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Wang C, Tan W, Feng X. Iron (hydr)oxides-induced activation of sulfite for contaminants degradation: The critical role of structural Fe(III). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 476:135144. [PMID: 39018598 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Iron-based sulfite (S(IV)) activation has emerged as a novel strategy to generate sulfate radicals (SO4•-) for contaminants degradation. However, numerous studies focused on dissolved iron-induced homogeneous activation processes while the potential of structural Fe(III) remains unclear. In this study, five iron (hydr)oxide soil minerals (FeOx) including ferrihydrite, schwertmannite, lepidocrocite, goethite and hematite, were successfully employed as sources of structural Fe(III) for S(IV) activation. Results showed that the catalytical ability of structural Fe(III) primarily depended on the crystallinity of FeOx instead of their specific surface area and particle size, with ferrihydrite and schwertmannite being the most active. Furthermore, in-situ ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and 2D-COS analysis revealed that HSO3- was initially adsorbed on FeO6 octahedrons of FeOx via monodentate inner-sphere complexation, ultimately oxidized into SO42- which was then re-adsorbed via outer-sphere complexation. During this process, strong oxidizing SO4•- and •OH were formed for pollutants degradation, confirmed by radical quenching experiments and electron spin resonance. Moreover, FeOx/S(IV) system exhibited superior applicability with respect to recycling test, real waters and twenty-six pollutants degradation. Eventually, plausible degradation pathways of three typical pollutants were proposed. This study highlights the feasibility of structural Fe(III)-containing soil minerals for S(IV) activation in wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenfeng Tan
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xionghan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Zhu Y, Wang B, Farooq U, Li Y, Qi Z, Zhang Q. Effects of surfactants on the adsorption of norfloxacin onto ferrihydrite: comparison between anionic and cationic surfactants. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2024:1-11. [PMID: 38770654 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2024.2354056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
There is little information on how widespread surfactants affect the adsorption of norfloxacin (NOR) onto iron oxide minerals. In order to elucidate the effects of various surfactants on the adsorption characteristics of NOR onto typical iron oxides, we have explored the different influences of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS), an anionic surfactant, and didodecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB), a cationic surfactant, on the interactions between NOR and ferrihydrite under different solution chemistry conditions. Interestingly, SDBS facilitated NOR adsorption, whereas DDAB inhibited NOR adsorption. The adsorption-enhancement effect of SDBS was ascribed to the enhanced electrostatic attraction, the interactions between the adsorbed SDBS on ferrihydrite surfaces and NOR molecules, and the bridging effect of SDBS between NOR and iron oxide. In comparison, the adsorption-inhibition effect of DDAB owning to the adsorption site competitive adsorption between NOR and DDAB for the effective sites as well as the steric hindrance between NOR-DDAB complexes and the adsorbed DDAB on ferrihydrite surfaces. Additionally, the magnitude of the effects of surfactants on NOR adsorption declined with increasing pH values from 5.0 to 9.0, which was related to the amounts of surfactant binding to ferrihydrite surfaces. Moreover, when the background electrolyte was Ca2+, the enhanced effect of SDBS on NOR adsorption was caused by the formation of NOR-Ca2+-SDBS complexes. The inhibitory effect of DDAB was due to the DDAB coating on ferrihydrite, which undermined the cation-bridging effect. Together, the findings from this work emphasize the essential roles of widely existing surfactants in controlling the environmental fate of quinolone antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Zhu
- Ecology Institute of the Shandong academy of sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, People's Republic of China
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Wang
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, People's Republic of China
| | - Usman Farooq
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanxiang Li
- The Testing Center of Shandong Bureau of China Metallurgical Geology Bureau, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhichong Qi
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Ecology Institute of the Shandong academy of sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, People's Republic of China
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3
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Li Y, Zhang C, Yang M, Liu J, He H, Ma Y, Arai Y. Effects of carbonate on ferrihydrite transformation in alkaline media. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2024; 26:288-297. [PMID: 38258502 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00469d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Alkaline media widely exist in natural and engineered systems such as semiarid/arid areas, radioactive waste sites, and mine tailings. In these settings, the commonly occurring iron (oxyhydr)oxides differed in their ability to influence the fate of nutrients and contaminants. Due to the substantially increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration, carbonate stands to increase in these media. However, how increasing carbonate affects the transformation of poorly crystalline iron (oxyhydr)oxides (e.g., two-line ferrihydrite) under alkaline conditions still remains unclear. Here, kinetics of ferrihydrite transformation were evaluated at pH ∼10 as a function of [carbonate] = 0-286 mM using synchrotron-based X-ray and vibrational spectroscopic techniques. The results showed that carbonate slowed down ferrihydrite transformation slightly and suppressed goethite formation, but promoted hematite formation regardless of its concentration. At low carbonate concentration (11.42 mM), the effect of carbonate on product formation was obvious due to the weak inner-sphere complex; however, at high carbonate concentration (80-286 mM), the effect was retarded because of the adsorption equilibrium of carbonate as well as the initial carbonate adsorption followed by desorption. Moreover, carbonate modified the morphology of hematite from rhombic to ellipsoidal to honeycomb and goethite from rod-like to needle-like to spindle-like due to the inner-sphere adsorption-desorption of carbonate and adsorption of hydroxyl ions on reactive sites of iron (oxyhydr)oxides in alkaline media. The results suggest that the concurrently increasing carbonate with enhanced atmospheric CO2 could control the transformation and occurrence of iron (oxyhydr)oxides in natural and engineered environments and have important implications for the biogeochemical cycles of iron and carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- National Observation and Research Station of Coastal Ecological Environments in Macao, Macao Environmental Research Institute, Faculty of Innovation Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao SAR 999078, China.
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Chaoqun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Physics and Materials, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Meijun Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Physics and Materials, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Lunar and Planetary Sciences, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, 999078, Macau, China
| | - Hongping He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Physics and Materials, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yibing Ma
- National Observation and Research Station of Coastal Ecological Environments in Macao, Macao Environmental Research Institute, Faculty of Innovation Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao SAR 999078, China.
| | - Yuji Arai
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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4
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Lan Y, Gai S, Cheng K, Liu Z, Antonietti M, Yang F. Artificial Humic Acid Mediated Carbon-Iron Coupling to Promote Carbon Sequestration. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2024; 7:0308. [PMID: 38375103 PMCID: PMC10875824 DOI: 10.34133/research.0308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Fe (hydr)oxides have a substantial impact on the structure and stability of soil organic carbon (SOC) pools and also drive organic carbon turnover processes via reduction-oxidation reactions. Currently, many studies have paid much attention to organic matter-Fe mineral-microbial interactions on SOC turnover, while there is few research on how exogenous carbon addition abiotically regulates the intrinsic mechanisms of Fe-mediated organic carbon conversion. The study investigated the coupling process of artificial humic acid (A-HA) and Fe(hydr)oxide, the mechanism of inner-sphere ligands, and the capacity for carbon sequestration using transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetric, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and wet-chemical disposal. Furthermore, spherical aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy-electron energy loss spectroscopy and Mössbauer spectra have been carried out to demonstrate the spatial heterogeneity of A-HA/Fe (hydr)oxides and reveal the relationship between the increase in Fe-phase crystallinity and redox sensitivity and the accumulation of organic carbon. Additionally, the dynamics of soil structures on a microscale, distribution of carbon-iron microdomains, and the cementing-gluing effect can be observed in the constructing nonliving anthropogenic soils, confirming that the formation of stable aggregates is an effective approach to achieving organic carbon indirect protection. We propose that exogenous organic carbon inputs, specifically A-HA, could exert a substantial but hitherto unexplored effect on the geochemistry of iron-carbon turnover and sequestration in anoxic water/solid soils and sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Lan
- School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering,
Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
- International Cooperation Joint Laboratory of Health in Cold Region Black Soil Habitat of the Ministry of Education, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Shuang Gai
- School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering,
Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
- International Cooperation Joint Laboratory of Health in Cold Region Black Soil Habitat of the Ministry of Education, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Kui Cheng
- International Cooperation Joint Laboratory of Health in Cold Region Black Soil Habitat of the Ministry of Education, Harbin 150030, China
- College of Engineering,
Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Zhuqing Liu
- School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering,
Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
- International Cooperation Joint Laboratory of Health in Cold Region Black Soil Habitat of the Ministry of Education, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Markus Antonietti
- Department of Colloid Chemistry,
Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Fan Yang
- School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering,
Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
- International Cooperation Joint Laboratory of Health in Cold Region Black Soil Habitat of the Ministry of Education, Harbin 150030, China
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5
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Jin X, Huang Q, Li X, Lu G, Yao Q, Xu F, Guo C, Dang Z. Divergent repartitioning of antimony and arsenic during jarosite transformation: A comparative study under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 898:165533. [PMID: 37453703 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Jarosite is the host mineral of Sb(V) and As(V) in mining environments. However, the repartitioning of Sb and As during its transformation is poorly understood. Additionally, the mutual effect between the redistribution behavior of As and Sb during jarosite conversion remains unclear. Here, we investigated the transformation of Sb(V)-, As(V)- and Sb(V)-As(V)-jarosite at pH 5.5 under aerobic and anaerobic conditions without a reductant. The results indicated that co-precipitated Sb(V) promotes jarosite dissolution, and the final products were mainly goethite and hematite. In contrast, the co-precipitated As(V) retarded jarosite dissolution and altered the transformation pathway, mainly forming lepidocrocite, which might be attributed to the formation of As-Fe complexes on the jarosite surface. The inhibiting or promoting effect increased with the increase in co-precipitated As or Sb concentration. In the treatment with Sb(V)-As(V)-jarosite, the inhibition effect of co-precipitated As(V) on mineral dissolution was predominant, but the end-products were mainly goethite and hematite. Compared with the aerobic system, the dissolution and transformation of jarosite in treatments in the anaerobic system occurred faster, although without a reductant, which was possibly associated with the reduced CO2 content in the reaction solutions after degassing. In all treatments, the release of Sb(aq) and As(aq) into the solution was negligible during jarosite transformation. The transformation processes drove As into the surface-bound exchangeable and poorly crystalline phases, while Sb was typically redistributed in the poorly crystalline phase. During the transformation of Sb(V)-As(V)-jarosite, the co-existence of As significantly increased the proportion of Sb distributed on the solid surface and in the poorly crystalline phase. These findings are valuable for predicting the long-term fate of Sb and As in mining environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohu Jin
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Qi Huang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xiaofei Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, 528000 Foshan, PR China
| | - Guining Lu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Qian Yao
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Fengjia Xu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Chuling Guo
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Zhi Dang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China.
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6
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Long S, Ning X, Wang S, Xu J, Wu Y, Liu Z, Nan Z. Remediation of arsenic-contaminated calcareous agricultural soils by iron-oxidizing bacteria combined with organic fertilizer. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:68258-68270. [PMID: 37119488 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27217-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In arid soil with low-iron and high-calcium carbonate contents, the fate of arsenic (As) is mainly controlled by the contents of calcium and organic matter in the soil. However, there is still a lack of knowledge about their interaction and that effect on their absorption by maize. The purpose of this study was to explore the long-term immobilization and repair mechanism of in situ As-contaminated farmland. We designed three treatments: iron-oxidizing bacteria (FeOB), organic fertilizer, FeOB and organic fertilizer added in combination. After 140-day field farmland remediation trial, the results showed that the FeOB can effectively immobilize the water-soluble As (FS1) in soil, and the organic fertilizer promoted the remediation of FeOB. In addition, the content of As in maize grains was reduced after treatment by FeOB and organic fertilizer. The XRD and XPS analysis of the topsoil showed that the combined treatment of FeOB and organic fertilizer promoted the formation of calcium arsenate mineral with low solubility and high stability; As(III) would gradually transform into As(V). The biological iron (hydr)oxide can increase the contents of Fe and As in the rhizosphere and form iron plaques on the surface of the roots by SEM-EDS analysis of maize root. Collectively, these results clarify the main biogeochemical ways to control the fate of As in calcareous soils with low-iron and low-organic matter contents and provide a basis for in situ remediation of As.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Long
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xiang Ning
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Shengli Wang
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Jun Xu
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yining Wu
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Zitong Liu
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Zhongren Nan
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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7
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Guo W, Yan W, Jing C. Production of reactive oxygen species from oxygenation of Fe(II)-carbonate complexes: The critical roles of carbonate. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 454:131529. [PMID: 37126902 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxyl radicals (•OH) production upon the oxygenation of reduced iron minerals at the oxic/anoxic interface has been well recognized. However, little is known in the influencing environmental factors and the involved mechanisms. In this study, much more •OH could be efficiently produced from oxygenation of Fe(II) with 20-200 mM carbonate. Both carbonate concentration and anoxic reaction time play a critical role in •OH production. High carbonate facilitates the formation of Fe(II)high reactivity, i.e., surface-adsorbed and structural Fe(II) with low crystalline that is reactive toward O2 reaction for •OH production, while long anoxic reaction time enables the transfer from Fe(II)high reactivity to Fe(II)low reactivity, i.e., Fe(II) at interior sites with high crystalline, that is hardly oxidized by O2. Furthermore, the degradation pathway of p-nitrophenol (PNP) is highly dependent on the carbonate concentration that low carbonate facilitates •OH oxidation of PNP (80.2%) while high carbonate enhanced O2•- reduction of PNP (48.7%). Besides, carbonate also influences the structural evolution of Fe mineral during oxygenation by retarding its hydrolysis and following transformation. Our finding sheds new light on understanding the important role of oxyanions such as carbonate in iron redox cycles and directing contaminant attenuation in subsurface environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Chuanyong Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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8
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Gao K, Zhu H, Zhou W, Hu S, Zhang B, Dang Z, Liu C. Effect of phosphate on ferrihydrite transformation and the associated arsenic behavior mediated by sulfate-reducing bacterium. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 448:130863. [PMID: 36708694 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Although PO43- is commonly found in association with iron (oxyhydr)oxide, the effect of PO43- on ferrihydrite reduction, mineralogical transformation, and associated As behavior in sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB)-rich environments remains unclear. In this study, batch experiments, together with geochemical, mineralogical, and biological analyses, were conducted to elucidate these processes. The results showed that SRB can reduce ferrihydrite via direct and indirect processes, and PO43- promoted ferrihydrite reduction by supporting SRB growth at low and medium PO43- loadings. However, at high loadings, PO43- stabilized the ferrihydrite. PO43- shifted the transformation of ferrihydrite from magnetite and mackinawite to vivianite, which scavenges As effectively by incorporating As into its particle. In systems with 0.5 mM SO42-, PO43- exerted a weak effect on As mobilization. However, in systems with 10 mM SO42-, substantial amounts of As were released into the solution, and PO43- impacted As behavior strongly. Low PO43- loadings increased the mobilization of As because of the competitive adsorption of PO43- on mackinawite. Medium and high PO43- loadings were beneficial for As immobilization because of the substitution of mackinawite by vivianite. These findings have important implications for understanding the biogeochemistry of iron (oxyhydr)oxide and As behavior in SRB-containing sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Gao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Huiyan Zhu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wenjing Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shiwen Hu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Bowei Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhi Dang
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chongxuan Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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9
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Klaes B, Thiele-Bruhn S, Wörner G, Höschen C, Mueller CW, Marx P, Arz HW, Breuer S, Kilian R. Iron (hydr)oxide formation in Andosols under extreme climate conditions. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2818. [PMID: 36797309 PMCID: PMC9935883 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29727-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Redox-driven biogeochemical cycling of iron plays an integral role in the complex process network of ecosystems, such as carbon cycling, the fate of nutrients and greenhouse gas emissions. We investigate Fe-(hydr)oxide (trans)formation pathways from rhyolitic tephra in acidic topsoils of South Patagonian Andosols to evaluate the ecological relevance of terrestrial iron cycling for this sensitive fjord ecosystem. Using bulk geochemical analyses combined with micrometer-scale-measurements on individual soil aggregates and tephra pumice, we document biotic and abiotic pathways of Fe released from the glassy tephra matrix and titanomagnetite phenocrysts. During successive redox cycles that are controlled by frequent hydrological perturbations under hyper-humid climate, (trans)formations of ferrihydrite-organic matter coprecipitates, maghemite and hematite are closely linked to tephra weathering and organic matter turnover. These Fe-(hydr)oxides nucleate after glass dissolution and complexation with organic ligands, through maghemitization or dissolution-(re)crystallization processes from metastable precursors. Ultimately, hematite represents the most thermodynamically stable Fe-(hydr)oxide formed under these conditions and physically accumulates at redox interfaces, whereas the ferrihydrite coprecipitates represent a so far underappreciated terrestrial source of bio-available iron for fjord bioproductivity. The insights into Fe-(hydr)oxide (trans)formation in Andosols have implications for a better understanding of biogeochemical cycling of iron in this unique Patagonian fjord ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Klaes
- Geology Department, Trier University, Campus II (Geozentrum), Behringstraße 21, 54296, Trier, Germany. .,Soil Science Department, Trier University, Campus II (Geozentrum), Behringstraße 21, 54296, Trier, Germany.
| | - Sören Thiele-Bruhn
- grid.12391.380000 0001 2289 1527Soil Science Department, Trier University, Campus II (Geozentrum), Behringstraße 21, 54296 Trier, Germany
| | - Gerhard Wörner
- grid.7450.60000 0001 2364 4210Division of Geochemistry and Isotope Geology, GZG, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Goldschmidtstraße 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Carmen Höschen
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966Soil Science, Research Department Life Science Systems, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Straße 2, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Carsten W. Mueller
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966Soil Science, Research Department Life Science Systems, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Straße 2, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany ,grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XDepartment for Geosciences and Environmental Management, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10, 1350 København K, Denmark
| | - Philipp Marx
- grid.12391.380000 0001 2289 1527Soil Science Department, Trier University, Campus II (Geozentrum), Behringstraße 21, 54296 Trier, Germany
| | - Helge Wolfgang Arz
- grid.423940.80000 0001 2188 0463Marine Geology Section, Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde (IOW), Seestraße 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany
| | - Sonja Breuer
- grid.15606.340000 0001 2155 4756Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), Stilleweg 2, 30655 Hannover, Germany
| | - Rolf Kilian
- grid.12391.380000 0001 2289 1527Geology Department, Trier University, Campus II (Geozentrum), Behringstraße 21, 54296 Trier, Germany ,grid.442242.60000 0001 2287 1761University of Magallanes, Avenida Bulnes 01855, Punta Arenas, Chile
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10
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Liang C, Wu H, Chen J, Wei Y. Mechanistic insights into the interfacial adsorption behaviors of Cr(VI) on ferrihydrite: Effects of pH and naturally coexisting anions in the environment. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 249:114474. [PMID: 38321689 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Interfacial interaction of hexavalent chromium (Cr[VI]) with ferrihydrite (Fh) plays a key role in the behavior of Cr(VI) in the environment. In this study, H2PO4-, SO42-, NO3-, Cl-, and HCO3- were chosen as coexisting anions to explore their inhibition of the capacity of Fh to adsorb Cr(VI). We employed X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to thoroughly characterize Fh reaction products before and after adsorption of Cr(VI). The results clearly revealed that pH has a marked effect on the extent of Cr(VI) adsorption onto Fh, and this process is also highly dependent on the types of anions present. H2PO4- exhibited the most evident inhibition of Cr(VI) adsorption, even at low concentrations. Similarly, the inhibition of Cr(VI) adsorption by HCO3- increased markedly with increasing pH. In contrast, SO42- only slightly competed with Cr(VI) for reactive Fh surface sites. The anions Cl- and NO3- exhibited almost no inhibitory effect on Cr(VI) adsorption. The differential order of adsorptive affinity of all six anions for Fh was as follows: H2PO4- > HCO3- > SO42- ≈ HCrO4- > NO3- ≈ Cl-. Based on these results, we further provide mechanistic insights into the complexities of Cr(VI) adsorption/desorption behaviors on Fh surfaces. Using Fh as a geosorbent, these interfacial properties could be exploited to mediate the immobilization and release of chromate from and/or into contaminated environments such as aquifers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjin Liang
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Materials Science & Engineering, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou 515633, China
| | - Honghai Wu
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Jing Chen
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yanfu Wei
- National Observation and Research Station of Coastal Ecological Environments in Macao, Macao Environmental Research Institute, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa 999078, Macao, China.
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11
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The mechanisms involved into the inhibitory effects of ionic liquids chemistry on adsorption performance of ciprofloxacin onto inorganic minerals. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Qu C, Chen J, Mortimer M, Wu Y, Cai P, Huang Q. Humic acids restrict the transformation and the stabilization of Cd by iron (hydr)oxides. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 430:128365. [PMID: 35150996 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Iron (hydr)oxides and their association with organic matter significantly affect the mobility of heavy metals in natural soils and sediments. However, the behavior of cadmium (Cd) during crystalline iron (hydr)oxide formation in the presence of humic acid (HA) is still unknown. In this study, the speciation of Cd in iron (hydr)oxide-HA coprecipitates were studied by extraction, surface complexation model (SCM) calculation and characterization of the composites during the aging. The results showed that aging promoted the stabilization of ~30-50% of the added Cd ions with minerals in the binary iron (hydr)oxide systems. The reduction of Cd occurred earlier than hematite formation, indicating that the aggregation of amorphous iron (hydr)oxide led to the initial immobilization of Cd. The presence of HA restricted the crystallization of iron (hydr)oxide by the formation of tight mineral nanoparticle-HA aggregates, while there were negligible changes in the speciation of Cd and Fe during aging at high HA concentrations. Therefore, HA promoted the adsorption of Cd onto amorphous iron (hydr)oxide but limited the partition of Cd to mineral aggregates. The knowledge about the role of HA in iron (hydr)oxide transformation and Cd speciation is of great significance for the prediction of heavy metal behavior in soils and sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jinzhao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Monika Mortimer
- Institute of Environmental and Health Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yichao Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Peng Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Qiaoyun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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13
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Pang S, Li N, Luo H, Luo X, Shen T, Yang Y, Jiang J. Autotrophic Fe-Driven Biological Nitrogen Removal Technologies for Sustainable Wastewater Treatment. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:895409. [PMID: 35572701 PMCID: PMC9100419 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.895409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fe-driven biological nitrogen removal (FeBNR) has become one of the main technologies in water pollution remediation due to its economy, safety and mild reaction conditions. This paper systematically summarizes abiotic and biotic reactions in the Fe and N cycles, including nitrate/nitrite-dependent anaerobic Fe(II) oxidation (NDAFO) and anaerobic ammonium oxidation coupled with Fe(III) reduction (Feammox). The biodiversity of iron-oxidizing microorganisms for nitrate/nitrite reduction and iron-reducing microorganisms for ammonium oxidation are reviewed. The effects of environmental factors, e.g., pH, redox potential, Fe species, extracellular electron shuttles and natural organic matter, on the FeBNR reaction rate are analyzed. Current application advances in natural and artificial wastewater treatment are introduced with some typical experimental and application cases. Autotrophic FeBNR can treat low-C/N wastewater and greatly benefit the sustainable development of environmentally friendly biotechnologies for advanced nitrogen control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyan Pang
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun, China
| | - Ning Li
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Life and Health of River & Lake, Pearl River Water Resources Research Institute, Pearl River Water Resources Commission of the Ministry of Water Resources, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Ning Li, ;
| | - Huan Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Life and Health of River & Lake, Pearl River Water Resources Research Institute, Pearl River Water Resources Commission of the Ministry of Water Resources, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaonan Luo
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Tong Shen
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanan Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Life and Health of River & Lake, Pearl River Water Resources Research Institute, Pearl River Water Resources Commission of the Ministry of Water Resources, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin Jiang
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
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14
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Xu Z, Yu Y, Xu X, Tsang DCW, Yao C, Fan J, Zhao L, Qiu H, Cao X. Direct and Indirect Electron Transfer Routes of Chromium(VI) Reduction with Different Crystalline Ferric Oxyhydroxides in the Presence of Pyrogenic Carbon. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:1724-1735. [PMID: 34978795 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c06642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Electron transfer mediated by iron minerals is considered as a critical redox step for the dynamics of pollutants in soil. Herein, we explored the reduction process of Cr(VI) with different crystalline ferric oxyhydroxides in the presence of pyrogenic carbon (biochar). Both low- and high-crystallinity ferric oxyhydroxides induced Cr(VI) immobilization mainly via the sorption process, with a limited reduction process. However, the Cr(VI) reduction immobilization was inspired by the copresence of biochar. Low-crystallinity ferric oxyhydroxide had an intense chemical combination with biochar and strong sorption for Cr(VI) via inner-sphere complexation, leading to the indirect electron transfer route for Cr(VI) reduction, that is, the electron first transferred from biochar to iron mineral through C-O-Fe binding and then to Cr(VI) with Fe(III)/Fe(II) transformation on ferric oxyhydroxides. With increasing crystallinity of ferric oxyhydroxides, the direct electron transfer between biochar and Cr(VI) became the main electron transfer avenue for Cr(VI) reduction. The indirect electron transfer was suppressed in the high-crystallinity ferric oxyhydroxides due to less sorption of Cr(VI), limited combination with biochar, and higher iron stability. This study demonstrates that electron transfer mechanisms involving iron minerals change with the mineral crystallization process, which would affect the geochemical process of contaminants with pyrogenic carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zibo Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon 852, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Yulu Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaoyun Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon 852, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Chengbo Yao
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Jin Fan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hao Qiu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xinde Cao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recovery, Shanghai 200240, China
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15
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Wen J, Liu J, Wu J, He D. Rapid measurement of waterborne bacterial viability based on difunctional gold nanoprobe. RSC Adv 2022; 12:1675-1681. [PMID: 35425161 PMCID: PMC8978865 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra07287k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid measurement of waterborne bacterial viability is crucial for ensuring the safety of public health. Herein, we proposed a colorimetric assay for rapid measurement of waterborne bacterial viability based on a difunctional gold nanoprobe (dGNP). This versatile dGNP is composed of bacteria recognizing parts and signal indicating parts, and can generate color signals while recognizing bacterial suspensions of different viabilities. This dGNP-based colorimetric assay has a fast response and can be accomplished within 10 min. Moreover, the proposed colorimetric method is able to measure bacterial viability between 0% and 100%. The method can also measure the viability of other bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus, Shewanella oneidensis, and Escherichia coli O157H7. Furthermore, the proposed method has acceptable recovery (95.5–104.5%) in measuring bacteria-spiked real samples. This study offers a simple and effective method for the rapid measurement of bacterial viability and therefore should have application potential in medical diagnosis, food safety, and environmental monitoring. A colorimetric method is proposed to measure waterborne bacterial viability by using a difunctional gold nanoprobe that can generate color signals while recognizing bacterial suspensions of different viabilities.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlin Wen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Jianbo Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Jialin Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Daigui He
- College of Artificial Intelligence, Guangdong Mechanical & Electrical Polytechnic Guangzhou 510550 P. R. China +86-20-36552429 +86-20-36552429
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16
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Yan W, Guo W, Wang L, Jing C. Extracellular polymeric substances from Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 biofilms mediate the transformation of Ferrihydrite. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 784:147245. [PMID: 34088061 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of dissimilatory iron-reducing bacteria (DIRB) such as Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 play a crucial role in the biotransformation of iron-containing minerals, but the mechanism has not been fully deciphered. Herein, abiotic and biotic transformation of ferrihydrite (Fh) were compared to clarify the contributions of MR-1, EPS-free MR-1 (MR-1-EPS), loosely bound EPS (LB-EPS), and tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS). The results of abiotic Fh transformation indicated that EPS did not block the Fh surfaces and thus has an insignificant effect on the adsorbed Fe(II)-Fh interaction. The complexation of the Fe(III) intermediate (Fe(III)active) with EPS, especially LB-EPS, however, inhibited the nucleation of secondary Fe minerals and changed the crystallization pathway. For biotic Fh transformation, on the other hand, EPS had dual effects that accelerated Fh bioreduction due to the enhanced extracellular electron transfer (EET) and constrained the following Fh mineralization by cutting of the chain reactions leading to mineral crystallization. Our finding also suggested that the effects of EPS on Fh biotransformation largely depend on the chemical properties of EPS, especially the polar functional groups such as carboxyl and phosphate, because of their important abilities for the cell attachment and Fe(II)/Fe(III) binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Wen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Liying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Chuanyong Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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