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Sannoh F, Fatmi Z, Carpenter DO, Santoso M, Siddique A, Khan K, Zeb J, Hussain MM, Khwaja HA. Air pollution we breathe: Assessing the air quality and human health impact in a megacity of Southeast Asia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 942:173403. [PMID: 38844217 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
With 24 million inhabitants and 6.6 million vehicles on the roads, Karachi, Pakistan ranks among the world's most polluted cities due to high levels of fine particulate matter (PM2.5). This study aims to investigate PM2.5 mass, seasonal and temporal variability, chemical characterization, source apportionment, and health risk assessment at two urban sites in Karachi. Samples were analyzed using ion chromatography and dual-wavelength optical transmissometer for various inorganic components (anions, cations, and trace elements) and black carbon (BC). Several PM2.5 pollution episodes were frequently observed, with annual mean concentrations at Kemari (140 ± 179 μg/m3) and Malir (95 ± 40.9 μg/m3) being significantly above the World Health Organization's guidelines of 5 μg/m3. Chemical composition at both sites exhibited seasonal variability, with higher pollution levels in winter and fall and lower concentrations in summer. The annual average BC concentrations were 4.86 ± 5.29 μg/m3 and 4.52 ± 3.68 μg/m3, respectively. A Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) analysis identified 5 factors, crustal, sea salt, vehicular exhaust, fossil-fuel combustion, and industrial emission. The health risk assessment indicated a higher number of deaths in colder seasons (fall and winter) at the Kemari (328,794 and 287,814) and Malir (228,406 and 165,737) sites and potential non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks to children from metals. The non-carcinogenic risk of PM2.5 bound Pb, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cr, Cu and Ni via inhalation exposure were within the acceptable level (<1) for adults. However, potential non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risk posed by Pb and Cr through inhalation were observed for children. The findings exhibit critical levels of air pollution that exceed the safe limits in Karachi, posing significant health risks to children and sensitive groups. Our study underscores the urgent need for effective emission control strategies and policy interventions to mitigate these air pollution risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatim Sannoh
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY 12237, United States; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Zafar Fatmi
- Department of Community Health Sciences, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - David O Carpenter
- Institute for the Health and the Environment, University at Albany, Albany, NY, United States
| | | | - Azhar Siddique
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Kamran Khan
- Chemistry Department, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Jahan Zeb
- Department of Environmental and Health Research, The Custodian of the Holy Two Mosques Institute for Hajj and Umra Research, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mirza M Hussain
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY 12237, United States; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Haider A Khwaja
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY 12237, United States; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, NY, United States.
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2
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Chen Q, Wang X, Fu X, Li X, Alexander B, Peng X, Wang W, Xia M, Tan Y, Gao J, Chen J, Mu Y, Liu P, Wang T. Impact of Molecular Chlorine Production from Aerosol Iron Photochemistry on Atmospheric Oxidative Capacity in North China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38956968 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c02534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Elevated levels of atmospheric molecular chlorine (Cl2) have been observed during the daytime in recent field studies in China but could not be explained by the current chlorine chemistry mechanisms in models. Here, we propose a Cl2 formation mechanism initiated by aerosol iron photochemistry to explain daytime Cl2 formation. We implement this mechanism into the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model and investigate its impacts on the atmospheric composition in wintertime North China where high levels of Cl2 as well as aerosol chloride and iron were observed. The new mechanism accounts for more than 90% of surface air Cl2 production in North China and consequently increases the surface air Cl2 abundances by an order of magnitude, improving the model's agreement with observed Cl2. The presence of high Cl2 significantly alters the oxidative capacity of the atmosphere, with a factor of 20-40 increase in the chlorine radical concentration and a 20-40% increase in the hydroxyl radical concentration in regions with high aerosol chloride and iron loadings. This results in an increase in surface air ozone by about 10%. This new Cl2 formation mechanism will improve the model simulation capability for reactive chlorine abundances in the regions with high emissions of chlorine and iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianjie Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Xiao Fu
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xinxin Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Becky Alexander
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Xiang Peng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Weihao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Men Xia
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Yue Tan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Jian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering and Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yujing Mu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
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3
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Vidović K, Hočevar S, Grgić I, Metarapi D, Dominović I, Mifka B, Gregorič A, Alfoldy B, Ciglenečki I. Do bromine and surface-active substances influence the coastal atmospheric particle growth? Heliyon 2024; 10:e31632. [PMID: 38828296 PMCID: PMC11140702 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
New particle formation (NPF) is considered a major source of aerosol particles and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN); however, our understanding of NPF and the subsequent particle growth mechanisms in coastal areas remains limited. This study provides evidence of frequent NPF events followed by particle growth in the middle Adriatic Sea during the summer months at the coastal station of Rogoznica in Croatia. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report such events in this region. Our research aims to improve the understanding of NPF by investigating particle growth through detailed physicochemical characterization and event classification. We used a combination of online measurements and offline particle collection, followed by a thorough chemical analysis. Our results suggest the role of bromine in the particle growth process and provide evidence for its involvement in combination with organic compounds. In addition, we demonstrated the significant influence of surface-active substances (SAS) on particle growth. NPF and particle growth events have been observed in air masses originating from the Adriatic Sea, which can serve as an important source of volatile organic compounds (VOC). Our study shows an intricate interplay between bromine, organic carbon (OC), and SAS in atmospheric particle growth, contributing to a better understanding of coastal NPF processes. In this context, we also introduced a new approach using the semi-empirical 1st derivative method to determine the growth rate for each time point that is not sensitive to the nonlinear behavior of the particle growth over time. We observed that during NPF and particle growth event days, the OC concentration measured in the ultrafine mode particle fraction was higher compared to non-event days. Moreover, in contrast to non-event days, bromine compounds were detected in the ultrafine mode atmospheric particle fraction on nearly all NPF and particle growth event days. Regarding sulfuric acid, the measured sulfate concentration in the ultrafine mode atmospheric particle fraction on both NPF event and non-event days showed no significant differences. This suggests that sulfuric acid may not be the primary factor influencing the appearance of NPF and the particle growth process in the coastal region of Rogoznica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristijan Vidović
- National Institute of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Laboratory for Physical Oceanography Chemistry of Aquatic Systems, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Samo Hočevar
- National Institute of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Irena Grgić
- National Institute of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dino Metarapi
- National Institute of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Iva Dominović
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Laboratory for Physical Oceanography Chemistry of Aquatic Systems, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Boris Mifka
- Faculty of Physics University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejčić 2, 51000, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Asta Gregorič
- Aerosol d.o.o., Kamniška 39A, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- University of Nova Gorica, Center for Atmospheric Research, Vipavska 11c, 5270 Ajdovščina, Slovenia
| | | | - Irena Ciglenečki
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Laboratory for Physical Oceanography Chemistry of Aquatic Systems, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
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4
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Wang S, Li Q, Zhang R, Mahajan AS, Inamdar S, Benavent N, Zhang S, Xue R, Zhu J, Jin C, Zhang Y, Fu X, Badia A, Fernandez RP, Cuevas CA, Wang T, Zhou B, Saiz-Lopez A. Typhoon- and pollution-driven enhancement of reactive bromine in the mid-latitude marine boundary layer. Natl Sci Rev 2024; 11:nwae074. [PMID: 38623452 PMCID: PMC11018124 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwae074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Tropospheric reactive bromine is important for atmospheric chemistry, regional air pollution, and global climate. Previous studies have reported measurements of atmospheric reactive bromine species in different environments, and proposed their main sources, e.g. sea-salt aerosol (SSA), oceanic biogenic activity, polar snow/ice, and volcanoes. Typhoons and other strong cyclonic activities (e.g. hurricanes) induce abrupt changes in different earth system processes, causing widespread destructive effects. However, the role of typhoons in regulating reactive bromine abundance and sources remains unexplored. Here, we report field observations of bromine oxide (BrO), a critical indicator of reactive bromine, on the Huaniao Island (HNI) in the East China Sea in July 2018. We observed high levels of BrO below 500 m with a daytime average of 9.7 ± 4.2 pptv and a peak value of ∼26 pptv under the influence of a typhoon. Our field measurements, supported by model simulations, suggest that the typhoon-induced drastic increase in wind speed amplifies the emission of SSA, significantly enhancing the activation of reactive bromine from SSA debromination. We also detected enhanced BrO mixing ratios under high NOx conditions (ppbv level) suggesting a potential pollution-induced mechanism of bromine release from SSA. Such elevated levels of atmospheric bromine noticeably increase ozone destruction by as much as ∼40% across the East China Sea. Considering the high frequency of cyclonic activity in the northern hemisphere, reactive bromine chemistry is expected to play a more important role than previously thought in affecting coastal air quality and atmospheric oxidation capacity. We suggest that models need to consider the hitherto overlooked typhoon- and pollution-mediated increase in reactive bromine levels when assessing the synergic effects of cyclonic activities on the earth system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Shanghai 202162, China
| | - Qinyi Li
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Blas Cabrera, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Ruifeng Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Anoop Sharad Mahajan
- Centre for Climate Change Research, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune 411008, India
| | - Swaleha Inamdar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Nuria Benavent
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Blas Cabrera, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Sanbao Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Ruibin Xue
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jian Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Chenji Jin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Shanghai 202162, China
| | - Xiao Fu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Alba Badia
- Sostenipra Research Group, Institute of Environmental Science and Technology (ICTA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Rafael P Fernandez
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Science (ICB), National Research Council (CONICET), FCEN-UNCuyo, Mendoza M5502JMA, Argentina
| | - Carlos A Cuevas
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Blas Cabrera, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Shanghai 202162, China
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Blas Cabrera, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
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5
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Fu X, Sun X, Travnikov O, Li Q, Qin C, Cuevas CA, Fernandez RP, Mahajan AS, Wang S, Wang T, Saiz-Lopez A. Anthropogenic short-lived halogens increase human exposure to mercury contamination due to enhanced mercury oxidation over continents. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2315058121. [PMID: 38466839 PMCID: PMC10963006 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2315058121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) is a contaminant of global concern, and an accurate understanding of its atmospheric fate is needed to assess its risks to humans and ecosystem health. Atmospheric oxidation of Hg is key to the deposition of this toxic metal to the Earth's surface. Short-lived halogens (SLHs) can provide halogen radicals to directly oxidize Hg and perturb the budget of other Hg oxidants (e.g., OH and O3). In addition to known ocean emissions of halogens, recent observational evidence has revealed abundant anthropogenic emissions of SLHs over continental areas. However, the impacts of anthropogenic SLHs emissions on the atmospheric fate of Hg and human exposure to Hg contamination remain unknown. Here, we show that the inclusion of anthropogenic SLHs substantially increased local Hg oxidation and, consequently, deposition in/near Hg continental source regions by up to 20%, thereby decreasing Hg export from source regions to clean environments. Our modeling results indicated that the inclusion of anthropogenic SLHs can lead to higher Hg exposure in/near Hg source regions than estimated in previous assessments, e.g., with increases of 8.7% and 7.5% in China and India, respectively, consequently leading to higher Hg-related human health risks. These results highlight the urgent need for policymakers to reduce local Hg and SLHs emissions. We conclude that the substantial impacts of anthropogenic SLHs emissions should be included in model assessments of the Hg budget and associated health risks at local and global scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Fu
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Xianyi Sun
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Oleg Travnikov
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana1000, Slovenia
| | - Qinyi Li
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Blas Cabrera, Spanish National Research Council, Madrid28006, Spain
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong999077, China
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao266237, China
| | - Chuang Qin
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Carlos A. Cuevas
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Blas Cabrera, Spanish National Research Council, Madrid28006, Spain
| | - Rafael P. Fernandez
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, National Research Council, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Cuyo, MendozaM5502JMA, Argentina
| | - Anoop S. Mahajan
- Centre for Climate Change Research, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pashan, Pune411008, India
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong999077, China
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Blas Cabrera, Spanish National Research Council, Madrid28006, Spain
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6
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Saiz-Lopez A, Fernandez RP, Li Q, Cuevas CA, Fu X, Kinnison DE, Tilmes S, Mahajan AS, Gómez Martín JC, Iglesias-Suarez F, Hossaini R, Plane JMC, Myhre G, Lamarque JF. Natural short-lived halogens exert an indirect cooling effect on climate. Nature 2023; 618:967-973. [PMID: 37380694 PMCID: PMC10307623 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06119-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Observational evidence shows the ubiquitous presence of ocean-emitted short-lived halogens in the global atmosphere1-3. Natural emissions of these chemical compounds have been anthropogenically amplified since pre-industrial times4-6, while, in addition, anthropogenic short-lived halocarbons are currently being emitted to the atmosphere7,8. Despite their widespread distribution in the atmosphere, the combined impact of these species on Earth's radiative balance remains unknown. Here we show that short-lived halogens exert a substantial indirect cooling effect at present (-0.13 ± 0.03 watts per square metre) that arises from halogen-mediated radiative perturbations of ozone (-0.24 ± 0.02 watts per square metre), compensated by those from methane (+0.09 ± 0.01 watts per square metre), aerosols (+0.03 ± 0.01 watts per square metre) and stratospheric water vapour (+0.011 ± 0.001 watts per square metre). Importantly, this substantial cooling effect has increased since 1750 by -0.05 ± 0.03 watts per square metre (61 per cent), driven by the anthropogenic amplification of natural halogen emissions, and is projected to change further (18-31 per cent by 2100) depending on climate warming projections and socioeconomic development. We conclude that the indirect radiative effect due to short-lived halogens should now be incorporated into climate models to provide a more realistic natural baseline of Earth's climate system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rafael P Fernandez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Science (ICB), National Research Council (CONICET), FCEN-UNCuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Qinyi Li
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Carlos A Cuevas
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Xiao Fu
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Douglas E Kinnison
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Simone Tilmes
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Anoop S Mahajan
- Centre for Climate Change Research, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune, India
| | | | - Fernando Iglesias-Suarez
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
| | - Ryan Hossaini
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | | | - Gunnar Myhre
- CICERO Center for International Climate Research, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jean-François Lamarque
- Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
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7
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Zhu T, Tang M, Gao M, Bi X, Cao J, Che H, Chen J, Ding A, Fu P, Gao J, Gao Y, Ge M, Ge X, Han Z, He H, Huang RJ, Huang X, Liao H, Liu C, Liu H, Liu J, Liu SC, Lu K, Ma Q, Nie W, Shao M, Song Y, Sun Y, Tang X, Wang T, Wang T, Wang W, Wang X, Wang Z, Yin Y, Zhang Q, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Zheng M, Zhu B, Zhu J. Recent Progress in Atmospheric Chemistry Research in China: Establishing a Theoretical Framework for the "Air Pollution Complex". ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES 2023; 40:1-23. [PMID: 37359906 PMCID: PMC10140723 DOI: 10.1007/s00376-023-2379-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric chemistry research has been growing rapidly in China in the last 25 years since the concept of the "air pollution complex" was first proposed by Professor Xiaoyan TANG in 1997. For papers published in 2021 on air pollution (only papers included in the Web of Science Core Collection database were considered), more than 24 000 papers were authored or co-authored by scientists working in China. In this paper, we review a limited number of representative and significant studies on atmospheric chemistry in China in the last few years, including studies on (1) sources and emission inventories, (2) atmospheric chemical processes, (3) interactions of air pollution with meteorology, weather and climate, (4) interactions between the biosphere and atmosphere, and (5) data assimilation. The intention was not to provide a complete review of all progress made in the last few years, but rather to serve as a starting point for learning more about atmospheric chemistry research in China. The advances reviewed in this paper have enabled a theoretical framework for the air pollution complex to be established, provided robust scientific support to highly successful air pollution control policies in China, and created great opportunities in education, training, and career development for many graduate students and young scientists. This paper further highlights that developing and low-income countries that are heavily affected by air pollution can benefit from these research advances, whilst at the same time acknowledging that many challenges and opportunities still remain in atmospheric chemistry research in China, to hopefully be addressed over the next few decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhu
- Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Mingjin Tang
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640 China
| | - Meng Gao
- Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xinhui Bi
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640 China
| | - Junji Cao
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029 China
| | - Huizheng Che
- Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China
| | | | - Aijun Ding
- Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | | | - Jian Gao
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012 China
| | - Yang Gao
- Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100 China
| | - Maofa Ge
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
| | - Xinlei Ge
- Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044 China
| | - Zhiwei Han
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029 China
| | - Hong He
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085 China
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an, 710061 China
| | - Xin Huang
- Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Hong Liao
- Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044 China
| | - Cheng Liu
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026 China
| | - Huan Liu
- Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Jianguo Liu
- Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031 China
| | | | - Keding Lu
- Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Qingxin Ma
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085 China
| | - Wei Nie
- Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Min Shao
- Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Yu Song
- Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Yele Sun
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029 China
| | - Xiao Tang
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029 China
| | - Tao Wang
- Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | - Weigang Wang
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
| | | | - Zifa Wang
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029 China
| | - Yan Yin
- Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044 China
| | | | - Weijun Zhang
- Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031 China
| | - Yanlin Zhang
- Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044 China
| | - Yunhong Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Mei Zheng
- Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Bin Zhu
- Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044 China
| | - Jiang Zhu
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029 China
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8
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Womack CC, Chace WS, Wang S, Baasandorj M, Fibiger DL, Franchin A, Goldberger L, Harkins C, Jo DS, Lee BH, Lin JC, McDonald BC, McDuffie EE, Middlebrook AM, Moravek A, Murphy JG, Neuman JA, Thornton JA, Veres PR, Brown SS. Midlatitude Ozone Depletion and Air Quality Impacts from Industrial Halogen Emissions in the Great Salt Lake Basin. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:1870-1881. [PMID: 36695819 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We report aircraft observations of extreme levels of HCl and the dihalogens Cl2, Br2, and BrCl in an industrial plume near the Great Salt Lake, Utah. Complete depletion of O3 was observed concurrently with halogen enhancements as a direct result of photochemically produced halogen radicals. Observed fluxes for Cl2, HCl, and NOx agreed with facility-reported emissions inventories. Bromine emissions are not required to be reported in the inventory, but are estimated as 173 Mg year-1 Br2 and 949 Mg year-1 BrCl, representing a major uncounted oxidant source. A zero-dimensional photochemical box model reproduced the observed O3 depletions and demonstrated that bromine radical cycling was principally responsible for the rapid O3 depletion. Inclusion of observed halogen emissions in both the box model and a 3D chemical model showed significant increases in oxidants and particulate matter (PM2.5) in the populated regions of the Great Salt Lake Basin, where winter PM2.5 is among the most severe air quality issues in the U.S. The model shows regional PM2.5 increases of 10%-25% attributable to this single industrial halogen source, demonstrating the impact of underreported industrial bromine emissions on oxidation sources and air quality within a major urban area of the western U.S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline C Womack
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
| | - Wyndom S Chace
- Department of Chemistry, Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts01267, United States
| | - Siyuan Wang
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
| | - Munkhbayar Baasandorj
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah84112, United States
| | - Dorothy L Fibiger
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
| | - Alessandro Franchin
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
| | - Lexie Goldberger
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington98195, United States
| | - Colin Harkins
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
| | - Duseong S Jo
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, NCAR, Boulder, Colorado80307, United States
| | - Ben H Lee
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington98195, United States
| | - John C Lin
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah84112, United States
| | - Brian C McDonald
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
| | - Erin E McDuffie
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
| | - Ann M Middlebrook
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
| | - Alexander Moravek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONM5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Jennifer G Murphy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONM5S 1A1, Canada
| | - J Andrew Neuman
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
| | - Joel A Thornton
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington98195, United States
| | - Patrick R Veres
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
| | - Steven S Brown
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
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9
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Chen X, Xia M, Wang W, Yun H, Yue D, Wang T. Fast near-surface ClNO 2 production and its impact on O 3 formation during a heavy pollution event in South China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159998. [PMID: 36368396 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric nitryl chloride (ClNO2) acts as a reservoir of both NOx and reactive chlorine radicals and therefore affects atmospheric oxidation chemistry and the production of secondary pollutants such as ozone (O3). However, the factors contributing to ClNO2 production and its impact on O3 formation in the polluted atmosphere are not fully understood. Here, we investigated the causes and impacts of extremely high ClNO2 levels (up to 8.3 ppbv, 1 min average) in a winter pollution episode at a semi-rural surface site in South China. Anthropogenic activities (mainly coal burning) produced an abundant amount of chloride, and high NO3 production rates and efficient N2O5 uptake by aerosols facilitated ClNO2 production at night. We used a chemical box model to assess the ClNO2 impact on next-day O3 production both at the site and in downwind areas. The model results showed that ClNO2 chemistry led to 6.6 % enhancement of net Ox (=NO2 + O3) production at the site, while the enhancement was increased to 11.2 % in the air mass transporting downwind, which resulted in 20 ppbv (38.5 % max) increment of peak O3 concentration. ClNO2 also changed the response of O3 to reduction in the concentration of O3 precursors (NOx and anthropogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs)), thereby affecting the design of NOx and VOC reduction strategies for O3 pollution mitigation. Reducing chloride emissions can help alleviate the emission reduction burden for NOx and anthropogenic VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorui Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Men Xia
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Weihao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hui Yun
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dingli Yue
- Guangdong Environmental Monitoring Center, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Air Quality Monitoring, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
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10
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Wohl C, Li Q, Cuevas CA, Fernandez RP, Yang M, Saiz-Lopez A, Simó R. Marine biogenic emissions of benzene and toluene and their contribution to secondary organic aerosols over the polar oceans. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd9031. [PMID: 36706174 PMCID: PMC9882975 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add9031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Reactive trace gas emissions from the polar oceans are poorly characterized, even though their effects on atmospheric chemistry and aerosol formation are crucial for assessing current and preindustrial aerosol forcing on climate. Here, we present seawater and atmospheric measurements of benzene and toluene, two gases typically associated with pollution, in the remote Southern Ocean and the Arctic marginal ice zone. Their distribution suggests a marine biogenic source. Calculated emission fluxes were 0.023 ± 0.030 (benzene) and 0.039 ± 0.036 (toluene) and 0.023 ± 0.028 (benzene) and 0.034 ± 0.041 (toluene) μmol m-2 day-1 for the Southern Ocean and the Arctic, respectively. Including these average emissions in a chemistry-climate model increased secondary organic aerosol mass concentrations only by 0.1% over the Arctic but by 7.7% over the Southern Ocean, with transient episodes of up to 77.3%. Climate models should consider the hitherto overlooked emissions of benzene and toluene from the polar oceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charel Wohl
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institut de Ciències del Mar, ICM-CSIC, Barcelona 08003, Catalonia, Spain
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK
| | - Qinyi Li
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, IQFR-CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Carlos A. Cuevas
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, IQFR-CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Rafael P. Fernandez
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Science (ICB), National Research Council (CONICET), FCEN-UNCuyo, Mendoza 5500, Argentina
| | - Mingxi Yang
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, IQFR-CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Rafel Simó
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institut de Ciències del Mar, ICM-CSIC, Barcelona 08003, Catalonia, Spain
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11
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Xia M, Wang T, Wang Z, Chen Y, Peng X, Huo Y, Wang W, Yuan Q, Jiang Y, Guo H, Lau C, Leung K, Yu A, Lee S. Pollution-Derived Br 2 Boosts Oxidation Power of the Coastal Atmosphere. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:12055-12065. [PMID: 35948027 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The bromine atom (Br•) has been known to destroy ozone (O3) and accelerate the deposition of toxic mercury (Hg). However, its abundance and sources outside the polar regions are not well-known. Here, we report significant levels of molecular bromine (Br2)─a producer of Br•─observed at a coastal site in Hong Kong, with an average noontime mixing ratio of 5 ppt. Given the short lifetime of Br2 (∼1 min at noon), this finding reveals a large Br2 daytime source. On the basis of laboratory and field evidence, we show that the observed daytime Br2 is generated by the photodissociation of particulate nitrate (NO3-) and that the reactive uptake of dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) on aerosols is an important nighttime source. Model-calculated Br• concentrations are comparable with that of the OH radical─the primary oxidant in the troposphere, accounting for 24% of the oxidation of isoprene, a 13% increase in net O3 production, and a nearly 10-fold increase in the production rate of toxic HgII. Our findings reveal that reactive bromines play a larger role in the atmospheric chemistry and air quality of polluted coastal and maritime areas than previously thought. Our results also suggest that tightening the control of emissions of two conventional pollutants (NOx and SO2)─thereby decreasing the levels of nitrate and aerosol acidity─would alleviate halogen radical production and its adverse impact on air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Men Xia
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Xiang Peng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Yunxi Huo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Weihao Wang
- Hangzhou PuYu Technology Development Co Ltd, Hangzhou 311305, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qi Yuan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Yifan Jiang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Hai Guo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Chiho Lau
- Air Science Group Environmental Protection Department, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Kenneth Leung
- Air Science Group Environmental Protection Department, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Alfred Yu
- Air Science Group Environmental Protection Department, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Shuncheng Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
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12
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Xie X, Hu J, Qin M, Guo S, Hu M, Wang H, Lou S, Li J, Sun J, Li X, Sheng L, Zhu J, Chen G, Yin J, Fu W, Huang C, Zhang Y. Modeling particulate nitrate in China: Current findings and future directions. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 166:107369. [PMID: 35772313 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Particulate nitrate (pNO3) is now becoming the principal component of PM2.5 during severe winter haze episodes in many cities of China. To gain a comprehensive understanding of the key factors controlling pNO3 formation and driving its trends, we reviewed the recent pNO3 modeling studies which mainly focused on the formation mechanism and recent trends of pNO3 as well as its responses to emission controls in China. The results indicate that although recent chemical transport models (CTMs) can reasonably capture the spatial-temporal variations of pNO3, model-observation biases still exist due to large uncertainties in the parameterization of dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) uptake and ammonia (NH3) emissions, insufficient heterogeneous reaction mechanism, and the predicted low sulfate concentrations in current CTMs. The heterogeneous hydrolysis of N2O5 dominates nocturnal pNO3 formation, however, the contribution to total pNO3 varies among studies, ranging from 21.0% to 51.6%. Moreover, the continuously increasing PM2.5 pNO3 fraction in recent years is mainly due to the decreased sulfur dioxide emissions, the enhanced atmospheric oxidation capacity (AOC), and the weakened nitrate deposition. Reducing NH3 emissions is found to be the most effective control strategy for mitigating pNO3 pollution in China. This review suggests that more field measurements are needed to constrain the parameterization of heterogeneous N2O5 and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) uptake. Future studies are also needed to quantify the relationships of pNO3 to AOC, O3, NOx, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in different regions of China under different meteorological conditions. Research on multiple-pollutant control strategies involving NH3, NOX, and VOCs is required to mitigate pNO3 pollution, especially during severe winter haze events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Xie
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Jianlin Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Momei Qin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Song Guo
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hongli Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Shengrong Lou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Jingyi Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Jinjin Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xun Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Li Sheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Jianlan Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Ganyu Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Junjie Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Wenxing Fu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yuanhang Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Chinese Academy of Science, Xiamen 361021, China.
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13
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Li Q, Fernandez RP, Hossaini R, Iglesias-Suarez F, Cuevas CA, Apel EC, Kinnison DE, Lamarque JF, Saiz-Lopez A. Reactive halogens increase the global methane lifetime and radiative forcing in the 21st century. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2768. [PMID: 35589794 PMCID: PMC9120080 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30456-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
CH4 is the most abundant reactive greenhouse gas and a complete understanding of its atmospheric fate is needed to formulate mitigation policies. Current chemistry-climate models tend to underestimate the lifetime of CH4, suggesting uncertainties in its sources and sinks. Reactive halogens substantially perturb the budget of tropospheric OH, the main CH4 loss. However, such an effect of atmospheric halogens is not considered in existing climate projections of CH4 burden and radiative forcing. Here, we demonstrate that reactive halogen chemistry increases the global CH4 lifetime by 6-9% during the 21st century. This effect arises from significant halogen-mediated decrease, mainly by iodine and bromine, in OH-driven CH4 loss that surpasses the direct Cl-induced CH4 sink. This increase in CH4 lifetime helps to reduce the gap between models and observations and results in a greater burden and radiative forcing during this century. The increase in CH4 burden due to halogens (up to 700 Tg or 8% by 2100) is equivalent to the observed atmospheric CH4 growth during the last three to four decades. Notably, the halogen-driven enhancement in CH4 radiative forcing is 0.05 W/m2 at present and is projected to increase in the future (0.06 W/m2 by 2100); such enhancement equals ~10% of present-day CH4 radiative forcing and one-third of N2O radiative forcing, the third-largest well-mixed greenhouse gas. Both direct (Cl-driven) and indirect (via OH) impacts of halogens should be included in future CH4 projections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyi Li
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid, 28006, Spain.
| | - Rafael P Fernandez
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Science (ICB), National Research Council (CONICET), FCEN-UNCuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Ryan Hossaini
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Fernando Iglesias-Suarez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid, 28006, Spain.,Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
| | - Carlos A Cuevas
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid, 28006, Spain
| | - Eric C Apel
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Douglas E Kinnison
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Jean-François Lamarque
- Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid, 28006, Spain.
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