundreds to thousands of potential PMT/vPvM substances yet to be assessed and managed, effective and efficient approaches that avoid a case-by-case assessment and prevent regrettable substitution are necessary to achieve the European Union's zero-pollution goal for a non-toxic environment by 2050. Main Substance grouping has helped global regulation of some highly hazardous chemicals, e.g., through the Montreal Protocol and the Stockholm Convention. This article explores the potential of grouping strategies for identifying, assessing and managing PMT/vPvM substances. The aim is to facilitate early identification of lesser-known or new substances that potentially meet PMT/vPvM criteria, prompt additional testing, avoid regrettable use or substitution, and integrate into existing risk management strategies. Thus, this article provides an overview of PMT/vPvM substances and reviews the definition of PMT/vPvM criteria and various lists of PMT/vPvM substances available. It covers the current definition of groups, compares the use of substance grouping for hazard assessment and regulation, and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of grouping substances for regulation. The article then explores strategies for grouping PMT/vPvM substances, including read-across, structural similarity and commonly retained moieties, as well as the potential application of these strategies using cheminformatics to predict P, M and T properties for selected examples. Conclusions Effective substance grouping can accelerate the assessment and management of PMT/vPvM substances, especially for substances that lack information. Advances to read-across methods and cheminformatics tools are needed to support efficient and effective chemical management, preventing broad entry of hazardous chemicals into the global market and favouring safer and more sustainable alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parviel Chirsir
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 6 Avenue du Swing, 4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Emma H. Palm
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 6 Avenue du Swing, 4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Sivani Baskaran
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, 0806 Oslo, Norway
| | - Emma L. Schymanski
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 6 Avenue du Swing, 4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Zhanyun Wang
- Technology and Society Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Raoul Wolf
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, 0806 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sarah E. Hale
- TZW: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (German Water Centre), Karlsruher Straße 84, 76139 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Hans Peter H. Arp
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, 0806 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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Kincaid B, Piechota P, Golden E, Maertens M, Hartung T, Maertens A. Using in silico tools to predict flame retardant metabolites for more informative exposomics-based approaches. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2023; 5:1216802. [PMID: 37908592 PMCID: PMC10613991 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2023.1216802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The positive identification of xenobiotics and their metabolites in human biosamples is an integral aspect of exposomics research, yet challenges in compound annotation and identification continue to limit the feasibility of comprehensive identification of total chemical exposure. Nonetheless, the adoption of in silico tools such as metabolite prediction software, QSAR-ready structural conversion workflows, and molecular standards databases can aid in identifying novel compounds in untargeted mass spectral investigations, permitting the assessment of a more expansive pool of compounds for human health hazard. This strategy is particularly applicable when it comes to flame retardant chemicals. The population is ubiquitously exposed to flame retardants, and evidence implicates some of these compounds as developmental neurotoxicants, endocrine disruptors, reproductive toxicants, immunotoxicants, and carcinogens. However, many flame retardants are poorly characterized, have not been linked to a definitive mode of toxic action, and are known to share metabolic breakdown products which may themselves harbor toxicity. As U.S. regulatory bodies begin to pursue a subclass- based risk assessment of organohalogen flame retardants, little consideration has been paid to the role of potentially toxic metabolites, or to expanding the identification of parent flame retardants and their metabolic breakdown products in human biosamples to better inform the human health hazards imposed by these compounds. Methods: The purpose of this study is to utilize publicly available in silico tools to 1) characterize the structural and metabolic fates of proposed flame retardant classes, 2) predict first pass metabolites, 3) ascertain whether metabolic products segregate among parent flame retardant classification patterns, and 4) assess the existing coverage in of these compounds in mass spectral database. Results: We found that flame retardant classes as currently defined by the National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine (NASEM) are structurally diverse, with highly variable predicted pharmacokinetic properties and metabolic fates among member compounds. The vast majority of flame retardants (96%) and their predicted metabolites (99%) are not present in spectral databases, posing a challenge for identifying these compounds in human biosamples. However, we also demonstrate the utility of publicly available in silico methods in generating a fit for purpose synthetic spectral library for flame retardants and their metabolites that have yet to be identified in human biosamples. Discussion: In conclusion, exposomics studies making use of fit-for-purpose synthetic spectral databases will better resolve internal exposure and windows of vulnerability associated with complex exposures to flame retardant chemicals and perturbed neurodevelopmental, reproductive, and other associated apical human health impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breanne Kincaid
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Przemyslaw Piechota
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Emily Golden
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Mikhail Maertens
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Thomas Hartung
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
- CAAT-Europe, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Alexandra Maertens
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Ruan T, Li P, Wang H, Li T, Jiang G. Identification and Prioritization of Environmental Organic Pollutants: From an Analytical and Toxicological Perspective. Chem Rev 2023; 123:10584-10640. [PMID: 37531601 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to environmental organic pollutants has triggered significant ecological impacts and adverse health outcomes, which have been received substantial and increasing attention. The contribution of unidentified chemical components is considered as the most significant knowledge gap in understanding the combined effects of pollutant mixtures. To address this issue, remarkable analytical breakthroughs have recently been made. In this review, the basic principles on recognition of environmental organic pollutants are overviewed. Complementary analytical methodologies (i.e., quantitative structure-activity relationship prediction, mass spectrometric nontarget screening, and effect-directed analysis) and experimental platforms are briefly described. The stages of technique development and/or essential parts of the analytical workflow for each of the methodologies are then reviewed. Finally, plausible technique paths and applications of the future nontarget screening methods, interdisciplinary techniques for achieving toxicant identification, and burgeoning strategies on risk assessment of chemical cocktails are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pengyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haotian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tingyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Zhou J, Zuo S, Wang Y, An R, Zheng S, Cao L, Zhang F, Jin Y, Shen J, Meng H, Zheng X, Wang C, Shi H, Zhao Y, Giesy JP, Zhang K, Dai J. Prioritization of risks posed by synthetic chemicals manufactured in China toward humans and the environment via persistence, bioaccumulation, mobility and toxicity properties. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 178:108042. [PMID: 37399767 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Over a third of the global chemical production and sales occurred in China, which make effective assessment and management for chemicals produced by China's chemical industry essential not just for China but for the world. Here, we systematical assessed the persistence (P), bioaccumulation (B), mobility (M) and toxicity (T) potency properties for the chemicals listed in Inventory of Existing Chemical Substances of China (IECSC) via experimental data retrieved from large scale databases and in silico data generated with well-established models. Potential PBT, PMT and PB&MT substances were identified. High risk potentials were highlighted for groups of synthetic intermediates, raw materials, as well as a series of biocides. The potential PBT and PMT synthetic intermediates and/or raw materials unique to the IECSC were dominated with organofluorines, for example, the intermediates used as electronic light-emitting materials. Meanwhile, the biocides unique to the IECSC were mainly organochlorines. Some conventional classes of insecticides, such as organochlorines and pyrethroids, were classified as being of high concern. We further identified a group of PB&MT substances that were considered to be both "bioaccumulative" and "mobile". Their properties and common substructures for several major clusters were characterized. The present results prioritized groups of substances with high potentials to cause adverse effects to the environment and humans, many of which have not yet been fully recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shaoqi Zuo
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yang Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ruiqi An
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shuping Zheng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lingzhi Cao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yiheng Jin
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jing Shen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Haoyu Meng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xuehan Zheng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Congcong Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Haochun Shi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yanbin Zhao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - John P Giesy
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Department of Environmental Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA; Department of Integrative Biology and Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Kun Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jiayin Dai
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
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Ngara TR, Zeng P, Zhang H. mibPOPdb: An online database for microbial biodegradation of persistent organic pollutants. IMETA 2022; 1:e45. [PMID: 38867901 PMCID: PMC10989864 DOI: 10.1002/imt2.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Microbial biodegradation of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) is an attractive, ecofriendly, and cost-efficient clean-up technique for reclaiming POP-contaminated environments. In the last few decades, the number of publications documenting POP-degrading microbes, enzymes, and experimental data sets has continuously increased, necessitating the development of a dedicated web resource that catalogs consolidated information on POP-degrading microbes and tools to facilitate integrative analysis of POP degradation data sets. To address this knowledge gap, we developed the Microbial Biodegradation of Persistent Organic Pollutants Database (mibPOPdb) by accumulating microbial POP degradation information from the public domain and manually curating published scientific literature. Currently, in mibPOPdb, there are 9215 microbial strain entries, including 184 gene (sub)families, 100 enzymes, 48 biodegradation pathways, and 593 intermediate compounds identified in POP-biodegradation processes, and information on 32 toxic compounds listed under the Stockholm Convention environmental treaty. Besides the standard database functionalities, which include data searching, browsing, and retrieval of database entries, we provide a suite of bioinformatics services to facilitate comparative analysis of users' own data sets against mibPOPdb entries. Additionally, we built a Graph Neural Network-based prediction model for the biodegradability classification of chemicals. The predictive model exhibited a good biodegradability classification performance and high prediction accuracy. mibPOPdb is a free data-sharing platform designated to promote research in microbial-based biodegradation of POPs and fills a long-standing gap in environmental protection research. Database URL: http://mibpop.genome-mining.cn/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanyaradzwa R. Ngara
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, MOE KEY Laboratory of Molecular BiophysicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Peiji Zeng
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, MOE KEY Laboratory of Molecular BiophysicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Houjin Zhang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, MOE KEY Laboratory of Molecular BiophysicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
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Huang HJ, Lee YH, Chou CL, Zheng CM, Chiu HW. Investigation of potential descriptors of chemical compounds on prevention of nephrotoxicity via QSAR approach. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:1876-1884. [PMID: 35521549 PMCID: PMC9052077 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced nephrotoxicity remains a common problem after exposure to medications and diagnostic agents, which may be heightened in the kidney microenvironment and deteriorate kidney function. In this study, the toxic effects of fourteen marked drugs with the individual chemical structure were evaluated in kidney cells. The quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) approach was employed to investigate the potential structural descriptors of each drug-related to their toxic effects. The most reasonable equation of the QSAR model displayed that the estimated regression coefficients such as the number of ring assemblies, three-membered rings, and six-membered rings were strongly related to toxic effects on renal cells. Meanwhile, the chemical properties of the tested compounds including carbon atoms, bridge bonds, H-bond donors, negative atoms, and rotatable bonds were favored properties and promote the toxic effects on renal cells. Particularly, more numbers of rotatable bonds were positively correlated with strong toxic effects that displayed on the most toxic compound. The useful information discovered from our regression QSAR models may help to identify potential hazardous moiety to avoid nephrotoxicity in renal preventive medicine.
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Carlier J, Berardinelli D, Montanari E, Sirignano A, Di Trana A, Busardò FP. 3F-α-pyrrolydinovalerophenone (3F-α-PVP) in vitro human metabolism: Multiple in silico predictions to assist in LC-HRMS/MS analysis and targeted/untargeted data mining. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1193:123162. [PMID: 35180546 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic cathinones (SCs) constitute a heterogenous class of new psychoactive substances (NPS), structurally related to cathinone. SCs represent the widest NPS class, second to synthetic cannabinoids, accounting for approximately 160 different analogues with substitution at the phenyl group, the amine group, or the alkyl chain. In 2020, α-pyrrolidonophenone analogues were the most trafficked SCs, and were involved in many fatalities and intoxication cases. In particular, 3F-α-pyrrolidinovalerophenone (3F-α-PVP) was the cause of the highest number of SC-related fatal intoxications in Sweden in 2018. Minor structural modifications are used to avoid legal controls and analytical detection, but may also induce different toxicological profile. Therefore, the identification of specific markers of consumption is essential to discriminate SCs in clinical and forensic toxicology. In this study, we assessed 3F-α-PVP metabolic profile. 3F-α-PVP was incubated with 10-donor-pooled human hepatocytes, LC-HRMS/MS analysis, and software-assisted data mining. This well-established workflow was completed by in silico metabolite predictions using three different freeware. Ten metabolites were identified after 3 h incubation, including hydrogenated, hydroxylated, oxidated, and N-dealkylated metabolites. A total of 51 phase I and II metabolites were predicted, among which 7 were detected in the incubations. We suggest 3F-α-PVP N-butanoic acid, 3F-α-PVP pentanol, and 3F-α-PVP 2-ketopyrrolidinyl-pentanol as specific biomarkers of 3F-α-PVP consumption. This is the first time that an N-ethanoic acid is detected in the metabolic pathway of a pyrrolidine SC, demonstrating the importance of a dual targeted/untargeted data mining strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Carlier
- Marche Polytechnic University, Department of Excellence of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Section of Legal Medicine, Unit of Forensic Toxicology, via Tronto 10, 60126, Ancona AN, Italy; Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic, and Orthopedic Sciences, Section of Legal Medicine, Unit of Forensic Toxicology, Viale Regina Elena 336, 00161, Rome RM, Italy
| | - Diletta Berardinelli
- Marche Polytechnic University, Department of Excellence of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Section of Legal Medicine, Unit of Forensic Toxicology, via Tronto 10, 60126, Ancona AN, Italy
| | - Eva Montanari
- Department of Legal medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti, Via Conca 71, 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - Ascanio Sirignano
- University of Camerino, Department of Legal Medicine, School of Law, Via Andrea D'Accorso, 16, 62032, Camerino (MC), Italy
| | - Annagiulia Di Trana
- Marche Polytechnic University, Department of Excellence of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Section of Legal Medicine, Unit of Forensic Toxicology, via Tronto 10, 60126, Ancona AN, Italy.
| | - Francesco P Busardò
- Marche Polytechnic University, Department of Excellence of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Section of Legal Medicine, Unit of Forensic Toxicology, via Tronto 10, 60126, Ancona AN, Italy
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Sieira BJ, Rodil R, Cela R, Quintana JB, Montes R. Transformation products of the high-volume production chemicals 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone and 2-piperazin-1-ylethanamine formed by UV photolysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132394. [PMID: 34592213 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This work investigates the reaction of 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone (VP) and 2-piperazin-1-yletanamine (PPE) under UV radiation. Both substances are high-volume production chemicals (production >1000 tons/year) widely used in polymers, coatings and a wide array of applications, which have been classified as mobile chemicals and which can then lead to the formation of persistent and mobile transformation products (TPs). Thus, their reaction with UV light was studied by means of liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS). Both compounds presented a high reactivity, the VP quantum yield was 0.28 mol/E; whereas, PPE had a quantum yield notably higher than 1 (16 mol/E). Five and 7 TPs were identified for VP and PPE, respectively. Some of them had been already reported in literature due to sunlight photodegradation or other oxidation processes, but most of them are reported here for the first time. Finally, the acute and chronical toxicity of precursors and TPs were estimated using two quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) software tools which led to some discrepancies in the estimations, pointing to the need for experimental toxicity assays for these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benigno José Sieira
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain.
| | - Rafael Cela
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain.
| | - Rosa Montes
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain.
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