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Chang H, Ma Z, Qu D, Yan Z, Liang Y, Meng Y, Qu F, Liang H. Fertilizer-driven FO and MD integrated process for shale gas produced water treatment: Draw solution evaluation and PAC enhancement. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 266:122434. [PMID: 39276476 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2024] [Revised: 09/04/2024] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
It is a great challenge for effective treatment of shale gas produced water (SGPW), a typical industrial wastewater with complex composition. Single forward osmosis (FO) or membrane distillation (MD) process has been widely used for desalination of SGPW, with membrane fouling not well addressed. Fertilizer draw solution (DS) with high osmotic pressure is less likely to cause FO fouling and can be used for irrigation. An integrated process using fertilizer-driven FO (FDFO) and MD process was proposed for the first time for SGPW treatment, and characteristics of fertilizer DS and powdered activated carbon (PAC) enhancement were assessed. The DS using KCl and (NH4)2SO4 had high MD fluxes (36.8-38.8 L/(m2·h)) and low permeate conductivity (below 50 μS/cm), increasing the contact angle of the MD membrane by 113 % than that without FO, while the DS using MgCl2 and NH4H2PO4 produced a lower reverse salt flux (0.9-3.2 g/(m2·h)). When diluted DS was treated using PAC, the MD permeate conductivity was further reduced to 35 μS/cm without ammonia, and the membrane hydrophobicity was maintained to 71-83 % of the original. The mechanism of the FDFO-MD integrated process for mitigating MD fouling and improving permeate quality was analyzed, providing guidance for efficient SGPW treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqing Chang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610207, China; State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Construction and Healthy Operation and Maintenance of Deep Underground Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Zeren Ma
- MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610207, China; State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Construction and Healthy Operation and Maintenance of Deep Underground Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Dan Qu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zhongsen Yan
- College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Ying Liang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610207, China
| | - Yuchuan Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Water Resources and Hydropower, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Fangshu Qu
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Heng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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Mohamed M, Tagliabue M, Tiraferri A. Technical Feasibility of Extraction of Freshwater from Produced Water with Combined Forward Osmosis and Nanofiltration. MEMBRANES 2024; 14:107. [PMID: 38786941 PMCID: PMC11123107 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14050107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
This study assesses the technical feasibility of a forward-osmosis-based system for concentrating produced water and extracting freshwater. Forward osmosis was combined with nanofiltration, the latter system used to restore the initial osmotic pressure of the diluted draw solutions while concurrently obtaining the final freshwater product. Three draw solutions, namely, MgCl2, NaCl, and C3H5NaO2, were initially tested against a synthetic water mimicking a pretreated produced water effluent having an osmotic pressure equal to 16.3 bar. MgCl2 was thus selected for high-recovery experiments. Different combinations of draw solution osmotic pressure (30, 40, 60, 80, and 120) and draw-to-feed initial volume ratios (1, 1.6, and 2.2) were tested at the laboratory scale, achieving recovery rates between roughly 35% and 70% and water fluxes between 4 and 8 L m-2h-1. One-dimensional, system-wide simulations deploying the analytical FO water flux equation were utilized to validate the experiments, investigate co-current and counter-current configurations, and understand the system potential. The diluted draw solutions were then transferred to nanofiltration to regenerate their original osmotic pressure. There, the highest observed rejection was 96.6% with an average flux of 21 L m-2h-1, when running the system to achieve 100% relative recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madina Mohamed
- Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129 Torino, Italy;
| | - Marco Tagliabue
- Eni S.p.A., Research and Development, Via F. Maritano, 26, 20097 San Donato M.se, Italy
| | - Alberto Tiraferri
- Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129 Torino, Italy;
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3
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Yang Y, Tian L, Shu J, Wu Q, Liu B. Potential hazards of typical small molecular organic matters in shale gas wastewater for wheat irrigation: 2-butoxyethanol and dimethylbenzylamine. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 340:122729. [PMID: 37858699 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
2-butoxyethanol (BE) and dimethylbenzylamine (DMBA) are small molecular organic compounds commonly found in shale gas wastewater (SGW) and environmental samples, yet their environmental risks in exposure and irrigation reuse have not been thoroughly studied. From the perspectives of physicochemical properties and toxicity, seven groups of irrigation treatment were designed for wheat irrigation according to the concentration gradient. Overall, wheat growth was normal, but higher DMBA concentrations resulted in more severe growth inhibition. The absorption of BE by various tissues of wheat was positively correlated with its concentration, while the absorption of DMBA by wheat stems showed the same trend. Interestingly, there was no significant difference in the absorption of DMBA by wheat grains in different groups. The detection results of nutritional and heavy metal elements in wheat tissues showed that the presence of organic compounds changed the relative sensitivity of wheat leaves and grains to some elements (such as Mg, Mn, Mo, etc.) enrichment. The Cd and Pb contents of wheat grains in all groups complied with national safety standards, but the As or Cr concentration in wheat grains treated with BE or DMBA exceeded the limits in some cases. Transcriptome sequencing, GO annotation, and KEGG enrichment analysis revealed similar gene functions and metabolic pathways enriched by BE and DMBA. The safe and sustainable agricultural reuse of SGW still has great potential as a promising water resources management strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics & Mountain River Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Institute of New Energy and Low-Carbon Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, PR China; Yibin Institute of Industrial Technology, Sichuan University Yibin Park, Yibin, Sichuan, 644000, PR China
| | - Lun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics & Mountain River Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Institute of New Energy and Low-Carbon Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, PR China; Yibin Institute of Industrial Technology, Sichuan University Yibin Park, Yibin, Sichuan, 644000, PR China
| | - Jingyu Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics & Mountain River Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Institute of New Energy and Low-Carbon Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, PR China; Yibin Institute of Industrial Technology, Sichuan University Yibin Park, Yibin, Sichuan, 644000, PR China
| | - Qidong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics & Mountain River Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Institute of New Energy and Low-Carbon Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, PR China; Yibin Institute of Industrial Technology, Sichuan University Yibin Park, Yibin, Sichuan, 644000, PR China
| | - Baicang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics & Mountain River Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Institute of New Energy and Low-Carbon Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, PR China; Yibin Institute of Industrial Technology, Sichuan University Yibin Park, Yibin, Sichuan, 644000, PR China.
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Shi H, He X, Zhou C, Wang L, Xiao Y. Hydrochemistry, Sources and Management of Fracturing Flowback Fluid in Tight Sandstone Gasfield in Sulige Gasfield (China). ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2023; 84:284-298. [PMID: 36737498 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-023-00983-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Hydraulic fracturing technologies have been frequently utilized in the oil and gas industry as exploration and development efforts have progressed, resulting in a significant increase in the extraction of natural gas and petroleum from low-permeability reservoirs. However, hydraulic fracturing requires a large amount of freshwater, and the process results in the production of large volumes of flowback water along with natural gas. In this study, three tight sandstone gas wells were fractured in the Sulige gasfield (China), and a total of 103 flowback fluid samples were collected. The hydrochemical characteristics, water quality and sources of hydrochemical components in the flowback fluid were discussed. The results show that the flowback fluid is characterized by high salinity (Total dissolved solids (TDS) up to 38,268 mg/L, Cl- up to 24,000 mg/L), high concentrations of metal ions (e.g., Fe, Sr2+, Ba2+) and high chemical oxygen demand (COD). The flowback fluid is a complex mixture of fracturing fluid and formation water, and its composition is impacted by water-rock interactions that occur during hydraulic fracturing. The major contaminants include COD, Fe, Ba2+, Cl-, Mn and pH, which constitute a high risk of environmental pollution. Meanwhile, chemical elements such as K, Ba and Sr are unusually enriched in the flowback fluid, which has an excellent potential for recycle of chemical elements. The Sulige gasfield's flowback fluid recovery methods and treatment scenarios were discussed, taking into consideration the pollution and resource characteristics of the flowback fluid. Options for dealing with the flowback fluid include deep well reinjection, reuse for making up fracturing fluid, recycling of chemical elements and diverse reuse of flowback water. This research offers guidance for managing the fracturing flowback fluid in unconventional oil and gas fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Shi
- Oil and Gas Technology Research Institute of Changqing Oilfield Company, PetroChina, Xi'an, 710018, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaodong He
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China.
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China.
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydrology and Water Security in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions of the Ministry of Water Resources, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Changjing Zhou
- Oil and Gas Technology Research Institute of Changqing Oilfield Company, PetroChina, Xi'an, 710018, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Oil and Gas Technology Research Institute of Changqing Oilfield Company, PetroChina, Xi'an, 710018, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuanxiang Xiao
- Oil and Gas Technology Research Institute of Changqing Oilfield Company, PetroChina, Xi'an, 710018, Shaanxi, China
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Zhou S, Li Z, Peng S, Jiang J, Han X, Chen X, Jin X, Zhang D, Lu P. River water influenced by shale gas wastewater discharge for paddy irrigation has limited effects on soil properties and microbial communities. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 251:114552. [PMID: 36652741 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The processes of hydraulic fracturing to extract shale gas generate a large amount of wastewater, and the potential impacts of wastewater discharge after treatment are concerning. In this field study, we investigated the effects of the irrigation of paddy fields for 2 consecutive years by river water that has been influenced by shale gas wastewater discharge on soil physicochemical properties, microbial community structure and function, and rice grain quality. The results showed that conductivity, chloride and sulfate ions in paddy soils downstream of the outfall showed an accumulative trend after two years of irrigation, but these changes occurred on a small scale (<500 m). Two-year irrigation did not cause the accumulation of trace metals (barium, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, strontium, zinc, nickel, and uranium) in soil and rice grains. Among all soil parameters, the accumulation of chloride ions was the most pronounced, with concentrations in the paddy soil at the discharge site 13.3 times higher than at the upstream control site. The use of influenced river water for paddy irrigation positively increased the soil microbial diversity, but these changes occurred after two years of irrigation and did not occur after one year of irrigation. Overall, the use of river water affected by shale gas wastewater discharge for agricultural irrigation has limited effects on agroecosystems over a short period. Nevertheless, the possible negative effects of contaminant accumulation in soil and rice caused by longer-term irrigation should be seriously considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangbo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; Department of Environmental Science, School of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Shuchan Peng
- Key Laboratory for Information System of Mountainous Area and Protection of Ecological Environment of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China.
| | - Jiawei Jiang
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Xu Han
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Xiangyu Chen
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Xicheng Jin
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Daijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; Department of Environmental Science, School of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Peili Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; Department of Environmental Science, School of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China.
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6
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Tian M, Ma T, Goh K, Pei Z, Chong JY, Wang YN. Forward Osmosis Membranes: The Significant Roles of Selective Layer. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12100955. [PMID: 36295714 PMCID: PMC9607867 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12100955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Forward osmosis (FO) is a promising separation technology to overcome the challenges of pressure-driven membrane processes. The FO process has demonstrated profound advantages in treating feeds with high salinity and viscosity in applications such as brine treatment and food processing. This review discusses the advancement of FO membranes and the key membrane properties that are important in real applications. The membrane substrates have been the focus of the majority of FO membrane studies to reduce internal concentration polarization. However, the separation layer is critical in selecting the suitable FO membranes as the feed solute rejection and draw solute back diffusion are important considerations in designing large-scale FO processes. In this review, emphasis is placed on developing FO membrane selective layers with a high selectivity. The effects of porous FO substrates in synthesizing high-performance polyamide selective layer and strategies to overcome the substrate constraints are discussed. The role of interlayer in selective layer synthesis and the benefits of nanomaterial incorporation will also be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Tian
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Tao Ma
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Kunli Goh
- Singapore Membrane Technology Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, Singapore 637141, Singapore
| | - Zhiqiang Pei
- Beijing Origin Water Membrane Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 101417, China
| | - Jeng Yi Chong
- Singapore Membrane Technology Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, Singapore 637141, Singapore
| | - Yi-Ning Wang
- Singapore Membrane Technology Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, Singapore 637141, Singapore
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Su F, Wu J, Wang D, Zhao H, Wang Y, He X. Moisture movement, soil salt migration, and nitrogen transformation under different irrigation conditions: Field experimental research. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 300:134569. [PMID: 35421440 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Irrigation and fertilizer application can lead to significant changes in groundwater quality. In this study, a field irrigation experiment was carried out from April 9 to 23, 2021 under irrigation and fertigation conditions to understand the mechanisms of moisture movement, soil salt migration, and nitrogen transformation in the soil profile. Continuous in-situ monitoring and sampling of soil and irrigation water, as well as stable isotopes, chemical parameters, and soluble salt analyses, were performed in this research. The results showed that the time cost by the irrigation water in the vadose zone was about 5 h. The infiltrated irrigation water was accompanied by high concentrations of soluble salts, leached from the soil layers of 20-80 cm and 100-150 cm, which is associated with the leaching of Na+, Cl-, SO42-, and Ca2+ and the dissolution of minerals such as gypsum and halite. Furthermore, the variations in nitrogen concentrations (NH4+ and NO3-) in the soil profile suggested that fertilizer application was the main source of NO3- in the soil and groundwater, while irrigation was the biggest driving force for nitrogen transport and transformation in soil. The application of urea fertilizer can increase the content of ammonium nitrogen at the soil layer of 0-80 cm. This nitrogen form can be subsequently transformed to nitrate nitrogen during the water transport to the groundwater. The current study provides a strong scientific basis for the protection and management of groundwater and soil quality in agricultural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengmei Su
- School of Water and Environmental Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianhua Wu
- School of Water and Environmental Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Dan Wang
- School of Water and Environmental Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hanghang Zhao
- School of Water and Environmental Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuanhang Wang
- School of Water and Environmental Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaodong He
- School of Water and Environmental Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China
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8
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Tao Z, Liu C, He Q, Chang H, Ma J. Detection and treatment of organic matters in hydraulic fracturing wastewater from shale gas extraction: A critical review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 824:153887. [PMID: 35181355 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Although shale gas has shown promising potential to alleviate energy crisis as a clean energy resource, more attention has been paid to the harmful environmental impacts during exploitation. It is a critical issue for the management of shale gas wastewater (SGW), especially the organic compounds. This review focuses on analytical methods and corresponding treatment technologies targeting organic matters in SGW. Firstly, detailed information about specific shale-derived organics and related organic compounds in SGW were overviewed. Secondly, the state-of-the art analytical methods for detecting organics in SGW were summarized. The gas chromatography paired with mass spectrometry was the most commonly used technique. Thirdly, relevant treatment technologies for SGW organic matters were systematically explored. Forward osmosis and membrane distillation ranked the top two most frequently used treatment processes. Moreover, quantitative analyses on the removal of general and single organic compounds by treatment technologies were conducted. Finally, challenges for the analytical methods and treatment technologies of organic matters in SGW were addressed. The lack of effective trace organic detection techniques and high cost of treatment technologies are the urgent problems to be solved. Advances in the extraction, detection, identification and disposal of trace organic matters are critical to address the issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Tao
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Caihong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
| | - Qiang He
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Haiqing Chang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China.
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150090, China
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9
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Chang H, Lu M, Zhu Y, Zhang Z, Zhou Z, Liang Y, Vidic RD. Consideration of Potential Technologies for Ammonia Removal and Recovery from Produced Water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:3305-3308. [PMID: 35119276 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haiqing Chang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610207, PR China
| | - Mengzhe Lu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610207, PR China
| | - Yingyuan Zhu
- School of Water Conservancy Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Zhewei Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Zhiwei Zhou
- College of Architecture & Civil Engineering, Faculty of Urban Construction, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China
| | - Ying Liang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610207, PR China
| | - Radisav D Vidic
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
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10
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Song T, Fu W, Liu S, Zhang X. Integration of coagulation and ozonation with flat-sheet ceramic membrane filtration for shale gas hydraulic fracturing wastewater treatment: A laboratory study. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2021; 93:2298-2307. [PMID: 34216175 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The performance of the integrated process of coagulation and ozonation with ceramic membrane filtration was evaluated for the treatment of shale gas hydraulic fracturing flowback wastewater (HFFW). The removal efficiencies of carbon oxygen demand (CODCr ), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), petroleum oils, and turbidity in effluent by the combined process were 87.1%, 72.2%, 94.3%, and 99.6%, respectively. Compared with sole membrane filtration, the transmembrane pressure (TMP) of ceramic membrane filtration was reduced by >99% with the integrated process. The coagulation and ozonation can effectively remove the organics with high molecular weights in the cake layer of ceramic membrane. To the best of our knowledge, this work proposed the combined process of coagulation, ozonation, and flat-sheet ceramic membrane filtration for the treatment of HFFW for the first time. The water quality of the effluent met the discharge standard (Comprehensive Wastewater Discharge Standard GB8978-1996). The findings can provide an important technical foundation for the innovation of integrated equipment for HFFW treatment. PRACTITIONER POINTS: An integrated process combining coagulation and ozonation with flat-sheet ceramic membrane ultrafiltration for the treatment of shale gas wastewater. The water quality of this integrated process met the discharge standard. Coagulation and ozonation effectively alleviated the membrane fouling related to organics with high molecular weights. A new avenue for on-site treatment of shale gas wastewater and an alternative of the current centralized wastewater management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Song
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wanyi Fu
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shaohui Liu
- Zhangjiagang Huayuan Environmental Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Zhangjiagang, China
| | - Xihui Zhang
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
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11
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Zhong C, Zolfaghari A, Hou D, Goss GG, Lanoil BD, Gehman J, Tsang DCW, He Y, Alessi DS. Comparison of the Hydraulic Fracturing Water Cycle in China and North America: A Critical Review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:7167-7185. [PMID: 33970611 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
There is considerable debate about the sustainability of the hydraulic fracturing (HF) water cycle in North America. Recently, this debate has expanded to China, where HF activities continue to grow. Here, we provide a critical review of the HF water cycle in China, including water withdrawal practices and flowback and produced water (FPW) management and their environmental impacts, with a comprehensive comparison to the U.S. and Canada (North America). Water stress in arid regions, as well as water management challenges, FPW contamination of aquatic and soil systems, and induced seismicity are all impacts of the HF water cycle in China, the U.S., and Canada. In light of experience gained in North America, standardized practices for analyzing and reporting FPW chemistry and microbiology in China are needed to inform its efficient and safe treatment, discharge and reuse, and identification of potential contaminants. Additionally, conducting ecotoxicological studies is an essential next step to fully reveal the impacts of accidental FPW releases into aquatic and soil ecosystems in China. From a policy perspective, the development of China's unconventional resources lags behind North America's in terms of overall regulation, especially with regard to water withdrawal, FPW management, and routine monitoring. Our study suggests that common environmental risks exist within the world's two largest HF regions, and practices used in North America may help prevent or mitigate adverse effects in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhong
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ashkan Zolfaghari
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Deyi Hou
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Greg G Goss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Brian D Lanoil
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Joel Gehman
- Department of Strategy, Entrepreneurship and Management, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuhe He
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Daniel S Alessi
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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12
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Xiao F. Characterization and treatment of Bakken oilfield produced water as a potential source of value-added elements. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 770:145283. [PMID: 33515887 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The oilfield produced water is a major waste stream in places where shale-gas production is growing rapidly. The reuse of produced water merits consideration because this practice helps reduce freshwater demand for fracking and moderates water pollution. Knowledge about the chemistry of produced water is needed to develop sustainable treatment/reuse strategies and set standards for acceptable levels of treatment of produced water. Thus, the author performed the first comprehensive analysis of oilfield produced water collected from the Bakken shale play in the U.S. state of North Dakota that represents the nation's third-largest net increase in proven crude oil reserves. The concentrations of a total of 36 elements in 13 IUPAC groups were determined. Among them, a few metals that are critical to the economy of the United States were detected at elevated concentrations (median, mg/L): K (7,620), Mg (2780), Sr (1610), Li (69), and Mn (33). Heavy metals essential for plants and animals, including Cu, Zn, and Mn, were detected at ppm levels. Measurable concentrations of highly toxic metal ions such as Cd and Pb were not detected. Concentrations of rare earth elements and platinum group metals were below respective detection limits. The produced water samples had very high total dissolved solids (237,680 ± 73,828 mg/L) and total hardness (>31,000 mg/L as CaCO3) but an extremely low alkalinity (152.4 ± 184.9 mg/L as CaCO3); therefore, softening by lime and soda was ineffective. Softening by caustic soda removed 99.5% hardness ions (Ca and Mg) under alkaline conditions. This study provides vital insight into the chemistry and treatability of produced water containing various metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xiao
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of North Dakota, 243 Centennial Drive Stop 8115, Grand Forks, ND 58202, United States.
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