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Long X, Li R, Wan J, Zhong Z, Ye Y, Yang J, Luo J, Xia J, Liu Y. Enhanced Chromium (VI) Removal by Micron-Scale Zero-Valent Iron Pretreated with Aluminum Chloride under Aerobic Conditions. Molecules 2024; 29:2350. [PMID: 38792211 PMCID: PMC11123959 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Micron-scale zero-valent iron (ZVI)-based material has been applied for hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) decontamination in wastewater treatment and groundwater remediation, but the passivation problem has limited its field application. In this study, we combined aluminum chloride solution with ZVI (pcZVI-AlCl3) to enhance Cr(VI) removal behavior under aerobic conditions. The optimal pre-corrosion conditions were found to be 2.5 g/L ZVI, 0.5 mM AlCl3, and a 4 h preconditioning period. Different kinds of techniques were applied to detect the properties of preconditioned ZVI and corrosion products. The 57Fe Mössbauer spectra showed that proportions of ZVI, Fe3O4, and FeOOH in pcZVI-AlCl3 were 49.22%, 34.03%, and 16.76%, respectively. The formation of Al(OH)3 in the corrosion products improved its pHpzc (point of zero charge) for Cr(VI) adsorption. Continuous-flow experiments showed its great potential for Cr(VI) removal in field applications. The ZVI and corrosion products showed a synergistic effect in enhancing electron transfer for Cr(VI) removal. The mechanisms underlying Cr(VI) removal by pcZVI-AlCl3 included adsorption, reduction, and precipitation, and the contribution of adsorption was less. This work provides a new strategy for ZVI pre-corrosion to improve its longevity and enhance Cr(VI) removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejun Long
- School of Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Clean Production of Textile Dyeing and Printing, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Rui Li
- School of Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Jun Wan
- School of Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Clean Production of Textile Dyeing and Printing, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Zhenxing Zhong
- School of Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Clean Production of Textile Dyeing and Printing, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Yuxuan Ye
- School of Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Jiazhi Yang
- School of Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Jun Luo
- School of Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Jin Xia
- School of Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Yaomeng Liu
- School of Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China
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Cárdenas-Hernández PA, Hickey K, Di Toro DM, Allen HE, Carbonaro RF, Chiu PC. Linear Free Energy Relationship for Predicting the Rate Constants of Munition Compound Reduction by the Fe(II)-Hematite and Fe(II)-Goethite Redox Couples. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:13646-13657. [PMID: 37610109 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic reduction by iron minerals is arguably the most important fate process for munition compounds (MCs) in subsurface environments. No model currently exists that can predict the abiotic reduction rates of structurally diverse MCs by iron (oxyhydr)oxides. We performed batch experiments to measure the rate constants for the reduction of three classes of MCs (poly-nitroaromatics, nitramines, and azoles) by hematite or goethite in the presence of aqueous Fe2+. The surface area-normalized reduction rate constant (kSA) depended on the aqueous-phase one-electron reduction potential (EH1) of the MC and the thermodynamic state (i.e., pe and pH) of the iron oxide-Feaq2+ system. A linear free energy relationship (LFER), similar to that reported previously for nitrobenzene, successfully captures all MC reduction rate constants that span 6 orders of magnitude: log ( k S A ) = ( 1.12 ± 0.04 ) [ 0.53 E H 1 59 m V - ( p H + p e ) ] + ( 5.52 ± 0.23 ) . The finding that the rate constants of all the different classes of MCs can be described by a single LFER suggests that these structurally diverse nitro compounds are reduced by iron oxide-Feaq2+ couples through a common mechanism up to the rate-limiting step. Multiple mechanistic implications of the results are discussed. This study expands the applicability of the LFER model for predicting the reduction rates of legacy and emerging MCs and potentially other nitro compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula A Cárdenas-Hernández
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Kevin Hickey
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Dominic M Di Toro
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Herbert E Allen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Richard F Carbonaro
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Manhattan College, Riverdale, New York 10471, United States
- Mutch Associates LLC, Ramsey, New Jersey 07446, United States
| | - Pei C Chiu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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Ji Y, Xu J, Zhu L. Predicting laterite redox potential with iron activity and electron transfer term. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 328:138519. [PMID: 36972875 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Predicting the redox behavior of organic contaminants and heavy metals in soils is challenging because there are few soil redox potential (Eh) models. In particular, current aqueous and suspension models usually show a significant deviation for complex laterites with few Fe(II). Here, we measured the Eh of simulated laterites over a range of soil conditions (2450 tests). The impacts of soil pH, organic carbon, and Fe speciation on the Fe activity were quantified as Fe activity coefficients, respectively, using a two-step Universal Global Optimization method. Integrating these Fe activity coefficients and electron transfer terms into the formula significantly improved the correlation of measured and modeled Eh values (R2 = 0.92), and the estimated Eh values closely matched the relevant measured Eh values (accuracy R2 = 0.93). The developed model was further verified with natural laterites, presenting a linear fit and accuracy R2 of 0.89 and 0.86, respectively. These findings provide compelling evidence that integrating Fe activity into the Nernst formula could accurately calculate the Eh if the Fe(III)/Fe(II) couple does not work. The developed model could help to predict the soil Eh toward controllable and selective oxidation-reduction of contaminants for soil remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Ji
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jiang Xu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Lizhong Zhu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Disentangling the size-dependent redox reactivity of iron oxides using thermodynamic relationships. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2204673119. [PMID: 36161900 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2204673119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles often exhibit size-dependent redox reactivities, with smaller particles being more reactive in some cases, while less reactive in others. Predicting trends between redox reaction rates and particle sizes is often complicated because a particle's dimensions can simultaneously influence its aggregation state, reactive surface area, and thermodynamic properties. Here, we tested the hypothesis that interfacial redox reaction rates for nanoparticles with different sizes can be described with a single linear free-energy relationship (LFER) if size-dependent reactive surface areas and thermodynamic properties are properly considered. We tested this hypothesis using a well-known interfacial redox reaction: the reduction of nitrobenzene to aniline by iron-oxide-bound Fe2+. We measured the reduction potential (EH) values of nano-particulate hematite suspensions containing aqueous Fe2+ using mediated potentiometry and characterized the size and aggregation states of hematite samples at circumneutral pH values. We used the measured EH values to calculate surface energies and reactive surface areas using thermodynamic relationships. Nitrobenzene reduction rates were lower for smaller particles, despite their larger surface areas, due to their higher surface energies. When differences in surface areas and thermodynamic properties were considered, nitrobenzene reduction kinetics for all particle sizes was described with a LFER. Our results demonstrate that when Fe2+ serves as a reductant, an antagonistic effect exists, with smaller particles having larger reactive surface areas but also more positive reduction potentials. When Fe3+ serves as an oxidant, however, these two effects work in concert, which likely explains past discrepancies regarding how iron oxide particle sizes influence redox reaction rates.
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Hou R, Wang L, Shen Z, Alessi DS, Hou D. Simultaneous reduction and immobilization of Cr(VI) in seasonally frozen areas: Remediation mechanisms and the role of ageing. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 415:125650. [PMID: 34088176 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Among the toxic metals, hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] has attracted much attention due to its high mobility and toxicity, rendering considerable challenges for long-term remediation. In this study, the soil was collected from a dichromate contaminated industrial site in Liaoning Province, a seasonally frozen area in northern China, and subjected to frequent freeze-thaw cycles. Three additives, including (i) ferrous sulfate; (ii) calcium polysulfide; and (iii) combined biochar and calcium polysulfide were applied to reduce and immobilize Cr(VI) in the soils. The samples underwent 28 days of incubation followed by 16 freeze-thaw cycles. The toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) and simulated acid rain leaching were adopted to test the remediation performances. It was observed that all three treatments can significantly reduce and immobilize Cr(VI) after short-term incubation, while biochar with abundant functional groups could adsorb and reduce Cr(VI) effectively. Notably, the concentration of Cr(VI) in TCLP leachates after incubation in combined treatment decreased by 67.87% and 37.27%, respectively, compared with the application of ferrous sulfate or calcium polysulfide alone. Freeze-thaw cycles induced the disintegration of soil particles and increased the risk of contaminant mobilization. Conversely, biochar particles has become finer and even produced nanoparticles with ageing, accompanied by the increase in oxygen-containing surface functional groups. Additionally, the specific surface area increased with the pyrolysis of biochar, which further enhanced the retention of soil colloidal particles and suppressed the migration of contaminants. Therefore, the cumulative release of Cr(VI) in the combined treatment (i.e., 10.97 ~ 32.97 mg/kg) was much lower than that of the other two treatments after freeze-thaw ageing. Overall, the combination of biochar and calcium polysulfide displayed advantages in the reduction and immobilization of Cr(VI), and offered a long-term, effective strategy for the remediation of Cr(VI) contaminated soils in cold regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjie Hou
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Liuwei Wang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhengtao Shen
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Daniel S Alessi
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Deyi Hou
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Glodowska M, Schneider M, Eiche E, Kontny A, Neumann T, Straub D, Berg M, Prommer H, Bostick BC, Nghiem AA, Kleindienst S, Kappler A. Fermentation, methanotrophy and methanogenesis influence sedimentary Fe and As dynamics in As-affected aquifers in Vietnam. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 779:146501. [PMID: 34030262 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
High arsenic (As) concentrations in groundwater are a worldwide problem threatening the health of millions of people. Microbial processes are central in the (trans)formation of the As-bearing ferric and ferrous minerals, and thus regulate dissolved As levels in many aquifers. Mineralogy, microbiology and dissolved As levels can vary sharply within aquifers, making high-resolution measurements particularly valuable in understanding the linkages between them. We conducted a high spatial resolution geomicrobiological study in combination with analysis of sediment chemistry and mineralogy in an alluvial aquifer system affected by geogenic As in the Red River delta in Vietnam. Microbial community analysis revealed a dominance of fermenters, methanogens and methanotrophs whereas sediment mineralogy along a 46 m deep core showed a diversity of Fe minerals including poorly crystalline Fe (II/III) and Fe(III) (oxyhydr)oxides such as goethite, hematite, and magnetite, but also the presence of Fe(II)-bearing carbonates and sulfides which likely formed as a result of microbially driven organic carbon (OC) degradation. A potential important role of methane (CH4) as electron donor for reductive Fe mineral (trans)formation was supported by the high abundance of Candidatus Methanoperedens, a known Fe(III)-reducing methanotroph. Overall, these results imply that OC turnover including fermentation, methanogenesis and CH4 oxidation are important mechanisms leading to Fe mineral (trans)formation, dissolution and precipitation, and thus indirectly affecting As mobility by changing the Fe-mineral inventory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Glodowska
- Geomicrobiology, Center for Applied Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Germany; Microbial Ecology, Center for Applied Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Germany; Department of Microbiology, IWWR, Radboud University, the Netherlands.
| | - Magnus Schneider
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Applied Geosciences, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Eiche
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Applied Geosciences, Germany
| | - Agnes Kontny
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Applied Geosciences, Germany
| | - Thomas Neumann
- Technical University of Berlin, Institute for Applied Geosciences, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Straub
- Microbial Ecology, Center for Applied Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Germany; Quantitative Biology Center (QBiC), University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Berg
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Henning Prommer
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; CSIRO Land and Water, Floreat, WA, Australia
| | | | | | - Sara Kleindienst
- Microbial Ecology, Center for Applied Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Kappler
- Geomicrobiology, Center for Applied Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Germany
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Cárdenas-Hernández PA, Anderson KA, Murillo-Gelvez J, Di Toro DM, Allen HE, Carbonaro RF, Chiu PC. Reduction of 3-Nitro-1,2,4-Triazol-5-One (NTO) by the Hematite-Aqueous Fe(II) Redox Couple. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:12191-12201. [PMID: 32902277 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c03872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
3-Nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) is an insensitive munition compound (MC) that has replaced legacy MC. NTO can be highly mobile in soil and groundwater due to its high solubility and anionic nature, yet little is known about the processes that control its environmental fate. We studied NTO reduction by the hematite-Fe2+ redox couple to assess the importance of this process for the attenuation and remediation of NTO. Fe2+(aq) was either added (type I) or formed through hematite reduction by dithionite (type II). In the presence of both hematite and Fe2+(aq), NTO was quantitatively reduced to 3-amino-1,2,4-triazol-5-one following first-order kinetics. The surface area-normalized rate constant (kSA) showed a strong pH dependency between 5.5 and 7.0 and followed a linear free energy relationship (LFER) proposed in a previous study for nitrobenzene reduction by iron oxide-Fe2+ couples, i.e., log kSA = -(pe + pH) + constant. Sulfite, a major dithionite oxidation product, lowered kSA in type II system by ∼10-fold via at least two mechanisms: by complexing Fe2+ and thereby raising pe, and by making hematite more negatively charged and hence impeding NTO adsorption. This study demonstrates the importance of iron oxide-Fe2+ in controlling NTO transformation, presents an LFER for predicting NTO reduction rate, and illustrates how solutes can shift the LFER by interacting with either iron species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula A Cárdenas-Hernández
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Katelyn A Anderson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Jimmy Murillo-Gelvez
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Dominic M Di Toro
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Herbert E Allen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Richard F Carbonaro
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Manhattan College, Riverdale, New York 10471, United States
- Mutch Associates LLC, Ramsey, New Jersey 07446, United States
| | - Pei C Chiu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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